Move remaining to methods to tanya.conv

And fix GCC build.

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+charset = utf-8
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 # Binary
 *.[oa]
+*.exe
 
 # D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core
+/tanya-test-*
+/dub_platform_probe-*
+
+/docs/
+/docs.json
+
+/*.lst
+
+# Ninja build
+.ninja_*

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+  - linux
+  - osx
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+  - dmd-2.077.0
+  - dmd-2.076.1
+  - dmd-2.075.1
+
+env: 
+  matrix:
+    - ARCH=x86_64
+    - ARCH=x86
+
+addons:
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - gcc-multilib
+
+before_script:
+  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.077.0)' ]; then
+      export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
+    fi
+
+script:
+  - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
+
+after_success:
+  - test "$UNITTEST" = "unittest-cov" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+This project adheres to No Code of Conduct.  We are all adults.  We accept anyone's contributions.  Nothing else matters.
+
+For more information please visit the [No Code of Conduct](https://github.com/domgetter/NCoC) homepage.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+
+# Contributing
+
+Tanya is a project in active development, therefore any help is appreciated. Thank you for considering contributing
+to it, feel welcome.
+These guidelines describe ways to get started.
+
+
+## Ways to get involved
+
+* **Reporting a problem**: [Report](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) bugs and usage problems you
+encounter.
+* **Fixing issues**: [The bug tracker](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) contains a list of issues you
+can work on.
+* **Documentation**: You can improve API documentation by correcting grammar errors, completing existing texts and
+writing new ones, or providing usage examples.
+* **Testing**: Test coverage is important for a library. Writing tests is not only helpful, but is also a great way
+to get a feel for how tanya works.
+* **Adding new features**: Tanya is a growing library. If you think some feature is missing, you can suggest
+and implement this.
+
+
+## Opening an issue
+
+If you have found a bug, an error, have some question, or suggestion,
+[Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues). I'll try to answer as soon as I can. There is also a
+list of open issues that mirror the current development process and progress. If you're looking for a challenge, just
+pick an issue you are interested in and start working on it. Fill free to comment on the issue to get more
+information.
+
+You can also look at the [milestones](https://github.com/Dlackware/gnome/milestones) to see what is planned for a
+specific release.
+
+
+## Contribution process
+
+### Creating a pull request
+
+I accept GitHub pull requests. Creating a pull request is like sending a patch with the suggested change.
+First you have to [fork](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/) the repository. Clone your fork locally
+with `git clone` and create a new branch where you want to work. For example:
+
+```shell
+git checkout -b bugfix-x
+```
+Commit your changes to your fork:
+
+```shell
+git commit -m "Fix X"
+git push -u origin bugfix-x
+```
+
+After that if you visit your fork on GitHub, GitHub will suggest to create pull request. Just follow the steps
+described on GitHub to finish the process. See
+[Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) for more information.
+
+Please ensure that your fork is even with the upstream (original) repository. If not, you have to rebase your branch
+on upstream/master before submitting the pull request. See [Syncing a fork](https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/) for a
+step-by-step guide.
+
+### Fixing a bug
+
+Add a unit test that demonstrates the bug along with a short description or link to the original bug.
+
+### Adding new features
+
+* Use Ddoc to document the feature.
+* Add some unit tests to prevent bugs.
+* [Documented D unit tests](https://dlang.org/spec/ddoc.html#using_ddoc_to_generate_examples) go into the documentation and can be used as an usage
+example. These tests should be readable and not complicated since they demonstrate how the feature is supposed to work.
+* More advanced tests should be put into a separate not documented unittest block.
+
+### Writing unit tests
+
+```d
+///
+unittest
+{
+    // A documented unit test has three slashes in front of it.
+}
+
+// Issue ##: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues/##.
+unittest
+{
+    // Not documented unit test may still have a description.
+}
+```
+
+### Style guide
+
+Make sure your changes follow [The D Style](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html) (including
+[Additional Requirements for Phobos](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html#phobos)).
+
+You can also use [dscanner](https://github.com/dlang-community/D-Scanner) to test the new code against the
+most guidlines. The root of this repository contains
+[dscanner.ini](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/dscanner.ini), configuration file with settings for an
+automatic style check. Just go to the top-level directory and issue (this assumes `dscanner` is installed in your
+system):
+
+```shell
+dscanner --styleCheck source
+```
+
+## Questions and suggestions
+
+* [Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues)
+* [Send an email](mailto:info@caraus.de)

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# Tanya
+
+[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+* [API Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+* [Contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
+
+* `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
+* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
+string, Hash set.
+* `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
+types.
+* `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+* `exception`: Common exceptions and errors.
+* `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
+* `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
+* `meta`: Template metaprogramming. This package contains utilities to acquire
+type information at compile-time, to transform from one type to another. It has
+also different algorithms for iterating, searching and modifying template
+arguments.
+* `net`: URL-Parsing, network programming.
+* `network`: Socket implementation. `network` is currently under rework.
+After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
+`network` will be deprecated.
+* `os`: Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality.
+* `range`: Generic functions and templates for D ranges.
+* `test`: Test suite for unittest-blocks.
+* `typecons`: Templates that allow to build new types based on the available
+ones.
+
+
+## Basic usage
+
+### Allocators
+
+Memory management is done with allocators. Instead of using `new` to create an
+instance of a class, an allocator is used:
+
+```d
+import tanya.memory;
+
+class A
+{
+    this(int arg)
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+A a = defaultAllocator.make!A(5);
+
+defaultAllocator.dispose(a);
+```
+
+As you can see, the user is responsible for deallocation, therefore `dispose`
+is called at the end.
+
+If you want to change the `defaultAllocator` to something different, you
+probably want to do it at the program's beginning. Or you can invoke another
+allocator directly. It is important to ensure that the object is destroyed
+using the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
+
+What if I get an allocated object from some function? The generic rule is: If
+you haven't requested the memory yourself (with `make`), you don't need to free
+it.
+
+`tanya.memory.smartref` contains smart pointers, helpers that can take care of
+a proper deallocation in some cases for you.
+
+### Exceptions
+
+Since exceptions are normal classes in D, they are allocated and dellocated the
+same as described above, but:
+
+1. The caller is **always** responsible for destroying a caught exception.
+2. Exceptions are **always** allocated and should be always allocated with the
+`defaultAllocator`.
+
+```d
+import tanya.memory;
+
+void functionThatThrows()
+{
+    throw defaultAlocator.make!Exception("An error occurred");
+}
+
+try
+{
+    functionThatThrows()
+}
+catch (Exception e)
+{
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+}
+```
+
+### Containers
+
+Arrays are commonly used in programming. D's built-in arrays often rely on the
+GC. It is inconvenient to change their size, reserve memory for future use and
+so on. Containers can help here. The following example demonstrates how
+`tanya.container.array.Array` can be used instead of `int[]`.
+
+```d
+import tanya.container.array;
+
+Array!int arr;
+
+// Reserve memory if I know that my container will contain approximately 15
+// elements.
+arr.reserve(15);
+
+arr.insertBack(5); // Add one element.
+arr.length = 10; // New elements are initialized to 0.
+
+// Iterate over the first five elements.
+foreach (el; arr[0 .. 5])
+{
+}
+
+int i = arr[7]; // Access 8th element.
+```
+
+There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
+
+
+## Development
+
+### Supported compilers
+
+| DMD     | GCC            |
+|:-------:|:--------------:|
+| 2.077.0 | *gdc-5* branch |
+| 2.076.1 |                |
+| 2.075.1 |                |
+
+### Current status
+
+Following modules are under development:
+
+| Feature  | Branch    | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|----------|:---------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| BitArray | bitvector | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector) |
+| TLS      | crypto    | [![crypto](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=crypto)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![crypto](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/crypto?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/crypto)                |
+| File IO  | io        | [![io](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=io)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![io](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/io?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/io)                                    |
+
+### Release management
+
+3-week release cycle.
+
+Deprecated features are removed after one release (in approximately 6 weeks after deprecating).
+
+## Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library without any external dependencies.
+
+* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe yet.
+
+
+## Feedback
+
+Any feedback about your experience with tanya would be greatly appreciated. Feel free to
+[contact me](mailto:info@caraus.de).

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+platform: x64
+os: Visual Studio 2015
+
+environment:
+  matrix:
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.077.0
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.077.0
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.076.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.076.1
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
+      arch: x86
+
+skip_tags: true
+
+install:
+  - ps: function SetUpDCompiler
+        {
+          $env:toolchain = "msvc";
+          $version = $env:DVersion;
+          Invoke-WebRequest "http://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$($version)/dmd.$($version).windows.7z" -OutFile "c:\dmd.7z";
+          echo "finished.";
+          pushd c:\\;
+          7z x dmd.7z > $null;
+          popd;
+        }
+  - ps: SetUpDCompiler
+
+before_build:
+  - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
+          $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";
+          $env:Darch = "x86";
+        }
+        elseif($env:arch -eq "x64"){
+          $env:compilersetupargs = "amd64";
+          $env:Darch = "x86_64";
+        }
+  - ps: $env:PATH += ";C:\dmd2\windows\bin;";
+  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall" %compilersetupargs%
+
+build_script:
+  - echo dummy build script - dont remove me
+
+test_script:
+  - echo %Darch%
+  - echo %PATH%
+  - 'dub --version'
+  - '%DC% --version'
+  - dub test -b unittest --arch=%Darch% --compiler=%DC%

arch/build.ninja

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+rule gas
+  command = gcc -c $in -o $out
+
+rule archive
+  command = ar rcs $out $in
+
+build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
+build log.o: gas x64/linux/math/log.S
+build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
+build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
+build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
+build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
+
+build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o log.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/concurrency/thread.S

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+	.text
+
+	.globl thrd_current
+	.type thrd_current, @function
+
+thrd_current:
+	mov %fs:0, %rax
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/abs.S

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+	.text
+
+
+// fabsf.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	mov $0x7fffffff, %eax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabs.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+	mov $0x7fffffffffffffff, %rax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabsl.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+
+// Load the parameter from the stack onto FP stack, execute 'fabs' instruction
+// The result is returned in ST0.
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+	fldt 0x8(%rsp)
+	fabs
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/log.S

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+	.text
+
+
+// logl.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	fldt 8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+	ret
+
+
+// log.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+	movsd %xmm0, -8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
+
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	fldl -8(%rsp) // Put a double onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+
+	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
+	fstpl -8(%rsp)
+	movsd -8(%rsp), %xmm0
+
+	ret
+
+
+// logf.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	movss %xmm0, -4(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
+
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	flds -4(%rsp) // Put a float onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+
+	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
+	fstps -4(%rsp)
+	movss -4(%rsp), %xmm0
+
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * cmpMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - r1 length
+ * rsi - r1 data.
+ * rdx - r2 length.
+ * rcx - r2 data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
+		// Compare the lengths
+		cmp %rdx, %rdi
+		jl  less
+		jg  greater
+
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		// Check if we're aligned
+		cmp $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		dec %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsq
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz equal
+
+	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+	equal:
+		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
+		jmp end
+
+	greater:
+		mov $0x01, %rax
+		jmp end
+
+	less:
+		mov $-0x01, %rax
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/copy.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * copyMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		cmp  $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		movsb
+		dec  %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+		rep movsq
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		// Write the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+		rep movsb
+
+	end:
+		ret
+
+/*
+ * moveMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rsi), %rsi
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rcx), %rdi
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		std // Set the direction flag
+
+		rep movsb
+
+		cld // Clear the direction flag
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/fill.S

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * fillMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - length.
+ * rsi - pointer.
+ * rdx - value filled with a byte.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv:
+		// Check for zero length
+		test    %rdi, %rdi
+		jz end
+
+		mov     %rdi, %rax
+		mov     %rsi, %r8
+
+		movq    %rdx,  %xmm0
+		movlhps %xmm0, %xmm0
+
+		// Check if the pointer is aligned to a 16-byte boundary
+		and     $-0x10, %r8
+
+		// Compute the number of misaligned bytes
+		mov  %rsi, %r9
+		sub  %r8,  %r9
+
+		test %r9,  %r9
+		jz aligned
+
+		// Get the number of bytes to be written until we are aligned
+		mov $0x10, %rcx
+		sub %r9,   %rcx
+
+		mov %rsi,  %r8
+
+	naligned:
+		mov %dl, (%r8) // Write a byte
+
+		// Advance the pointer. Decrease the total number of bytes
+		// and the misaligned ones
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rcx
+		dec %rax
+
+		// Checks if we are aligned
+		test %rcx, %rcx
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned:
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+		// Write 32 bytes at a time
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jl aligned_32
+
+	aligned_64:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 32(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 48(%r8)
+
+		add $64, %r8
+		sub $64, %rax
+
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jge aligned_64
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+	aligned_32:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+
+		add $32, %r8
+		sub $32, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+	aligned_16:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+
+		add $16, %r8
+		sub $16, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx, (%r8)
+
+		add $8, %r8
+		sub $8, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		mov %dl, (%r8)
+
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rax
+
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jnz aligned_1
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+The kernel uses the following registers:
+%rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %r8, %r9, %r10
+
+The number of the syscall is passed in %rax.
+
+A syscall clobbers:
+%rax, %rcx, %r11
+
+The returned value is placed in %rax.
+*/
+	.text
+
+	.globl syscall1
+	.type syscall1, @function
+
+syscall1:
+	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	syscall
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall2
+	.type syscall2, @function
+
+syscall2:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rdx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rsi, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rsi
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %rdi, %rsi
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall3
+	.type syscall3, @function
+
+syscall3:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rcx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rdx, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rdx
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret

codecov.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ignore:
+  - "source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d"
+  - "source/tanya/async/iocp.d"

dscanner.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+; Configure which static analysis checks are skip-unittest
+[analysis.config.StaticAnalysisConfig]
+; Check variable, class, struct, interface, union, and function names against t
+; he Phobos style guide
+style_check="disabled"
+; Check for array literals that cause unnecessary allocation
+enum_array_literal_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for poor exception handling practices
+exception_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated 'delete' keyword
+delete_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated floating point operators
+float_operator_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check number literals for readability
+number_style_check="disabled"
+; Checks that opEquals, opCmp, toHash, and toString are either const, immutable
+; , or inout.
+object_const_check="disabled"
+; Checks for .. expressions where the left side is larger than the right.
+backwards_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for if statements whose 'then' block is the same as the 'else' block
+if_else_same_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for some problems with constructors
+constructor_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for unused variables and function parameters
+unused_variable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for unused labels
+unused_label_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for duplicate attributes
+duplicate_attribute="skip-unittest"
+; Checks that opEquals and toHash are both defined or neither are defined
+opequals_tohash_check="disabled"
+; Checks for subtraction from .length properties
+length_subtraction_check="disabled"
+; Checks for methods or properties whose names conflict with built-in propertie
+; s
+builtin_property_names_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing code in inline asm statements
+asm_style_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing logical operator precedence
+logical_precedence_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for undocumented public declarations
+undocumented_declaration_check="disabled"
+; Checks for poor placement of function attributes
+function_attribute_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for use of the comma operator
+comma_expression_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for local imports that are too broad
+local_import_check="disabled"
+; Checks for variables that could be declared immutable
+could_be_immutable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for redundant expressions in if statements
+redundant_if_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for redundant parenthesis
+redundant_parens_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for mismatched argument and parameter names
+mismatched_args_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for labels with the same name as variables
+label_var_same_name_check="disabled"
+; Checks for lines longer than 120 characters
+long_line_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for assignment to auto-ref function parameters
+auto_ref_assignment_check="disabled"
+; Checks for incorrect infinite range definitions
+incorrect_infinite_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for asserts that are always true
+useless_assert_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for uses of the old-style alias syntax
+alias_syntax_check="disabled"
+; Checks for else if that should be else static if
+static_if_else_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for unclear lambda syntax
+lambda_return_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for auto function without return statement
+auto_function_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for sortedness of imports
+imports_sortedness="skip-unittest"
+; Check for explicitly annotated unittests
+explicitly_annotated_unittests="disabled"
+; Check for useless usage of the final attribute
+final_attribute_check="skip-unittest"

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "D library with event loop",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, metaprogramming, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [
@@ -11,7 +11,17 @@
 
 	"configurations": [
 		{
-			"name": "library"
+			"name": "library",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"versions": ["TanyaPhobos"]
+		},
+		{
+			"name": "native",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64-gdc"],
+			"preBuildCommands": ["ninja -C arch"],
+			"lflags": ["arch/tanya.a"],
+			"versions": ["TanyaNative"]
 		}
 	]
 }

source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms that modify its arguments.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/mutation.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
+{
+    static if (is(T == U[S], U, size_t S))
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; value)
+        {
+            deinitialize!zero(e);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static if (isNested!T)
+        {
+            // Don't override the context pointer.
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof - (void*).sizeof;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof;
+        }
+        static if (zero)
+        {
+            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. No postblits or destructors are
+ * called. If the $(D_PARAM target) should be destroyed before, use
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) must be different objects.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL move),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateCopyConstructor),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateDestructor).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `&source !is &target`.
+ */
+void moveEmplace(T)(ref T source, ref T target) @system
+in
+{
+    assert(&source !is &target, "Source and target must be different");
+}
+body
+{
+    static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
+    {
+        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
+
+        static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
+            {
+                deinitialize!true(source);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                deinitialize!false(source);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        target = source;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    moveEmplace(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+}
+
+// Is pure.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    struct S
+    {
+        this(this)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    static assert(is(typeof({ moveEmplace(source, target); })));
+}
+
+// Moves nested.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    struct Nested
+    {
+        void method() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    Nested source, target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(source == target);
+}
+
+// Emplaces static arrays.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        size_t member;
+        this(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.member = i;
+        }
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    S[2] source = [ S(5), S(5) ], target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(source[0].member == 0);
+    assert(target[0].member == 5);
+    assert(source[1].member == 0);
+    assert(target[1].member == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. $(D_PARAM target) is destroyed before
+ * the new value is assigned. If $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized and
+ * therefore shouldn't be destroyed, $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace) can be used.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM target) isn't specified, $(D_PSYMBOL move) returns the source
+ * as rvalue without calling its copy constructor or destructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) are the same object,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move) does nothing.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace).
+ */
+void move(T)(ref T source, ref T target)
+{
+    if ((() @trusted => &source is &target)())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        target.__xdtor();
+    }
+    (() @trusted => moveEmplace(source, target))();
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T move(T)(ref T source) @trusted
+{
+    T target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    return target;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    move(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+    assert(move(target).member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    move(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+    assert(move(x2) == 5);
+}
+
+// Moves if source is target.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int x = 5;
+    move(x, x);
+    assert(x == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exchanges the values of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL swap) moves the contents of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b)
+ * without calling its postblits or destructors.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  a = The first object.
+ *  a = The second object.
+ */
+void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
+{
+    T tmp = void;
+    moveEmplace(a, tmp);
+    moveEmplace(b, a);
+    moveEmplace(tmp, b);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int a = 3, b = 5;
+    swap(a, b);
+    assert(a == 5);
+    assert(b == 3);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Collection of generic algorithms.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm;
+
+public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -3,53 +3,67 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Event loop implementation for Linux.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 
-version (linux):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (linux):
 
-public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.event.selector;
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import core.stdc.errno;
+public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
 import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
-class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+{
+    int epoll_create1(int flags);
+    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
+final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
     protected int fd;
-    private epoll_event[] events;
+    private Array!epoll_event events;
 
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
         {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
         }
         super();
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!epoll_event(maxEvents);
+        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Free loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
         close(fd);
     }
 
@@ -63,12 +77,9 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(watcher !is null);
-    }
-    body
+    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
     {
         int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
         epoll_event ev;
@@ -97,11 +108,11 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    protected override void poll()
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
     {
         // Don't block
         immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
 
         if (eventCount < 0)
         {
@@ -114,29 +125,30 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 
         for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
         {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
 
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].data.fd]);
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
             }
             else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
             {
-                kill(io, null);
+                kill(transport);
+                continue;
             }
             else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
                 {
                     ptrdiff_t received;
                     do
                     {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        transport.output += received;
                     }
                     while (received);
                 }
@@ -146,18 +158,16 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
+                    continue;
                 }
-                else if (io.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
                 {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
             }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 transport.writeReady = true;
                 if (transport.input.length)
                 {

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -3,59 +3,96 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Event loop implementation for Windows.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
-version (Windows):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (Windows):
 
-import tanya.container.buffer;
+import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
-import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
-import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
 
-class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private OverlappedConnectedSocket socket_;
+    private SocketException exception;
 
-    private WriteBuffer input;
+    private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
 
     /**
      * Creates new completion port transport.
+     *
      * Params:
      *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
      */
-    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket)
-    in
+    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
     {
         assert(socket !is null);
     }
     body
     {
-        socket_ = socket;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
+        return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
     }
 
-    ~this()
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
+        return closing;
     }
 
-    @property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        return socket_;
+        closing = true;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -64,10 +101,50 @@ class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
      * Params:
      *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+    {
+        input ~= data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return protocol_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
         {
             immutable empty = input.length == 0;
-        input ~= data;
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
             if (empty)
             {
                 SocketState overlapped;
@@ -83,9 +160,17 @@ class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
                 }
             }
         }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-class IOCPLoop : Loop
+final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 {
     protected HANDLE completionPort;
 
@@ -94,14 +179,15 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
 
-        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, null, 0, 0);
         if (!completionPort)
         {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("Creating completion port failed");
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "Creating completion port failed");
         }
     }
 
@@ -115,9 +201,9 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
     {
         SocketState overlapped;
         if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
@@ -127,7 +213,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -145,18 +231,15 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 return false;
             }
         }
-        if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
-            || !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+        if ((!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
+            || (!(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write)))
         {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) watcher;
-            assert(io !is null);
-
-            auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
             assert(transport !is null);
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -168,7 +251,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 try
                 {
                     overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
                 }
                 catch (SocketException e)
                 {
@@ -181,14 +264,28 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
         return true;
     }
 
+    private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                      SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    override protected void poll()
+    override protected void poll() @nogc
     {
         DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-        ULONG_PTR key;
-        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+        size_t key;
+        OVERLAPPED* overlap;
         immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
 
         auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
@@ -196,7 +293,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                                                 &key,
                                                 &overlap,
                                                 timeout);
-        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+        if (result == FALSE && overlap is null)
         {
             return; // Timeout
         }
@@ -218,29 +315,26 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 assert(listener !is null);
 
                 auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
-                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPStreamTransport(socket);
-                auto io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport, connection.protocol);
+                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
 
-                connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+                connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
 
-                reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
 
-                swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+                pendings.enqueue(connection);
                 listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
                 break;
             case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
-                if (!io.active)
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+                assert(transport !is null);
+
+                if (!transport.active)
                 {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
                     MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
                     return;
                 }
 
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 int received;
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
@@ -253,38 +347,39 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
                 }
                 else if (received > 0)
                 {
-                    immutable full = io.output.free == received;
+                    immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
 
-                    io.output += received;
-                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue
+                    transport.output += received;
+                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
                     if (full)
                     {
-                        transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                        transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
                     }
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
                 break;
             case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
-
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
                 assert(transport !is null);
 
                 transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
-                if (transport.input.length)
+                if (transport.input.length > 0)
                 {
                     transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    if (transport.isClosing())
+                    {
+                        kill(transport);
+                    }
                 }
                 break;
             default:

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -2,47 +2,70 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+/*
+ * Event loop implementation for *BSD.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/kqueue.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 
-version (OSX)
+version (D_Ddoc)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+}
+else version (OSX)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (TVOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (WatchOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 
-version (MissingKevent)
-{
-    extern (C):
-    nothrow:
-    @nogc:
+version (MacBSD):
 
-    import core.stdc.stdint;    // intptr_t, uintptr_t
+import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
+{
+    *kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
 
 enum : short
 {
@@ -60,11 +83,6 @@ version (MissingKevent)
     EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
 }
 
-    extern(D) void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args)
-    {
-        *kevp = kevent_t(args);
-    }
-
 struct kevent_t
 {
     uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
@@ -97,92 +115,54 @@ version (MissingKevent)
     EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
 }
 
-    int kqueue();
-    int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
-               kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents,
-               const timespec *timeout);
-}
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
 
-version (OSX)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (FreeBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-    public import core.sys.freebsd.sys.event;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-
-version (MacBSD):
-
-import dlib.async.event.selector;
-import dlib.async.loop;
-import dlib.async.transport;
-import dlib.async.watcher;
-import dlib.memory;
-import dlib.memory.mmappool;
-import dlib.network.socket;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.sys.posix.sys.time;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-
-class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
     protected int fd;
-    private kevent_t[] events;
-    private kevent_t[] changes;
+    private Array!kevent_t events;
+    private Array!kevent_t changes;
     private size_t changeCount;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
      *          (should be supported by the backend).
      */
-    override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return cast(uint) events.length;
     }
 
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
 
         if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
         {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "kqueue initialization failed");
         }
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
-        changes = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
+        events = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+        changes = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Free loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(changes);
         close(fd);
     }
 
-    private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags)
+    private void set(SocketType socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
     {
         if (changes.length <= changeCount)
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, changeCount + maxEvents);
+            changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
         }
         EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
                cast(ulong) socket,
@@ -204,9 +184,9 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
     {
         if (events != oldEvents)
         {
@@ -233,17 +213,22 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    protected override void poll()
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
     {
         timespec ts;
         blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 
         if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, changes.length);
+            events.length = changes.length;
         }
 
-        auto eventCount = kevent(fd, changes.ptr, cast(int) changeCount, events.ptr, maxEvents, &ts);
+        auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
+                                 changes.get().ptr,
+                                 cast(int) changeCount,
+                                 events.get().ptr,
+                                 maxEvents,
+                                 &ts);
         changeCount = 0;
 
         if (eventCount < 0)
@@ -259,29 +244,29 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
         {
             assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
 
-            IOWatcher io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
             // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].ident]);
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
             }
             else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
             {
-                kill(io, null);
+                kill(transport);
             }
             else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
                 {
                     ptrdiff_t received;
                     do
                     {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        transport.output += received;
                     }
                     while (received);
                 }
@@ -291,18 +276,15 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
                 }
-                else if (io.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
                 {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
             }
             else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 transport.writeReady = true;
                 if (transport.input.length)
                 {
@@ -316,7 +298,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      * Returns: The blocking time.
      */
     override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
     {
         return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
     }
@@ -331,9 +313,10 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
      *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport is be destroyed then).
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
      */
-    protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+    protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                                 SocketException exception = null) @nogc
     {
         if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
         {

