Fix parameter count for docs in container.string

For consistency with Phobos.

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+charset = utf-8
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,11 @@
+# Binary
+*.[oa]
+
+# D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core
+/tanya-test-library
+
+/docs/
+/docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+ - linux
+ - osx
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+ - dmd-2.074.0
+ - dmd-2.073.2
+ - dmd-2.072.2
+ - dmd-2.071.2
+
+env: 
+ matrix:
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+
+script:
+ - dub test -b unittest-cov --arch=$ARCH
+
+after_success:
+ - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Tanya
+
+[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya)
+* [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages:
+
+* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
+string.
+* `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocator, reference counting,
+helper functions).
+* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets, utilities.
+
+### Supported compilers
+
+| dmd     |
+|:-------:|
+| 2.074.0 |
+| 2.073.2 |
+| 2.072.2 |
+| 2.071.2 |
+
+### Current status
+
+Following modules are under development:
+
+| Feature      | Branch       | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+|--------------|:------------:|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| BitVector    | bitvector    | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector)                |
+| TLS          | crypto       | [![crypto](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=crypto)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![crypto](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/crypto?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/crypto)                               |
+| File IO      | io           | [![io](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=io)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![io](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/io?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/io)                                                   |
+| Hash table   | horton-table | [![horton-table](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=horton-table)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![horton-table](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/horton-table?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/horton-table) |
+
+### Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library.
+
+* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe. Thread-safity should be added later.
+
+## Release management
+
+3-week release cycle.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Since I'm mostly busy writing new code and implementing new features I would
+appreciate, if anyone uses the library. It would help me to improve the
+codebase and fix issues.
+
+Feel free to contact me if you have any questions: info@caraus.de.

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+platform: x64
+os: Visual Studio 2017
+
+environment:
+ matrix:
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.074.0
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.073.2
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.072.2
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.071.2
+    arch: x86
+
+skip_tags: true
+
+install:
+  - ps: function SetUpDCompiler
+        {
+            $env:toolchain = "msvc";
+            $version = $env:DVersion;
+            Invoke-WebRequest "http://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$($version)/dmd.$($version).windows.7z" -OutFile "c:\dmd.7z";
+            echo "finished.";
+            pushd c:\\;
+            7z x dmd.7z > $null;
+            popd;
+        }
+  - ps: SetUpDCompiler
+
+  - ps: if($env:DVersion -eq "2.071.2"){
+            Invoke-WebRequest "http://code.dlang.org/files/dub-1.2.1-windows-x86.zip" -OutFile "dub.zip";
+            7z x dub.zip -odub > $null;
+            Move-Item "dub/dub.exe" "C:\dmd2\windows\bin"
+          }
+
+before_build:
+  - ps: $env:PATH += ";C:\dmd2\windows\bin;";
+  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Community\Common7\Tools\VsDevCmd.bat" -arch=%arch%
+
+build_script:
+ - echo dummy build script - dont remove me
+
+test_script:
+ - echo %DC%
+ - echo %PATH%
+ - 'dub --version'
+ - '%DC% --version'
+ - dub test --arch=x86 --compiler=%DC%

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "D library with event loop",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.epoll;
+
+version (linux):
+
+public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+{
+    int epoll_create1(int flags);
+    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
+final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+    protected int fd;
+    private Array!epoll_event events;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the loop.
+     */
+    this() @nogc
+    {
+        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+        {
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+        }
+        super();
+        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees loop internals.
+     */
+    ~this() @nogc
+    {
+        close(fd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
+    {
+        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
+        epoll_event ev;
+
+        if (events == oldEvents)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (events && oldEvents)
+        {
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
+        }
+        else if (events && !oldEvents)
+        {
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
+        }
+
+        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
+        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
+                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
+                  | EPOLLET;
+
+        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual polling.
+     */
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
+    {
+        // Don't block
+        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+
+        if (eventCount < 0)
+        {
+            if (errno != EINTR)
+            {
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
+        {
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+
+            if (transport is null)
+            {
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
+            }
+            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
+            {
+                kill(transport);
+                continue;
+            }
+            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
+            {
+                SocketException exception;
+                try
+                {
+                    ptrdiff_t received;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        transport.output += received;
+                    }
+                    while (received);
+                }
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    exception = e;
+                }
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                {
+                    kill(transport, exception);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                else if (transport.output.length)
+                {
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                }
+            }
+            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+            {
+                transport.writeReady = true;
+                if (transport.input.length)
+                {
+                    feed(transport);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
+     */
+    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+    }
+}