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -2,38 +2,50 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+/*
+ * This module contains base implementations for reactor event loops.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/selector.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/selector.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 
-version (Posix):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (Posix):
 
 import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.stdc.errno;
 
 /**
  * Transport for stream sockets.
  */
-class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private ConnectedSocket socket_;
-
-    /// Input buffer.
-    package WriteBuffer input;
-
     private SelectorLoop loop;
 
+    private SocketException exception;
+
+    package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
+
     /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
     package bool writeReady;
 
@@ -41,28 +53,120 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
      * Params:
      *  loop   = Event loop.
      *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
      */
-    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket)
+    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    in 
+    {
+        assert(loop !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        this.loop = loop;
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
+    }
+
+    private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         socket_ = socket;
-        this.loop = loop;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
      */
-    ~this()
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
+        return protocol_;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: Transport socket.
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
      */
-    inout(ConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
     {
-        return socket_;
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return closing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc
+    {
+        closing = true;
+        loop.reify(this,
+                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.write));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
+        {
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
+            if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
+            {
+                loop.kill(this);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -71,7 +175,7 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
      * Params:
      *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
     {
         if (!data.length)
         {
@@ -111,28 +215,60 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 {
     /// Pending connections.
-    protected ConnectionWatcher[] connections;
+    protected Array!SocketWatcher connections;
 
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
-        connections = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!ConnectionWatcher(maxEvents);
+        connections = Array!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
         foreach (ref connection; connections)
         {
-            // We want to free only IOWatchers. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
-            // user and should be freed by himself.
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connection;
-            if (io !is null)
+            // We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are
+            // created by the user and should be freed by himself.
+            if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
             {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
-                connection = null;
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
             }
         }
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(connections);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                           EventMask oldEvents,
+                                           EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  transport = Transport.
+     *  exception = Occurred exception.
+     */
+    protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -147,7 +283,13 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
      *          transport will be destroyed then).
      */
-    protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+    protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
         {
@@ -171,12 +313,13 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
         }
         if (exception !is null)
         {
-            auto watcher = cast(IOWatcher) connections[transport.socket.handle];
-            assert(watcher !is null);
-
-            kill(watcher, exception);
+            kill(transport, exception);
             return false;
         }
+        if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
+        {
+            kill(transport);
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -186,7 +329,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      * Params:
      *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (watcher.active)
         {
@@ -195,7 +338,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 
         if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+            connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
         }
         connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
 
@@ -208,7 +351,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      * Params:
      *  connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
      */
-    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection)
+    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(connection !is null);
@@ -232,35 +375,33 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
                 break;
             }
 
-            IOWatcher io;
-            auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!SelectorStreamTransport(this, client);
+            StreamTransport transport;
 
-            if (connections.length >= client.handle)
+            if (connections.length > client.handle)
             {
-                io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client.handle];
+                transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
             }
             else
             {
-                MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, client.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+                connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
             }
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport,
-                                                      connection.protocol);
-                connections[client.handle] = io;
+                transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
+                connections[client.handle] = transport;
             }
             else
             {
-                io(transport, connection.protocol);
+                transport.socket = client;
             }
 
-            reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-            connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
         }
 
         if (!connection.incoming.empty)
         {
-            swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+            pendings.enqueue(connection);
         }
     }
 }

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -3,17 +3,41 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This module provides API for Windows I/O Completion Ports.
+ *
+ * Note: Available only on Windows.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 
-version (Windows):
+version (Windows)
+{
+    version = WindowsDoc;
+}
+else version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    version = WindowsDoc;
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private struct OVERLAPPED
+        {
+        }
+        private alias HANDLE = void*;
+    }
+}
 
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
+version (WindowsDoc):
+
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
 
 /**
  * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -3,77 +3,90 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Interface for the event loop implementations and the default event loop
+ * chooser.
  *
  * ---
  * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
  * import tanya.network.socket;
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
  *  private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *     void received(ubyte[] data)
+ *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
  *  {
  *      transport.write(data);
  *  }
  *
- *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport)
+ *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
  *  {
  *      this.transport = transport;
  *  }
  *
- *     void disconnected(SocketException exception = null)
+ *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
  *  {
  *  }
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *     auto address = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *
  *  version (Windows)
  *  {
- *         auto sock = new OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
  *  }
  *  else
  *  {
- *         auto sock = new StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
  *      sock.blocking = false;
  *  }
  *
  *  sock.bind(address);
  *  sock.listen(5);
  *
- *     auto io = new ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
  *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
  *  defaultLoop.start(io);
  *  defaultLoop.run();
  *
  *  sock.shutdown();
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/loop.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/loop.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 version (DisableBackends)
 {
 }
+else version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
 else version (linux)
 {
     import tanya.async.event.epoll;
@@ -104,6 +117,30 @@ else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
     version = Kqueue;
 }
+version (unittest)
+{
+    final class TestLoop : Loop
+    {
+        override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                      EventMask oldEvents,
+                                      EventMask events) @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        override protected void poll() @nogc
+        {
+            assert(!this.done);
+            unloop();
+        }
+
+        override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+        const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 64U;
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /**
  * Events.
@@ -119,78 +156,103 @@ enum Event : uint
 
 alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
 
-/**
- * Tries to set $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) to the default allocator.
- */
-shared static this()
-{
-    if (allocator is null)
-    {
-        allocator = MmapPool.instance;
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Event loop.
  */
 abstract class Loop
 {
-    /// Pending watchers.
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher pendings;
+    private bool done = true;
 
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher swapPendings;
+    /// Pending watchers.
+    protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
      *          (should be supported by the backend).
      */
-    protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return 128U;
     }
 
+    private unittest
+    {
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+        assert(loop.maxEvents == 64);
+
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
-        pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
-        swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
+        pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
     /**
      * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(pendings);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(swapPendings);
+        foreach (w; pendings)
+        {
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Starts the loop.
      */
-    void run()
+    void run() @nogc
     {
-        done_ = false;
+        this.done = false;
         do
         {
             poll();
 
             // Invoke pendings
-            swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
-
-            swap(pendings, swapPendings);
+            foreach (ref w; this.pendings)
+            {
+                w.invoke();
             }
-        while (!done_);
+        }
+        while (!this.done);
     }
 
     /**
      * Break out of the loop.
      */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
+    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        done_ = true;
+        this.done = true;
+    }
+
+    private unittest
+    {
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+        assert(loop.done);
+
+        loop.run();
+        assert(loop.done);
+
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
+    }
+
+    private unittest
+    {
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+        auto watcher = defaultAllocator.make!DummyWatcher;
+        loop.pendings.enqueue(watcher);
+
+        assert(!watcher.invoked);
+        loop.run();
+        assert(watcher.invoked);
+
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -199,13 +261,14 @@ abstract class Loop
      * Params:
      *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (watcher.active)
         {
             return;
         }
         watcher.active = true;
+
         reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +278,7 @@ abstract class Loop
      * Params:
      *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (!watcher.active)
         {
@@ -236,18 +299,18 @@ abstract class Loop
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    abstract protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events);
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Returns: The blocking time.
      */
     protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         // Don't block if we have to do.
-        return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+        return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -257,7 +320,7 @@ abstract class Loop
      *  blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
      *              $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
      */
-    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
+    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
@@ -268,25 +331,21 @@ abstract class Loop
         blockTime_ = blockTime;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
-     */
-    protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception)
+    private unittest
     {
-        watcher.socket.shutdown();
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(watcher.transport);
-        watcher.exception = exception;
-        swapPendings.insertBack(watcher);
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+        assert(loop.blockTime == 1.dur!"minutes");
+
+        loop.blockTime = 2.dur!"minutes";
+        assert(loop.blockTime == 2.dur!"minutes");
+
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
     }
 
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    abstract protected void poll();
-
-    /// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
-    private bool done_;
+    abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
 
     /// Maximal block time.
     protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
@@ -297,7 +356,6 @@ abstract class Loop
  */
 class BadLoopException : Exception
 {
-@nogc:
     /**
      * Params:
      *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
@@ -305,7 +363,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
      *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
      */
     this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-    pure @safe nothrow const
+    pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
     {
         super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
     }
@@ -318,7 +376,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  *
  * Returns: The default event loop.
  */
-@property Loop defaultLoop()
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
 {
     if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
     {
@@ -351,7 +409,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  * Params:
  *  loop = The event loop.
  */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
 in
 {
     assert(loop !is null);
@@ -363,131 +421,15 @@ body
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
 
-/**
- * Queue.
- *
- * Params:
- *     T = Content type.
- */
-class PendingQueue(T)
-{
-    /**
-     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-     */
-    this()
+private unittest
 {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        foreach (e; this)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: First element.
-     */
-    @property ref T front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return first.next.content;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
-    {
-        Entry* temp = MmapPool.instance.make!Entry;
-        
-        temp.content = x;
-
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            first.next = rear = temp;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            rear.next = temp;
-            rear = rear.next;
-        }
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    alias insert = insertBack;
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-        if (Op == "~")
-    {
-        return insertBack(x);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-     */
-    @property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return first.next is null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Move position to the next element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        auto n = first.next.next;
-
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(first.next);
-        first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Queue entry.
-     */
-    protected struct Entry
-    {
-        /// Queue item content.
-        T content;
-
-        /// Next list item.
-        Entry* next;
-    }
-
-    /// The first element of the list.
-    protected Entry first;
-
-    /// The last element of the list.
-    protected Entry* rear;
+    auto oldLoop = defaultLoop_;
+    auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+
+    defaultLoop = loop;
+    assert(defaultLoop_ is loop);
+    assert(defaultLoop is loop);
+
+    defaultLoop_ = oldLoop;
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
 }

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -3,17 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This package provides asynchronous capabilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 
-public
-{
-    import tanya.async.loop;
-    import tanya.async.protocol;
-    import tanya.async.transport;
-    import tanya.async.watcher;
-}
+public import tanya.async.loop;
+public import tanya.async.protocol;
+public import tanya.async.transport;
+public import tanya.async.watcher;

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -3,15 +3,23 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This module contains protocol which handle data in asynchronous
+ * applications.
+ *
+ * When an event from the network arrives, a protocol method gets
+ * called and can respond to the event.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/protocol.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/protocol.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 /**
  * Common protocol interface.
@@ -22,7 +30,7 @@ interface Protocol
      * Params:
      *  data = Read data.
      */
-    void received(ubyte[] data);
+    void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Called when a connection is made.
@@ -30,7 +38,7 @@ interface Protocol
      * Params:
      *  transport = Protocol transport.
      */
-    void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
+    void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Called when a connection is lost.
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@ interface Protocol
      *  exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
      *              the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
      */
-    void disconnected(SocketException exception = null);
+    void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -3,13 +3,19 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This module contains transports which are responsible for data dilvery
+ * between two parties of an asynchronous communication.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/transport.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/transport.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.network.socket;
 
 /**
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
      * Params:
      *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data);
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -45,6 +51,46 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
  */
 interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
 {
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (protocol)
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -52,12 +98,8 @@ interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
  */
 interface SocketTransport : Transport
 {
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-}
-
     /**
- * Represents a connection-oriented socket transport.
+     * Returns: Socket.
      */
-package interface StreamTransport : DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
-{
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -3,31 +3,27 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Watchers register user's interest in some event.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/watcher.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/watcher.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
+import std.exception;
+import std.functional;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import std.functional;
-import std.exception;
-
-version (Windows)
-{
-    import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
-    import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-    import core.sys.windows.windef;
-    import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-}
 
 /**
  * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
@@ -41,202 +37,98 @@ abstract class Watcher
     /**
      * Invoke some action on event.
      */
-    void invoke();
+    void invoke() @nogc;
 }
 
-class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
+version (unittest)
+{
+    final class DummyWatcher : Watcher
+    {
+        bool invoked;
+
+        override void invoke() @nogc
+        {
+            this.invoked = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Socket watcher.
+ */
+abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
 {
     /// Watched socket.
-    private Socket socket_;
-
-    /// Protocol factory.
-    protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
-
-    package PendingQueue!IOWatcher incoming;
+    protected Socket socket_;
 
     /**
      * Params:
      *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
      */
-    this(Socket socket)
+    this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         socket_ = socket;
-        incoming = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!IOWatcher);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    protected this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(incoming);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Params:
-     *     P = Protocol should be used.
-     */
-    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)()
-    {
-        this.protocolFactory = () => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Socket.
      */
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return socket_;
     }
+}
 
 /**
-     * Returns: New protocol instance.
+ * Connection watcher.
  */
-    @property Protocol protocol()
+class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
+{
+    /// Incoming connection queue.
+    Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
+
+    private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     */
+    this(Socket socket) @nogc
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  P = Protocol should be used.
+     */
+    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+    {
+        this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes new connection callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
     }
     body
     {
-        return protocolFactory();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes new connection callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
+        foreach (transport; incoming)
         {
-        foreach (io; incoming)
-        {
-            io.protocol.connected(cast(DuplexTransport) io.transport);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
- * read from.
- */
-class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
-{
-    /// If an exception was thrown the transport should be already invalid.
-    private union
-    {
-        StreamTransport transport_;
-        SocketException exception_;
-    }
-
-    private Protocol protocol_;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
-     */
-    package ReadBuffer output;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = New instance of the application protocol.
-     */
-    this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        super();
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        output = MmapPool.instance.make!ReadBuffer();
-        active = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Destroys the watcher.
-     */
-    protected ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(output);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assigns a transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        active = true;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
-     */
-    @property inout(StreamTransport) transport() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets an exception occurred during a read/write operation.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     exception = Thrown exception.
-     */
-    @property void exception(SocketException exception) pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        exception_ = exception;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     */
-    override @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return protocol_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    override @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport.socket;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
-    {
-        if (output.length)
-        {
-            protocol.received(output[0..$]);
-            output.clear();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            protocol.disconnected(exception_);
-            active = false;
+            transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
+            transport.protocol.connected(transport);
         }
     }
 }

source/tanya/container/bit.d

@@ -1,510 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.container.bit;
-
-/**
- * Wrapper that allows bit manipulation on $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array.
- */
-struct BitVector
-{
-    protected ubyte[] vector;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     array = Array should be manipulated on.
-     */
-    this(inout(ubyte[]) array) inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(array.length <= size_t.max / 8);
-        assert(array !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        vector = array;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        assert(bits[] is array1);
-        assert(bits[] !is array2);
-
-        bits = BitVector(array2);
-        assert(bits[] is array2);
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Number of bits in the vector.
-     */
-    @property inout(size_t) length() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    inout(size_t) opDollar() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits.length == 24);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     bit = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit on position $(D_PARAM bit) is set,
-     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if not set.
-     */
-    inout(bool) opIndex(size_t bit) inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return (vector[bit / 8] & (0x80 >> (bit % 8))) != 0;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(!bits[0]);
-        assert(bits[1]);
-        assert(bits[7]);
-        assert(!bits[8]);
-        assert(!bits[11]);
-        assert(bits[12]);
-        assert(bits[20]);
-        assert(bits[23]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying array.
-     */
-    inout(ubyte[]) opIndex() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits[] is arr);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     value = $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit should be set,
-     *             $(D_KEYWORD false) if cleared.
-     *     bit   = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-     */
-    bool opIndexAssign(bool value, size_t bit) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        if (value)
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] |= (0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] &= ~(0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits[5] = bits[6] = true;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 71);
-
-        bits[14] = true;
-        bits[15] = false;
-        assert(bits[][1] == 14);
-
-        bits[16] = bits[23] = false;
-        assert(bits[][2] == 44);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copies bits from $(D_PARAM vector) into this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector).
-     *
-     * The array that should be assigned, can be smaller (but not larger) than
-     * the underlying array of this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector), leading zeros will
-     * be added in this case to the left.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     vector = $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array not larger than
-     *              `$(D_PSYMBOL length) / 8`.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opAssign(ubyte[] vector) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(vector.length <= this.vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        immutable delta = this.vector.length - vector.length;
-        if (delta > 0)
-        {
-            this.vector[0..delta] = 0;
-        }
-        this.vector[delta..$] = vector[0..$];
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits = array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 13);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 173);
-
-        bits = array2[0..2];
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 13);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for bitwise operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     that = Another bit vector.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(BitVector that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    {
-        return opOpAssign(op)(that.vector);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    in
-    {
-        assert(that.length <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        for (int i = cast(int) vector.length - 1; i >= 0; --i)
-        {
-            mixin("vector[i] " ~  op ~ "= " ~ "that[i];");
-        }
-        immutable delta = vector.length - that.length;
-        if (delta)
-        {
-            static if (op == "&")
-            {
-                vector[0..delta] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] array1 = [65, 13, 173];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [0b01010010, 0b10111110, 0b10111110];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits |= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010011);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b10111111);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b10111111);
-
-        bits &= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == array2[0]);
-        assert(bits[][1] == array2[1]);
-        assert(bits[][2] == array2[2]);
-
-        bits ^= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for shift operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     n = Number of bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t n) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "<<") || (op == ">>"))
-
-    {
-        if (n >= length)
-        {
-            vector[0..$] = 0;
-        }
-        else if (n != 0)
-        {
-            immutable bit = n % 8, step = n / 8;
-            immutable delta = 8 - bit;
-            size_t i, j;
-
-            static if (op == "<<")
-            {
-                for (j = step; j < vector.length - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] << bit)
-                              | vector[++j] >> delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] << bit);
-                vector[$ - step ..$] = 0;
-            }
-            else static if (op == ">>")
-            {
-                for (i = vector.length - 1, j = i - step; j > 0; --i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] >> bit)
-                              | vector[--j] << delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] >> bit);
-                vector[0..step] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[4] arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits <<= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits <<= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11111011 && bits[][1] == 0b11001001
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001100);
-
-        bits <<= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b11000000);
-
-        bits <<= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10010100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01001010 && bits[][1] == 0b01100000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits <<= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010101 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits <<= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11001111 && bits[][1] == 0b11110101
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        bits >>= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits >>= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00101111 && bits[][1] == 0b10111100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b10010100);
-
-        bits >>= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000010 && bits[][1] == 0b11111011
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001001);
-
-        bits >>= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11111011 && bits[][3] == 0b11001001);
-
-        bits >>= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000101 && bits[][3] == 0b11110111);
-
-        bits >>= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits >>= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00110011);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits >>= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00001100 && bits[][3] == 0b11001111);
-
-        bits >>= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Negates all bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if (op == "~")
-    {
-        foreach (ref b; vector)
-        {
-            b = ~b;
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        ~bits;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b11110010);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b01010010);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Iterates through all bits.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) delegate.
-     *
-     * Returns: By $(D_PARAM dg) returned value.
-     */
-    int opApply(int delegate(size_t, bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (i, ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg(i * 8 + c, (v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApply(int delegate(bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg((v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[2] arr = [0b01000001, 0b00001101];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-        size_t c;
-
-        foreach (i, v; bits)
-        {
-            assert(i == c);
-            if (i == 1 || i == 7 || i == 15 || i == 13 || i == 12)
-            {
-                assert(v);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(!v);
-            }
-            ++c;
-        }
-        assert(c == 16);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This module contains buffers designed for C-style input/output APIs.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/buffer.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/buffer.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -33,51 +38,6 @@ version (unittest)
     }
 }
 
-/**
- * Interface for implemeting input/output buffers.
- */
-interface Buffer
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
-     */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data size.
-     */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Available space.
-     */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     start = Start position.
-     *     end   = End position.
-     *
-     * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(start <= end);
-        assert(end <= length);
-    }
-
-    /**
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data chunk.
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex();
-}
-
 /**
  * Self-expanding buffer, that can be used with functions returning the number
  * of the read bytes.
@@ -87,26 +47,30 @@ interface Buffer
  * available data. But only one asynchronous call at a time is supported. Be
  * sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL ReadBuffer.clear()) before you append the result
  * of the pended asynchronous call.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Buffer type.
  */
-class ReadBuffer : Buffer
+struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
+    if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+    private T[] buffer_;
 
     /// Filled buffer length.
-    protected size_t length_;
+    private size_t length_;
 
     /// Start of available data.
-    protected size_t start;
+    private size_t start;
 
     /// Last position returned with $(D_KEYWORD []).
-    protected size_t ring;
+    private size_t ring;
 
     /// Available space.
-    protected immutable size_t minAvailable;
+    private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
     invariant
     {
@@ -123,39 +87,50 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      *                 will grow.
      *  minAvailable = minimal size should be always  available to fill.
      *                 So it will reallocate if $(D_INLINECODE
-     *                    $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)
-     *                    ).
+     *                 $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
+     *  allocator    = Allocator.
      */
-    this(size_t size = 8192,
-         size_t minAvailable = 1024)
+    this(in size_t size,
+         in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+         shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     {
+        this(allocator);
         this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
         this.blockSize = size;
-        defaultAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator_ is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        allocator_ = allocator;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deallocates the internal buffer.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @trusted
     {
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
-        assert(b.capacity == 8192);
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
+        assert(b.capacity == 0);
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
      */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t capacity() const
     {
         return buffer_.length;
     }
@@ -163,26 +138,28 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     /**
      * Returns: Data size.
      */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t length() const
     {
         return length_ - start;
     }
 
+    /// ditto
+    alias opDollar = length;
+
     /**
      * Clears the buffer.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ReadBuffer clear() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    void clear()
     {
         start = length_ = ring;
-        return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Available space.
      */
-    @property size_t free() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property size_t free() const
     {
         return length > ring ? capacity - length : capacity - ring;
     }
@@ -190,19 +167,17 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
 
-        // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
+        assert(b.free == 0);
 
+        // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
         numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
         b.clear();
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -213,7 +188,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
+    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     {
         length_ += length;
@@ -224,7 +199,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -251,16 +226,6 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         assert(result[9] == 9);
         assert(result[10] == 20);
         assert(result[14] == 24);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Length of available data.
-     */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -270,7 +235,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      *
      * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
     {
         return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
     }
@@ -282,7 +247,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      *
      * Returns: A free chunk of the buffer.
      */
-    ubyte[] opIndex()
+    T[] opIndex()
     {
         if (start > 0)
         {
@@ -294,7 +259,12 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         {
             if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
             {
-                defaultAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, capacity + blockSize);
+                void[] buf = buffer_;
+                immutable cap = capacity;
+                () @trusted {
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                }();
             }
             ring = length_;
             return buffer_[length_ .. $];
@@ -304,7 +274,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -318,81 +288,102 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         assert(result[9] == 9);
         b.clear();
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
 }
 
 /**
  * Circular, self-expanding buffer with overflow support. Can be used with
- * functions returning returning the number of the transferred bytes.
+ * functions returning the number of the transferred bytes.
  *
  * The buffer is optimized for situations where you read all the data from it
  * at once (without writing to it occasionally). It can become ineffective if
  * you permanently keep some data in the buffer and alternate writing and
  * reading, because it may allocate and move elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Buffer type.
  */
-class WriteBuffer : Buffer
+struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
+    if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+    private T[] buffer_;
 
     /// Buffer start position.
-    protected size_t start;
+    private size_t start;
 
     /// Buffer ring area size. After this position begins buffer overflow area.
-    protected size_t ring;
+    private size_t ring;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private immutable size_t blockSize;
 
     /// The position of the free area in the buffer.
-    protected size_t position;
+    private size_t position;
 
     invariant
     {
         assert(blockSize > 0);
-        // position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
+        // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
         assert(position <= buffer_.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     *  size = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
-     *            will grow.
+     *  size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
+     *              grow.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(size_t size = 8192)
+    this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    in
+    {
+        assert(size > 0);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         blockSize = size;
         ring = size - 1;
-        defaultAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+        allocator_ = allocator;
+        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
+    @disable this();
+
     /**
      * Deallocates the internal buffer.
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
      */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t capacity() const
     {
         return buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Note that $(D_PSYMBOL length) doesn't return the real length of the data,
-     * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer)
-     * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
+     * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex)
+     * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
      * until $(D_PSYMBOL length) returns 0.
      *
      * Returns: Data size.
      */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t length() const
     {
         if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
@@ -404,18 +395,13 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
-    }
+    /// ditto
+    alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -432,14 +418,12 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.length == 5);
         b += b.length;
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Available space.
      */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t free() const
     {
         return capacity - length;
     }
@@ -448,9 +432,9 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
      * Appends data to the buffer.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+     *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
-    WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] buffer)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
         if (op == "~")
     {
         size_t end, start;
@@ -496,9 +480,12 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
             end = position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > capacity)
             {
-                auto newSize = end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize;
-
-                defaultAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, newSize);
+                auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+                () @trusted {
+                    void[] buf = buffer_;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
+                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                }();
             }
             buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
             position = end;
@@ -514,7 +501,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -532,31 +519,31 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.capacity == 8);
         assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
             && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
+    }
 
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
-
-        b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator, 2);
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
+        ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
         assert(b.start == 0);
         assert(b.capacity == 4);
         assert(b.ring == 3);
         assert(b.position == 3);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets how many bytes were written. It will shrink the buffer
-     * appropriately. Always set this property after calling
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+     * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      *
      * Params:
      *  length = Length of the written data.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    @property WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     in
     {
@@ -583,9 +570,11 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         {
             auto overflow = position - afterRing;
 
-            if (overflow > length) {
-                buffer_[start.. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length];
-                buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length] = buffer_[afterRing + length ..position];
+            if (overflow > length)
+            {
+                immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
+                buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+                buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
                 position -= length;
             }
             else if (overflow == length)
@@ -620,7 +609,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!WriteBuffer;
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -629,8 +618,6 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.length == 4);
         b += 4;
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -639,14 +626,14 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
      * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
      * written.
      *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+     * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
      * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
      * maximally 3 calls are required.
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
     {
         immutable internStart = this.start + start;
 
@@ -663,7 +650,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = defaultAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(6);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -678,23 +665,28 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 
         assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
         b += b.length;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
      * written.
      *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+     * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
      * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
      * maximally 3 calls are required.
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opIndex()
     {
         return opSlice(0, length);
     }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
 }

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/entry.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/entry.d)
+ */
+module tanya.container.entry;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.typecons;
+
+package struct SEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Next item.
+    SEntry* next;
+}
+
+package struct DEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Previous and next item.
+    DEntry* next, prev;
+}
+
+package struct HashEntry(K, V)
+{
+    this(ref K key, ref V value)
+    {
+        this.pair = Pair!(K, V)(key, value);
+    }
+
+    Pair!(K, V) pair;
+    HashEntry* next;
+}
+
+package enum BucketStatus : byte
+{
+    deleted = -1,
+    empty = 0,
+    used = 1,
+}
+
+package struct Bucket(T)
+{
+    @property void content(ref T content)
+    {
+        this.content_ = content;
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(T) content() inout
+    {
+        return this.content_;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref T content)
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that) const
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    void remove()
+    {
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            destroy(this.content);
+        }
+        this.status = BucketStatus.deleted;
+    }
+
+    T content_;
+    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+}

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -3,14 +3,42 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Abstract data types whose instances are collections of other objects.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.container;
 
+public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.vector;
 public import tanya.container.queue;
+public import tanya.container.set;
+public import tanya.container.string;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
+ * is full.
+ */
+class HashContainerFullException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -3,103 +3,100 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * FIFO queue.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/queue.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/queue.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
  *  T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
     /**
      * Removes all elements from the queue.
      */
     ~this()
     {
-		foreach (e; this)
+        while (!empty)
         {
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
-            {
-                dispose(allocator, e);
-            }
+            dequeue();
         }
     }
 
     /**
-	 * Returns: First element.
+     * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
+     * to count the elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
      */
-	@property ref T front()
-	in
+    size_t length() const
     {
-		assert(!empty);
+        size_t len;
+        for (const(SEntry!T)* i = first; i !is null; i = i.next)
+        {
+            ++len;
         }
-	body
-	{
-		return first.next.content;
+        return len;
     }
 
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
+    ///
+    unittest
     {
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+        Queue!int q;
 
-		temp.content = x;
+        assert(q.length == 0);
+        q.enqueue(5);
+        assert(q.length == 1);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        assert(q.length == 2);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.length == 3);
 
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 2);
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 1);
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 0);
+    }
+
+    private void enqueueEntry(ref SEntry!T* entry)
+    {
         if (empty)
         {
-			first.next = rear = temp;
+            first = rear = entry;
         }
         else
         {
-			rear.next = temp;
+            rear.next = entry;
             rear = rear.next;
         }
-
-		return this;
     }
 
-	alias insert = insertBack;
-
-	///
-	unittest
+    private SEntry!T* allocateEntry()
     {
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+        auto temp = cast(SEntry!T*) allocator.allocate(SEntry!T.sizeof);
+        if (temp is null)
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
+        }
+        return temp;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -107,112 +104,187 @@ class Queue(T)
      *
      * Params:
      *  x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
+    void enqueue(ref T x)
     {
-		return insertBack(x);
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+        *temp = SEntry!T.init;
+        temp.content = x;
+
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    void enqueue(T x)
+    {
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+        moveEmplace(x, (*temp).content);
+        (*temp).next = null;
+
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
+        Queue!int q;
 
         assert(q.empty);
-
-		q ~= value;
-
-		assert(q.front == value);
-		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+        q.enqueue(8);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
      */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
+    @property bool empty() const
     {
-		return first.next is null;
+        return first is null;
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+        Queue!int q;
         int value = 7;
 
         assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(value);
+        q.enqueue(value);
         assert(!q.empty);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
     }
 
     /**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
+     * Move the position to the next element.
      *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     * Returns: Dequeued element.
      */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
+    T dequeue()
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
     body
     {
-		auto n = first.next.next;
+        auto n = first.next;
+        T ret = move(first.content);
 
-		dispose(allocator, first.next);
-		first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
+        allocator.dispose(first);
+        first = n;
+        return ret;
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+        Queue!int q;
 
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.popFront();
-		assert(q.front is values[1]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+        q.enqueue(8);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
     }
 
     /**
-	 * Queue entry.
+     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
+     * dequeued.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
+     *
+     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
      */
-	protected struct Entry
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
     {
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
+        int result;
 
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
+        for (size_t i; !empty; ++i)
+        {
+            auto e = dequeue();
+            if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
     }
 
-	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+    /// ditto
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
+    {
+        int result;
 
-	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
-
-	private shared Allocator allocator;
+        while (!empty)
+        {
+            auto e = dequeue();
+            if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-	auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+        Queue!int q;
 
-	dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+        size_t j;
+        q.enqueue(5);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        foreach (i, e; q)
+        {
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+            ++j;
+        }
+        assert(j == 3);
+        assert(q.empty);
+
+        j = 0;
+        q.enqueue(5);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        foreach (e; q)
+        {
+            assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
+            assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
+            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
+            ++j;
+        }
+        assert(j == 3);
+        assert(q.empty);
+    }
+
+    private SEntry!T* first;
+    private SEntry!T* rear;
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    Queue!int q;
+
+    q.enqueue(5);
+    assert(!q.empty);
+
+    q.enqueue(4);
+    q.enqueue(9);
+
+    assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
+
+    foreach (i, ref e; q)
+    {
+        assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
+        assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
+    }
+    assert(q.empty);
 }

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module implements a $(D_PSYMBOL Set) container that stores unique
+ * values without any particular order.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/set.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/set.d)
+ */
+module tanya.container.set;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container;
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+/**
+ * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+struct Range(E)
+{
+    static if (isMutable!E)
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).Range;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).ConstRange;
+    }
+    private DataRange dataRange;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(DataRange dataRange)
+    {
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        this.dataRange = dataRange;
+    }
+
+    @property Range save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.empty();
+    }
+
+    @property void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.front.content;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) back() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.back.content;
+    }
+
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+
+    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set is a data structure that stores unique values without any particular
+ * order.
+ *
+ * This $(D_PSYMBOL Set) is implemented using closed hashing. Hash collisions
+ * are resolved with linear probing.
+ *
+ * Currently works only with integral types.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Element type.
+ */
+struct Set(T)
+    if (isIntegral!T || is(Unqual!T == bool))
+{
+    /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+    alias Range = .Range!T;
+
+    /// ditto
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.lengthIndex < primes.length);
+        assert(this.data.length == 0
+            || this.data.length == primes[this.lengthIndex]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n         = Minimum number of buckets.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(const size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        rehash(n);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(allocator);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
+            assert(set.capacity == 0);
+        }
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(8);
+            assert(set.capacity == 13);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this $(D_PARAM Set) from another one.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S         = Source set type.
+     *  init      = Source set.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     */
+    this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(move(init.data), allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = init.lengthIndex;
+        init.lengthIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns another set.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S    = Content type.
+     *  that = The value should be assigned.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(ref S that)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    {
+        this.data = that.data;
+        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    {
+        swap(this.data, that.data);
+        swap(this.lengthIndex, that.lengthIndex);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(shared Allocator) this.data.allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum amount of elements this $(D_PSYMBOL Set) can hold without
+     * resizing and rehashing. Note that it doesn't mean that the
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Set) will hold $(I exactly) $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) elements.
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) tells the size of the container under a best-case
+     * distribution of elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Set) capacity.
+     */
+    @property size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return this.data.length;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.capacity == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.capacity == 3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set) and counts the elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: Count of elements within the $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        size_t count;
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++count;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.length == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+    }
+
+    private static const size_t[41] primes = [
+        3, 7, 13, 23, 29, 37, 53, 71, 97, 131, 163, 193, 239, 293, 389, 521,
+        769, 919, 1103, 1327, 1543, 2333, 3079, 4861, 6151, 12289, 24593,
+        49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+        12582917, 25165843, 139022417, 282312799, 573292817, 1164186217,
+    ];
+
+    /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
+    enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
+
+    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
+    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
+    {
+        static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
+        {
+            return (cast(size_t) value);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
+                                       const size_t hash)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(buckets.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return hash % buckets.length;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
+    {
+        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
+    }
+
+    private enum InsertStatus : byte
+    {
+        found = -1,
+        failed = 0,
+        added = 1,
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
+     * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
+     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
+     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
+     */
+    private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Already in the set.
+            {
+                return InsertStatus.found;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+            {
+                e.content = value;
+                return InsertStatus.added;
+            }
+        }
+        return InsertStatus.failed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a new element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL HashContainerFullException) if the insertion failed.
+     */
+    size_t insert(T value)
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            this.data = DataType(primes[0], allocator);
+        }
+
+        InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
+        for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
+        {
+            if (this.primes.length == (this.lengthIndex + 1))
+            {
+                throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
+                                                      "Set is full");
+            }
+            rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1);
+        }
+        return status == InsertStatus.added;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 0);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8));
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of elements removed, which is in the container with
+     *          unique values `1` if an element existed, and `0` otherwise.
+     */
+    size_t remove(T value)
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                e.remove();
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 0);
+        assert(8 !in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element to be searched for.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+
+        assert(5 !in set);
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(5 in set);
+        assert(8 !in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
+     * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
+     * forced.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
+     * is forced without resizing the container.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
+     * function may have no effect.
+     *
+     * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
+     * to insert new elements.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n = Minimum number of buckets.
+     */
+    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    {
+        size_t lengthIndex;
+        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
+        {
+            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
+    }
+
+    // Takes an index in the primes array.
+    private void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    {
+        auto storage = DataType(primes[n], allocator);
+        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(storage,
+                                                   calculateHash(e1.content));
+
+                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
+                {
+                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+                    {
+                        e2.content = e1.content;
+                        continue DataLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+                return; // Rehashing failed.
+            }
+        }
+        move(storage, this.data);
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s
+     *          elements.
+     */
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ConstRange opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(!set[].empty);
+        assert(set[].front == 8);
+        assert(set[].back == 8);
+
+        set.remove(8);
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        const Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(8);
+
+        auto r1 = set[];
+        auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+        r1.popFront();
+        assert(r1.empty);
+
+        r2.popBack();
+        assert(r2.empty);
+    }
+
+    private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
+    private DataType data;
+    private size_t lengthIndex;
+}
+
+// Basic insertion logic.
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 9 && set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
+    assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 7);
+    assert(set.data[1].content == 8);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[5].content == 5);
+    assert(set.data.length == 7);
+
+    assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].content == 16);
+    assert(set.data[4].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+}
+
+// Static checks.
+private unittest
+{
+    import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(!isInfinite!(Set!int.Range));
+    static assert(!hasLength!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(is(Set!uint));
+    static assert(is(Set!long));
+    static assert(is(Set!ulong));
+    static assert(is(Set!short));
+    static assert(is(Set!ushort));
+    static assert(is(Set!bool));
+}

source/tanya/container/vector.d

@@ -1,417 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.container.vector;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-
-/**
- * One dimensional array. It allocates automatically if needed.
- *
- * If you assign a value:
- * ---
- * auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
- * int value = 5;
- *
- * v[1000] = value;
- *
- * dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
- * ---
- * it will allocate not only for one, but for 1000 elements. So this
- * implementation is more suitable for sequential data with random access.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	T = Content type.
- */
-class Vector(T)
-{
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	length    = Initial length.
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(size_t length, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-		vector = makeArray!T(allocator, length);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	this(shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this(0, allocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes all elements from the vector.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		dispose(allocator, vector);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Vector length.
-	 */
-	@property size_t length() const
-	{
-		return vector.length;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Expans/shrinks the vector.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	length = New length.
-	 */
-	@property void length(size_t length)
-	{
-		resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, length);
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-
-        v.length = 5;
-        assert(v.length == 5);
-
-		// TODO
-        v.length = 7;
-        assert(v.length == 7);
-
-        v.length = 0;
-        assert(v.length == 0);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the vector is empty.
-	 */
-	@property bool empty() const
-	{
-		return length == 0;
-	}
-
-	static if (isFinalizable!T)
-	{
-		/**
-		 * Removes an elements from the vector.
-		 *
-		 * Params:
-		 * 	pos = Element index.
-		 */
-		void remove(size_t pos)
-		{
-			auto el = vector[pos];
-			dispose(allocator, el);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Assigns a value. Allocates if needed.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	value = Value.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Assigned value.
-	 */
-	T opIndexAssign(T value, size_t pos)
-	{
-		if (pos >= length)
-		{
-			resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, pos + 1);
-		}
-		return vector[pos] = value;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-		assert(v.length == 0);
-		v[1] = values[0];
-		assert(v.length == 2);
-		v[3] = values[0];
-		assert(v.length == 4);
-		v[4] = values[1];
-		assert(v.length == 5);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The value on index $(D_PARAM pos).
-	 */
-	ref T opIndex(in size_t pos)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(length > pos);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[pos];
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-		v[1] = values[0];
-		assert(v[1] is values[0]);
-		v[3] = values[0];
-		assert(v[3] is values[0]);
-		v[4] = values[1];
-		assert(v[4] is values[1]);
-		v[0] = values[1];
-		assert(v[0] is values[1]);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-	 */
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (e; vector)
-		{
-			result = dg(e);
-
-			if (result != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (i, e; vector)
-		{
-			result = dg(i, e);
-
-			if (result != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[3] values = [5, 15, 8];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        v[2] = values[2];
-
-		int i;
-		foreach (e; v)
-		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e is values[0]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e is values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e is values[2]);
-			++i;
-		}
-
-		foreach (j, e; v)
-		{
-			assert(j != 0 || e is values[0]);
-			assert(j != 1 || e is values[1]);
-			assert(j != 2 || e is values[2]);
-		}
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the first element. Allocates if the vector is empty.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = New element.
-     */
-	@property void front(ref T x)
-	{
-		this[0] = x;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The first element.
-     */
-	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
-    in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[0];
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v.front = values[0];
-        assert(v.front == 5);
-
-        v.front = values[1];
-        assert(v.front == 15);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		vector[0 .. $ - 1] = vector[1..$];
-		resizeArray(allocator, vector, length - 1);
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        assert(v.front is values[0]);
-        assert(v.length == 2);
-		v.popFront();
-        assert(v.front is values[1]);
-        assert(v.length == 1);
-		v.popFront();
-        assert(v.empty);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the last element. Allocates if the vector is empty.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = New element.
-     */
-	@property void back(ref T x)
-	{
-		vector[empty ? 0 : $ - 1] = x;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The last element.
-     */
-	@property ref inout(T) back() inout
-    in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[$ - 1];
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v.back = values[0];
-        assert(v.back == 5);
-
-        v.back = values[1];
-        assert(v.back == 15);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Move position to the previous element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) popBack()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		resizeArray(allocator, vector, length - 1);
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        assert(v.back is values[1]);
-        assert(v.length == 2);
-		v.popBack();
-        assert(v.back is values[0]);
-        assert(v.length == 1);
-		v.popBack();
-        assert(v.empty);
-
-        dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/// Container.
-	protected T[] vector;
-
-	private shared Allocator allocator;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-
-	dispose(defaultAllocator, v);
-}

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/conv.d)
+ */
+module tanya.conv;
+
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.format;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM memory) with the
+ * given arguments.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a $(D_KEYWORD class), emplace returns a class reference
+ * of type $(D_PARAM T), otherwise a pointer to the constructed object is
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class inside another class, $(D_PARAM outer)
+ * should be an instance of the outer class.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM args) are arguments for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T). If
+ * $(D_PARAM T) isn't an aggregate type and doesn't have a constructor,
+ * $(D_PARAM memory) can be initialized to `args[0]` if `Args.length == 1`,
+ * `Args[0]` should be implicitly convertible to $(D_PARAM T) then.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Constructed type.
+ *  U     = Type of the outer class if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  Args  = Types of the constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor
+ *          or the type of the initial value.
+ *  outer = Outer class instance if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  args  = Constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor or the
+ *          initial value.
+ *
+ * Returns: New instance of type $(D_PARAM T) constructed in $(D_PARAM memory).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `memory.length == stateSize!T`.
+ * Postcondition: $(D_PARAM memory) and the result point to the same memory.
+ */
+T emplace(T, U, Args...)(void[] memory, U outer, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAbstractClass!T && isInnerClass!T && is(typeof(T.outer) == U))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}
+body
+{
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    result.outer = outer;
+
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (is(T == class) && !isAbstractClass!T && !isInnerClass!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length == stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}body
+{
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.memory : stateSize;
+
+    class C
+    {
+        int i = 5;
+        class Inner
+        {
+            int i;
+
+            this(int param) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                this.i = param;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ubyte[stateSize!C] memory1;
+    ubyte[stateSize!(C.Inner)] memory2;
+
+    auto c = emplace!C(memory1);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+
+    auto inner = emplace!(C.Inner)(memory2, c, 8);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+    assert(inner.i == 8);
+    assert(inner.outer is c);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAggregateType!T && (Args.length <= 1))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        *result = T(args[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static const T init = T.init;
+        copy((cast(void*) &init)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
+    }
+
+    static if (Args.length == 0)
+    {
+        static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
+                      "Default constructor is disabled");
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(T(args))))
+    {
+        *result = T(args);
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false,
+                      "Unable to construct value with the given arguments");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] memory;
+
+    auto i = emplace!int(memory);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i) == int*));
+    assert(*i == 0);
+
+    i = emplace!int(memory, 5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int i;
+        @disable this();
+        @disable this(this);
+        this(int i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.i = i;
+        }
+    }
+    auto s = emplace!S(memory, 8);
+    static assert(is(typeof(s) == S*));
+    assert(s.i == 8);
+}
+
+// Handles "Cannot access frame pointer" error.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!F((void[]).init))));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
+ */
+final class ConvException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
+ * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
+ * $(D_PARAM To), just returns $(D_PARAM from).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  To = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
+ */
+template to(To)
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  From = Source type.
+     *  from = Source value.
+     */
+    ref To to(From)(ref From from)
+    if (is(To == From))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    To to(From)(From from)
+    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto val = 5.to!int();
+    assert(val == 5);
+    static assert(is(typeof(val) == int));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int val = 5;
+    assert(val.to!int() == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
+ *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    static if ((isUnsigned!From && isSigned!To && From.sizeof == To.sizeof)
+            || From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (from > To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Positive integer overflow");
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isSigned!From)
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            if (from < 0)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+        {
+            if (from < To.min)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (From.sizeof <= To.sizeof)
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+    else static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        return cast(To) from;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return from & To.max;
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // ubyte -> ushort
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!ushort == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!ushort == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ushort == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!ushort == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte -> short
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!short == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!short == ubyte.max);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // ubyte <- ushort
+    assert((cast(ushort) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(ushort) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte <- short
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(short) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(short) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // short <-> int
+    assert(short.min.to!int == short.min);
+    assert((short.min + 1).to!int == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(short) -1).to!int == -1);
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((short.max - 1).to!int == short.max - 1);
+    assert(short.max.to!int == short.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) short.min).to!short == short.min);
+    assert((cast(int) short.min + 1).to!short == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(int) -1).to!short == -1);
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max - 1).to!short == short.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max).to!short == short.max);
+
+    // uint <-> int
+    assert((cast(uint) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(uint) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) (int.max - 1)).to!int == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) int.max).to!int == int.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!uint == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!uint == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) (int.max - 1)).to!uint == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) int.max).to!uint == int.max);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.min);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.max);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(ushort, uint), uint.max);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, int), -1);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    assert(Test.one.to!int == 0);
+    assert(Test.two.to!int == 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Truncated $(D_PARAM from) (everything after the decimal point is
+ *          dropped).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
+ *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isFloatingPoint!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    if (from > To.max)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Positive number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from < To.min)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    return cast(To) from;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(1.5.to!int == 1);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!int == 2147483646);
+    assert((-2147483647.5).to!int == -2147483647);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!uint == 2147483646);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), 2147483647.5);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), -2147483648.5);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, double), -21474.5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD enum) value.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
+ *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
+{
+    foreach (m; EnumMembers!To)
+    {
+        if (from == m)
+        {
+            return m;
+        }
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(1.to!Test) == Test));
+    assert(0.to!Test == Test.one);
+    assert(1.to!Test == Test.two);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : uint
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(Test, int), 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    if (from == 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (from < 0)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from <= 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Positive number overflow");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!0.0.to!bool);
+    assert(0.2.to!bool);
+    assert(0.5.to!bool);
+    assert(1.0.to!bool);
+
+    assert(!0.to!bool);
+    assert(1.to!bool);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), -1);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), 2);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
+{
+    if (from == "true")
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (from == "false")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert("true".to!bool);
+    assert(!"false".to!bool);
+    assert(String("true").to!bool);
+    assert(!String("false").to!bool);
+
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "1".to!bool);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    return from;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!float == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!double == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!byte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!ushort == 1);
+    assert(true.to!short == 1);
+    assert(true.to!uint == 1);
+    assert(true.to!int == 1);
+
+    assert(false.to!float == 0);
+    assert(false.to!double == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!byte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ushort == 0);
+    assert(false.to!short == 0);
+    assert(false.to!uint == 0);
+    assert(false.to!int == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM From) to a $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
+if (is(Unqual!To == String))
+{
+    return format!"{}"(from);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!String == "true");
+    assert(false.to!String == "false");
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
+    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
+}