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.iocp;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import core.sys.windows.windef;
+import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
+{
+    private SocketException exception;
+
+    private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates new completion port transport.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return closing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        closing = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write some data to the transport.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  data = Data to send.
+     */
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+    {
+        input ~= data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return protocol_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
+        {
+            immutable empty = input.length == 0;
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
+            if (empty)
+            {
+                SocketState overlapped;
+                try
+                {
+                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                    socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
+                }
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+final class IOCPLoop : Loop
+{
+    protected HANDLE completionPort;
+
+    protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the loop.
+     */
+    this() @nogc
+    {
+        super();
+
+        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+        if (!completionPort)
+        {
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "Creating completion port failed");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
+    {
+        SocketState overlapped;
+        if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
+        {
+            auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
+            assert(socket !is null);
+
+            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
+                                       completionPort,
+                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       0) !is completionPort)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
+            }
+            catch (SocketException e)
+            {
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
+            || !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+        {
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
+            assert(transport !is null);
+
+            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
+                                       completionPort,
+                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       0) !is completionPort)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Begin to read
+            if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                }
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                      SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual polling.
+     */
+    override protected void poll() @nogc
+    {
+        DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
+        ULONG_PTR key;
+        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+
+        auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
+                                                &lpNumberOfBytes,
+                                                &key,
+                                                &overlap,
+                                                timeout);
+        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+        {
+            return; // Timeout
+        }
+
+        auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
+        assert(overlapped !is null);
+        scope (failure)
+        {
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+        }
+
+        switch (overlapped.event)
+        {
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
+                assert(listener !is null);
+
+                auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
+                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
+
+                connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
+
+                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+
+                pendings.enqueue(connection);
+                listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
+                break;
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+                assert(transport !is null);
+
+                if (!transport.active)
+                {
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                int received;
+                SocketException exception;
+                try
+                {
+                    received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
+                }
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    exception = e;
+                }
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                {
+                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
+                }
+                else if (received > 0)
+                {
+                    immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
+
+                    transport.output += received;
+                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
+                    if (full)
+                    {
+                        transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    }
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                }
+                break;
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+                assert(transport !is null);
+
+                transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
+                if (transport.input.length > 0)
+                {
+                    transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    if (transport.isClosing())
+                    {
+                        kill(transport);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                assert(false, "Unknown event");
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+
+version (OSX)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (iOS)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (TVOS)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (WatchOS)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (DragonFlyBSD)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+
+version (MacBSD):
+
+import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
+{
+    *kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
+
+enum : short
+{
+    EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
+    EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
+    EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
+    EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
+    EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
+    EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
+    EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
+    EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
+    EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
+    EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
+}
+
+struct kevent_t
+{
+    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+    short       filter; /* filter for event */
+    ushort       flags;
+    uint        fflags;
+    intptr_t      data;
+    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+}
+
+enum
+{
+    /* actions */
+    EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
+    EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
+    EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
+    EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
+
+    /* flags */
+    EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
+    EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
+    EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
+    EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
+
+    EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
+    EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
+
+    /* returned values */
+    EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
+    EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
+}
+
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
+
+final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+    protected int fd;
+    private Array!kevent_t events;
+    private Array!kevent_t changes;
+    private size_t changeCount;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+     *          (should be supported by the backend).
+     */
+    override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return cast(uint) events.length;
+    }
+
+    this() @nogc
+    {
+        super();
+
+        if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
+        {
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "kqueue initialization failed");
+        }
+        events = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+        changes = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees loop internals.
+     */
+    ~this() @nogc
+    {
+        close(fd);
+    }
+
+    private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
+    {
+        if (changes.length <= changeCount)
+        {
+            changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
+        }
+        EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
+               cast(ulong) socket,
+               filter,
+               flags,
+               0U,
+               0L,
+               null);
+        ++changeCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+     * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     * 	events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
+    {
+        if (events != oldEvents)
+        {
+            if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
+            {
+                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
+            }
+            if (oldEvents & Event.write)
+            {
+                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
+            }
+        }
+        if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
+        {
+            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
+        }
+        if (events & Event.write)
+        {
+            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual polling.
+     */
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
+    {
+        timespec ts;
+        blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
+
+        if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
+        {
+            events.length = changes.length;
+        }
+
+        auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
+                                 changes.get().ptr,
+                                 cast(int) changeCount,
+                                 events.get().ptr,
+                                 maxEvents,
+                                 &ts);
+        changeCount = 0;
+
+        if (eventCount < 0)
+        {
+            if (errno != EINTR)
+            {
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
+        {
+            assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
+
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
+            // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
+            if (transport is null)
+            {
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
+            }
+            else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
+            {
+                kill(transport);
+            }
+            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
+            {
+                SocketException exception;
+                try
+                {
+                    ptrdiff_t received;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        transport.output += received;
+                    }
+                    while (received);
+                }
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    exception = e;
+                }
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                {
+                    kill(transport, exception);
+                }
+                else if (transport.output.length)
+                {
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+            {
+                transport.writeReady = true;
+                if (transport.input.length)
+                {
+                    feed(transport);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
+     */
+    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+     * be handled by the event loop.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     * 	transport = Transport.
+     * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
+     */
+    protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                                 SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    {
+        if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!transport.writeReady)
+        {
+            set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.selector;
+
+version (Posix):
+
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
+{
+    private SelectorLoop loop;
+
+    private SocketException exception;
+
+    package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
+
+    /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
+    package bool writeReady;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  loop   = Event loop.
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
+     */
+    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    in 
+    {
+        assert(loop !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        this.loop = loop;
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
+    }
+
+    private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        socket_ = socket;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return protocol_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return closing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc
+    {
+        closing = true;
+        loop.reify(this,
+                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.write));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
+        {
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
+            if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
+            {
+                loop.kill(this);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write some data to the transport.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  data = Data to send.
+     */
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+    {
+        if (!data.length)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Try to write if the socket is write ready.
+        if (writeReady)
+        {
+            ptrdiff_t sent;
+            SocketException exception;
+            try
+            {
+                sent = socket.send(data);
+                if (sent == 0)
+                {
+                    writeReady = false;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (SocketException e)
+            {
+                writeReady = false;
+                exception = e;
+            }
+            if (sent < data.length)
+            {
+                input ~= data[sent..$];
+                loop.feed(this, exception);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            input ~= data;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
+{
+    /// Pending connections.
+    protected Array!SocketWatcher connections;
+
+    this() @nogc
+    {
+        super();
+        connections = Array!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    ~this() @nogc
+    {
+        foreach (ref connection; connections)
+        {
+            // We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are
+            // created by the user and should be freed by himself.
+            if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
+            {
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                           EventMask oldEvents,
+                                           EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  transport = Transport.
+     *  exception = Occurred exception.
+     */
+    protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+     * be handled by the event loop.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  transport = Transport.
+     *  exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
+     */
+    protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
+                if (sent == 0)
+                {
+                    transport.writeReady = false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    transport.input += sent;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (SocketException e)
+            {
+                exception = e;
+                transport.writeReady = false;
+            }
+        }
+        if (exception !is null)
+        {
+            kill(transport, exception);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
+        {
+            kill(transport);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start watching.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
+     */
+    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    {
+        if (watcher.active)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
+        {
+            connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+        }
+        connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
+
+        super.start(watcher);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accept incoming connections.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
+     */
+    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(connection !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            ConnectedSocket client;
+            try
+            {
+                client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
+            }
+            catch (SocketException e)
+            {
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                break;
+            }
+            if (client is null)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            StreamTransport transport;
+
+            if (connections.length > client.handle)
+            {
+                transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+            }
+            if (transport is null)
+            {
+                transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
+                connections[client.handle] = transport;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                transport.socket = client;
+            }
+
+            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
+        }
+
+        if (!connection.incoming.empty)
+        {
+            pendings.enqueue(connection);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.iocp;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import core.sys.windows.windef;
+
+/**
+ * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)
+ * structure.
+ */
+class State
+{
+    /// For internal use by Windows API.
+    align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+
+    /// File/socket handle.
+    HANDLE handle;
+
+    /// For keeping events or event masks.
+    int event;
+}

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ *
+ * ---
+ * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
+ * import tanya.network.socket;
+ *
+ * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
+ * {
+ *  private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *
+ *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ *  {
+ *      transport.write(data);
+ *  }
+ *
+ *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ *  {
+ *      this.transport = transport;
+ *  }
+ *
+ *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
+ *  {
+ *  }
+ * }
+ *
+ * void main()
+ * {
+ *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *
+ *  version (Windows)
+ *  {
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *  }
+ *  else
+ *  {
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      sock.blocking = false;
+ *  }
+ *
+ *  sock.bind(address);
+ *  sock.listen(5);
+ *
+ *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *
+ *  defaultLoop.start(io);
+ *  defaultLoop.run();
+ *
+ *  sock.shutdown();
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
+ * }
+ * ---
+ */
+module tanya.async.loop;
+
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+version (DisableBackends)
+{
+}
+else version (linux)
+{
+    import tanya.async.event.epoll;
+    version = Epoll;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+    import tanya.async.event.iocp;
+    version = IOCP;
+}
+else version (OSX)
+{
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (iOS)
+{
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (DragonFlyBSD)
+{
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Events.
+ */
+enum Event : uint
+{
+    none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
+    read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
+    write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
+    accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
+    error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
+}
+
+alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
+
+/**
+ * Event loop.
+ */
+abstract class Loop
+{
+    private bool done;
+
+    /// Pending watchers.
+    protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+     *          (should be supported by the backend).
+     */
+    protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return 128U;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the loop.
+     */
+    this() @nogc
+    {
+        pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees loop internals.
+     */
+    ~this() @nogc
+    {
+        foreach (w; pendings)
+        {
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the loop.
+     */
+    void run() @nogc
+    {
+        done = false;
+        do
+        {
+            poll();
+
+            // Invoke pendings
+            foreach (ref w; pendings)
+            {
+                w.invoke();
+            }
+        }
+        while (!done);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Break out of the loop.
+     */
+    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        done = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start watching.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
+     */
+    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    {
+        if (watcher.active)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        watcher.active = true;
+
+        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop watching.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
+     */
+    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    {
+        if (!watcher.active)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        watcher.active = false;
+
+        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
+     */
+    protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // Don't block if we have to do.
+        return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
+     *              $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
+     */
+    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
+        assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        blockTime_ = blockTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual polling.
+     */
+    abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
+
+    /// Maximal block time.
+    protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown on errors in the event loop.
+ */
+class BadLoopException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
+    pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
+    {
+        super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the event loop used by default. If an event loop wasn't set with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) will try to
+ * choose an event loop supported on the system.
+ *
+ * Returns: The default event loop.
+ */
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
+{
+    if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
+    {
+        return defaultLoop_;
+    }
+    version (Epoll)
+    {
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
+    }
+    else version (IOCP)
+    {
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
+    }
+    else version (Kqueue)
+    {
+        import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
+    }
+    return defaultLoop_;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the default event loop.
+ *
+ * This property makes it possible to implement your own backends or event
+ * loops, for example, if the system is not supported or if you want to
+ * extend the supported implementation. Just extend $(D_PSYMBOL Loop) and pass
+ * your implementation to this property.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  loop = The event loop.
+ */
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(loop !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    defaultLoop_ = loop;
+}
+
+private Loop defaultLoop_;

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.event;
+module tanya.async;
 
-public import tanya.event.loop;
+public import tanya.async.loop;
-public import tanya.event.protocol;
+public import tanya.async.protocol;
-public import tanya.event.transport;
+public import tanya.async.transport;
-public import tanya.event.watcher;
+public import tanya.async.watcher;

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.protocol;
+
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+
+/**
+ * Common protocol interface.
+ */
+interface Protocol
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  data = Read data.
+     */
+    void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a connection is made.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  transport = Protocol transport.
+     */
+    void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a connection is lost.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
+     *              the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
+     */
+    void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for TCP.
+ */
+interface TransmissionControlProtocol  : Protocol
+{
+}

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.transport;
+
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+/**
+ * Base transport interface.
+ */
+interface Transport
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for read-only transports.
+ */
+interface ReadTransport : Transport
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for write-only transports.
+ */
+interface WriteTransport : Transport
+{
+    /**
+     * Write some data to the transport.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  data = Data to send.
+     */
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a bidirectional transport.
+ */
+interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (protocol)
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a socket transport.
+ */
+interface SocketTransport : Transport
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     */
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.watcher;
+
+import std.functional;
+import std.exception;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+/**
+ * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
+ * your interest in some event. 
+ */
+abstract class Watcher
+{
+    /// Whether the watcher is active.
+    bool active;
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke some action on event.
+     */
+    void invoke() @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Socket watcher.
+ */
+abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
+{
+    /// Watched socket.
+    protected Socket socket_;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        socket_ = socket;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     */
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return socket_;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Connection watcher.
+ */
+class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
+{
+    /// Incoming connection queue.
+    Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
+
+    private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     */
+    this(Socket socket) @nogc
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  P = Protocol should be used.
+     */
+    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+    {
+        this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes new connection callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        foreach (transport; incoming)
+        {
+            transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
+            transport.protocol.connected(transport);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.container.entry;
+
+package struct SEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Next item.
+    SEntry* next;
+}
+
+package struct DEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Previous and next item.
+    DEntry* next, prev;
+}

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -3,14 +3,17 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Abstract data types whose instances are collections of other objects.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.container;
 
+public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.vector;
+public import tanya.container.string;
 public import tanya.container.queue;

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -3,217 +3,286 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * FIFO queue.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import core.exception;
+import std.traits;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
- * 	T = Content type.
+ *  T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-@nogc:
+    /**
-	/**
+     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
+     */
-	 *
+    ~this()
-	 * Params:
+    {
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
+        while (!empty)
-	 * 	            allocations.
+        {
-	 */
+            dequeue();
-	this(Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        }
-	{
+    }
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
+     * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
-	 */
+     * to count the elements.
-	~this()
+     *
-	{
+     * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
-		foreach (e; this)
+     */
-		{
+    size_t length() const
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
+    {
+        size_t len;
+        for (const(SEntry!T)* i = first; i !is null; i = i.next)
+        {
+            ++len;
+        }
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
+
+        assert(q.length == 0);
+        q.enqueue(5);
+        assert(q.length == 1);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        assert(q.length == 2);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.length == 3);
+
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 2);
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 1);
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 0);
+    }
+
+    private void enqueueEntry(ref SEntry!T* entry)
+    {
+        if (empty)
+        {
+            first = rear = entry;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            rear.next = entry;
+            rear = rear.next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private SEntry!T* allocateEntry()
+    {
+        auto temp = cast(SEntry!T*) allocator.allocate(SEntry!T.sizeof);
+        if (temp is null)
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
+        }
+        return temp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a new element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  x = New element.
+     */
+    void enqueue(ref T x)
+    {
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+        *temp = SEntry!T.init;
+        temp.content = x;
+
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    void enqueue(T x)
+    {
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+        moveEmplace(x, (*temp).content);
+        (*temp).next = null;
+
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
+
+        assert(q.empty);
+        q.enqueue(8);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return first is null;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
+        int value = 7;
+
+        assert(q.empty);
+        q.enqueue(value);
+        assert(!q.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move the position to the next element.
+     *
+     * Returns: Dequeued element.
+     */
+    T dequeue()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        auto n = first.next;
+        T ret = move(first.content);
+
+        allocator.dispose(first);
+        first = n;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
+
+        q.enqueue(8);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
+     * dequeued.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
+     *
+     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
+     */
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
+    {
+        int result;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
+        {
+            auto e = dequeue();
+            if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
             {
-                finalize(allocator, e);
+                return result;
             }
-		}
+        }
-	}
+        return result;
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /// Ditto.
-	 * Returns: First element.
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-	 */
+    {
-	@property ref T front()
+        int result;
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return first.next.content;
-	}
 
-	/**
+        while (!empty)
-	 * Inserts a new element.
+        {
-	 *
+            auto e = dequeue();
-	 * Params:
+            if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
-	 * 	x = New element.
+            {
-	 *
+                return result;
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+            }
-	 */
+        }
-	typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
+        return result;
-	{
+    }
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
 
-		temp.content = x;
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
 
-		if (empty)
+        size_t j;
-		{
+        q.enqueue(5);
-			first.next = rear = temp;
+        q.enqueue(4);
-		}
+        q.enqueue(9);
-		else
+        foreach (i, e; q)
-		{
+        {
-			rear.next = temp;
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
-			rear = rear.next;
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
-		}
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+            ++j;
+        }
+        assert(j == 3);
+        assert(q.empty);
 
-		return this;
+        j = 0;
-	}
+        q.enqueue(5);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        foreach (e; q)
+        {
+            assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
+            assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
+            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
+            ++j;
+        }
+        assert(j == 3);
+        assert(q.empty);
+    }
 
-	alias insert = insertBack;
+    private SEntry!T* first;
+    private SEntry!T* rear;
 
-	///
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
-	{
-		return insertBack(x);
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
-
-		assert(q.empty);
-
-		q ~= value;
-
-		assert(q.front == value);
-		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-	 */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return first.next is null;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 7;
-
-		assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(value);
-		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		auto n = first.next.next;
-
-		finalize(allocator, first.next);
-		first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.popFront();
-		assert(q.front is values[1]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Queue entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
-	}
-
-	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
-
-	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+    Queue!int q;
 
-	finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
+    q.enqueue(5);
+    assert(!q.empty);
+
+    q.enqueue(4);
+    q.enqueue(9);
+
+    assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
+
+    foreach (i, ref e; q)
+    {
+        assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
+        assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
+    }
+    assert(q.empty);
 }

source/tanya/container/vector.d

@@ -3,418 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Single-dimensioned array.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.container.array instead.")
 module tanya.container.vector;
 