source/tanya/crypto/des.d

@@ -1,607 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.des;
-
-import tanya.container.bit;
-import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/// Initial permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] ipTable = [58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                       60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
-                                       62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
-                                       64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
-                                       57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,  1,
-                                       59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                       61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
-                                       63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7];
-
-/// Final permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] fpTable = [40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
-                                       39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
-                                       38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
-                                       37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
-                                       36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
-                                       35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
-                                       34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
-                                       33, 1, 41, 9,  49, 17, 57, 25];
-
-/// Key permutation table 1.
-private immutable ubyte[64] pc1Table = [57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
-                                        58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                        59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                        60, 52, 44, 36, 63, 55, 47, 39,
-                                        31, 23, 15, 7,  62, 54, 46, 38,
-                                        30, 22, 14, 6,  61, 53, 45, 37,
-                                        29, 21, 13, 5,  28, 20, 12, 4];
-
-/// Key permutation table 2.
-private immutable ubyte[48] pc2Table = [14, 17, 11, 24, 1,  5,  3,  28,
-                                        15, 6,  21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
-                                        26, 8,  16, 7,  27, 20, 13, 2,
-                                        41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
-                                        51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
-                                        34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32];
-
-/// Expansion table.
-private immutable ubyte[48] expansionTable = [32, 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  4,  5,
-                                              6,  7,  8,  9,  8,  9,  10, 11,
-                                              12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
-                                              16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21,
-                                              22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27,
-                                              28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1];
-
-/// Final input block permutation.
-private immutable ubyte[32] pTable = [16, 7,  20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
-                                      1,  15, 23, 26, 5,  18, 31, 10,
-                                      2,  8,  24, 14, 32, 27, 3,  9,
-                                      19, 13, 30, 6,  22, 11, 4, 25];
-
-/// The (in)famous S-boxes.
-private immutable ubyte[64][8] sBox = [[
-                                         14, 0,  4,  15, 13, 7,  1,  4,  2, 14,  15, 2, 11, 13, 8,  1,
-                                         3,  10, 10, 6,  6,  12, 12, 11, 5,  9,  9,  5, 0,  3,  7,  8,
-                                         4,  15, 1,  12, 14, 8,  8,  2,  13, 4,  6,  9, 2,  1,  11, 7,
-                                         15, 5,  12, 11, 9,  3,  7,  14, 3,  10, 10, 0, 5,  6,  0,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         15, 3,  1,  13, 8,  4,  14, 7,  6,  15, 11, 2,  3,  8,  4,  14,
-                                         9,  12, 7,  0,  2,  1,  13, 10, 12, 6,  0,  9,  5,  11, 10, 5,
-                                         0,  13, 14, 8,  7,  10, 11, 1,  10, 3,  4,  15, 13, 4,  1,  2,
-                                         5,  11, 8,  6,  12, 7,  6,  12, 9,  0,  3,  5,  2,  14, 15, 9,
-                                      ],[
-                                         10, 13, 0,  7,  9,  0,  14, 9,  6,  3,  3,  4,  15, 6,  5,  10,
-                                         1,  2,  13, 8,  12, 5,  7,  14, 11, 12, 4,  11, 2,  15, 8,  1,
-                                         13, 1,  6,  10, 4,  13, 9,  0,  8,  6,  15, 9,  3,  8,  0,  7,
-                                         11, 4,  1,  15, 2,  14, 12, 3,  5,  11, 10, 5,  14, 2,  7,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         7,  13, 13, 8,  14, 11, 3,  5,  0,  6,  6,  15, 9,  0,  10, 3,
-                                         1,  4,  2,  7,  8,  2,  5,  12, 11, 1,  12, 10, 4,  14, 15, 9,
-                                         10, 3,  6,  15, 9,  0,  0,  6,  12, 10, 11, 1,  7,  13, 13, 8,
-                                         15, 9,  1,  4,  3,  5,  14, 11, 5,  12, 2,  7,  8,  2,  4,  14,
-                                      ],[
-                                         2,  14, 12, 11, 4,  2,  1,  12, 7,  4,  10, 7,  11, 13, 6,  1,
-                                         8,  5,  5,  0,  3,  15, 15, 10, 13, 3,  0,  9,  14, 8,  9,  6,
-                                         4,  11, 2,  8,  1,  12, 11, 7,  10, 1,  13, 14, 7,  2,  8,  13,
-                                         15, 6,  9,  15, 12, 0,  5,  9,  6,  10, 3,  4,  0,  5,  14, 3,
-                                      ],[
-                                         12, 10, 1,  15, 10, 4,  15, 2,  9,  7,  2,  12, 6,  9,  8,  5,
-                                         0,  6,  13, 1,  3,  13, 4,  14, 14, 0,  7,  11, 5,  3,  11, 8,
-                                         9,  4,  14, 3,  15, 2,  5,  12, 2,  9,  8,  5,  12, 15, 3,  10,
-                                         7,  11, 0,  14, 4,  1,  10, 7,  1,  6,  13, 0,  11, 8,  6,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         4,  13, 11, 0,  2,  11, 14, 7,  15, 4,  0,  9,  8,  1,  13, 10,
-                                         3,  14, 12, 3,  9,  5,  7,  12, 5,  2,  10, 15, 6,  8,  1,  6,
-                                         1,  6,  4,  11, 11, 13, 13, 8,  12, 1,  3,  4,  7,  10, 14, 7,
-                                         10, 9,  15, 5,  6,  0,  8,  15, 0,  14, 5,  2,  9,  3,  2,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         13, 1,  2,  15, 8,  13, 4,  8,  6,  10, 15, 3,  11, 7,  1,  4,
-                                         10, 12, 9,  5,  3,  6,  14, 11, 5,  0,  0,  14, 12, 9,  7,  2,
-                                         7,  2,  11, 1,  4,  14, 1,  7,  9,  4,  12, 10, 14, 8,  2,  13,
-                                         0,  15, 6,  12, 10, 9,  13, 0,  15, 3,  3,  5,  5,  6,  8,  11,
-                                      ]];
-
-/**
- * Data Encryption Standard.
- *
- * Params:
- *     L = Number of keys.
- */
-class DES(ushort L = 1) : BlockCipher
-    if (L == 1)
-{
-    mixin FixedBlockSize!8;
-    mixin KeyLength!8;
-
-    private enum expansionBlockSize = 6;
-    private enum pc1KeyLength = 7;
-    private enum subkeyLength = 6;
-    private ubyte[] key_;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        key_ = key;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.encryption)(plain, cipher);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.decryption)(cipher, plain);
-    }
-
-    private void operateBlock(Direction D)(in ubyte[] source, ref ubyte[] target)
-    {
-        ubyte[blockSize_] ipBlock;
-        ubyte[expansionBlockSize] expansionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] substitutionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] pBoxTarget;
-        ubyte[pc1KeyLength] pc1Key;
-        ubyte[subkeyLength] subkey;
-
-        // Initial permutation
-        permute(source, ipBlock, ipTable, blockSize);
-
-        // Key schedule computation
-        permute(key_, pc1Key, pc1Table, pc1KeyLength);
-
-        // Feistel function
-        for (ubyte round; round < 16; ++round)
-        {
-            auto bitVector = BitVector(expansionBlock);
-            /* Expansion. This permutation only looks at the first 4 bytes (32
-               bits of ipBlock); 16 of these are repeated in expansion table.*/
-            permute(BitVector(ipBlock[4..$]), bitVector, expansionTable, 6);
-
-            // Key mixing
-            static if (D == Direction.encryption)
-            {
-                rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round <= 1 || round == 8 || round == 15))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-            permute(pc1Key, subkey, pc2Table, subkeyLength);
-            static if (D == Direction.decryption)
-            {
-                rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round >= 14 || round == 7 || round == 0))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-
-            bitVector ^= subkey;
-
-            // Substitution; copy from updated expansion block to ciphertext block
-            substitutionBlock[0] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[0][(expansionBlock[0] & 0xfc ) >> 2] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[0] |= sBox[1][(expansionBlock[0] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[1] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[1] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[2][(expansionBlock[1] & 0x0f) << 2 | (expansionBlock[2] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[1] |= sBox[3][(expansionBlock[2] & 0x3f)];
-            substitutionBlock[2] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[4][(expansionBlock[3] & 0xfc) >> 2 ] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[2] |= sBox[5][(expansionBlock[3] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[4] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[3] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[6][(expansionBlock[4] & 0x0F) << 2 | (expansionBlock[5] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[3] |= sBox[7][(expansionBlock[5] & 0x3f)];
-
-            // Permutation
-            bitVector = BitVector(substitutionBlock);
-            permute(bitVector, pBoxTarget, pTable, blockSize / 2);
-
-            // Swap the halves.
-            substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-            ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-
-            bitVector ^= pBoxTarget;
-            ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-        }
-
-        substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-        ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-        ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-
-        // Final permutaion (undo initial permuation).
-        permute(ipBlock, target, fpTable, blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the left rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateLeft(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[0] & 0x80) >> 3;
-
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] << 1) | ((key[1] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] << 1) | ((key[2] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] << 1) | ((key[3] & 0x80) >> 7));
-
-        immutable carryRight = (key[3] & 0x08) >> 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] << 1) | ((key[4] & 0x80) >> 7)) & ~0x10) | carryLeft);
-
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] << 1) | ((key[5] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] << 1) | ((key[6] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] << 1) | carryRight);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the right rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateRight(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryRight = (key[6] & 0x01) << 3;
-
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] >> 1) | ((key[5] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] >> 1) | ((key[4] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] >> 1) | ((key[3] & 0x01) << 7));
-
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[3] & 0x10) << 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] >> 1) | ((key[2] & 0x01) << 7)) & ~0x08) | carryRight);
-
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] >> 1) | ((key[1] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] >> 1) | ((key[0] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] >> 1) | carryLeft);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in ubyte[] source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        const sourceVector = const BitVector(source);
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(sourceVector, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(source, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ref BitVector target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        for (uint i; i < length * 8; ++i)
-        {
-            target[i] = source[permuteTable[i] - 1];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import std.typecons;
-
-    /* Test vectors for DES. Source:
-       "Validating the Correctness of Hardware 
-       Implementations of the NBS Data Encryption Standard"
-       NBS Special Publication 500-20, 1980. Appendix B */
-
-    // Initial and reverse Permutation and Expansion tests. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][64] desTestVectors1 = [
-        [0x95, 0xf8, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x00],
-        [0xdd, 0x7f, 0x12, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x56, 0x19],
-        [0x2e, 0x86, 0x53, 0x10, 0x4f, 0x38, 0x34, 0xea],
-        [0x4b, 0xd3, 0x88, 0xff, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x1d, 0x4f],
-        [0x20, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x14, 0x56],
-        [0x55, 0x57, 0x93, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x71, 0x38, 0xef],
-        [0x6c, 0xc5, 0xde, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x04, 0x51, 0x2f],
-        [0x0d, 0x9f, 0x27, 0x9b, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x72, 0x60],
-        [0xd9, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x71, 0xbd, 0x5a, 0x0a],
-        [0x42, 0x42, 0x50, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0x3d, 0xd9, 0x51],
-        [0xb8, 0x06, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xcd, 0x9a, 0x21, 0xe5],
-        [0xf1, 0x5d, 0x0f, 0x28, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xbd, 0x28],
-        [0xad, 0xd0, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0xeb, 0xa1],
-        [0xe6, 0xd5, 0xf8, 0x27, 0x52, 0xad, 0x63, 0xd1],
-        [0xec, 0xbf, 0xe3, 0xbd, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x1a, 0x5e],
-        [0xf3, 0x56, 0x83, 0x43, 0x79, 0xd1, 0x65, 0xcd],
-        [0x2b, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x03, 0x7f, 0xa9],
-        [0x88, 0x9d, 0xe0, 0x68, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0x0b, 0xe6],
-        [0xe1, 0x9e, 0x27, 0x5d, 0x84, 0x6a, 0x12, 0x98],
-        [0x32, 0x9a, 0x8e, 0xd5, 0x23, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xec],
-        [0xe7, 0xfc, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x57, 0xd2, 0x3c, 0x97],
-        [0x12, 0xa9, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x7f, 0xf2, 0xd6, 0x5d],
-        [0xa4, 0x84, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x38, 0xdc, 0x9c, 0x19],
-        [0xfb, 0xe0, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x1e, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x72],
-        [0x75, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x94, 0x07, 0x52, 0x13, 0x63],
-        [0x64, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x4c, 0x2f, 0xaf],
-        [0xf0, 0x2b, 0x26, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0x60],
-        [0x9d, 0x64, 0x55, 0x5a, 0x9a, 0x10, 0xb8, 0x52],
-        [0xd1, 0x06, 0xff, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x52, 0x55, 0xd7],
-        [0xe1, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x8c, 0x64, 0xa5],
-        [0xe4, 0x28, 0x58, 0x11, 0x86, 0xec, 0x8f, 0x46],
-        [0xae, 0xb5, 0xf5, 0xed, 0xe2, 0x2d, 0x1a, 0x36],
-        [0xe9, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x56, 0x8a, 0xec, 0x0c, 0x5c],
-        [0xdf, 0x98, 0xc8, 0x27, 0x6f, 0x54, 0xb0, 0x4b],
-        [0xb1, 0x60, 0xe4, 0x68, 0x0f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6f],
-        [0xfa, 0x07, 0x52, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0x9c, 0x4a, 0xb8],
-        [0xca, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x03, 0x6d, 0xbc, 0x85, 0x02],
-        [0x5e, 0x09, 0x05, 0x51, 0x7b, 0xb5, 0x9b, 0xcf],
-        [0x81, 0x4e, 0xeb, 0x3b, 0x91, 0xd9, 0x07, 0x26],
-        [0x4d, 0x49, 0xdb, 0x15, 0x32, 0x91, 0x9c, 0x9f],
-        [0x25, 0xeb, 0x5f, 0xc3, 0xf8, 0xcf, 0x06, 0x21],
-        [0xab, 0x6a, 0x20, 0xc0, 0x62, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x6f],
-        [0x79, 0xe9, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x2c, 0xca],
-        [0x86, 0x6e, 0xce, 0xdd, 0x80, 0x72, 0xbb, 0x0e],
-        [0x8b, 0x54, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x3e, 0x64, 0xa8],
-        [0xea, 0x51, 0xd3, 0x97, 0x55, 0x95, 0xb8, 0x6b],
-        [0xca, 0xff, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x45, 0x42, 0xde, 0x31],
-        [0x8d, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x90, 0x79, 0x6c],
-        [0x10, 0x29, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x88, 0x0e, 0xc2, 0xd0],
-        [0x5d, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x23, 0x63, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0xa9],
-        [0x1d, 0x1c, 0xa8, 0x53, 0xae, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x5f],
-        [0xce, 0x33, 0x23, 0x29, 0x24, 0x8f, 0x32, 0x28],
-        [0x84, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xab, 0xe2, 0x4f, 0xb9, 0x42],
-        [0xe6, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x80, 0x90, 0xca, 0x42, 0x07],
-        [0x48, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x99, 0x37, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x23],
-        [0xdd, 0x7c, 0x0b, 0xbd, 0x61, 0xfa, 0xfd, 0x54],
-        [0x2f, 0xbc, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x57, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0xc4],
-        [0xe0, 0x7c, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xe4, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x12],
-        [0x09, 0x53, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x8e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0xa1],
-        [0x5b, 0x71, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xce, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0xee],
-        [0xcc, 0x08, 0x3f, 0x1e, 0x6d, 0x9e, 0x85, 0xf6],
-        [0xd2, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x67, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xfe],
-        [0x06, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x22, 0xce, 0x92, 0x70, 0x8f],
-        [0x16, 0x6b, 0x40, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0xba, 0x4b, 0xd6],
-    ];
-
-    // Key Permutation test. Encrypt.
-    // Test of right-shifts. Decrypt.
-    ubyte[8][56] desTestVectors2 = [
-        [0x95, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x13, 0xda, 0xa9, 0x4d],
-        [0x0e, 0xec, 0x14, 0x87, 0xdd, 0x8c, 0x26, 0xd5],
-        [0x7a, 0xd1, 0x6f, 0xfb, 0x79, 0xc4, 0x59, 0x26],
-        [0xd3, 0x74, 0x62, 0x94, 0xca, 0x6a, 0x6c, 0xf3],
-        [0x80, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x3c, 0x1f, 0xd7, 0x61],
-        [0xc0, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xfe, 0xc9, 0x89, 0xd1, 0xfc],
-        [0x46, 0x15, 0xaa, 0x1d, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x2f, 0x10],
-        [0x20, 0x55, 0x12, 0x33, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x08, 0x58],
-        [0xdf, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xd6, 0x57, 0x73, 0x97, 0xc8],
-        [0x31, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x36, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x88, 0xc9],
-        [0xdf, 0xdd, 0x3c, 0xc6, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x16, 0x42],
-        [0x17, 0x8c, 0x83, 0xce, 0x2b, 0x39, 0x9d, 0x94],
-        [0x50, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x32, 0x4a, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x80],
-        [0xa8, 0x46, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0xbc, 0x18, 0xf0, 0x6d],
-        [0xa2, 0xdc, 0x9e, 0x92, 0xfd, 0x3c, 0xde, 0x92],
-        [0xca, 0xc0, 0x9f, 0x79, 0x7d, 0x03, 0x12, 0x87],
-        [0x90, 0xba, 0x68, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xae, 0xb5, 0x25],
-        [0xce, 0x7a, 0x24, 0xf3, 0x50, 0xe2, 0x80, 0xb6],
-        [0x88, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x87],
-        [0x25, 0x61, 0x02, 0x88, 0x92, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc2],
-        [0xc7, 0x15, 0x16, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x75, 0xd1, 0x70],
-        [0x51, 0x99, 0xc2, 0x9a, 0x52, 0xc9, 0xf0, 0x59],
-        [0xc2, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x71, 0xf2, 0x9f],
-        [0xee, 0x37, 0x14, 0x83, 0x71, 0x4c, 0x02, 0xea],
-        [0xa8, 0x1f, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x52, 0x2f],
-        [0x4f, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x92, 0xe1, 0x92, 0xdf, 0xed],
-        [0x1a, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x66, 0xa6, 0xdf, 0x92, 0xae],
-        [0xb3, 0xc1, 0xcc, 0x71, 0x5c, 0xb8, 0x79, 0xd8],
-        [0x19, 0xd0, 0x32, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xb0, 0xbd, 0x8b],
-        [0x3c, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x20, 0xdc],
-        [0xb7, 0x26, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x44, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf3],
-        [0x9d, 0xb7, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x3f, 0x54],
-        [0x81, 0x81, 0xb6, 0x5b, 0xab, 0xf4, 0xa9, 0x75],
-        [0x93, 0xc9, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x42, 0xea, 0xa2, 0x40],
-        [0x55, 0x70, 0x53, 0x08, 0x29, 0x70, 0x55, 0x92],
-        [0x86, 0x38, 0x80, 0x9e, 0x87, 0x87, 0x87, 0xa0],
-        [0x41, 0xb9, 0xa7, 0x9a, 0xf7, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0x08],
-        [0x7a, 0x9b, 0xe4, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x09, 0xa8, 0x92],
-        [0x29, 0x03, 0x8d, 0x56, 0xba, 0x6d, 0x27, 0x45],
-        [0x54, 0x95, 0xc6, 0xab, 0xf1, 0xe5, 0xdf, 0x51],
-        [0xae, 0x13, 0xdb, 0xd5, 0x61, 0x48, 0x89, 0x33],
-        [0x02, 0x4d, 0x1f, 0xfa, 0x89, 0x04, 0xe3, 0x89],
-        [0xd1, 0x39, 0x97, 0x12, 0xf9, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0x2e],
-        [0x14, 0xc1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0xc7, 0x9e],
-        [0x1d, 0xe5, 0x27, 0x9d, 0xae, 0x3b, 0xed, 0x6f],
-        [0xe9, 0x41, 0xa3, 0x3f, 0x85, 0x50, 0x13, 0x03],
-        [0xda, 0x99, 0xdb, 0xbc, 0x9a, 0x03, 0xf3, 0x79],
-        [0xb7, 0xfc, 0x92, 0xf9, 0x1d, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xe9],
-        [0xae, 0x8e, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0x4e, 0x85],
-        [0x9c, 0xc6, 0x2d, 0xf4, 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xed, 0x74],
-        [0xd8, 0x63, 0xdb, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0x9a, 0x91, 0xa0],
-        [0xa1, 0xab, 0x21, 0x90, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x91, 0xd7],
-        [0x08, 0x75, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x64, 0xc5, 0x70, 0xf7],
-        [0x5a, 0x59, 0x45, 0x28, 0xbe, 0xbe, 0xf1, 0xcc],
-        [0xfc, 0xdb, 0x32, 0x91, 0xde, 0x21, 0xf0, 0xc0],
-        [0x86, 0x9e, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0x9f, 0x26, 0x5a, 0x09],
-    ];
-
-    // Data permutation test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][2][32] desTestVectors3 = [
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x91, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x31], [0x88, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x4c, 0x97, 0xb4]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0x0c, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x83, 0xea, 0x48, 0xfd]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0x83, 0xbc, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0xa6, 0x57, 0x01, 0x83]],
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0xdf, 0x72, 0x5d, 0xca, 0xd9, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0xe9]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xe6, 0x52, 0xb5, 0x3b, 0x55, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaf, 0x52, 0x71, 0x20, 0xc4, 0x85, 0xcb, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x51, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0x0f, 0x04, 0xce, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xb9, 0x26, 0xd5]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xc9, 0xf0, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x74, 0x07, 0x90, 0x67]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x54, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0x7c, 0xfd, 0x82, 0xa5, 0x93, 0x25, 0x2b, 0x4e]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x94, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0xcb, 0x49, 0xa2, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x13, 0x63, 0xe3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0xb9, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x00, 0xb5, 0x88, 0xbe, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0x56]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x40, 0x6a, 0x9a, 0x6a, 0xb4, 0x33, 0x99, 0xae]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x6c, 0xb7, 0x73, 0x61, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x9a, 0xda]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x67, 0xfd, 0x21, 0xc1, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x70]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x95, 0x92, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x10, 0x43, 0x07, 0x87]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x98, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0xa6, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x68, 0xa3, 0x18, 0xdd, 0xd3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x4d, 0x10, 0x21, 0x96, 0xc9, 0x14, 0xca, 0x16]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x2d, 0xfa, 0x9f, 0x45, 0x73, 0x59, 0x49, 0x65]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xb4, 0x66, 0x04, 0x81, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x07, 0x74]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x6e, 0x7e, 0x62, 0x21, 0xa4, 0xf3, 0x4e, 0x87]],
-        [[0x19, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaa, 0x85, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x43, 0x23, 0x31, 0x99]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01], [0x2e, 0x5a, 0x19, 0xdb, 0x4d, 0x19, 0x62, 0xd6]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x08, 0x01], [0x23, 0xa8, 0x66, 0xa8, 0x09, 0xd3, 0x08, 0x94]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xd8, 0x12, 0xd9, 0x61, 0xf0, 0x17, 0xd3, 0x20]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x0b], [0x05, 0x56, 0x05, 0x81, 0x6e, 0x58, 0x60, 0x8f]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xab, 0xd8, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0x1b, 0x77, 0x16, 0xf1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02], [0x53, 0x7a, 0xc9, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xa1, 0xe1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x08], [0xae, 0xd0, 0xf6, 0xae, 0x3c, 0x25, 0xcd, 0xd8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x14, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x04], [0xb3, 0xe3, 0x5a, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x8d]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x04], [0x61, 0xc7, 0x9c, 0x71, 0x92, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0xf8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x10, 0x02, 0x01], [0xe2, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x8f, 0x09, 0x95, 0x01, 0x3c]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x16, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x01], [0x1a, 0xea, 0xc3, 0x9a, 0x61, 0xf0, 0xa4, 0x64]],
-    ];
-
-    // S-Box test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][3][19] desTestVectors4 = [
-        [[0x7c, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x45, 0x4a, 0x1a, 0x6e, 0x57], [0x01, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0xd0, 0x39, 0x77, 0x67, 0x42],
-        [0x69, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0x26, 0x93, 0x9b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x61, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x37, 0x6e], [0x5c, 0xd5, 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x3d, 0xef, 0x57, 0xda],
-        [0x7a, 0x38, 0x9d, 0x10, 0x35, 0x4b, 0xd2, 0x71]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x3e, 0x4a, 0x0b, 0x26, 0x86], [0x02, 0x48, 0xd4, 0x38, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x71, 0x72],
-        [0x86, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xca, 0xb4, 0x59, 0x9a]],
-        [[0x38, 0x49, 0x67, 0x4c, 0x26, 0x02, 0x31, 0x9e], [0x51, 0x45, 0x4b, 0x58, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x44, 0x0a],
-        [0x71, 0x78, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x01, 0xf1, 0x9b, 0x2a]],
-        [[0x04, 0xb9, 0x15, 0xba, 0x43, 0xfe, 0xb5, 0xb6], [0x42, 0xfd, 0x44, 0x30, 0x59, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xa2],
-        [0xaf, 0x37, 0xfb, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x40, 0x95]],
-        [[0x01, 0x13, 0xb9, 0x70, 0xfd, 0x34, 0xf2, 0xce], [0x05, 0x9b, 0x5e, 0x08, 0x51, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x3a],
-        [0x86, 0xa5, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x5b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x70, 0xf1, 0x75, 0x46, 0x8f, 0xb5, 0xe6], [0x07, 0x56, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0x77, 0x47, 0x61, 0xd2],
-        [0x0c, 0xd3, 0xda, 0x02, 0x00, 0x21, 0xdc, 0x09]],
-        [[0x43, 0x29, 0x7f, 0xad, 0x38, 0xe3, 0x73, 0xfe], [0x76, 0x25, 0x14, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x48, 0x6a],
-        [0xea, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x2c, 0xb7, 0xdb, 0x2b, 0x7a]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa7, 0x13, 0x70, 0x45, 0xda, 0x2a, 0x16], [0x3b, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x90, 0x49, 0x37, 0x28, 0x02],
-        [0xdf, 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x81, 0x5c, 0xaf, 0x1a, 0x0f]],
-        [[0x04, 0x68, 0x91, 0x04, 0xc2, 0xfd, 0x3b, 0x2f], [0x26, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x68, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x60, 0x9a],
-        [0x5c, 0x51, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0x48, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x88]],
-        [[0x37, 0xd0, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0x16, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x46], [0x16, 0x4d, 0x5e, 0x40, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x52, 0x32],
-        [0x0a, 0x2a, 0xee, 0xae, 0x3f, 0xf4, 0xab, 0x77]],
-        [[0x1f, 0x08, 0x26, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0xc2, 0x46, 0x5e], [0x6b, 0x05, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x75, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0xca],
-        [0xef, 0x1b, 0xf0, 0x3e, 0x5d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x5a]],
-        [[0x58, 0x40, 0x23, 0x64, 0x1a, 0xba, 0x61, 0x76], [0x00, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0xef, 0x09, 0x17, 0x60, 0x62],
-        [0x88, 0xbf, 0x0d, 0xb6, 0xd7, 0x0d, 0xee, 0x56]],
-        [[0x02, 0x58, 0x16, 0x16, 0x46, 0x29, 0xb0, 0x07], [0x48, 0x0d, 0x39, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x62, 0xf2],
-        [0xa1, 0xf9, 0x91, 0x55, 0x41, 0x02, 0x0b, 0x56]],
-        [[0x49, 0x79, 0x3e, 0xbc, 0x79, 0xb3, 0x25, 0x8f], [0x43, 0x75, 0x40, 0xc8, 0x69, 0x8f, 0x3c, 0xfa],
-        [0x6f, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xfd, 0x05, 0x56]],
-        [[0x4f, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x15, 0xab, 0x73, 0xa7], [0x07, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x77, 0x07, 0x52, 0x92],
-        [0x2f, 0x22, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0xab, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xac]],
-        [[0x49, 0xe9, 0x5d, 0x6d, 0x4c, 0xa2, 0x29, 0xbf], [0x02, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x77, 0x81, 0x17, 0xf1, 0x2a],
-        [0x5a, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x2c, 0xc2, 0x6c, 0xce, 0x4a]],
-        [[0x01, 0x83, 0x10, 0xdc, 0x40, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xd6], [0x1d, 0x9d, 0x5c, 0x50, 0x18, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xc2],
-        [0x5f, 0x4c, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x2e, 0x41]],
-        [[0x1c, 0x58, 0x7f, 0x1c, 0x13, 0x92, 0x4f, 0xef], [0x30, 0x55, 0x32, 0x28, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x29, 0x5a],
-        [0x63, 0xfa, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x34, 0xd9, 0xf7, 0x93]],
-    ];
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    auto des = scoped!(DES!1);
-    ubyte[8] key = [0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01];
-    ubyte[8] plain = [0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-    ubyte[8] cipher;
-
-    des.key = key;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..64)
-    {
-        if (i != 0)
-        {
-            plain[i / 8] = i % 8 ? plain[i / 8] >> 1 : 0x80;
-            if (i % 8 == 0)
-            {
-                plain[i / 8 - 1] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors1[i]);
-
-        // Inverse Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(cipher, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..56)
-    {
-        key[i / 7] = i % 7 ? key[i / 7] >> 1 : 0x80;
-        if (i % 7 == 0 && i != 0)
-        {
-            key[i / 7 - 1] = 0x01;
-        }
-        des.key = key;
-
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors2[i]);
-
-        // Test of right-shifts in Decryption.
-        des.decrypt(desTestVectors2[i], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    // Data permutation test.
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors3)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[1]);
-    }
-
-    // S-Box test.
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors4)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(i[1], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[2]);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/mode.d

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Block cipher modes of operation.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.mode;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.typecons;
-
-/**
- * Supported padding mode.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-enum PaddingMode
-{
-    zero,
-    pkcs7,
-    ansiX923,
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL PaddingMode)
- */
-ubyte[] pad(ref ubyte[] input,
-            in PaddingMode mode,
-            in ushort blockSize,
-            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
-    assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
-    assert(input.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
-    immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
-    immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
-
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-            if (needed)
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-                input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
-            }
-            break;
-        case ansiX923:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
-            input[$ - 1] = needed;
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        assert(input[63] == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.ansiX923, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-ref ubyte[] unpad(ref ubyte[] input,
-                  in PaddingMode mode,
-                  in ushort blockSize,
-                  shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(input.length != 0);
-    assert(input.length % 64 == 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-        case ansiX923:
-            immutable last = input[$ - 1];
-
-            allocator.shrinkArray(input, last ? last : blockSize);
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        pad(inputDup, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/symmetric.d