-import tanya.memory;
+public import tanya.container.array;
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * One dimensional array. It allocates automatically if needed.
- *
- * If you assign a value:
- * ---
- * auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
- * int value = 5;
- *
- * v[1000] = value;
- *
- * finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
- * ---
- * it will allocate not only for one, but for 1000 elements. So this
- * implementation is more suitable for sequential data with random access.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	T = Content type.
- */
-class Vector(T)
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	length    = Initial length.
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(size_t length, Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-		vector = makeArray!T(allocator, length);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	this(Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this(0, allocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes all elements from the vector.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(allocator, vector);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Vector length.
-	 */
-	@property size_t length() const
-	{
-		return vector.length;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Expans/shrinks the vector.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	length = New length.
-	 */
-	@property void length(size_t length)
-	{
-		resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, length);
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-
-        v.length = 5;
-        assert(v.length == 5);
-
-		// TODO
-        v.length = 7;
-        assert(v.length == 7);
-
-        v.length = 0;
-        assert(v.length == 0);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the vector is empty.
-	 */
-	@property bool empty() const
-	{
-		return length == 0;
-	}
-
-	static if (isFinalizable!T)
-	{
-		/**
-		 * Removes an elements from the vector.
-		 *
-		 * Params:
-		 * 	pos = Element index.
-		 */
-		void remove(size_t pos)
-		{
-			auto el = vector[pos];
-			finalize(allocator, el);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Assigns a value. Allocates if needed.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	value = Value.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Assigned value.
-	 */
-	T opIndexAssign(T value, size_t pos)
-	{
-		if (pos >= length)
-		{
-			resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, pos + 1);
-		}
-		return vector[pos] = value;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-		assert(v.length == 0);
-		v[1] = values[0];
-		assert(v.length == 2);
-		v[3] = values[0];
-		assert(v.length == 4);
-		v[4] = values[1];
-		assert(v.length == 5);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The value on index $(D_PARAM pos).
-	 */
-	ref T opIndex(in size_t pos)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(length > pos);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[pos];
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-		v[1] = values[0];
-		assert(v[1] is values[0]);
-		v[3] = values[0];
-		assert(v[3] is values[0]);
-		v[4] = values[1];
-		assert(v[4] is values[1]);
-		v[0] = values[1];
-		assert(v[0] is values[1]);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-	 */
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (e; vector)
-		{
-			result = dg(e);
-
-			if (result != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (i, e; vector)
-		{
-			result = dg(i, e);
-
-			if (result != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[3] values = [5, 15, 8];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        v[2] = values[2];
-
-		int i;
-		foreach (e; v)
-		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e is values[0]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e is values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e is values[2]);
-			++i;
-		}
-
-		foreach (j, e; v)
-		{
-			assert(j != 0 || e is values[0]);
-			assert(j != 1 || e is values[1]);
-			assert(j != 2 || e is values[2]);
-		}
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the first element. Allocates if the vector is empty.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = New element.
-     */
-	@property void front(ref T x)
-	{
-		this[0] = x;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The first element.
-     */
-	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
-    in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[0];
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v.front = values[0];
-        assert(v.front == 5);
-
-        v.front = values[1];
-        assert(v.front == 15);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		vector[0 .. $ - 1] = vector[1..$];
-		resizeArray(allocator, vector, length - 1);
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        assert(v.front is values[0]);
-        assert(v.length == 2);
-		v.popFront();
-        assert(v.front is values[1]);
-        assert(v.length == 1);
-		v.popFront();
-        assert(v.empty);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the last element. Allocates if the vector is empty.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = New element.
-     */
-	@property void back(ref T x)
-	{
-		vector[empty ? 0 : $ - 1] = x;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The last element.
-     */
-	@property ref inout(T) back() inout
-    in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[$ - 1];
-	}
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v.back = values[0];
-        assert(v.back == 5);
-
-        v.back = values[1];
-        assert(v.back == 15);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Move position to the previous element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) popBack()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		resizeArray(allocator, vector, length - 1);
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-        auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator, 1);
-        int[2] values = [5, 15];
-
-        v[0] = values[0];
-        v[1] = values[1];
-        assert(v.back is values[1]);
-        assert(v.length == 2);
-		v.popBack();
-        assert(v.back is values[0]);
-        assert(v.length == 1);
-		v.popBack();
-        assert(v.empty);
-
-        finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-	}
-
-	/// Container.
-	protected T[] vector;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	auto v = make!(Vector!int)(defaultAllocator);
-
-	finalize(defaultAllocator, v);
-}

source/tanya/crypto/padding.d

@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.crypto.padding;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.typecons;
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Supported padding mode.
- *
- * See_Also:
- * 	$(D_PSYMBOL applyPadding)
- */
-enum Mode
-{
-	zero,
-	pkcs7,
-	ansiX923,
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- * 	allocator = Allocator that should be used if the block should be extended
- * 	            or a new block should be added.
- * 	input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- * 	mode      = Padding mode.
- * 	blockSize = Block size.
- *
- * Returns: The functions modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- * 	$(D_PSYMBOL Mode)
- */
-ubyte[] applyPadding(ref ubyte[] input,
-                     in Mode mode,
-                     in ushort blockSize,
-                     Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-	assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
-	assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
-	assert(input.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-	immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
-	immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
-	immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
-
-	final switch (mode) with (Mode)
-	{
-		case zero:
-			allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-			break;
-		case pkcs7:
-			if (needed)
-			{
-				allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-				input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
-			}
-			break;
-		case ansiX923:
-			allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
-			input[$ - 1] = needed;
-			break;
-	}
-
-	return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	{ // Zeros
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.zero, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.zero, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		assert(input[63] == 0);
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-	{ // PKCS#7
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-		{
-			input[i] = i;
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-			else if (i >= 50)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 128);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-			else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-		}
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-	{ // ANSI X.923
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-		{
-			input[i] = i;
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.ansiX923, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i < 40)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-			else if (i == 63)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 128);
-		for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i < 40)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-			else if (i == 63)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-		}
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-}

source/tanya/event/internal/epoll.d

@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.internal.epoll;
-
-import tanya.event.config;
-
-static if (UseEpoll):
-
-public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import tanya.event.internal.selector;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.event.watcher;
-import tanya.event.loop;
-import tanya.container.list;
-import tanya.memory;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.fcntl;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-
-@nogc:
-
-extern (C) nothrow
-{ // TODO: Make a pull request for Phobos to mark this extern functions as @nogc.
-    int epoll_create1(int __flags);
-    int epoll_ctl(int __epfd, int __op, int __fd, epoll_event *__event);
-    int epoll_wait(int __epfd, epoll_event *__events, int __maxevents, int __timeout);
-	int accept4(int, sockaddr*, socklen_t*, int flags);
-}
-
-private enum maxEvents = 128;
-
-class EpollLoop : Loop
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
-	this()
-	{
-		super();
-
-		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		epollEvents = makeArray!epoll_event(defaultAllocator, maxEvents).ptr;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, epollEvents);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	socket    = Socket.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
-	protected override bool modify(int socket, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
-	{
-		int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-		epoll_event ev;
-
-		if (events == oldEvents)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		if (events && oldEvents)
-		{
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-		}
-		else if (events && !oldEvents)
-		{
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-		}
-
-		ev.data.fd = socket;
-		ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-		          | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-		          | EPOLLET;
-
-		return epoll_ctl(fd, op, socket, &ev) == 0;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Accept incoming connections.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Protocol factory.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	protected override void acceptConnection(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                                         int socket)
-	{
-		sockaddr_in client_addr;
-		socklen_t client_len = client_addr.sizeof;
-		int client = accept4(socket,
-		                     cast(sockaddr *)&client_addr,
-		                     &client_len,
-		                     O_NONBLOCK);
-		while (client >= 0)
-		{
-			auto transport = make!SocketTransport(defaultAllocator, this, client);
-			IOWatcher connection;
-
-			if (connections.length > client)
-			{
-				connection = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client];
-				// If it is a ConnectionWatcher
-				if (connection is null && connections[client] !is null)
-				{
-					finalize(defaultAllocator, connections[client]);
-					connections[client] = null;
-				}
-			}
-			if (connection !is null)
-			{
-				connection(protocolFactory, transport);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				connections[client] = make!IOWatcher(defaultAllocator,
-				                                     protocolFactory,
-				                                     transport);
-			}
-
-			modify(client, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-
-			swapPendings.insertBack(connections[client]);
-
-			client = accept4(socket,
-			                 cast(sockaddr *)&client_addr,
-			                 &client_len,
-			                 O_NONBLOCK);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
-	protected override void poll()
-	{
-		// Don't block
-		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-		auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, epollEvents, maxEvents, timeout);
-
-		if (eventCount < 0)
-		{
-			if (errno != EINTR)
-			{
-				throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator);
-			}
-
-			return;
-		}
-
-		for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-		{
-			epoll_event *ev = epollEvents + i;
-			auto connection = cast(IOWatcher) connections[ev.data.fd];
-
-			if (connection is null)
-			{
-				swapPendings.insertBack(connections[ev.data.fd]);
-//				acceptConnection(connections[ev.data.fd].protocol,
-//				                 connections[ev.data.fd].socket);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				auto transport = cast(SocketTransport) connection.transport;
-				assert(transport !is null);
-
-				if (ev.events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
-				{
-					try
-					{
-						while (!transport.receive())
-						{
-						}
-						swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-					}
-					catch (TransportException e)
-					{
-						swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-						finalize(defaultAllocator, e);
-					}
-				}
-				else if (ev.events & (EPOLLOUT | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
-				{
-					transport.writeReady = true;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
-	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-	}
-
-	private int fd;
-	private epoll_event* epollEvents;
-}

source/tanya/event/internal/selector.d

@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.internal.selector;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.event.loop;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-
-/**
- * Transport for stream sockets.
- */
-class SocketTransport : DuplexTransport
-{
-@nogc:
-	private int socket_ = -1;
-
-	private Protocol protocol_;
-
-	/// Input buffer.
-	private WriteBuffer input_;
-
-	/// Output buffer.
-	private ReadBuffer output_;
-
-	private Loop loop;
-
-	private bool disconnected_;
-
-	package bool writeReady;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	loop     = Event loop.
-	 * 	socket   = Socket.
-	 * 	protocol = Protocol.
-	 */
-	this(Loop loop, int socket, Protocol protocol = null)
-	{
-		socket_ = socket;
-		protocol_ = protocol;
-		this.loop = loop;
-		input_ = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator);
-		output_ = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		close(socket);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, input_);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, output_);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, protocol_);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport socket.
-	 */
-	int socket() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return socket_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Protocol.
-	 */
-	@property Protocol protocol() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return protocol_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 *  Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the remote peer closed the connection,
-	 *           $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) disconnected() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return disconnected_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		protocol_ = protocol;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol) protocol() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return protocol_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
-	 */
-	void write(ubyte[] data)
-	{
-		// If the buffer wasn't empty the transport should be already there.
-		if (!input.length && data.length)
-		{
-			loop.feed(this);
-		}
-		input ~= data;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Input buffer.
-	 */
-	@property WriteBuffer input() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return input_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Output buffer.
-	 */
-	@property ReadBuffer output() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return output_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Read data from the socket. Returns $(D_KEYWORD true) if the reading
-	 * is completed. In the case that the peer closed the connection, returns
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD true) aswell.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reading is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool receive()
-	{
-		auto readCount = recv(socket, output.buffer, output.free, 0);
-
-		if (readCount > 0)
-		{
-			output_ ~= output.buffer[0..readCount];
-			return false;
-		}
-		else if (readCount == 0)
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			return true;
-		}
-		else if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			throw make!TransportException(defaultAllocator,
-			                              "Read from the socket failed.");
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether the writing is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool send()
-	{
-		auto sentCount = core.sys.posix.netinet.in_.send(socket,
-		                                                 input.buffer,
-		                                                 input.length,
-		                                                 0);
-
-		input.written = sentCount;
-		if (input.length == 0)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		else if (sentCount >= 0)
-		{
-			loop.feed(this);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-		else if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
-		{
-			writeReady = false;
-			loop.feed(this);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			loop.feed(this);
-			throw make!TransportException(defaultAllocator,
-			                              "Write to the socket failed.");
-		}
-	}
-}

source/tanya/event/loop.d

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.loop;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.container.queue;
-import tanya.container.vector;
-import tanya.event.config;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.event.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import core.thread;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.typecons;
-
-static if (UseEpoll)
-{
-    import tanya.event.internal.epoll;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Events.
- */
-enum Event : uint
-{
-	none   = 0x00, /// No events.
-	read   = 0x01, /// Non-blocking read call.
-	write  = 0x02, /// Non-blocking write call.
-	accept = 0x04, /// Connection made.
-}
-
-alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
-
-/**
- * Event loop.
- */
-abstract class Loop
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Pending watchers.
-	protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
-
-	protected Queue!Watcher swapPendings;
-
-	/// Pending connections.
-	protected Vector!ConnectionWatcher connections;
-
-	/**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
-	this()
-	{
-		connections = make!(Vector!ConnectionWatcher)(defaultAllocator);
-		pendings = make!(Queue!Watcher)(defaultAllocator);
-		swapPendings = make!(Queue!Watcher)(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, connections);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, pendings);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, swapPendings);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Starts the loop.
-	 */
-    void run()
-    {
-		done_ = false;
-		do
-		{
-			poll();
-
-			// Invoke pendings
-			swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
-
-			swap(pendings, swapPendings);
-		}
-		while (!done_);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Break out of the loop.
-	 */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-		done_ = true;
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Start watching.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
-	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-	{
-		if (watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = true;
-		watcher.accept = &acceptConnection;
-		connections[watcher.socket] = watcher;
-
-		modify(watcher.socket, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Stop watching.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
-	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-	{
-		if (!watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = false;
-
-		modify(watcher.socket, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
-	 * had happened for the specified watcher.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Affected transport.
-	 */
-	void feed(DuplexTransport transport)
-	{
-		pendings.insertBack(connections[transport.socket]);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	socket    = Socket.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
-	protected bool modify(int socket, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events);
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
-	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		// Don't block if we have to do.
-		return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
-	 */
-	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
-		assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		blockTime_ = blockTime;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
-	protected void poll();
-
-	/**
-	 * Accept incoming connections.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Protocol factory.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	protected void acceptConnection(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                                int socket);
-
-	/// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
-    private bool done_;
-
-	/// Maximal block time.
-	protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown on errors in the event loop.
- */
-class BadLoopException : Exception
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-	pure @safe nothrow const
-	{
-		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the event loop used by default. If an event loop wasn't set with
- * $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) before, $(D_PSYMBOL getDefaultLoop()) will try to
- * choose an event loop supported on the system.
- *
- * Returns: The default event loop.
- */
-Loop getDefaultLoop()
-{
-    if (_defaultLoop !is null)
-    {
-		return _defaultLoop;
-	}
-
-	static if (UseEpoll)
-	{
-		_defaultLoop = make!EpollLoop(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-    return _defaultLoop;
-}
-
-/**
- * Sets the default event loop.
- *
- * This property makes it possible to implement your own backends or event
- * loops, for example, if the system is not supported or if you want to
- * extend the supported implementation. Just extend $(D_PSYMBOL Loop) and pass
- * your implementation to this property.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	loop = The event loop.
- */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
-in
-{
-	assert(loop !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-	_defaultLoop = loop;
-}
-
-private Loop _defaultLoop;

source/tanya/event/protocol.d

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.protocol;
-
-import tanya.event.transport;
-
-/**
- * Common protocol interface.
- */
-interface Protocol
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	data = Read data.
-	 */
-	void received(ubyte[] data);
-
-	/**
-	 * Called when a connection is made.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Protocol transport.
-	 */
-	void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
-
-	/**
-	 * Called when a connection is lost.
-	 */
-	void disconnected();
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for TCP.
- */
-interface TransmissionControlProtocol  : Protocol
-{
-}