@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Interfaces for implementing secret key algorithms.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/**
- * Implemented by secret key algorithms.
- */
-interface SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Minimum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /// Cipher direction.
-    protected enum Direction : ushort
-    {
-        encryption,
-        decryption,
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Implemented by block ciphers.
- */
-interface BlockCipher : SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Block size.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by algorithms with fixed block size.
- *
- * Params:
- *     N = Block size.
- */
-mixin template FixedBlockSize(uint N)
-    if (N != 0)
-{
-    private enum uint blockSize_ = N;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Fixed block size.
-     */
-    final @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return blockSize_;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by symmetric algorithms.
- * If $(D_PARAM Min) equals $(D_PARAM Max) fixed key length is assumed.
- *
- * Params:
- *     Min = Minimum key length.
- *     Max = Maximum key length.
- */
-mixin template KeyLength(uint Min, uint Max = Min)
-    if (Min != 0 && Max != 0)
-{
-    static if (Min == Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint keyLength_ = Min;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else static if (Min < Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint minKeyLength_ = Min;
-        private enum uint maxKeyLength_ = Max;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return minKeyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return maxKeyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static assert(false, "Max should be larger or equal to Min");
-    }
-}

source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Functions operating on ASCII characters.
+ *
+ * ASCII is $(B A)merican $(B S)tandard $(B C)ode for $(B I)nformation
+ * $(B I)nterchange.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/ascii.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding.ascii;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+const string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
+const string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
+const string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"; /// 0..9a..f.
+const string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
+const string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
+
+/// A..Za..z.
+const string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+const string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
+const string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
+
+/**
+ * Whitespace, Horizontal Tab (HT), Line Feed (LF), Carriage Return (CR),
+ * Vertical Tab (VT) or Form Feed (FF).
+ */
+const string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
+
+/// Letter case specifier.
+enum LetterCase : bool
+{
+    upper, /// Uppercase.
+    lower, /// Lowercase.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an uppecase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an uppercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isUpper(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isUpper('A'));
+    assert(isUpper('Z'));
+    assert(isUpper('L'));
+    assert(!isUpper('a'));
+    assert(!isUpper('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a lowercase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a lowercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isLower(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isLower('a'));
+    assert(isLower('z'));
+    assert(isLower('l'));
+    assert(!isLower('A'));
+    assert(!isLower('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlpha(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) || isLower(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlpha('A'));
+    assert(isAlpha('Z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('L'));
+    assert(isAlpha('a'));
+    assert(isAlpha('z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('l'));
+    assert(!isAlpha('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '9');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isDigit('0'));
+    assert(isDigit('1'));
+    assert(isDigit('2'));
+    assert(isDigit('3'));
+    assert(isDigit('4'));
+    assert(isDigit('5'));
+    assert(isDigit('6'));
+    assert(isDigit('7'));
+    assert(isDigit('8'));
+    assert(isDigit('9'));
+    assert(!isDigit('a'));
+    assert(!isDigit('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase) or a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character or a
+ *          digit, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlphaNum(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isAlpha(c) || isDigit(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlphaNum('0'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('1'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('9'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('A'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('Z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('L'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('a'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('l'));
+    assert(!isAlphaNum('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a 7-bit ASCII character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an ASCII character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isASCII(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return c < 128;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isASCII('0'));
+    assert(isASCII('L'));
+    assert(isASCII('l'));
+    assert(isASCII('!'));
+    assert(!isASCII('©'));
+    assert(!isASCII('§'));
+    assert(!isASCII(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isASCII(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+    assert(!isASCII(dchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a control character.
+ *
+ * Control characters are non-printable characters. Their ASCII codes are those
+ * between 0x00 (NUL) and 0x1f (US), and 0x7f (DEL).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isPrintable),  $(D_PSYMBOL isGraphical).
+ */
+bool isControl(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c <= 0x1f) || (c == 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isControl('\t'));
+    assert(isControl('\0'));
+    assert(isControl('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isControl(' '));
+    assert(!isControl('a'));
+    assert(!isControl(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isControl(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a whitespace character.
+ *
+ * Whitespace characters are:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Whitespace)
+ *  $(LI Horizontal Tab (HT))
+ *  $(LI Line Feed (LF))
+ *  $(LI Carriage Return (CR))
+ *  $(LI Vertical Tab (VT))
+ *  $(LI Form Feed (FF))
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a whitespace character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL whitespace).
+ */
+bool isWhite(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x09) && (c <= 0x0d)) || (c == 0x20);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isWhite('\t'));
+    assert(isWhite('\n'));
+    assert(isWhite('\v'));
+    assert(isWhite('\f'));
+    assert(isWhite('\r'));
+    assert(isWhite(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a graphical character.
+ *
+ * Graphical characters are printable characters but whitespace characters.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl), $(D_PSYMBOL isWhite).
+ */
+bool isGraphical(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c > 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isGraphical('a'));
+    assert(isGraphical('0'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('§'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\n'));
+    assert(!isGraphical(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a printable character.
+ *
+ * This is the opposite of a control character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl).
+ */
+bool isPrintable(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPrintable('a'));
+    assert(isPrintable('0'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('§'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\n'));
+    assert(isPrintable(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a hexadecimal digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a hexadecimal digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isHexDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
+        || ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'f'))
+        || ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'F'));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isHexDigit('0'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('1'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('8'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('9'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('A'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('F'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('G'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('a'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('f'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('g'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isOctalDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '7');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isOctalDigit('0'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('1'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('2'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('3'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('4'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('5'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('6'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('7'));
+    assert(!isOctalDigit('8'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPunctuation(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x21) && (c <= 0x2f))
+        || ((c >= 0x3a) && (c <= 0x40))
+        || ((c >= 0x5b) && (c <= 0x60))
+        || ((c >= 0x7b) && (c <= 0x7e));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPunctuation('!'));
+    assert(isPunctuation(':'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('\\'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('|'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation('0'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to uppercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not a lowercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The lowercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toUpper(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isLower(c) ? (cast(C) (c - 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toUpper('a') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('A') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('!') == '!');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to lowercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not an uppercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The uppercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toLower(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) ? (cast(C) (c + 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toLower('A') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('a') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('!') == '!');
+}

source/tanya/encoding/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding;
+
+public import tanya.encoding.ascii;

source/tanya/exception.d

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Common exceptions and errors.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/exception.d,
+ *                 tanya/exception.d)
+ */
+module tanya.exception;
+
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Error thrown if memory allocation fails.
+ */
+final class OutOfMemoryError : Error
+{
+    /**
+     * Constructs new error.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg = "Out of memory",
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(string msg,
+         Throwable next,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) in a static storage and throws it.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  msg = Custom error message.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError).
+ */
+void onOutOfMemoryError(string msg = "Out of memory")
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+{
+    static ubyte[stateSize!OutOfMemoryError] memory;
+    alias PureType = OutOfMemoryError function(string) @nogc nothrow pure;
+    throw (cast(PureType) () => emplace!OutOfMemoryError(memory))(msg);
+}

source/tanya/format/conv.d

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: Jeff Roberts, $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/conv.d)
+ */
+module tanya.format.conv;
+
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
+ */
+final class ConvException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
+ * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
+ * $(D_PARAM To), just returns $(D_PARAM from).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  To = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+template to(To)
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  From = Source type.
+     *  from = Source value.
+     */
+    ref To to(From)(ref From from)
+    if (is(To == From))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    To to(From)(From from)
+    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
+ *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    static if ((isUnsigned!From && isSigned!To && From.sizeof == To.sizeof)
+            || From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (from > To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Positive integer overflow");
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isSigned!From)
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            if (from < 0)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+        {
+            if (from < To.min)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (From.sizeof <= To.sizeof)
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+    else static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        return cast(To) from;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return from & To.max;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    if (from == 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (from < 0)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from <= 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Positive number overflow");
+}
+
+/// ditto
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
+{
+    if (from == "true")
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (from == "false")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    return from;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && is(Unqual!To == String))
+{
+    return String(from ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Truncated $(D_PARAM from) (everything after the decimal point is
+ *          dropped).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
+ *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isFloatingPoint!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    if (from > To.max)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Positive number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from < To.min)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    return cast(To) from;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD enum) value.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
+ *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
+{
+    foreach (m; EnumMembers!To)
+    {
+        if (from == m)
+        {
+            return m;
+        }
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
+}

source/tanya/format/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package contains formatting and conversion functions.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.format;
+
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
+public import tanya.format.conv;
+import tanya.math;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+// Integer and floating point to string conversion is based on stb_sprintf
+// written by Jeff Roberts.
+
+// Returns the last part of buffer with converted number.
+package(tanya) char[] integral2String(T)(T number, return ref char[21] buffer)
+@trusted
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    // abs the integer.
+    ulong n64 = number < 0 ? -cast(long) number : number;
+
+    char* start = buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Do in 32-bit chunks (avoid lots of 64-bit divides even with constant
+        // denominators).
+        char* o = start - 8;
+        uint n;
+        if (n64 >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = n64 % 100000000;
+            n64 /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) n64;
+            n64 = 0;
+        }
+
+        while (n)
+        {
+            *--start = cast(char) (n % 10) + '0';
+            n /= 10;
+        }
+        // Ignore the leading zero if it was the last part of the integer.
+        if (n64 == 0)
+        {
+            if ((start[0] == '0')
+             && (start != (buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof -1)))
+            {
+                ++start;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        // Copy leading zeros if it wasn't the most significant part of the
+        // integer.
+        while (start != o)
+        {
+            *--start = '0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the length that we have copied.
+    uint l = cast(uint) ((buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1) - start);
+    if (l == 0)
+    {
+        *--start = '0';
+        l = 1;
+    }
+    else if (number < 0) // Set the sign.
+    {
+        *--start = '-';
+        ++l;
+    }
+
+    return buffer[$ - l - 1 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+// Converting an integer to string.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    char[21] buf;
+
+    assert(integral2String(80, buf) == "80");
+    assert(integral2String(-80, buf) == "-80");
+    assert(integral2String(0, buf) == "0");
+    assert(integral2String(uint.max, buf) == "4294967295");
+    assert(integral2String(int.min, buf) == "-2147483648");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Double-double high-precision floating point number.
+ *
+ * The first element is a base value corresponding to the nearest approximation
+ * of the target $(D_PSYMBOL HP) value, and the second element is an offset
+ * value corresponding to the difference between the target value and the base.
+ * Thus, the $(D_PSYMBOL HP) value represented is the sum of the base and the
+ * offset.
+ */
+private struct HP
+{
+    private double base;
+    private double offset = 0.0;
+
+    private void normalize() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        const double target = this.base + this.offset;
+        this.offset -= target - this.base;
+        this.base = target;
+    }
+
+    private void multiply(ref const HP x, ref const HP y)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        HP a, b;
+        long bt;
+
+        this.base = x.base * y.base;
+        copyFp(x.base, bt);
+        bt &= ulong.max << 27;
+        copyFp(bt, a.base);
+
+        a.offset = x.base - a.base;
+        copyFp(y.base, bt);
+        bt &= ulong.max << 27;
+        copyFp(bt, b.base);
+
+        b.offset = y.base - b.base;
+        this.offset = a.base * b.base - this.base
+                    + a.base * b.offset
+                    + a.offset * b.base
+                    + a.offset * b.offset;
+        this.offset += x.base * y.offset + x.offset * y.base;
+    }
+}
+
+private enum special = 0x7000;
+private enum char period = '.';
+
+private static const ulong[20] powersOf10 = [
+    1,
+    10,
+    100,
+    1000,
+    10000,
+    100000,
+    1000000,
+    10000000,
+    100000000,
+    1000000000,
+    10000000000UL,
+    100000000000UL,
+    1000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000UL,
+    100000000000000UL,
+    1000000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000000UL,
+    100000000000000000UL,
+    1000000000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000000000UL,
+];
+
+private static const char[201] digitPairs =
+    "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353"
+  ~ "6373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172"
+  ~ "737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+
+private static const HP[23] bottom = [
+    HP(1e+000), HP(1e+001), HP(1e+002), HP(1e+003), HP(1e+004), HP(1e+005),
+    HP(1e+006), HP(1e+007), HP(1e+008), HP(1e+009), HP(1e+010), HP(1e+011),
+    HP(1e+012), HP(1e+013), HP(1e+014), HP(1e+015), HP(1e+016), HP(1e+017),
+    HP(1e+018), HP(1e+019), HP(1e+020), HP(1e+021), HP(1e+022),
+];
+
+private static const HP[22] negativeBottom = [
+    HP(1e-001, -5.551115123125783e-018),
+    HP(1e-002, -2.0816681711721684e-019),
+    HP(1e-003, -2.0816681711721686e-020),
+    HP(1e-004, -4.7921736023859299e-021),
+    HP(1e-005, -8.1803053914031305e-022),
+    HP(1e-006, 4.5251888174113741e-023),
+    HP(1e-007, 4.5251888174113739e-024),
+    HP(1e-008, -2.0922560830128471e-025),
+    HP(1e-009, -6.2281591457779853e-026),
+    HP(1e-010, -3.6432197315497743e-027),
+    HP(1e-011, 6.0503030718060191e-028),
+    HP(1e-012, 2.0113352370744385e-029),
+    HP(1e-013, -3.0373745563400371e-030),
+    HP(1e-014, 1.1806906454401013e-032),
+    HP(1e-015, -7.7705399876661076e-032),
+    HP(1e-016, 2.0902213275965398e-033),
+    HP(1e-017, -7.1542424054621921e-034),
+    HP(1e-018, -7.1542424054621926e-035),
+    HP(1e-019, 2.4754073164739869e-036),
+    HP(1e-020, 5.4846728545790429e-037),
+    HP(1e-021, 9.2462547772103625e-038),
+    HP(1e-022, -4.8596774326570872e-039),
+];
+
+private static const HP[13] top = [
+    HP(1e+023, 8388608),
+    HP(1e+046, 6.8601809640529717e+028),
+    HP(1e+069, -7.253143638152921e+052),
+    HP(1e+092, -4.3377296974619174e+075),
+    HP(1e+115, -1.5559416129466825e+098),
+    HP(1e+138, -3.2841562489204913e+121),
+    HP(1e+161, -3.7745893248228135e+144),
+    HP(1e+184, -1.7356668416969134e+167),
+    HP(1e+207, -3.8893577551088374e+190),
+    HP(1e+230, -9.9566444326005119e+213),
+    HP(1e+253, 6.3641293062232429e+236),
+    HP(1e+276, -5.2069140800249813e+259),
+    HP(1e+299, -5.2504760255204387e+282),
+];
+
+private static const HP[13] negativeTop = [
+    HP(1e-023, 3.9565301985100693e-040L),
+    HP(1e-046, -2.299904345391321e-063L),
+    HP(1e-069, 3.6506201437945798e-086L),
+    HP(1e-092, 1.1875228833981544e-109L),
+    HP(1e-115, -5.0644902316928607e-132L),
+    HP(1e-138, -6.7156837247865426e-155L),
+    HP(1e-161, -2.812077463003139e-178L),
+    HP(1e-184, -5.7778912386589953e-201L),
+    HP(1e-207, 7.4997100559334532e-224L),
+    HP(1e-230, -4.6439668915134491e-247L),
+    HP(1e-253, -6.3691100762962136e-270L),
+    HP(1e-276, -9.436808465446358e-293L),
+    HP(1e-299, 8.0970921678014997e-317L),
+];
+
+private enum ulong tenTo19th = 1000000000000000000UL;
+
+// Power can be -323 to +350.
+private HP raise2Power10(const HP value, int power)
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe
+{
+    HP result;
+    if ((power >= 0) && (power <= 22))
+    {
+        result.multiply(value, bottom[power]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        HP p2;
+        int e = power;
+
+        if (power < 0)
+        {
+            e = -e;
+        }
+        int et = (e * 0x2c9) >> 14; // % 23
+        if (et > 13)
+        {
+            et = 13;
+        }
+        int eb = e - (et * 23);
+
+        result = value;
+        if (power < 0)
+        {
+            if (eb != 0)
+            {
+                --eb;
+                result.multiply(value, negativeBottom[eb]);
+            }
+            if (et)
+            {
+                result.normalize();
+                --et;
+                p2.multiply(result, negativeTop[et]);
+                result = p2;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (eb != 0)
+            {
+                e = eb;
+                if (eb > 22)
+                {
+                    eb = 22;
+                }
+                e -= eb;
+                result.multiply(value, bottom[eb]);
+                if (e)
+                {
+                    result.normalize();
+                    p2.multiply(result, bottom[e]);
+                    result = p2;
+                }
+            }
+            if (et != 0)
+            {
+                result.normalize();
+                --et;
+                p2.multiply(result, top[et]);
+                result = p2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    result.normalize();
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given a float value, returns the significant bits in bits, and the position
+ * of the decimal point in $(D_PARAM exponent). +/-Inf and NaN are specified
+ * by special values returned in the $(D_PARAM exponent). Sing bit is set in
+ * $(D_PARAM sign).
+ */
+private const(char)[] real2String(double value,
+                                  ref char[512] buffer,
+                                  out int exponent,
+                                  out bool sign) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+{
+    long bits;
+    copyFp(value, bits);
+
+    exponent = (bits >> 52) & 0x7ff;
+    sign = signBit(value);
+    if (sign)
+    {
+        value = -value;
+    }
+
+    if (exponent == 2047) // Is NaN or Inf?
+    {
+        exponent = special;
+        return (bits & ((1UL << 52) - 1)) != 0 ? "NaN" : "Inf";
+    }
+
+    if (exponent == 0) // Is zero or denormal?
+    {
+        if ((bits << 1) == 0) // Zero.
+        {
+            exponent = 1;
+            buffer[0] = '0';
+            return buffer[0 .. 1];
+        }
+
+        // Find the right exponent for denormals.
+        for (long cursor = 1UL << 51; (bits & cursor) == 0; cursor >>= 1)
+        {
+            --exponent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // "617 / 2048" and "1233 / 4096" are estimations for the common logarithm
+    // (log10) of 2. Multiplied by a binary number it tells how big the number
+    // is in decimals, so it translates the binary exponent into decimal
+    // format. The estimation is tweaked to hit or undershoot by no more than
+    // 1 of log10 of all exponents 1..2046.
+    int tens = exponent - 1023; // Bias.
+    if (tens < 0)
+    {
+        tens = tens * 617 / 2048;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        tens = tens * 1233 / 4096 + 1;
+    }
+
+    // Move the significant bits into position and stick them into an int.
+    HP p = raise2Power10(HP(value), 18 - tens);
+
+    // Get full as much precision from double-double as possible.
+    bits = cast(long) p.base;
+    double vh = cast(double) bits;
+    auto a = HP(p.base - vh);
+    double t = a.base - p.base;
+    a.offset = p.base - a.base + t - vh - t;
+    bits += cast(long) (a.base + a.offset + p.offset);
+
+    // Check if we undershot (bits >= 10 ^ 19).
+    if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= 1000000000000000000UL)
+    {
+        ++tens;
+    }
+
+    // Now do the rounding in integer land.
+    enum uint fracDigits = 6;
+
+    uint dg = 1;
+    if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[9])
+    {
+        dg = 10;
+    }
+    uint length;
+    while ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[dg])
+    {
+        ++dg;
+        if (dg == 20)
+        {
+            goto NoRound;
+        }
+    }
+    if (fracDigits < dg)
+    {
+        // Add 0.5 at the right position and round.
+        length = dg - fracDigits;
+        if (length >= 24)
+        {
+            goto NoRound;
+        }
+        ulong r = powersOf10[length];
+        bits = bits + (r / 2);
+        if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[dg])
+        {
+            ++tens;
+        }
+        bits /= r;
+    }
+NoRound:
+
+    // Kill long trailing runs of zeros.
+    if (bits)
+    {
+        while (bits > 0xffffffff)
+        {
+            if (bits % 1000)
+            {
+                goto Zeroed;
+            }
+            bits /= 1000;
+        }
+        auto n = cast(uint) bits;
+        while ((n % 1000) == 0)
+        {
+            n /= 1000;
+        }
+        bits = n;
+    }
+Zeroed:
+
+    // Convert to string.
+    auto result = buffer.ptr + 64;
+    length = 0;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        uint n;
+        char* o = result - 8;
+        // Do the conversion in chunks of U32s (avoid most 64-bit divides,
+        // worth it, constant denomiators be damned).
+        if (bits >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) (bits % 100000000);
+            bits /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) bits;
+            bits = 0;
+        }
+        while (n)
+        {
+            result -= 2;
+            *cast(ushort*) result = *cast(ushort*) &digitPairs[(n % 100) * 2];
+            n /= 100;
+            length += 2;
+        }
+        if (bits == 0)
+        {
+            if ((length != 0) && (result[0] == '0'))
+            {
+                ++result;
+                --length;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        for (; result !is o; ++length, --result)
+        {
+            *result = '0';
+        }
+    }
+    exponent = tens;
+    return result[0 .. length];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copies double into long and back bitwise.
+ */
+private void copyFp(T, U)(ref const U src, ref T dest) @trusted
+if (T.sizeof == U.sizeof)
+{
+    copy((&src)[0 .. 1], (&dest)[0 .. 1]);
+}
+
+package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+{
+    String result;
+
+    static if (is(Unqual!(Args[0]) == typeof(null)))
+    {
+        result.insertBack("null");
+    }
+    else static if(is(Unqual!(Args[0]) == bool))
+    {
+        result.insertBack(args[0] ? "true" : "false");
+    }
+    else static if (isSomeString!(Args[0])) // String
+    {
+        if (args[0] is null)
+        {
+            result.insertBack("null");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result.insertBack(args[0]);
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (isSomeChar!(Args[0])) // Char
+    {
+        result.insertBack(args[0]);
+    }
+    else static if (isFloatingPoint!(Args[0])) // Float
+    {
+        char[512] buffer; // Big enough for e+308 or e-307.
+        char[8] tail = 0;
+        char[] bufferSlice = buffer[64 .. $];
+        uint precision = 6;
+        bool negative;
+        int decimalPoint;
+
+        // Read the double into a string.
+        auto realString = real2String(args[0], buffer, decimalPoint, negative);
+        auto length = cast(uint) realString.length;
+
+        // Clamp the precision and delete extra zeros after clamp.
+        uint n = precision;
+        if (length > precision)
+        {
+            length = precision;
+        }
+        while ((length > 1)
+            && (precision != 0)
+            && (realString[length - 1] == '0'))
+        {
+            --precision;
+            --length;
+        }
+
+        if (negative)
+        {
+            result.insertBack('-');
+        }
+        if (decimalPoint == special)
+        {
+            result.insertBack(realString);
+            goto ParamEnd;
+        }
+
+        // Should we use sceintific notation?
+        if ((decimalPoint <= -4) || (decimalPoint > cast(int) n))
+        {
+            if (precision > length)
+            {
+                precision = length - 1;
+            }
+            else if (precision > 0)
+            {
+               // When using scientific notation, there is one digit before the
+               // decimal.
+               --precision;
+            }
+
+            // Handle leading chars.
+            bufferSlice.front = realString[0];
+            bufferSlice.popFront();
+
+            if (precision != 0)
+            {
+                bufferSlice.front = period;
+                bufferSlice.popFront();
+            }
+
+            // Handle after decimal.
+            if ((length - 1) > precision)
+            {
+                length = precision + 1;
+            }
+            realString[1 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - 1);
+
+            // Dump the exponent.
+            tail[1] = 'e';
+            --decimalPoint;
+            if (decimalPoint < 0)
+            {
+                tail[2] = '-';
+                decimalPoint = -decimalPoint;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tail[2] = '+';
+            }
+
+            n = decimalPoint >= 100 ? 5 : 4;
+
+            tail[0] = cast(char) n;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                tail[n] = '0' + decimalPoint % 10;
+                if (n <= 3)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                --n;
+                decimalPoint /= 10;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (decimalPoint > 0)
+            {
+                precision = decimalPoint < (cast(int) length)
+                          ? length - decimalPoint
+                          : 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                precision = -decimalPoint
+                          + (precision > length ? length : precision);
+            }
+
+            // Handle the three decimal varieties.
+            if (decimalPoint <= 0)
+            {
+                // Handle 0.000*000xxxx.
+                bufferSlice.front = '0';
+                bufferSlice.popFront();
+
+                if (precision != 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+                n = -decimalPoint;
+                if (n > precision)
+                {
+                    n = precision;
+                }
+
+                fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
+
+                if ((length + n) > precision)
+                {
+                    length = precision - n;
+                }
+
+                realString[0 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length);
+            }
+            else if (cast(uint) decimalPoint >= length)
+            {
+                // Handle xxxx000*000.0.
+                n = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = realString[n];
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                    ++n;
+                }
+                while (n < length);
+                if (n < cast(uint) decimalPoint)
+                {
+                    n = decimalPoint - n;
+
+                    fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                    bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
+                }
+                if (precision != 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Handle xxxxx.xxxx000*000.
+                n = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = realString[n];
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                    ++n;
+                }
+                while (n < cast(uint) decimalPoint);
+
+                if (precision > 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+                if ((length - decimalPoint) > precision)
+                {
+                    length = precision + decimalPoint;
+                }
+
+                realString[n .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - n);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get the length that we've copied.
+        length = cast(uint) (buffer.length - bufferSlice.length);
+
+        result.insertBack(buffer[64 .. length]); // Number.
+        result.insertBack(tail[1 .. tail[0] + 1]); // Tail.
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Args[0])) // Pointer
+    {
+        char[size_t.sizeof * 2] buffer;
+        size_t position = buffer.length;
+        auto address = cast(size_t) args[0];
+
+        do // Write at least "0" if the pointer is null.
+        {
+            buffer[--position] = lowerHexDigits[cast(size_t) (address & 15)];
+            address >>= 4;
+        }
+        while (address != 0);
+
+        result.insertBack("0x");
+        result.insertBack(buffer[position .. $]);
+    }
+    else static if (isIntegral!(Args[0])) // Integer
+    {
+        char[21] buffer;
+        result.insertBack(integral2String(args[0], buffer));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false);
+    }
+ParamEnd:
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// One argument tests.
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // Modifiers.
+    assert(format!"{}"(8.5) == "8.5");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8.6) == "8.6");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1000) == "1000");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1) == "1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10.25) == "10.25");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1) == "1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.01) == "0.01");
+
+    // String printing.
+    assert(format!"{}"("Some weired string") == "Some weired string");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(string) null) == "null");
+    assert(format!"{}"('c') == "c");
+
+    // Integer.
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-8) == "-8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-8L) == "-8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(100000001) == "100000001");
+    assert(format!"{}"(99999999L) == "99999999");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10) == "10");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10L) == "10");
+
+    // Floating point.
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.1234) == "0.1234");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.3) == "0.3");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.333333333333) == "0.333333");
+    assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-0.3) == "-0.3");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.000000000000000006) == "6e-18");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.0) == "0");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.init) == "NaN");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-double.init) == "-NaN");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.infinity) == "Inf");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-double.infinity) == "-Inf");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.000000000000000000000000003) == "3e-27");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.23432e304) == "2.3432e+303");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-0.23432e8) == "-2.3432e+07");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e-307) == "1e-307");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e+8) == "1e+08");
+    assert(format!"{}"(111234.1) == "111234");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.999) == "0.999");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0x1p-16382L) == "0");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e+3) == "1000");
+    assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+
+    // typeof(null).
+    assert(format!"{}"(null) == "null");
+
+    // Boolean.
+    assert(format!"{}"(true) == "true");
+    assert(format!"{}"(false) == "false");
+}
+
+// Unsafe tests with pointers.
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    // Pointer convesions
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) 1) == "0x1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) 20) == "0x14");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) null) == "0x0");
+}
+
+private struct FormatSpec
+{
+}
+
+// Returns the position of `tag` in `fmt`. If `tag` can't be found, returns the
+// length of  `fmt`.
+private size_t specPosition(string fmt, char tag)()
+{
+    foreach (i, c; fmt)
+    {
+        if (c == tag)
+        {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return fmt.length;
+}
+
+private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
+{
+    static if (fmt.length == 0)
+    {
+        alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else static if (fmt[0] == '{')
+    {
+        static if (fmt.length > 1 && fmt[1] == '{')
+        {
+            enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[2 .. $], '{') + 2;
+            alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[1 .. pos],
+                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[1 .. $], '}') + 1;
+            static if (pos < fmt.length)
+            {
+                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(),
+                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[pos + 1 .. $], pos + 1));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                static assert(false, "Enclosing '}' is missing");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt, '{');
+        alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[0 .. pos],
+                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"".length == 0);
+
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"asdf".length == 1);
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"asdf"[0] == "asdf");
+
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"{}".length == 1);
+}