source/tanya/event/transport.d

@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.transport;
-
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown on read/write errors.
- */
-class TransportException : Exception
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string msg,
-	     string file = __FILE__,
-	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const
-	{
-		super(msg, file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Base transport interface.
- */
-interface Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Protocol.
-	 */
-	@property Protocol protocol() @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the peer closed the connection,
-	 *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) disconnected() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(protocol !is null, "protocolConnected cannot be unset.");
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol) protocol() inout @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport socket.
-	 */
-	int socket() const @safe pure nothrow;
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for read-only transports.
- */
-interface ReadTransport : Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
-	 */
-	@property ReadBuffer output();
-
-	/**
-	 * Reads data into the buffer.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reading is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool receive()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!disconnected);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for write-only transports.
- */
-interface WriteTransport : Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Underlying input buffer.
-	 */
-	@property WriteBuffer input();
-
-	/**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
-	 */
-	void write(ubyte[] data);
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether the writing is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool send()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(input.length);
-		assert(!disconnected);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Represents a bidirectional transport.
- */
-abstract class DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
-{
-}

source/tanya/event/watcher.d

@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.watcher;
-
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.functional;
-
-/**
- * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
- * your interest in some event. 
- */
-abstract class Watcher
-{
-@nogc:
-    /// Whether the watcher is active.
-    bool active;
-
-	/**
-	 * Invoke some action on event.
-	 */
-	void invoke();
-}
-
-class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Watched file descriptor.
-    private int socket_;
-
-	/// Protocol factory.
-	protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
-
-	/// Callback.
-	package void delegate(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                      int socket) accept;
-
-	invariant
-	{
-		assert(socket_ >= 0, "Called with negative file descriptor.");
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning a new $(D_PSYMBOL Protocol) instance.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	this(Protocol function() @nogc protocolFactory, int socket)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = toDelegate(protocolFactory);
-		socket_ = socket;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory, int socket)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-		socket_ = socket;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	protected this(Protocol function() @nogc protocolFactory)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = toDelegate(protocolFactory);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	protected this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
-	@property inout(int) socket() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return socket_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol factory.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol delegate() @nogc) protocol() inout
-	{
-		return protocolFactory;
-	}
-
-	override void invoke()
-	{
-		accept(protocol, socket);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
- * read from.
- */
-class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// References a watcher or a transport.
-	DuplexTransport transport_;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning application specific protocol.
-	 * 	transport       = Transport.
-	 */
-	this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-		 DuplexTransport transport)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(transport !is null);
-		assert(protocolFactory !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		super(protocolFactory);
-		this.transport_ = transport;
-	}
-
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, transport_);
-	}
-
-    /**
-     * Assigns a transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning application specific protocol.
-	 * 	transport       = Transport.
-     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-	IOWatcher opCall(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                 DuplexTransport transport) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(transport !is null);
-		assert(protocolFactory !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-        this.transport_ = transport;
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
-	 */
-	@property inout(DuplexTransport) transport() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return transport_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
-	override @property inout(int) socket() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return transport.socket;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
-	 *
-	 * Finalizes the transport on disconnect.
-	 */
-	override void invoke()
-	{
-		if (transport.protocol is null)
-		{
-			transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
-			transport.protocol.connected(transport);
-		}
-		else if (transport.disconnected)
-		{
-			transport.protocol.disconnected();
-			finalize(defaultAllocator, transport_);
-			protocolFactory = null;
-		}
-		else if (transport.output.length)
-		{
-			transport.protocol.received(transport.output[]);
-		}
-		else if (transport.input.length)
-		{
-			try
-			{
-				transport.send();
-			}
-			catch (TransportException e)
-			{
-				finalize(defaultAllocator, e);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}

source/tanya/math.d

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.container.math;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-	import std.algorithm.iteration;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = Base.
- * 	y = Exponent.
- * 	z = Divisor.
- *
- * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
- *          by $(D_PARAM z).
- */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @safe nothrow pure
-in
-{
-	assert(z > 0);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
-
-	if (y == 0)
-	{
-		return 1 % z;
-	}
-	else if (y == 1)
-	{
-		return x % z;
-	}
-    do
-    {
-        auto bit = y & mask;
-        if (!result && bit)
-        {
-            result = x;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        result *= result;
-        if (bit)
-        {
-            result *= x;
-        }
-        result %= z;
-
-    }
-    while (mask >>= 1);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
-    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
-    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
-    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
-    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
-    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
-    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = The number should be checked.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @safe nothrow pure
-{
-	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
-	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
-
-	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
-}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.math;
+
+import std.traits;
+public import tanya.math.mp;
+public import tanya.math.random;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import std.algorithm.iteration;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Base type.
+ *  G = Exponent type.
+ *  H = Divisor type:
+ *  x = Base.
+ *  y = Exponent.
+ *  z = Divisor.
+ *
+ * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
+ *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
+ */
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+    if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+in
+{
+    assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+    G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+    H result;
+
+    if (y == 0)
+    {
+        return 1 % z;
+    }
+    else if (y == 1)
+    {
+        return x % z;
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        immutable bit = y & mask;
+        if (!result && bit)
+        {
+            result = x;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result *= result;
+        if (bit)
+        {
+            result *= x;
+        }
+        result %= z;
+    }
+    while (mask >>= 1);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
+    if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+    assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+    size_t i;
+    auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
+    bool firstBit;
+
+    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
+    {
+        i = y.size;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = 1;
+    }
+    while (i < y.size)
+    {
+        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
+        {
+            if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+            {
+                result *= tmp1;
+                result %= z;
+            }
+            auto tmp2 = tmp1;
+            tmp1 *= tmp2;
+            tmp1 %= z;
+        }
+        ++i;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
+    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
+    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
+    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
+    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
+    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
+    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
+    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
+    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+    assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  x = The number should be checked.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+{
+    return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
+                      74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+                      593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+                      593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
+
+    known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Value type.
+ *  x = Value.
+ *
+ * Returns: The absolute value of a number.
+ */
+I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+{
+    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+{
+    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return x;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I abs(I)(const I x)
+    if (isIntegral!I)
+{
+    return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+}