source/tanya/math.d

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.container.math;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-	import std.algorithm.iteration;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = Base.
- * 	y = Exponent.
- * 	z = Divisor.
- *
- * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
- *          by $(D_PARAM z).
- */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @safe nothrow pure
-in
-{
-	assert(z > 0);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
-
-	if (y == 0)
-	{
-		return 1 % z;
-	}
-	else if (y == 1)
-	{
-		return x % z;
-	}
-    do
-    {
-        auto bit = y & mask;
-        if (!result && bit)
-        {
-            result = x;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        result *= result;
-        if (bit)
-        {
-            result *= x;
-        }
-        result %= z;
-
-    }
-    while (mask >>= 1);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
-    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
-    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
-    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
-    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
-    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
-    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = The number should be checked.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @safe nothrow pure
-{
-	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
-	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
-
-	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
-}

source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Number theory.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/nbtheory.d)
+ */
+module tanya.math.nbtheory;
+
+import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+}
+else
+{
+    import core.math : fabs;
+    import std.math : log;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the absolute value of a number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Value type.
+ *  x = Value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Absolute value of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+I abs(I)(I x)
+if (isIntegral!I)
+{
+    static if (isSigned!I)
+    {
+        return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    int i = -1;
+    assert(i.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i.abs) == int));
+
+    uint u = 1;
+    assert(u.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(u.abs) == uint));
+}
+
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    /// ditto
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+else version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern I abs(I)(I number) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+else
+{
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I)
+    {
+        return fabs(cast(real) x);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    float f = -1.64;
+    assert(f.abs == 1.64F);
+    static assert(is(typeof(f.abs) == float));
+
+    double d = -1.64;
+    assert(d.abs == 1.64);
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.abs) == double));
+
+    real r = -1.64;
+    assert(r.abs == 1.64L);
+    static assert(is(typeof(r.abs) == real));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+{
+    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+{
+    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return x;
+}
+
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    /**
+     * Calculates natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  x = Argument.
+     *
+     * Returns: Natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
+     */
+    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    /// ditto
+    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    /// ditto
+    real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}
+else version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    extern double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    extern real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}
+else
+{
+    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return log(x);
+    }
+    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return log(x);
+    }
+    alias ln = log;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    import tanya.math;
+
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389f)));
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389)));
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389L)));
+
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0f)));
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0)));
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0L)));
+
+    assert(ln(1.0f) == 0.0f);
+    assert(ln(1.0) == 0.0);
+    assert(ln(1.0L) == 0.0L);
+}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides mathematical functions.
+ *
+ * The $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) package itself provides only representation
+ * functions for built-in types, such as functions that provide information
+ * about internal representation of floating-point numbers and low-level
+ * operatons on these. Actual mathematical functions and additional types can
+ * be found in its submodules. $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) doesn't import any
+ * submodules publically, they should be imported explicitly.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.math;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.math.nbtheory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+/// Floating-point number precisions according to IEEE-754.
+enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
+{
+    single = 4, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    double_ = 8, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    doubleExtended = 10, /// Double extended precision: 80-bit.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
+ * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM F) is a $(D_KEYWORD real) and the target platform isn't
+ * currently supported, static assertion error will be raised (you can use
+ * $(D_INLINECODE is(typeof(ieeePrecision!F))) for testing the platform support
+ * without a compilation error).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: Precision according to IEEE-754.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL IEEEPrecision).
+ */
+template ieeePrecision(F)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (F.sizeof == float.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.single;
+    }
+    else static if (F.sizeof == double.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.double_;
+    }
+    else version (X86)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else version (X86_64)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.single);
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
+}
+
+private union FloatBits(F)
+{
+    F floating;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        uint integral;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7f800000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        ulong integral;
+        enum ulong expMask = 0x7ff0000000000000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        struct // Little-endian.
+        {
+            ulong mantissa;
+            ushort exp;
+        }
+        enum ulong mantissaMask = 0x7fffffffffffffff;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7fff;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Floating-point number classifications.
+ */
+enum FloatingPointClass : ubyte
+{
+    /**
+     * Not a Number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNaN).
+     */
+    nan,
+
+    /// Zero.
+    zero,
+
+    /**
+     * Infinity.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+     */
+    infinite,
+
+    /**
+     * Denormalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+     */
+    subnormal,
+
+    /**
+     * Normalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+     */
+    normal,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns whether $(D_PARAM x) is a NaN, zero, infinity, subnormal or
+ * normalized number.
+ *
+ * This function doesn't distinguish between negative and positive infinity,
+ * negative and positive NaN or negative and positive zero.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: Classification of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+FloatingPointClass classify(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    if (x == 0)
+    {
+        return FloatingPointClass.zero;
+    }
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1 << 23))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1L << 52))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        if (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            if ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0)
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (bits.exp == 0)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+        else if (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63)) // "Unnormal".
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return FloatingPointClass.normal;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(classify(0.0) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(double.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(1.4) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(1.11254e-307 / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0f) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(float.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(0.3) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(5.87747e-38f / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0L) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(real.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-10) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-4932L) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+        // Emulate unnormals, because they aren't generated anymore since i386
+        FloatBits!real unnormal;
+        unnormal.exp = 0x123;
+        unnormal.mantissa = 0x1;
+        assert(classify(unnormal) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+ */
+bool isFinite(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        bits.floating = abs(x);
+        return (bits.exp != bits.expMask)
+            && (bits.exp == 0 || bits.mantissa >= (1L << 63));
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isFinite(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isFinite(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isFinite(0.0));
+    assert(!isFinite(float.nan));
+    assert(isFinite(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(0.5));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is $(B n)ot $(B a) $(B n)umber (NaN).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is not a number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isNaN(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral > bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        const maskedMantissa = bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask;
+        if ((bits.exp == bits.expMask && maskedMantissa != 0)
+         || ((bits.exp != 0) && (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63))))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(isNaN(float.init));
+    assert(isNaN(double.init));
+    assert(isNaN(real.init));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a positive or negative infinity.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is infinity, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isFinite).
+ */
+bool isInfinity(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral == bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+            && ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(isInfinity(float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(real.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
+
+ * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
+ * represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+ */
+bool isSubnormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1 << 23) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1L << 52) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return bits.exp == 0 && bits.mantissa != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.3f));
+    assert(isSubnormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(1.4));
+    assert(isSubnormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
+
+ * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+ */
+bool isNormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        FloatBits!F bits;
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != 0 && bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return classify(x) == FloatingPointClass.normal;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(0.3f));
+    assert(!isNormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(1.4));
+    assert(!isNormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set or not.
+ *
+ * If the sign bit, $(D_PARAM x) is a negative number, otherwise positive.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool signBit(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = x;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1 << 31)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1L << 63)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp & (1 << 15)) != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(signBit(-1.0f));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0f));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0L));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0L));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Base type.
+ *  G = Exponent type.
+ *  H = Divisor type:
+ *  x = Base.
+ *  y = Exponent.
+ *  z = Divisor.
+ *
+ * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
+ *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
+ */
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+in
+{
+    assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+    G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+    H result;
+
+    if (y == 0)
+    {
+        return 1 % z;
+    }
+    else if (y == 1)
+    {
+        return x % z;
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        immutable bit = y & mask;
+        if (!result && bit)
+        {
+            result = x;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result *= result;
+        if (bit)
+        {
+            result *= x;
+        }
+        result %= z;
+    }
+    while (mask >>= 1);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
+if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+    assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+    size_t i;
+    auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
+    bool firstBit;
+
+    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
+    {
+        i = y.size;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = 1;
+    }
+    while (i < y.size)
+    {
+        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
+        {
+            if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+            {
+                result *= tmp1;
+                result %= z;
+            }
+            auto tmp2 = tmp1;
+            tmp1 *= tmp2;
+            tmp1 %= z;
+        }
+        ++i;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
+    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
+    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
+    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
+    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
+    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
+    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
+    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
+    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+    assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  x = The number should be checked.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+{
+    return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(74623.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(!15485868.isPseudoprime);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(74653.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74687.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74699.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74707.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74713.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74717.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74719.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74747.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74759.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74761.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74771.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74779.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74797.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74821.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74827.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(9973.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines minimum of two numbers.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  x = First number.
+ *  y = Second number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is smaller than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
+ *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL max).
+ */
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(5, 3) == 3);
+    assert(min(4, 4) == 4);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isFloatingPoint!T)
+{
+    if (isNaN(x))
+    {
+        return y;
+    }
+    if (isNaN(y))
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(5.2, 3.0) == 3.0);
+
+    assert(min(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(min(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(min(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref T min(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
+if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+{
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
+if (is(T == Integer))
+{
+    return x < y ? move(x) : move(y);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines maximum of two numbers.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  x = First number.
+ *  y = Second number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is larger than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
+ *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL min).
+ */
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(5, 3) == 5);
+    assert(max(4, 4) == 4);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isFloatingPoint!T)
+{
+    if (isNaN(x))
+    {
+        return y;
+    }
+    if (isNaN(y))
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(5.2, 3.0) == 5.2);
+
+    assert(max(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(max(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(max(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref T max(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
+if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+{
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (is(T == Integer))
+{
+    return x > y ? move(x) : move(y);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 5);
+}
+
+// min/max accept const and mutable references.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
+        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
+        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
+    }
+    {
+        const Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
+        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
+        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/random.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/random.d)
+ */
+module tanya.math.random;
+
+import std.digest.sha;
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
+enum blockSize = 64;
+
+/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
+enum maxGather = 128;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
+ */
+class EntropyException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = Message to output.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
+ */
+abstract class EntropySource
+{
+    /// Amount of already generated entropy.
+    protected ushort size_;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+     */
+    @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+     */
+    @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
+     */
+    @property ushort size() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
+     *         already set value.
+     */
+    @property void size(ushort size) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        size_ = size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Poll the entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+     *           to fill the buffer).
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     */
+    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc;
+}
+
+version (linux)
+{
+    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Uses getrandom system call.
+     */
+    class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
+    {
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+         */
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 32;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+         */
+        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Poll the entropy source.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+         *           to fill the buffer).
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         */
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc
+        out (length)
+        {
+            assert(length <= maxGather);
+        }
+        body
+        {
+            // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
+            auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
+            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+
+            if (length >= 0)
+            {
+                ret = cast(ubyte) length;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    version (X86_64)
+    {
+        private unittest
+        {
+            auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
+            ubyte[blockSize] output;
+            output = entropy.random;
+
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pseudorandom number generator.
+ * ---
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
+ *
+ * ubyte[blockSize] output;
+ *
+ * output = entropy.random;
+ *
+ * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
+ * ---
+ */
+class Entropy
+{
+    /// Entropy sources.
+    protected EntropySource[] sources;
+
+    private ubyte sourceCount_;
+
+    private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+    /// Entropy accumulator.
+    protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
+     *  allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
+     *               system.
+     */
+    this(const size_t maxSources = 20,
+         shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        allocator.resize(sources, maxSources);
+
+        version (linux)
+        {
+            this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
+     */
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return sourceCount_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  source = Entropy source.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
+     *
+     * See_Also:
+     *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
+     */
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (op == "~")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Generated random sequence.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
+     *         registered or it failed.
+     */
+    @property ubyte[blockSize] random() @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        bool haveStrong;
+        ushort done;
+        ubyte[blockSize] output;
+
+        do
+        {
+            ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
+
+            // Run through our entropy sources
+            for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+            {
+                auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
+
+                if (!outputLength.isNull)
+                {
+                    if (outputLength > 0)
+                    {
+                        update(i, buffer, outputLength);
+                        sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
+                    }
+                    if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    else if (sources[i].strong)
+                    {
+                        haveStrong = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                done = 257;
+            }
+        }
+        while (++done < 256);
+
+        if (!haveStrong)
+        {
+            throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
+        }
+
+        output = accumulator.finish();
+
+        // Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
+        accumulator.start();
+
+        // Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
+        output = sha512Of(output);
+
+        for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+        {
+            sources[i].size = 0;
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update entropy accumulator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
+     *  data     = Data got from the entropy source.
+     *  length   = Length of the received data.
+     */
+    protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
+                          ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
+                          ubyte length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        ubyte[2] header;
+
+        if (length > blockSize)
+        {
+            data[0 .. 64] = sha512Of(data);
+            length = blockSize;
+        }
+
+        header[0] = sourceId;
+        header[1] = length;
+
+        accumulator.put(header);
+        accumulator.put(data[0 .. length]);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,35 +3,39 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * This module contains the interface for implementing custom allocators.
+ *
+ * Allocators are classes encapsulating memory allocation strategy. This allows
+ * to decouple memory management from the algorithms and the data. 
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-import std.experimental.allocator;
-import std.traits;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.memory : defaultAllocator;
-}
-
 /**
- * Allocator interface.
+ * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
  */
 interface Allocator
 {
+    /**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
      * Params:
      *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
      *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared;
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Deallocates a memory block.
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared;
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
@@ -50,58 +54,28 @@ interface Allocator
      *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
      *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
      *
-     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+     * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared;
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
-     * Returns: The alignment offered.
-     */
-    @property immutable(uint) alignment() shared const @safe pure nothrow;
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     T         = Element type of the array being created.
- *     allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
- *     array     = A reference to the array being changed.
- *     length    = New array length.
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
      *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
- *          not be reallocated. In the latter
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-bool resizeArray(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
-                    ref T[] array,
-                    in size_t length)
-{
-    void[] buf = array;
-
-    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-    array = cast(T[]) buf;
-
-    return true;
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 }
 
-///
-unittest
+package template GetPureInstance(T : Allocator)
 {
-    int[] p;
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
-    assert(p.length == 20);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
-    assert(p.length == 30);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
-    assert(p.length == 10);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
-    assert(p is null);
+    alias GetPureInstance = shared(T) function()
+                            pure nothrow @nogc;
 }
-
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
-                           || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -3,23 +3,35 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Allocator based on $(D_PSYMBOL malloc), $(D_PSYMBOL realloc) and $(D_PSYMBOL free).
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mallocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mallocator;
 
-import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import core.exception;
+version (TanyaPhobos):
+
 import core.stdc.stdlib;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /**
- * Wrapper for malloc/realloc/free from the C standard library.
+ * Wrapper for $(D_PSYMBOL malloc)/$(D_PSYMBOL realloc)/$(D_PSYMBOL free) from
+ * the C standard library.
  */
-class Mallocator : Allocator
+final class Mallocator : Allocator
 {
+    private alias MallocType = extern (C) void* function(size_t)
+                               pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias FreeType = extern (C) void function(void*)
+                             pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias ReallocType = extern (C) void* function(void*, size_t)
+                                pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
@@ -28,29 +40,26 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (!size)
+        if (size == 0)
         {
             return null;
         }
-        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
+        auto p = (cast(MallocType) &malloc)(size + psize);
 
-        if (!p)
-        {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
-        return p[psize.. psize + size];
+        return p is null ? null : p[psize .. psize + size];
     }
 
     ///
     @nogc nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
-
         assert(p.length == 20);
-
         Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+
+        p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(0);
+        assert(p.length == 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -61,11 +70,11 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared @nogc nothrow
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            free(p.ptr - psize);
+            (cast(FreeType) &free)(p.ptr - psize);
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -80,6 +89,28 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Reallocating in place isn't supported.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 8));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
      *
@@ -89,54 +120,89 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (!size)
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            if (deallocate(p))
             {
-            deallocate(p);
                 p = null;
                 return true;
             }
+        }
         else if (p is null)
         {
             p = allocate(size);
-            return true;
+            return p is null ? false : true;
         }
-        auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
-
-        if (!r)
+        else
         {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
-        p = r[psize.. psize + size];
+            auto r = (cast(ReallocType) &realloc)(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
 
+            if (r !is null)
+            {
+                p = r[psize .. psize + size];
                 return true;
             }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
 
     ///
     @nogc nothrow unittest
     {
         void[] p;
 
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20));
         assert(p.length == 20);
 
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 30);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 30));
         assert(p.length == 30);
 
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10));
         assert(p.length == 10);
 
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 0);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 0));
         assert(p is null);
     }
 
+    // Fails with false.
+    private @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
+        void[] oldP = p;
+        assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, size_t.max - Mallocator.psize * 2));
+        assert(oldP is p);
+        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns: The alignment offered.
      */
-    @property immutable(uint) alignment() shared const @safe pure nothrow
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        return cast(uint) max(double.alignof, real.alignof);
+        return (void*).alignof;
+    }
+
+    private nothrow @nogc unittest
+    {
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.alignment == (void*).alignof);
+    }
+
+    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (instance_ is null)
+        {
+            const size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
+            void* p = malloc(size);
+
+            if (p !is null)
+            {
+                p[psize .. size] = typeid(Mallocator).initializer[];
+                instance_ = cast(shared Mallocator) p[psize .. size].ptr;
+            }
+        }
+        return instance_;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -144,21 +210,9 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
      */
-    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
+    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (instance_ is null)
-        {
-            immutable size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
-            void* p = malloc(size);
-
-            if (p is null)
-            {
-                onOutOfMemoryError();
-            }
-            p[psize..size] = typeid(Mallocator).initializer[];
-            instance_ = cast(shared Mallocator) p[psize..size].ptr;
-        }
-        return instance_;
+        return (cast(GetPureInstance!Mallocator) &instantiate)();
     }
 
     ///
@@ -167,7 +221,7 @@ class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(instance is instance);
     }
 
-    private enum psize = 8;
+    private enum ushort psize = 8;
 
     private shared static Mallocator instance_;
 }

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -3,31 +3,87 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Native allocator for Posix and Windows.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mmappool.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import core.atomic;
-import core.exception;
+import tanya.memory.op;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
-    import core.stdc.errno;
-    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman;
+    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman : MAP_ANON,
+                                     MAP_FAILED,
+                                     MAP_PRIVATE,
+                                     PROT_READ,
+                                     PROT_WRITE;
     import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+
+    extern(C)
+    private void* mmap(void* addr,
+                       size_t len,
+                       int prot,
+                       int flags,
+                       int fd,
+                       off_t offset) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern(C)
+    private int munmap(void* addr, size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        void* p = mmap(null,
+                       len,
+                       PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                       MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
+                       -1,
+                       0);
+        return p is MAP_FAILED ? null : p;
+    }
+
+    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return munmap(cast(void*) addr, len) == 0;
+    }
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-    import core.sys.windows.windows;
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetSystemInfo, SYSTEM_INFO;
+
+    extern(Windows)
+    private void* VirtualAlloc(void*, size_t, uint, uint)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern(Windows)
+    private int VirtualFree(void* addr, size_t len, uint)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return VirtualAlloc(null,
+                            len,
+                            0x00001000, // MEM_COMMIT
+                            0x04); // PAGE_READWRITE
+    }
+
+    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return VirtualFree(cast(void*) addr, 0, 0x8000) == 0;
+    }
 }
 
 /**
- * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 4 KB for example).
+ * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 64 KB for example).
  * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
  * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
  * enough free blocks in the available regions.
@@ -36,7 +92,8 @@ else version (Windows)
  * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * <pre>
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |  R   |  B  |         |  B  |            ||   R  |  B  |                  |
@@ -46,32 +103,26 @@ else version (Windows)
  * |  O   |  K  |         |  K  |           prev  O  |  K  |                  |
  * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
- * --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
- *
- * TODO:
- *     $(UL
- *         $(LI Thread safety (core.atomic.cas))
- *         $(LI If two neighbour blocks are free, they can be merged)
- *         $(LI Reallocation shoud check if there is enough free space in the
- *              next block instead of always moving the memory)
- *         $(LI Make 64 KB regions mininmal region size on Linux)
- *     )
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ * </pre>
  */
-class MmapPool : Allocator
+final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
-    @disable this();
-
-    shared static this()
+    version (none)
     {
-        version (Posix)
+        pure nothrow @nogc invariant
         {
-            pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+            for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
+            {
+                auto block = cast(Block) (cast(void*) *r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
+                do
+                {
+                    assert(block.prev is null || block.prev.next is block);
+                    assert(block.next is null || block.next.prev is block);
+                    assert(block.region is *r);
+                }
+                while ((block = block.next) !is null);
             }
-        else version (Windows)
-        {
-            SYSTEM_INFO si;
-            GetSystemInfo(&si);
-            pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
         }
     }
 
@@ -81,15 +132,19 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      * Params:
      *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
      *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (!size)
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        const dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+        if (dataSize < size)
         {
             return null;
         }
-        immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
 
         void* data = findBlock(dataSize);
         if (data is null)
@@ -101,30 +156,49 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
-
         assert(p);
-
         MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+
+        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(0);
+        assert(p.length == 0);
     }
 
-    /**
+    // Issue 245: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/245.
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        // allocate() check.
+        size_t tooMuchMemory = size_t.max
+                             - MmapPool.alignment_
+                             - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2
+                             - RegionEntry.sizeof
+                             - MmapPool.instance.pageSize;
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(size_t.max) is null);
+
+        // initializeRegion() check.
+        tooMuchMemory = size_t.max - MmapPool.alignment_;
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
+    }
+
+    /*
      * Search for a block large enough to keep $(D_PARAM size) and split it
      * into two blocks if the block is too large.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     size = Minimum size the block should have.
+     *  size = Minimum size the block should have (aligned).
      *
      * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
      */
-    private void* findBlock(size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
+    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         Block block1;
         RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
         {
-            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + regionEntrySize);
+            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
             do
             {
                 if (block1.free && block1.size >= size)
@@ -138,35 +212,37 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         {
             return null;
         }
-        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment + blockEntrySize)
+        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment_ + BlockEntry.sizeof)
         { // Split the block if needed
-            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize + size);
+            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof + size);
             block2.prev = block1;
-            if (block1.next is null)
+            block2.next = block1.next;
+            block2.free = true;
+            block2.size = block1.size - BlockEntry.sizeof - size;
+            block2.region = block1.region;
+
+            if (block1.next !is null)
             {
-                block2.next = null;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                block2.next = block1.next.next;
+                block1.next.prev = block2;
             }
             block1.next = block2;
-
-            block1.free = false;
-            block2.free = true;
-
-            block2.size = block1.size - blockEntrySize - size;
             block1.size = size;
-
-            block2.region = block1.region;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
         }
-        else
-        {
         block1.free = false;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
+        block1.region.blocks = block1.region.blocks + 1;
+
+        return cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof;
     }
-        return cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize;
+
+    // Merge block with the next one.
+    private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
+        if (block.next.next !is null)
+        {
+            block.next.next.prev = block;
+        }
+        block.next = block.next.next;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -177,14 +253,14 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (p is null)
+        if (p.ptr is null)
         {
             return true;
         }
 
-        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - blockEntrySize);
+        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
         if (block.region.blocks <= 1)
         {
             if (block.region.prev !is null)
@@ -199,31 +275,139 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
             }
-            version (Posix)
-            {
-                return munmap(cast(void*) block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
+            return unmapMemory(block.region, block.region.size);
         }
-            version (Windows)
+        // Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
+        if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
         {
-                return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
+            mergeNext(block);
         }
+        if (block.prev !is null && block.prev.free)
+        {
+            block.prev.size = block.prev.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.size;
+            if (block.next !is null)
+            {
+                block.next.prev = block.prev;
+            }
+            block.prev.next = block.next;
         }
         else
         {
             block.free = true;
-            atomicOp!"-="(block.region.blocks, 1);
-            return true;
         }
+        block.region.blocks = block.region.blocks - 1;
+        return true;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
         assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p is null || size == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (size <= p.length)
+        {
+            // Leave the block as is.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        Block block1 = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
+
+        if (block1.size >= size)
+        {
+            // Enough space in the current block.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        const dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+        const pAlignment = addAlignment(p.length);
+        assert(pAlignment >= p.length, "Invalid memory chunk length");
+        const delta = dataSize - pAlignment;
+
+        if (block1.next is null
+         || !block1.next.free
+         || dataSize < size
+         || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
+        {
+            /* - It is the last block in the region
+             * - The next block isn't free
+             * - The next block is too small
+             * - Requested size is too large
+             */
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (block1.next.size >= delta + alignment_)
+        {
+            // Move size from block2 to block1.
+            block1.next.size = block1.next.size - delta;
+            block1.size = block1.size + delta;
+
+            auto block2 = cast(Block) (p.ptr + dataSize);
+            if (block1.next.next !is null)
+            {
+                block1.next.next.prev = block2;
+            }
+            copyBackward((cast(void*) block1.next)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof],
+                         (cast(void*) block2)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof]);
+            block1.next = block2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // The next block has enough space, but is too small for further
+            // allocations. Merge it with the current block.
+            mergeNext(block1);
+        }
+
+        p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(!MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 5));
+        assert(p is null);
+
+        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+        auto orig = p.ptr;
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 4));
+        assert(p.length == 4);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
      *
@@ -233,33 +417,31 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        void[] reallocP;
-
-        if (size == p.length)
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            if (deallocate(p))
+            {
+                p = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (reallocateInPlace(p, size))
         {
             return true;
         }
-        else if (size > 0)
-        {
-            reallocP = allocate(size);
+        // Can't reallocate in place, allocate a new block,
+        // copy and delete the previous one.
+        void[] reallocP = allocate(size);
         if (reallocP is null)
         {
             return false;
         }
-        }
-
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            if (size > p.length)
-            {
-                reallocP[0..p.length] = p[0..$];
-            }
-            else if (size > 0)
-            {
-                reallocP[0..size] = p[0..size];
-            }
+            copy(p[0 .. min(p.length, size)], reallocP);
             deallocate(p);
         }
         p = reallocP;
@@ -268,7 +450,7 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
@@ -296,36 +478,59 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-     *
-     * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
-     */
-    static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
-            immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, MmapPool));
+            // Get system dependend page size.
+            version (Posix)
+            {
+                size_t pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+                if (pageSize < 65536)
+                {
+                    pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
+                }
+            }
+            else version (Windows)
+            {
+                SYSTEM_INFO si;
+                GetSystemInfo(&si);
+                size_t pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+            }
+
+            const instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize,
+                                              MmapPool));
 
             Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
-            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
+            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head, pageSize);
             if (data !is null)
             {
-                data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(MmapPool).initializer[];
+                copy(typeid(MmapPool).initializer, data[0 .. instanceSize]);
                 instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
+                instance_.pageSize = pageSize;
             }
         }
         return instance_;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
+     */
+    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return (cast(GetPureInstance!MmapPool) &instantiate)();
+    }
+
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Initializes a region for one element.
      *
      * Params:
@@ -334,44 +539,22 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: A pointer to the data.
      */
-    pragma(inline)
-    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size,
-                                          ref Region head) @nogc nothrow
+    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size,
+                                          ref Region head,
+                                          const size_t pageSize)
+    pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
-        
-        version (Posix)
+        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size, pageSize);
+        if (regionSize < size)
         {
-            void* p = mmap(null,
-                           regionSize,
-                           PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                           MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
-                           -1,
-                           0);
-            if (p is MAP_FAILED)
-            {
-                if (errno == ENOMEM)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
             return null;
         }
-        }
-        else version (Windows)
-        {
-            void* p = VirtualAlloc(null,
-                                   regionSize,
-                                   MEM_COMMIT,
-                                   PAGE_READWRITE);
+
+        void* p = mapMemory(regionSize);
         if (p is null)
         {
-                if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
             return null;
         }
-        }
 
         Region region = cast(Region) p;
         region.blocks = 1;
@@ -387,13 +570,13 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         head = region;
 
         // Initialize the data block
-        void* memoryPointer = p + regionEntrySize;
+        void* memoryPointer = p + RegionEntry.sizeof;
         Block block1 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
         block1.size = size;
         block1.free = false;
 
         // It is what we want to return
-        void* data = memoryPointer + blockEntrySize;
+        void* data = memoryPointer + BlockEntry.sizeof;
 
         // Free block after data
         memoryPointer = data + size;
@@ -401,65 +584,61 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         block1.prev = block2.next = null;
         block1.next = block2;
         block2.prev = block1;
-        block2.size = regionSize - size - regionEntrySize - blockEntrySize * 2;
+        block2.size = regionSize - size - RegionEntry.sizeof - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
         block2.free = true;
         block1.region = block2.region = region;
 
         return data;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
+    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        return initializeRegion(size, head);
+        return initializeRegion(size, this.head, this.pageSize);
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Params:
      *  x = Space to be aligned.
      *
      * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    pragma(inline)
-    private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    out (result)
-    {
-        assert(result > 0);
-    }
-    body
+    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Params:
      *  x        = Required space.
+     *  pageSize = Page size.
      *
      * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
      */
-    pragma(inline)
-    private static immutable(size_t) calculateRegionSize(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    out (result)
+    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x,
+                                              ref const size_t pageSize)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        assert(result > 0);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        x += regionEntrySize + blockEntrySize * 2;
-        return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
+        return (x + RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2)
+             / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
     }
 
-    @property immutable(uint) alignment() shared const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    /**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return alignment_;
     }
-    private enum alignment_ = 8;
+
+    private nothrow @nogc unittest
+    {
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.alignment == MmapPool.alignment_);
+    }
+
+    private enum uint alignment_ = 8;
 
     private shared static MmapPool instance_;
-
-    private shared static immutable size_t pageSize;
+    private shared size_t pageSize;
 
     private shared struct RegionEntry
     {
@@ -469,18 +648,73 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         size_t size;
     }
     private alias Region = shared RegionEntry*;
-    private enum regionEntrySize = 32;
-
     private shared Region head;
 
     private shared struct BlockEntry
     {
         Block prev;
         Block next;
-        bool free;
-        size_t size;
         Region region;
+        size_t size;
+        bool free;
     }
     private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
-    private enum blockEntrySize = 40;
+}
+
+// A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
+// segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto e = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto c = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto f = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(c);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(50);
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(a, 64);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+
+    auto h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+
+    h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+
+    auto rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 9);
+
+    rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 17);
+
+    tmp2[$ - 1] = 0;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(tmp1);
+
+    b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(d);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(e);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(f);
 }

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Set of operations on memory blocks.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/op.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/op.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.op;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern private void fillMemory(void[], size_t) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void copyMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+}
+else
+{
+    import core.stdc.string;
+}
+
+private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;
+
+/**
+ * Copies $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM source) points ahead of $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copy(const void[] source, void[] target) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+    assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
+    assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        copyMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memcpy(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    ubyte[9] target;
+    source.copy(target);
+    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        ubyte[0] source, target;
+        source.copy(target);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[1] source = [1];
+        ubyte[1] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(target[0] == 1);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
+        ubyte[8] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * size_t value each of which bytes is set to `Byte`.
+ */
+private template filledBytes(ubyte Byte, ubyte I = 0)
+{
+    static if (I == size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = Byte;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = (filledBytes!(Byte, I + 1) << 8) | Byte;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM memory) with the single byte $(D_PARAM c).
+ *
+ * Param:
+ *  c      = The value to fill $(D_PARAM memory) with.
+ *  memory = Memory block.
+ */
+void fill(ubyte c = 0)(void[] memory) @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length == 0 || memory.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        fillMemory(memory, filledBytes!c);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memset(memory.ptr, c, memory.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] memory = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    memory.fill!0();
+    foreach (ubyte v; memory)
+    {
+        assert(v == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+// Stress test. Checks that `fill` can handle unaligned pointers and different
+// lengths.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[192] memory;
+
+    foreach (j; 0 .. 192)
+    {
+        foreach (ubyte i, ref ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            v = i;
+        }
+        fill(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 0);
+        }
+        fill!1(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies starting from the end of $(D_PARAM source) into the end of
+ * $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward) copies the elements in reverse order, but the
+ * order of elements in the $(D_PARAM target) is exactly the same as in the
+ * $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) points ahead of $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copy).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copyBackward(const void[] source, void[] target) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+    assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
+    assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        moveMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memmove(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[6] mem = [ 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c' ];
+    ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
+
+    copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
+    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i' ];
+    ubyte[9] r2;
+
+    copyBackward(r1, r2);
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a positive integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r1.length > r2.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be greater than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a negative integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r2.length > r1.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be less than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * `0` is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * Returns: Positive integer if $(D_INLINECODE r1 > r2),
+ *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
+ *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
+ */
+int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
+    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (r1.length > r2.length)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
+    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle) in $(D_PARAM haystack) if
+ * any.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *  needle   = A byte.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange of $(D_PARAM haystack) whose first element is the
+ *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
+ *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
+ */
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    const size_t needleWord = size_t.max * needle;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words has the needle
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        words++;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact needle position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    return haystack[$ .. $];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
+
+    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
+
+    assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,27 +3,499 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Dynamic memory management.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-public
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.exception;
+public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+/**
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
+ */
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 {
-    import tanya.memory.allocator;
-    import std.experimental.allocator : make, dispose, shrinkArray, expandArray, makeArray, dispose;
+    /// Allocator.
+    protected shared Allocator allocator_;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  allocator = The allocator should be used.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
+     */
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
     }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+     * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+     *
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return allocator_;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            return defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+    }
+}
+
+// From druntime
+extern (C)
+private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) pure nothrow @nogc;
 
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator()
+shared static this() nothrow @nogc
 {
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
-    if (allocator is null)
-    {
-        allocator = Mallocator.instance;
+    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
 }
+
+private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
+{
     return allocator;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Returns: Default allocator.
+ *
+ * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
+@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+out (allocator)
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    return (cast(GetPureInstance!Allocator) &getAllocatorInstance)();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the default allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  allocator = $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    .allocator = allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * There is a difference between the `.sizeof`-property and
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize) if $(D_PARAM T) is a class or an interface.
+ * `T.sizeof` is constant on the given architecture then and is the same as
+ * `size_t.sizeof` and `ptrdiff_t.sizeof`. This is because classes and
+ * interfaces are reference types and `.sizeof` returns the size of the
+ * reference which is the same as the size of a pointer. $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize)
+ * returns the size of the instance itself.
+ *
+ * The size of a dynamic array is `size_t.sizeof * 2` since a dynamic array
+ * stores its length and a data pointer. The size of the static arrays is
+ * calculated differently since they are value types. It is the array length
+ * multiplied by the element size.
+ *
+ * `stateSize!void` is `1` since $(D_KEYWORD void) is mostly used as a synonym
+ * for $(D_KEYWORD byte)/$(D_KEYWORD ubyte) in `void*`.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Object type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Size of an instance of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template stateSize(T)
+{
+    static if (isPolymorphicType!T)
+    {
+        enum size_t stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t stateSize = T.sizeof;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(stateSize!int == 4);
+    static assert(stateSize!bool == 1);
+    static assert(stateSize!(int[]) == (size_t.sizeof * 2)); 
+    static assert(stateSize!(short[3]) == 6); 
+
+    static struct Empty
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(stateSize!Empty == 1);
+    static assert(stateSize!void == 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  size      = Raw size.
+ *  alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(const size_t size, const size_t alignment = 8)
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+    return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
+ * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
+ * only in the data structures that can ensure that the array is
+ * allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ *  allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ *  array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ *  length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
+                             auto ref T[] array,
+                             const size_t length) @trusted
+{
+    if (length == 0)
+    {
+        if (allocator.deallocate(array))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void[] buf = array;
+    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+    array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    int[] p;
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 20);
+    assert(p.length == 20);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 30);
+    assert(p.length == 30);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 10);
+    assert(p.length == 10);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 0);
+    assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Destroys the object.
+ * Returns the memory should be freed.
+ */
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        destroy(*p);
+    }
+    return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
+}
+
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
+    if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+{
+    if (p is null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+    static if (is(T == interface))
+    {
+        version(Windows)
+        {
+            import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
+            static assert(!is(T : IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+                                           ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+        }
+        auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias ob = p;
+    }
+    auto ptr = cast(void*) ob;
+    auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+
+    auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+    if (!*ppv)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+    auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+    scope (exit)
+    {
+        *ppv = null;
+    }
+
+    auto c = *pc;
+    do
+    {
+        // Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+        // shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
+        if (c.destructor)
+        {
+            alias DtorType = void function(Object) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+            (cast(DtorType) c.destructor)(ob);
+        }
+    }
+    while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+
+    if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
+    {
+        _d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
+    }
+    return support;
+}
+
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
+    {
+        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+{
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
+    p = null;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    struct S
+    {
+        ~this()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    auto p = cast(S[]) defaultAllocator.allocate(S.sizeof);
+
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
+}
+
+// Works with interfaces.
+private pure unittest
+{
+    interface I
+    {
+    }
+    class C : I
+    {
+    }
+    auto c = defaultAllocator.make!C();
+    I i = c;
+
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new class instance of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Class type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (is(T == class))
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a value object of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * pointer to the new object.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Object type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T* make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface)
+ && !is(T == class)
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T
+ && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int* i = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  n         = Array size.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+T make(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t n)
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto ret = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, n);
+    ret.uninitializedFill(ElementType!T.init);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int[] i = defaultAllocator.make!(int[])(2);
+    assert(i.length == 2);
+    assert(i[0] == int.init && i[1] == int.init);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Smart pointers.
+ *
+ * A smart pointer is an object that wraps a raw pointer or a reference
+ * (class, dynamic array) to manage its lifetime.
+ *
+ * This module provides two kinds of lifetime management strategies:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Reference counting)
+ *  $(LI Unique ownership)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/smartref.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.smartref;
+
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.exception;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+private template Payload(T)
+{
+    static if (isPolymorphicType!T || isArray!T)
+    {
+        alias Payload = T;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Payload = T*;
+    }
+}
+
+private final class RefCountedStore(T)
+{
+    T payload;
+    size_t counter = 1;
+
+    size_t opUnary(string op)()
+    if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.counter > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+    }
+
+    int opCmp(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        if (this.counter > counter)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (this.counter < counter)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                                shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+    allocator.dispose(storage);
+}
+
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                               shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
+    auto ptr2 = finalize(storage.payload);
+    allocator.deallocate(ptr1.ptr[0 .. ptr1.length + ptr2.length]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+    private alias Storage = RefCountedStore!(Payload!T);
+
+    private Storage storage;
+    private void function(Storage storage,
+                          shared Allocator allocator) @nogc deleter;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.storage is null || this.allocator_ !is null);
+        assert(this.storage is null || this.deleter !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this(Payload!T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+        this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+
+        this.storage.payload = value;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases the reference counter by one.
+     */
+    this(this)
+    {
+        if (count != 0)
+        {
+            ++this.storage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+     *
+     * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.storage !is null && !(this.storage > 0 && --this.storage))
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+     *
+     * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+     * it will be destroyed.
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload!T.init;
+        }
+        this.storage.payload = rhs;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+        this.storage = null;
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.deleter, rhs.deleter);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE cound > 0).
+     */
+    inout(Payload!T) get() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.storage.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *this.storage.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     *          storage.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return this.storage !is null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+     *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+     *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+     */
+    @property size_t count() const
+    {
+        return this.storage is null ? 0 : this.storage.counter;
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+    auto val = rc.get();
+
+    *val = 8;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    val = null;
+    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    *rc = 9;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+    assert(*rc == 7);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(param.count == 2);
+        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(param.count == 1);
+        assert(*param == 7);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(param.count == 0);
+        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(param.count == 1);
+        assert(*param == 7);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc1, rc2;
+    static assert(is(typeof(rc1 = rc2)));
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    private class A
+    {
+        uint *destroyed;
+
+        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+        {
+            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+        }
+
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            ++(*destroyed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct B
+    {
+        int prop;
+        @disable this();
+        this(int param1) @nogc
+        {
+            prop = param1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    uint destroyed;
+    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+    assert(destroyed == 0);
+    {
+        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+        void func(RefCounted!A rc) @nogc @system
+        {
+            assert(rc.count == 2);
+        }
+        func(rc);
+
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = null;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+        assert(rc.count == 0);
+    }
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(4);
+        assert(*rc == 4);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+    const storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+    const size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+    rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+
+    rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(Payload!T);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    return RefCounted!T(allocator.make!T(size), allocator);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        if (param.count == 2)
+        {
+            func(param);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            assert(param.count == 3);
+        }
+    }
+    func(rc);
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    struct E
+    {
+    }
+    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+        assert(rc.get().prop == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+        assert(rc.count);
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
+    assert(rc.length == 5);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto p2 = p1;
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.get() is p2);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed;
+
+    static struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Value type.
+ */
+struct Unique(T)
+{
+    private Payload!T payload;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(payload is null || allocator_ !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this(Payload!T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.payload = value;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) is noncopyable.
+     */
+    @disable this(this);
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized this $(D_PARAM Unique) and takes ownership over
+     * $(D_PARAM rhs).
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        this.payload = rhs;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.payload, rhs.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(*rc == 7);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    inout(Payload!T) get() inout
+    {
+        return this.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *this.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) holds some value.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return this.payload !is null;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+    {
+        Unique!int u;
+        assert(!u.isInitialized);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the internal pointer to $(D_KEYWORD). The allocator isn't changed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    Payload!T release()
+    {
+        auto payload = this.payload;
+        this.payload = null;
+        return payload;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+    {
+        auto u = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+        assert(u.isInitialized);
+
+        auto i = u.release();
+        assert(*i == 5);
+        assert(!u.isInitialized);
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto s = Unique!int(p, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow @system unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed;
+
+    static struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto s = Unique!F(defaultAllocator.make!F(), defaultAllocator);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+Unique!T unique(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, A)(args);
+    return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+Unique!T unique(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!B(5))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!(int[])(5))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = null;
+    assert(s is null);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(4);
+    assert(*s == 4);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto p2 = p1;
+
+    auto rc = Unique!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.get() is p2);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = Unique!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
+}

source/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Template metaprogramming.
+ *
+ * This package contains utilities to acquire type information at compile-time,
+ * to transform from one type to another. It has also different algorithms for
+ * iterating, searching and modifying template arguments.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta;
+
+public import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+public import tanya.meta.trait;
+public import tanya.meta.transform;

source/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type transformations.
+ *
+ * Templates in this module can be used to modify type qualifiers or transform
+ * types. They take some type as argument and return a different type after
+ * perfoming the specified transformation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/transform.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/transform.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.transform;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Removes any type qualifiers from $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Removed qualifiers are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * If the type $(D_PARAM T) doesn't have any qualifieres,
+ * $(D_INLINECODE Unqual!T) becomes an alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) without any type qualifiers.
+ */
+template Unqual(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U)
+            || is(T U == immutable U)
+            || is(T U == inout U)
+            || is(T U == inout const U)
+            || is(T U == shared U)
+            || is(T U == shared const U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias Unqual = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unqual = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unqual!bool == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(immutable bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared inout const bool) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is an $(D_KEYWORD enum), $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T)
+ * evaluates to the most base type of that $(D_KEYWORD enum) and to
+ * $(D_PARAM T) otherwise.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Base type of the $(D_KEYWORD enum) $(D_PARAM T) or $(D_PARAM T)
+ *          itself.
+ */
+template OriginalType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == enum))
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = OriginalType!U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E1 : const(int)
+    {
+        n = 0,
+    }
+    enum E2 : bool
+    {
+        t = true,
+    }
+    enum E3 : E2
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+    enum E4 : const(E2)
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E1 == const int));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E2 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E3 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E4 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!(const E4) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies constness of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * The following type qualifiers affect the constness and hence are copied:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI inout const)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the constness of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyTypeQualifiers).
+ */
+template CopyConstness(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T) || is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T) || is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T)
+                 || is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, shared char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, immutable char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, const char) == immutable char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Type qualifiers copied are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyConstness).
+ */
+template CopyTypeQualifiers(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared int, char) == shared char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared const int, char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout int, char) == shared inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout const int, char) == shared inout const char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the unsigned counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already unsigned, $(D_INLINECODE Unsigned!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Unsigned counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSigned).
+ */
+template Unsigned(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == byte))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ubyte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == short))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ushort);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == int))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, uint);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == long))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ulong);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!byte == ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!short == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!int == uint));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!long == ulong));
+
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(const byte) == const ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared byte) == shared ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared const byte) == shared const ubyte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Unsigned!float));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!ubyte == ubyte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the signed counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already signed, $(D_INLINECODE Signed!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Signed counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isUnsigned).
+ */
+template Signed(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == ubyte))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, byte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ushort))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, short);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == uint))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, int);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ulong))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, long);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Signed = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Signed!ubyte == byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ushort == short));
+    static assert(is(Signed!uint == int));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ulong == long));
+
+    static assert(is(Signed!(const ubyte) == const byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared ubyte) == shared byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared const ubyte) == shared const byte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Signed!float));
+    static assert(is(Signed!byte == byte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retrieves the target type `U` of a pointer `U*`.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Pointer type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Pointer target type.
+ */
+template PointerTarget(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U : U*))
+    {
+        alias PointerTarget = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(T.stringof ~ " isn't a pointer type");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(bool*) == bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const bool*) == const bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const shared bool*) == const shared bool));
+    static assert(!is(PointerTarget!bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The key type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template KeyType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias KeyType = K;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(KeyType!(int[string]) == string));
+    static assert(!is(KeyType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The value type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template ValueType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias ValueType = V;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ValueType!(int[string]) == int));
+    static assert(!is(ValueType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Scalar type.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type $(D_PARAM T) will promote to.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
+ *                   Integer Promotions).
+ */
+template Promoted(T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
+{
+    alias Promoted = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, typeof(T.init + T.init));
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Promoted!bool == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!byte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!short == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ushort == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!char == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!wchar == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!dchar == uint));
+
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(const bool) == const int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(shared bool) == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias InoutOf(T) = inout(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!int == inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias ConstOf(T) = const(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!int == const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedOf(T) = shared(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!int == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutOf(T) = shared(inout T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!int == shared inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedConstOf(T) = shared(const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!int == shared const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD immutable) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE immutable(T)).
+ */
+alias ImmutableOf(T) = immutable(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!int == immutable int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(const T)).
+ */
+alias InoutConstOf(T) = inout(const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!int == inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutConstOf(T) = shared(inout const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!int == shared inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a template with one argument which applies all qualifiers of
+ * $(D_PARAM T) on its argument if instantiated.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+template QualifierOf(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == immutable U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ImmutableOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf(T) = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    alias MutableOf = QualifierOf!int;
+    static assert(is(MutableOf!uint == uint));
+
+    alias ConstOf = QualifierOf!(const int);
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!uint == const uint));
+
+    alias InoutOf = QualifierOf!(inout int);
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!uint == inout uint));
+
+    alias InoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(inout const int);
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!uint == inout const uint));
+
+    alias ImmutableOf = QualifierOf!(immutable int);
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!uint == immutable uint));
+
+    alias SharedOf = QualifierOf!(shared int);
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!uint == shared uint));
+
+    alias SharedConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!uint == shared const uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!uint == shared inout uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!uint == shared inout const uint));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines the type of $(D_PARAM T). If $(D_PARAM T) is already a type,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) aliases itself to $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) evaluates to $(D_KEYWORD void) for template arguments.
+ *
+ * The symbols that don't have a type and aren't types cannot be used as
+ * arguments to $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Expression, type or template.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type of $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+alias TypeOf(T) = T;
+
+/// ditto
+template TypeOf(alias T)
+if (isExpressions!T || isTemplate!T)
+{
+    alias TypeOf = typeof(T);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    struct S(T)
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!S == void));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!int == int));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!true == bool));
+    static assert(!is(TypeOf!(tanya.meta)));
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Internet utilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/inet.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/inet.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.inet;
+
+import std.math;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+/**
+ * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
+ *
+ * The range is bidirectional. The byte order is always big-endian.
+ *
+ * It can accept any unsigned integral type but the value should fit
+ * in $(D_PARAM L) bytes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  L = Desired range length.
+ */
+struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
+    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+{
+    static if (L > uint.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ulong;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ushort.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = uint;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ubyte.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ushort;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ubyte;
+    }
+
+    private StorageType value;
+    private size_t size = L;
+
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.size <= L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new range.
+     *
+     * $(D_PARAM T) can be any unsigned type but $(D_PARAM value) cannot be
+     * larger than the maximum can be stored in $(D_PARAM L) bytes. Otherwise
+     * an assertion failure will be caused.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  T      = Value type.
+     *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     */
+    this(T)(const T value)
+        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value = value & StorageType.max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte back() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.value & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte front() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value >>= 8;
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Copy of this range.
+     */
+    typeof(this) save() const
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether the range is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Byte length.
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.size;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
+    assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0xae);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.back == 0xe2);
+
+    networkOrder.popBack();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.empty);
+}
+
+// Static.
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
+ * $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * The byte order of $(D_PARAM r) is assumed to be big-endian. The length
+ * cannot be larger than $(D_INLINECODE T.sizeof). Otherwise an assertion
+ * failure will be caused.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Desired return type.
+ *  R     = Range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Integral representation of $(D_PARAM range) with the host byte
+ *          order.
+ */
+T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
+    if (isInputRange!R
+     && !isInfinite!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+     && isUnsigned!T)
+{
+    T ret;
+    ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
+
+    for (; !range.empty && range.front == 0; pos -= 8, range.popFront())
+    {
+    }
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        assert(pos != 0);
+        pos -= 8;
+        ret |= (cast(T) range.front) << pos;
+    }
+
+    return ret >> pos;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const value = 0xae34e2u;
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+    assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
+}

source/tanya/net/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net;
+
+public import tanya.net.inet;
+public import tanya.net.uri;