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.math.random;
+
+import std.digest.sha;
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
+enum blockSize = 64;
+
+/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
+enum maxGather = 128;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
+ */
+class EntropyException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = Message to output.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
+ */
+abstract class EntropySource
+{
+    /// Amount of already generated entropy.
+    protected ushort size_;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+     */
+    @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+     */
+    @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
+     */
+    @property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
+     *         already set value.
+     */
+    @property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        size_ = size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Poll the entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+     *           to fill the buffer).
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     */
+    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
+}
+
+version (linux)
+{
+    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Uses getrandom system call.
+     */
+    class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
+    {
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+         */
+        override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
+        {
+            return 32;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+         */
+        override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Poll the entropy source.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+         *           to fill the buffer).
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         */
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
+        out (length)
+        {
+            assert(length <= maxGather);
+        }
+        body
+        {
+            // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
+            auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
+            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+
+            if (length >= 0)
+            {
+                ret = cast(ubyte) length;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pseudorandom number generator.
+ * ---
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
+ *
+ * ubyte[blockSize] output;
+ *
+ * output = entropy.random;
+ *
+ * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
+ * ---
+ */
+class Entropy
+{
+    /// Entropy sources.
+    protected EntropySource[] sources;
+
+    private ubyte sourceCount_;
+
+    private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+    /// Entropy accumulator.
+    protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
+     *  allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
+     *               system.
+     */
+    this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        allocator.resize(sources, maxSources);
+
+        version (linux)
+        {
+            this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
+     */
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return sourceCount_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  source = Entropy source.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
+     *
+     * See_Also:
+     *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
+     */
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
+        if (Op == "~")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Generated random sequence.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
+     *         registered or it failed.
+     */
+    @property ubyte[blockSize] random()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        bool haveStrong;
+        ushort done;
+        ubyte[blockSize] output;
+
+        do
+        {
+            ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
+
+            // Run through our entropy sources
+            for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+            {
+                auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
+
+                if (!outputLength.isNull)
+                {
+                    if (outputLength > 0)
+                    {
+                        update(i, buffer, outputLength);
+                        sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
+                    }
+                    if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    else if (sources[i].strong)
+                    {
+                        haveStrong = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                done = 257;
+            }
+        }
+        while (++done < 256);
+
+        if (!haveStrong)
+        {
+            throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
+        }
+
+        output = accumulator.finish();
+
+        // Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
+        accumulator.start();
+
+        // Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
+        output = sha512Of(output);
+
+        for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+        {
+            sources[i].size = 0;
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update entropy accumulator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
+     *  data     = Data got from the entropy source.
+     *  length   = Length of the received data.
+     */
+    protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
+                          ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
+                          ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        ubyte[2] header;
+
+        if (length > blockSize)
+        {
+            data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
+            length = blockSize;
+        }
+
+        header[0] = sourceId;
+        header[1] = length;
+
+        accumulator.put(header);
+        accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -11,48 +11,57 @@
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /**
- * This interface should be similar to $(D_PSYMBOL
+ * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
- * std.experimental.allocator.IAllocator), but usable in
- * $(D_KEYWORD @nogc)-code.
  */
 interface Allocator
 {
-@nogc:
+    /**
-	/**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
-	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM s) bytes of memory.
+     */
-	 *
+    @property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	s = Amount of memory to allocate.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
-	 */
-    void[] allocate(size_t s) @safe;
 
     /**
-	 * Deallocates a memory block.
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
-	 */
+     */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @safe;
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
-	 *
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
-	 * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+     */
-	 */
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
-	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t s) @safe;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: An $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+     * Params:
-	 */
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-	static @property Allocator instance() @safe;
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
+     */
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.mallocator;
+
+import core.stdc.stdlib;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper for malloc/realloc/free from the C standard library.
+ */
+final class Mallocator : Allocator
+{
+    /**
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *
+     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     */
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (!size)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
+
+        return p is null ? null : p[psize .. psize + size];
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
+
+        assert(p.length == 20);
+
+        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p !is null)
+        {
+            free(p.ptr - psize);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
+
+        p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(10);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reallocating in place isn't supported.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            if (deallocate(p))
+            {
+                p = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (p is null)
+        {
+            p = allocate(size);
+            return p is null ? false : true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
+
+            if (r !is null)
+            {
+                p = r[psize .. psize + size];
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20));
+        assert(p.length == 20);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 30));
+        assert(p.length == 30);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10));
+        assert(p.length == 10);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 0));
+        assert(p is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return cast(uint) max(double.alignof, real.alignof);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+     */
+    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
+    {
+        if (instance_ is null)
+        {
+            immutable size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
+            void* p = malloc(size);
+
+            if (p !is null)
+            {
+                p[psize .. size] = typeid(Mallocator).initializer[];
+                instance_ = cast(shared Mallocator) p[psize .. size].ptr;
+            }
+        }
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        assert(instance is instance);
+    }
+
+    private enum psize = 8;
+
+    private shared static Mallocator instance_;
+}