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * URL parser.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/uri.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/uri.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.uri;
+
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if an invalid URI was specified.
+ */
+final class URIException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A Unique Resource Locator.
+ */
+struct URL
+{
+    /// The URL scheme.
+    const(char)[] scheme;
+
+    /// The username.
+    const(char)[] user;
+
+    /// The password.
+    const(char)[] pass;
+
+    /// The hostname.
+    const(char)[] host;
+
+    /// The port number.
+    ushort port;
+
+    /// The path.
+    const(char)[] path;
+
+    /// The query string.
+    const(char)[] query;
+
+    /// The anchor.
+    const(char)[] fragment;
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
+     * Output string data (scheme, user, etc.) are just slices of input string
+     * (i.e., no memory allocation and copying).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  source = The string containing the URL.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
+     */
+    this(const char[] source) pure @nogc
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = source.length, start;
+
+        foreach (i, ref c; source)
+        {
+            if (pos == -1 && c == ':')
+            {
+                pos = i;
+            }
+            if (endPos == source.length && (c == '?' || c == '#'))
+            {
+                endPos = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if the colon is a part of the scheme or the port and parse
+        // the appropriate part.
+        if (source.length > 1 && source[0] == '/' && source[1] == '/')
+        {
+            // Relative scheme.
+            start = 2;
+        }
+        else if (pos > 0)
+        {
+            // Validate scheme:
+            // [ toLower(alpha) | digit | "+" | "-" | "." ]
+            foreach (ref c; source[0 .. pos])
+            {
+                if (!c.isAlphaNum && c != '+' && c != '-' && c != '.')
+                {
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (source.length == pos + 1) // only "scheme:" is available.
+            {
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. $ - 1];
+                return;
+            }
+            else if (source.length > pos + 1 && source[pos + 1] == '/')
+            {
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+
+                if (source.length > pos + 2 && source[pos + 2] == '/')
+                {
+                    start = pos + 3;
+
+                    if (source.length <= start)
+                    {
+                        // Only "scheme://" is available.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (this.scheme == "file" && source[start] == '/')
+                    {
+                        // Windows drive letters.
+                        if (source.length - start > 2
+                         && source[start + 2] == ':')
+                        {
+                            ++start;
+                        }
+                        goto ParsePath;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    start = pos + 1;
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any slash after
+                // them.
+                if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
+                {
+                    this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+                    start = pos + 1;
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
+        {
+            // An URL shouldn't begin with a port number.
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            goto ParsePath;
+        }
+
+        // Parse host.
+        pos = -1;
+        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i < source.length; ++i)
+        {
+            if (source[i] == '@')
+            {
+                pos = i;
+            }
+            else if (source[i] == '/')
+            {
+                endPos = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for login and password.
+        if (pos != -1)
+        {
+            // *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" )
+            foreach (i, c; source[start .. pos])
+            {
+                if (c == ':')
+                {
+                    if (this.user is null)
+                    {
+                        this.user = source[start .. start + i];
+                        this.pass = source[start + i + 1 .. pos]; 
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (!c.isAlpha() &&
+                         !c.isDigit() &&
+                         c != '!' &&
+                         c != ';' &&
+                         c != '=' &&
+                         c != '_' &&
+                         c != '~' &&
+                         !(c >= '$' && c <= '.'))
+                {
+                    this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+                    throw make!URIException(defaultAllocator,
+                                            "Restricted characters in user information");
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.user is null)
+            {
+                this.user = source[start .. pos];
+            }
+
+            start = ++pos;
+        }
+
+        pos = endPos;
+        if (endPos <= 1 || source[start] != '[' || source[endPos - 1] != ']')
+        {
+            // Short circuit portscan.
+            // IPv6 embedded address.
+            for (ptrdiff_t i = endPos - 1; i >= start; --i)
+            {
+                if (source[i] == ':')
+                {
+                    pos = i;
+                    if  (this.port == 0 && !parsePort(source[i .. endPos]))
+                    {
+                        this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+                        throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if we have a valid host, if we don't reject the string as URL.
+        if (pos <= start)
+        {
+            this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
+        }
+
+        this.host = source[start .. pos];
+
+        if (endPos == source.length)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        start = endPos;
+
+    ParsePath:
+        endPos = source.length;
+        pos = -1;
+        foreach (i, ref c; source[start .. $])
+        {
+            if (c == '?' && pos == -1)
+            {
+                pos = start + i;
+            }
+            else if (c == '#')
+            {
+                endPos = start + i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (pos == -1)
+        {
+            pos = endPos;
+        }
+
+        if (pos > start)
+        {
+            this.path = source[start .. pos];
+        }
+        if (endPos >= ++pos)
+        {
+            this.query = source[pos .. endPos];
+        }
+        if (++endPos <= source.length)
+        {
+            this.fragment = source[endPos .. $];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Attempts to parse and set the port.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  port = String beginning with a colon followed by the port number and
+     *         an optional path (query string and/or fragment), like:
+     *         `:12345/some_path` or `:12345`.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
+     */
+    private bool parsePort(const char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t i = 1;
+        float lPort = 0;
+
+        for (; i < port.length && port[i].isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i)
+        {
+            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float) (10 ^^ (i - 1));
+        }
+        if (i != 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
+        {
+            lPort *= 10 ^^ (i - 2);
+            if (lPort > ushort.max)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            this.port = cast(ushort) lPort;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "example.org"); 
+
+    u = URL("relative/path");
+    assert(u.path == "relative/path"); 
+
+    // Host and scheme
+    u = URL("https://example.org");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path is null);
+    assert(u.port == 0);
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With user and port and path
+    u = URL("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/foo/bar");
+    assert(u.port == 443);
+    assert(u.user == "hilary");
+    assert(u.pass == "putnam");
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With query string
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=true");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/");
+    assert(u.query == "login=true");
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With query string and fragment
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/");
+    assert(u.query == "login=false");
+    assert(u.fragment == "label");
+
+    u = URL("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
+    assert(u.scheme == "redis");
+    assert(u.user == "root");
+    assert(u.pass == "password");
+    assert(u.host == "localhost");
+    assert(u.port == 2201);
+    assert(u.path == "/path");
+    assert(u.query == "query=value");
+    assert(u.fragment == "fragment");
+}
+
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.path == "127.0.0.1");
+
+    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+
+    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1:9000");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.port == 9000);
+
+    u = URL("127.0.0.1:80");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.port == 80);
+    assert(u.path is null);
+
+    u = URL("//example.net");
+    assert(u.host == "example.net");
+    assert(u.scheme is null);
+
+    u = URL("//example.net?q=before:after");
+    assert(u.host == "example.net");
+    assert(u.query == "q=before:after");
+
+    u = URL("localhost:8080");
+    assert(u.host == "localhost");
+    assert(u.port == 8080);
+    assert(u.path is null);
+
+    u = URL("ftp:");
+    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
+
+    u = URL("file:///C:\\Users");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "C:\\Users");
+
+    u = URL("localhost:66000");
+    assert(u.scheme == "localhost");
+    assert(u.path == "66000");
+
+    u = URL("file:///home/");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/");
+
+    u = URL("file:///home/?q=asdf");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/");
+    assert(u.query == "q=asdf");
+
+    u = URL("http://secret@example.org");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.user == "secret");
+
+    u = URL("h_tp://:80");
+    assert(u.path == "h_tp://:80");
+    assert(u.port == 0);
+
+    u = URL("zlib:/home/user/file.gz");
+    assert(u.scheme == "zlib");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/user/file.gz");
+
+    u = URL("h_tp:asdf");
+    assert(u.path == "h_tp:asdf");
+}
+
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://:80"));
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL(":80"));
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://u1:p1@u2:p2@example.org"));
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:port"));
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:66000"));
+}
+
+// Issue 254: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/254.
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("ftp://");
+    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attempts to parse an URL from a string and returns the specified component
+ * of the URL or $(D_PSYMBOL URL) if no component is specified.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = "scheme", "host", "port", "user", "pass", "path", "query",
+ *           "fragment".
+ *  source = The string containing the URL.
+ *
+ * Returns: Requested URL component.
+ */
+auto parseURL(string T)(const char[] source)
+if (T == "scheme"
+ || T == "host"
+ || T == "user"
+ || T == "pass"
+ || T == "path"
+ || T == "query"
+ || T == "fragment"
+ || T == "port")
+{
+    auto ret = URL(source);
+    return mixin("ret." ~ T);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+URL parseURL(const char[] source) @nogc pure
+{
+    return URL(source);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto u = parseURL("http://example.org:5326");
+    assert(u.scheme == parseURL!"scheme"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.host == parseURL!"host"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.user == parseURL!"user"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.pass == parseURL!"pass"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.path == parseURL!"path"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.query == parseURL!"query"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.fragment == parseURL!"fragment"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.port == parseURL!"port"("http://example.org:5326"));
+}

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/package.d)
  */
-module tanya.crypto;
+module tanya.network;
 
-public
-{
-    import tanya.crypto.des;
-    import tanya.crypto.mode;
-    import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-}
+public import tanya.network.socket;

source/tanya/os/error.d

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides a portable way of using operating system error codes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/error.d)
+ */
+module tanya.os.error;
+
+// Socket API error.
+private template SAError(int posix, int wsa = posix)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        enum SAError = 10000 + wsa;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias SAError = posix;
+    }
+}
+
+// Error for Windows and Posix separately.
+private template NativeError(int posix, int win)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        alias NativeError = win;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias NativeError = posix;
+    }
+}
+
+version (Windows)
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = -71;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = -71;
+}
+else
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = 71;
+}
+
+/**
+ * System error code.
+ */
+struct ErrorCode
+{
+    /**
+     * Error code numbers.
+     */
+    enum ErrorNo : int
+    {
+        /// The operation completed successfully.
+        success                   = 0,
+
+        /// Operation not permitted.
+        noPermission              = NativeError!(1, 5),
+
+        /// Interrupted system call.
+        interrupted               = SAError!4,
+
+        /// Bad file descriptor.
+        badDescriptor             = SAError!9,
+
+        /// An operation on a non-blocking socket would block.
+        wouldBlock                = SAError!(11, 35),
+
+        /// Out of memory.
+        noMemory                  = NativeError!(12, 14),
+
+        /// Access denied.
+        accessDenied              = SAError!13,
+
+        /// An invalid pointer address detected.
+        fault                     = SAError!14,
+
+        /// No such device.
+        noSuchDevice              = NativeError!(19, 20),
+
+        /// An invalid argument was supplied.
+        invalidArgument           = SAError!22,
+
+        /// The limit on the number of open file descriptors.
+        tooManyDescriptors        = NativeError!(23, 331),
+
+        /// The limit on the number of open file descriptors.
+        noDescriptors             = SAError!24,
+
+        /// Broken pipe.
+        brokenPipe                = NativeError!(32, 109),
+
+        /// The name was too long.
+        nameTooLong               = SAError!(36, 63),
+
+        /// A socket operation was attempted on a non-socket.
+        notSocket                 = SAError!(88, 38),
+
+        /// Protocol error.
+        protocolError             = eProtocolError,
+
+        /// Message too long.
+        messageTooLong            = SAError!(90, 40),
+
+        /// Wrong protocol type for socket.
+        wrongProtocolType         = SAError!(91, 41),
+
+        /// Protocol not available.
+        noProtocolOption          = SAError!(92, 42),
+
+        /// The protocol is not implemented orR has not been configured.
+        protocolNotSupported      = SAError!(93, 43),
+
+        /// The support for the specified socket type does not exist in this
+        /// address family.
+        socketNotSupported        = SAError!(94, 44),
+
+        /// The address family is no supported by the protocol family.
+        operationNotSupported     = SAError!(95, 45),
+
+        /// Address family specified is not supported.
+        addressFamilyNotSupported = SAError!(97, 47),
+
+        /// Address already in use.
+        addressInUse              = SAError!(98, 48),
+
+        /// The network is not available.
+        networkDown               = SAError!(100, 50),
+
+        /// No route to host.
+        networkUnreachable        = SAError!(101, 51),
+
+        /// Network dropped connection because of reset.
+        networkReset              = SAError!(102, 52),
+
+        /// The connection has been aborted.
+        connectionAborted         = SAError!(103, 53),
+
+        /// Connection reset by peer.
+        connectionReset           = SAError!(104, 54),
+
+        /// No free buffer space is available for a socket operation.
+        noBufferSpace             = SAError!(105, 55),
+
+        /// Transport endpoint is already connected.
+        alreadyConnected          = SAError!(106, 56),
+
+        /// Transport endpoint is not connected.
+        notConnected              = SAError!(107, 57),
+
+        /// Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown.
+        shutdown                  = SAError!(108, 58),
+
+        /// The connection attempt timed out, or the connected host has failed
+        /// to respond.
+        timedOut                  = SAError!(110, 60),
+
+        /// Connection refused.
+        connectionRefused         = SAError!(111, 61),
+
+        /// Host is down.
+        hostDown                  = SAError!(112, 64),
+
+        /// No route to host.
+        hostUnreachable           = SAError!(113, 65),
+
+        /// Operation already in progress.
+        alreadyStarted            = SAError!(114, 37),
+
+        /// Operation now in progress.
+        inProgress                = SAError!(115, 36),
+
+        /// Operation cancelled.
+        cancelled                 = SAError!(125, 103),
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Numeric error code.
+     */
+    this(const ErrorNo value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = value;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+
+        ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this $(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode) to default
+     * ($(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode.success)).
+     */
+    void reset() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = ErrorNo.success;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto ec = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+
+        ec.reset();
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Numeric error code.
+     */
+    ErrorNo opCast(T : ErrorNo)() const
+    {
+        return this.value_;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ErrorNo opCast(T : int)() const
+    {
+        return this.value_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        auto errorNo = cast(ErrorCode.ErrorNo) ec;
+
+        assert(errorNo == ErrorCode.fault);
+        static assert(is(typeof(cast(int) ec)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns another error code or error code number.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Numeric error code.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign(const ErrorNo that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = that;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = that.value_;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec;
+            assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+
+            ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+            assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+        }
+        {
+            auto ec1 = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
+            ErrorCode ec2;
+            assert(ec2 == ErrorCode.success);
+
+            ec2 = ec1;
+            assert(ec1 == ec2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equality with another error code or error code number.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Numeric error code.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that) are equal.
+     */
+    bool opEquals(const ErrorNo that) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return this.value_ == that;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    bool opEquals()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return this.value_ == that.value_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.accessDenied;
+
+            assert(ec1 != ec2);
+            assert(ec1 != ErrorCode.accessDenied);
+            assert(ErrorCode.fault != ec2);
+        }
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.fault;
+
+            assert(ec1 == ec2);
+            assert(ec1 == ErrorCode.fault);
+            assert(ErrorCode.fault == ec2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ErrorNo value_ = ErrorNo.success;
+
+    alias ErrorNo this;
+}

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides platform-independent interfaces to operating system
+ * functionality.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.os;
+
+public import tanya.os.error;

source/tanya/random.d

@@ -1,318 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.random;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.digest.sha;
-import std.typecons;
-
-/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
-enum blockSize = 64;
-
-/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
-enum maxGather = 128;
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
- */
-class EntropyException : Exception
-{
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string msg,
-	     string file = __FILE__,
-	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
-	{
-		super(msg, file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
- */
-abstract class EntropySource
-{
-	/// Amount of already generated entropy.
-	protected ushort size_;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
-	 */
-	@property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return size_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
-	 * 	       already set value.
-	 */
-	@property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		size_ = size;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Poll the entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-	 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-	 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-	 */
-	Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
-}
-
-version (linux)
-{
-	extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Uses getrandom system call.
-	 */
-	class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
-	{
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return 32;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Poll the entropy source.
-		 *
-		 * Params:
-		 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-		 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-		 *
-		 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-		 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-		 */
-		override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
-		out (length)
-		{
-			assert(length <= maxGather);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			// int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
-			auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
-			Nullable!ubyte ret;
-
-			if (length >= 0)
-			{
-				ret = cast(ubyte) length;
-			}
-			return ret;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Pseudorandom number generator.
- * ---
- * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy;
- *
- * ubyte[blockSize] output;
- *
- * output = entropy.random;
- *
- * defaultAllocator.finalize(entropy);
- * ---
- */
-class Entropy
-{
-	/// Entropy sources.
-	protected EntropySource[] sources;
-
-	private ubyte sourceCount_;
-
-	private shared Allocator allocator;
-
-	/// Entropy accumulator.
-	protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
-	 * 	allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
-	 * 	             system.
-	 */
-	this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
-		assert(allocator !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		allocator.resizeArray(sources, maxSources);
-
-		version (linux)
-		{
-			this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return sourceCount_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Add an entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	source = Entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-	 *
-	 * See_Also:
-	 * 	$(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
-	 */
-	Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
-		if (Op == "~")
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Generated random sequence.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
-	 *         registered or it failed.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte[blockSize] random()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		bool haveStrong;
-		ushort done;
-		ubyte[blockSize] output;
-
-		do
-		{
-			ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
-
-			// Run through our entropy sources
-			for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-			{
-				auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
-
-				if (!outputLength.isNull)
-				{
-					if (outputLength > 0)
-					{
-						update(i, buffer, outputLength);
-						sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
-					}
-					if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
-					{
-						continue;
-					}
-					else if (sources[i].strong)
-					{
-						haveStrong = true;
-					}
-				}
-				done = 257;
-			}
-		}
-		while (++done < 256);
-
-		if (!haveStrong)
-		{
-			throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
-		}
-
-		output = accumulator.finish();
-
-		// Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
-		accumulator.start();
-
-		// Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
-		output = sha512Of(output);
-
-		for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-		{
-			sources[i].size = 0;
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Update entropy accumulator.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
-	 * 	data     = Data got from the entropy source.
-	 * 	length   = Length of the received data.
-	 */
-	protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
-	                      ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-	                      ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		ubyte[2] header;
-
-		if (length > blockSize)
-		{
-			data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
-			length = blockSize;
-		}
-
-		header[0] = sourceId;
-		header[1] = length;
-
-		accumulator.put(header);
-		accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
-	}
-}

source/tanya/range/array.d

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.range.array) implements range primitives for built-in arrays.
+ *
+ * This module is a submodule of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d, tanya.range).
+ *
+ * After importing of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d, tanya/range/array.d)
+ * built-in arrays can act as bidirectional ranges. For that to work the module
+ * defines a set of functions that accept a built-in array of any type as their
+ * first argument, so thanks to UFCS (Uniform Function Call Syntax) they can be
+ * called as if they were array member functions. For example the arrays the
+ * `.length`-property, but no `.empty` property. So here can be find the
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL empty) function. Since $(D_INLINECODE empty(array)) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE array.empty) are equal for the arrays, arrays get a faked
+ * property `empty`.
+ *
+ * The functions in this module don't change array elements or its underlying
+ * storage, but some functions alter the slice. Each array maintains a pointer
+ * to its data and the length and there can be several pointers which point to
+ * the same data. Array pointer can be advanced and the length can be reduced
+ * without changing the underlying storage. So slices offer the possibility to
+ * have multiple views into the same array, point to different positions inside
+ * it.
+ *
+ * Strings ($(D_INLINECODE char[]), (D_INLINECODE wchar[]) and
+ * (D_INLINECODE dchar[])) are treated as any other normal array, they aren't
+ * auto-decoded.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/array.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.array;
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL front) can be also used
+ * to change the first element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: First element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T front(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[0];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string s = "Wenn die Wunde nicht mehr wehtut, schmerzt die Narbe";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.front) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.front == 'W');
+
+    wstring w = "Волны несутся, гремя и сверкая";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.front) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.front == 'В');
+
+    dstring d = "Для писателя память - это почти все";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.front) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.front == 'Д');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the last element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL back) can be also used
+ * to change the last element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: Last element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T back(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[$ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string s = "Brecht";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.back) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.back == 't');
+
+    wstring w = "Тютчев";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.back) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.back == 'в');
+
+    dstring d = "Паустовский";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.back) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.back == 'й');
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) advance the $(D_PARAM array)
+ * and remove one element from its back, respectively.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) don't alter the array
+ * storage, they only narrow the view into the array.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+void popFront(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[1 .. $];
+}
+
+/// ditto
+void popBack(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[0 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    wstring array = "Der finstere Ozean der Metaphysik. Nietzsche";
+
+    array.popFront();
+    assert(array.length == 43);
+    assert(array.front == 'e');
+
+    array.popBack();
+    assert(array.length == 42);
+    assert(array.back == 'h');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether $(D_PARAM array) is empty.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM array) has no elements,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+@property bool empty(T)(const T[] array)
+{
+    return array.length == 0;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[1] array;
+    assert(!array.empty);
+    assert(array[1 .. 1].empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL save) doesn't copy the array itself, but only the data pointer
+ * and the length.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: A copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+@property T[] save(T)(T[] array)
+{
+    return array;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[8] array;
+    auto slice = array.save;
+
+    assert(slice.length == array.length);
+    slice.popFront();
+    assert(slice.length < array.length);
+}

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package contains generic functions and templates to be used with D
+ * ranges.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range;
+
+public import tanya.range.array;
+public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Base type definitions and aliases.
+ *
+ * This module doesn't provide aliases for all types used by Windows, but only
+ * for types that can vary on different platforms. For example there is no
+ * need to define `INT32` alias for D, since $(D_KEYWORD int) is always a
+ * 32-bit signed integer. But `int` and its Windows alias `INT` is not the
+ * same on all platforms in C, so its size can be something differen than
+ * 32 bit, therefore an $(D_PSYMBOL INT) alias is available in this module.
+ * $(D_PARAM TCHAR) can be a $(D_KEYWORD char) if Unicode isn't supported or
+ * $(D_KEYWORD wchar) if Unicode is supported, so $(D_PSYMBOL TCHAR) is
+ * defined here.
+ * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/def.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+alias BYTE = ubyte;
+alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
+alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias SHORT = short;
+alias USHORT = ushort;
+alias WORD = ushort;
+alias INT = int;
+alias UINT = uint;
+alias LONG = int;
+alias ULONG = uint;
+alias DWORD = uint;
+alias LONGLONG = long; // Or double.
+alias ULONGLONG = ulong; // Or double.
+alias DWORDLONG = ulong;
+alias FLOAT = float;
+alias BOOL = int;
+alias BOOLEAN = BYTE;
+
+alias HANDLE = void*;
+enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
+
+enum TRUE = 1;
+enum FALSE = 0;
+
+align(1) struct GUID
+{
+    uint Data1;
+    ushort Data2;
+    ushort Data3;
+    char[8] Data4;
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.error;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
+enum
+{
+    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
+    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
+    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
+    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
+    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
+    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
+
+    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
+    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
+    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
+    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
+    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
+    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
+    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
+    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
+    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
+    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
+    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
+    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
+    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
+    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
+    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
+    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
+    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
+    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
+    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
+    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
+    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
+    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
+    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
+    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
+    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
+    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
+    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
+    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
+    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
+    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
+    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
+    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
+    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
+    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
+    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
+    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
+    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
+
+    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
+    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
+    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
+    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
+    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
+    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
+    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
+    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
+    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
+    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
+    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
+    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
+    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
+    
+    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
+    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
+    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
+    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
+
+    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
+    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
+    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
+    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
+    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
+
+    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
+    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
+    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
+    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
+    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
+    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
+    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
+    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
+    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
+    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winbase.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+struct OVERLAPPED
+{
+    size_t Internal;
+    size_t InternalHigh;
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            DWORD Offset;
+            DWORD OffsetHigh;
+        }
+        void* Pointer;
+    }
+    HANDLE hEvent;
+}
+
+extern(Windows)
+HANDLE CreateIoCompletionPort(HANDLE FileHandle,
+                              HANDLE ExistingCompletionPort,
+                              size_t CompletionKey,
+                              DWORD NumberOfConcurrentThreads)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetQueuedCompletionStatus(HANDLE CompletionPort,
+                               DWORD* lpNumberOfBytes,
+                               size_t* lpCompletionKey,
+                               OVERLAPPED** lpOverlapped,
+                               DWORD dwMilliseconds) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
+                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                         DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
+                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+alias SOCKET = size_t;
+enum SOCKET INVALID_SOCKET = ~0;
+enum SOCKET_ERROR = -1;
+
+enum
+{
+    IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
+    IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
+    IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
+    IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
+    IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
+    IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
+    IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
+    IOC_WSK      = (IOC_WS2 | 0x07000000), // _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600.
+    IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
+}
+
+template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
+}
+
+alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
+alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
+alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
+alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
+alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
+alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
+alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
+alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
+alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
+alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
+alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
+alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
+alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
+alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
+alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
+
+alias GROUP = uint;
+
+enum
+{
+    WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_ROOT = 0x02,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_LEAF = 0x04,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_ROOT = 0x08,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_LEAF = 0x10,
+    WSA_FLAG_ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY = 0x40,
+    WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT = 0x80,
+    WSA_FLAG_REGISTERED_IO = 0x100,
+}
+
+enum MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7;
+enum BASE_PROTOCOL = 1;
+enum LAYERED_PROTOCOL = 0;
+enum WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255;
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
+{
+    int ChainLen;
+    DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
+}
+
+struct WSABUF
+{
+    ULONG len;
+    CHAR* buf;
+}
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
+{
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
+    GUID                       ProviderId;
+    DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
+    WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
+    int                        iVersion;
+    int                        iAddressFamily;
+    int                        iMaxSockAddr;
+    int                        iMinSockAddr;
+    int                        iSocketType;
+    int                        iProtocol;
+    int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
+    int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
+    int                        iSecurityScheme;
+    DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
+    TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
+}
+
+const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
+    0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+const GUID WSAID_ACCEPTEX = {
+    0xb5367df1, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE = void function(DWORD dwError,
+                                                         DWORD cbTransferred,
+                                                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                                                         DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+SOCKET WSASocket(int af,
+                 int type,
+                 int protocol,
+                 WSAPROTOCOL_INFO* lpProtocolInfo,
+                 GROUP g,
+                 DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD* lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSASend(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
+             uint dwIoControlCode,
+             void* lpvInBuffer,
+             uint cbInBuffer,
+             void* lpvOutBuffer,
+             uint cbOutBuffer,
+             uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
+             OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+             LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)             
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+alias ADDRESS_FAMILY = USHORT;
+
+struct SOCKADDR
+{
+    ADDRESS_FAMILY sa_family;           // Address family.
+    CHAR[14] sa_data;                   // Up to 14 bytes of direct address.
+}
+
+alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = void function(void*,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*) nothrow @nogc;
+
+alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = extern(Windows) BOOL function(SOCKET,
+                                                    SOCKET,
+                                                    void*,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD*,
+                                                    OVERLAPPED*) @nogc nothrow;
+
+enum
+{
+    SO_MAXDG = 0x7009,
+    SO_MAXPATHDG = 0x700A,
+    SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
+    SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
+    SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
+}

source/tanya/test/assertion.d

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Additional assertions.
+ *
+ * This module provides functions that assert whether a given expression
+ * satisfies some complex condition, that can't be tested with
+ * $(D_KEYWORD assert) in a single line. Internally all the functions
+ * just evaluate the expression and call $(D_KEYWORD assert).
+ *
+ * The functions can cause segmentation fault if the module is compiled
+ * in production mode and the condition fails.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/assertion.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/assertion.d)
+ */
+module tanya.test.assertion;
+
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Asserts whether the function $(D_PARAM expr) throws an exception of type
+ * $(D_PARAM E). If it does, the exception is catched and properly destroyed.
+ * If it doesn't, an assertion error is thrown. If the exception doesn't match
+ * $(D_PARAM E) type, it isn't catched and escapes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E    = Expected exception type.
+ *  T    = Throwing function type.
+ *  Args = Argument types of the throwing function.
+ *  expr = Throwing function.
+ *  args = Arguments for $(D_PARAM expr).
+ */
+void assertThrown(E : Exception, T, Args...)(T expr, auto ref Args args)
+if (isSomeFunction!T)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        cast(void) expr(args);
+        assert(false, "Expected exception not thrown");
+    }
+    catch (E exception)
+    {
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // If you want to test that an expression throws, you can wrap it into an
+    // arrow function.
+    static struct CtorThrows
+    {
+        this(int i) @nogc pure @safe
+        {
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!Exception();
+        }
+    }
+    assertThrown!Exception(() => CtorThrows(8));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that the function $(D_PARAM expr) doesn't throw.
+ *
+ * If it does, the thrown exception is catched, properly destroyed and an
+ * assertion error is thrown instead.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T    = Tested function type.
+ *  Args = Argument types of $(D_PARAM expr).
+ *  expr = Tested function.
+ *  args = Arguments for $(D_PARAM expr).
+ */
+void assertNotThrown(T, Args...)(T expr, auto ref Args args)
+if (isSomeFunction!T)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        cast(void) expr(args);
+    }
+    catch (Exception exception)
+    {
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+        assert(false, "Unexpected exception thrown");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // If you want to test that an expression doesn't throw, you can wrap it
+    // into an arrow function.
+    static struct S
+    {
+    }
+    assertNotThrown(() => S());
+}

source/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Test suite for $(D_KEYWORD unittest)-blocks.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.test;
+
+public import tanya.test.assertion;

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type constructors.
+ *
+ * This module contains templates that allow to build new types from the
+ * available ones.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/typecons.d,
+ *                 tanya/typecons.d)
+ */
+module tanya.typecons;
+
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.
+ *
+ * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
+ * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
+ * If you want the object be accessible only by its index (`0` or `1`),
+ * just skip the name.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Specs = Field types and names.
+ */
+template Pair(Specs...)
+{
+    template parseSpecs(int fieldCount, Specs...)
+    {
+        static if (Specs.length == 0)
+        {
+            alias parseSpecs = AliasSeq!();
+        }
+        else static if (is(Specs[0]) && fieldCount < 2)
+        {
+            static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false, "Invalid argument: " ~ Specs[0].stringof);
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Pair
+    {
+        /// Field types.
+        alias Types = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
+
+        static assert(Types.length == 2, "Invalid argument count.");
+
+        // Create field aliases.
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[1] ~ " = expand[0];");
+        }
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[2]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[2] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+        else static if (is(typeof(Specs[3]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[3] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+
+        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
+        Types expand;
+
+        alias expand this;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, 5)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int, "second")));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int, "second")));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!("first", int, "second", int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, int, int)));
+
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, "first")));
+}