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.mmappool;
+
+import core.stdc.string;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+
+version (Posix)
+{
+    import core.stdc.errno;
+    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman;
+    import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+    import core.sys.windows.windows;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 64 KB for example).
+ * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
+ * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
+ * enough free blocks in the available regions.
+ * Deallocation works in the same way. Deallocation doesn't immediately
+ * gives the memory back to the operating system, but marks the appropriate
+ * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
+ * region is deallocated.
+ *
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
+ * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
+ * |  R   |  B  |         |  B  |            ||   R  |  B  |                  |
+ * |  E   |  L  |         |  L  |           next  E  |  L  |                  |
+ * |  G   |  O  |  DATA   |  O  |   FREE    --->  G  |  O  |       DATA       |
+ * |  I   |  C  |         |  C  |           <---  I  |  C  |                  |
+ * |  O   |  K  |         |  K  |           prev  O  |  K  |                  |
+ * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
+ * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ */
+final class MmapPool : Allocator
+{
+    invariant
+    {
+        for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
+        {
+            auto block = cast(Block) (cast(void*) *r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
+            do
+            {
+                assert(block.prev is null || block.prev.next is block);
+                assert(block.next is null || block.next.prev is block);
+                assert(block.region is *r);
+            }
+            while ((block = block.next) !is null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     */
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (!size)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+
+        void* data = findBlock(dataSize);
+        if (data is null)
+        {
+            data = initializeRegion(dataSize);
+        }
+
+        return data is null ? null : data[0 .. size];
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Search for a block large enough to keep $(D_PARAM size) and split it
+     * into two blocks if the block is too large.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Minimum size the block should have (aligned).
+     *
+     * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     */
+    private void* findBlock(in ref size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        Block block1;
+        RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
+        {
+            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
+            do
+            {
+                if (block1.free && block1.size >= size)
+                {
+                    break RegionLoop;
+                }
+            }
+            while ((block1 = block1.next) !is null);
+        }
+        if (block1 is null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment_ + BlockEntry.sizeof)
+        { // Split the block if needed
+            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof + size);
+            block2.prev = block1;
+            block2.next = block1.next;
+            block2.free = true;
+            block2.size = block1.size - BlockEntry.sizeof - size;
+            block2.region = block1.region;
+
+            if (block1.next !is null)
+            {
+                block1.next.prev = block2;
+            }
+            block1.next = block2;
+            block1.size = size;
+        }
+        block1.free = false;
+        block1.region.blocks = block1.region.blocks + 1;
+
+        return cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Merge block with the next one.
+    private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
+        if (block.next.next !is null)
+        {
+            block.next.next.prev = block;
+        }
+        block.next = block.next.next;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p.ptr is null)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
+        if (block.region.blocks <= 1)
+        {
+            if (block.region.prev !is null)
+            {
+                block.region.prev.next = block.region.next;
+            }
+            else // Replace the list head. It is being deallocated
+            {
+                head = block.region.next;
+            }
+            if (block.region.next !is null)
+            {
+                block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
+            }
+            version (Posix)
+            {
+                return munmap(cast(void*) block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
+            }
+            version (Windows)
+            {
+                return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
+            }
+        }
+        // Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
+        if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
+        {
+            mergeNext(block);
+        }
+        if (block.prev !is null && block.prev.free)
+        {
+            block.prev.size = block.prev.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.size;
+            if (block.next !is null)
+            {
+                block.next.prev = block.prev;
+            }
+            block.prev.next = block.next;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            block.free = true;
+        }
+        block.region.blocks = block.region.blocks - 1;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p is null || size == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (size <= p.length)
+        {
+            // Leave the block as is.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        Block block1 = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
+
+        if (block1.size >= size)
+        {
+            // Enough space in the current block. Can happen because of the alignment.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+        immutable delta = dataSize - addAlignment(p.length);
+
+        if (block1.next is null
+         || !block1.next.free
+         || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
+        {
+            // It is the last block in the region or the next block is too small or not
+            // free.
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (block1.next.size >= delta + alignment_)
+        {
+            // Move size from block2 to block1.
+            block1.next.size = block1.next.size - delta;
+            block1.size = block1.size + delta;
+
+            auto block2 = cast(Block) (p.ptr + dataSize);
+            if (block1.next.next !is null)
+            {
+                block1.next.next.prev = block2;
+            }
+            // block1.next and block2 can overlap.
+            memmove(cast(void*) block2, cast(void*) block1.next, BlockEntry.sizeof);
+            block1.next = block2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // The next block has enough space, but is too small for further
+            // allocations. Merge it with the current block.
+            mergeNext(block1);
+        }
+
+        p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(!MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 5));
+        assert(p is null);
+
+        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+        auto orig = p.ptr;
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 4));
+        assert(p.length == 4);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            if (deallocate(p))
+            {
+                p = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (reallocateInPlace(p, size))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Can't reallocate in place, allocate a new block,
+        // copy and delete the previous one.
+        void[] reallocP = allocate(size);
+        if (reallocP is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (p !is null)
+        {
+            memcpy(reallocP.ptr, p.ptr, min(p.length, size));
+            deallocate(p);
+        }
+        p = reallocP;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
+        (cast(int[]) p)[7] = 123;
+
+        assert(p.length == 40);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
+
+        assert(p.length == 32);
+        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 20 * int.sizeof);
+        (cast(int[]) p)[15] = 8;
+
+        assert(p.length == 80);
+        assert((cast(int[]) p)[15] == 8);
+        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
+
+        assert(p.length == 32);
+        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
+     */
+    static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (instance_ is null)
+        {
+            // Get system dependend page size.
+            version (Posix)
+            {
+                pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+                if (pageSize < 65536)
+                {
+                    pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
+                }
+            }
+            else version (Windows)
+            {
+                SYSTEM_INFO si;
+                GetSystemInfo(&si);
+                pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+            }
+
+            immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, MmapPool));
+
+            Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
+            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
+            if (data !is null)
+            {
+                memcpy(data, typeid(MmapPool).initializer.ptr, instanceSize);
+                instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
+                instance_.head = head;
+            }
+        }
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        assert(instance is instance);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Initializes a region for one element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Aligned size of the first data block in the region.
+     *  head = Region list head.
+     *
+     * Returns: A pointer to the data.
+     */
+    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size, ref Region head)
+    nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
+
+        version (Posix)
+        {
+            void* p = mmap(null,
+                           regionSize,
+                           PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                           MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
+                           -1,
+                           0);
+            if (p is MAP_FAILED)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        else version (Windows)
+        {
+            void* p = VirtualAlloc(null,
+                                   regionSize,
+                                   MEM_COMMIT,
+                                   PAGE_READWRITE);
+            if (p is null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Region region = cast(Region) p;
+        region.blocks = 1;
+        region.size = regionSize;
+
+        // Set the pointer to the head of the region list
+        if (head !is null)
+        {
+            head.prev = region;
+        }
+        region.next = head;
+        region.prev = null;
+        head = region;
+
+        // Initialize the data block
+        void* memoryPointer = p + RegionEntry.sizeof;
+        Block block1 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
+        block1.size = size;
+        block1.free = false;
+
+        // It is what we want to return
+        void* data = memoryPointer + BlockEntry.sizeof;
+
+        // Free block after data
+        memoryPointer = data + size;
+        Block block2 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
+        block1.prev = block2.next = null;
+        block1.next = block2;
+        block2.prev = block1;
+        block2.size = regionSize - size - RegionEntry.sizeof - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
+        block2.free = true;
+        block1.region = block2.region = region;
+
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return initializeRegion(size, head);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Params:
+     *  x = Space to be aligned.
+     *
+     * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
+     */
+    private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (result)
+    {
+        assert(result > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Params:
+     *  x = Required space.
+     *
+     * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
+     */
+    private static immutable(size_t) calculateRegionSize(size_t x)
+    nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (result)
+    {
+        assert(result > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        x += RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
+        return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return alignment_;
+    }
+    private enum alignment_ = 8;
+
+    private shared static MmapPool instance_;
+    private shared static size_t pageSize;
+
+    private shared struct RegionEntry
+    {
+        Region prev;
+        Region next;
+        uint blocks;
+        size_t size;
+    }
+    private alias Region = shared RegionEntry*;
+    private shared Region head;
+
+    private shared struct BlockEntry
+    {
+        Block prev;
+        Block next;
+        Region region;
+        size_t size;
+        bool free;
+    }
+    private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
+}
+
+// A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
+// segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
+unittest
+{
+    auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto e = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto c = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto f = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(c);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(50);
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(a, 64);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+
+    auto h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+
+    h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+
+    auto rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 9);
+
+    rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 17);
+
+    tmp2[$ - 1] = 0;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(tmp1);
+
+    b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(d);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(e);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(f);
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,205 +3,307 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import core.exception;
-public import std.experimental.allocator : make, makeArray, expandArray, shrinkArray, IAllocator;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import core.atomic;
+public import std.experimental.allocator : make;
-import core.stdc.stdlib;
 import std.traits;
+public import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-version (Windows)
+/**
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
+ */
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 {
-	import core.sys.windows.windows;
+    /// Allocator.
-}
+    protected shared Allocator allocator_;
-else version (Posix)
-{
-	public import tanya.memory.ullocator;
-	import core.sys.posix.pthread;
-}
 
-@nogc:
+    /**
-
+     * Params:
-version (Windows)
+     *  allocator = The allocator should be used.
-{
+     *
-	package alias Mutex = CRITICAL_SECTION;
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
-	package alias destroyMutex = DeleteCriticalSection;
+     */
-}
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
-else version (Posix)
+    in
-{
-	package alias Mutex = pthread_mutex_t;
-    package void destroyMutex(pthread_mutex_t* mtx)
     {
-        pthread_mutex_destroy(mtx) && assert(0);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
-	}
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+     * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+     *
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return allocator_;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            return defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+    }
 }
 
-@property void defaultAllocator(Allocator allocator) @safe nothrow
+// From druntime
+private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+
+shared Allocator allocator;
+
+shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
 {
-	_defaultAllocator = allocator;
+    import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
 }
 
-@property Allocator defaultAllocator() @safe nothrow
+@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+out (allocator)
 {
-	return _defaultAllocator;
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    return allocator;
 }
 
-static this() @safe nothrow
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+in
 {
-	defaultAllocator = Ullocator.instance;
+    assert(allocator !is null);
 }
-
+body
-package struct Monitor
 {
-	Object.Monitor impl; // for user-level monitors
+    .allocator = allocator;
-	void delegate(Object) @nogc[] devt; // for internal monitors
-	size_t refs; // reference count
-	version (Posix)
-	{
-		Mutex mtx;
-	}
-}
-
-package @property ref shared(Monitor*) monitor(Object h) pure nothrow
-{
-    return *cast(shared Monitor**)&h.__monitor;
 }
 
 /**
- * Destroys and then deallocates (using $(D_PARAM allocator)) the class
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
- * object referred to by a $(D_KEYWORD class) or $(D_KEYWORD interface)
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
- * reference. It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with
- * the same allocator.
  *
  * Params:
- * 	A         = The type of the allocator used for the ojbect allocation.
+ *  T = Object type.
- * 	T         = The type of the object that should be destroyed.
- * 	allocator = The allocator used for the object allocation.
- * 	p         = The object should be destroyed.
  */
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T p)
+template stateSize(T)
-	if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
 {
-	static if (is(T == interface))
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
-	{
+    {
-		auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+        enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
-	}
+    }
-	else
+    else
-	{
+    {
-		alias ob = p;
+        enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
-	}
+    }
-	auto pp = cast(void*) ob;
-	auto ppv = cast(void**) pp;
-	if (!pp || !*ppv)
-	{
-		return;
-	}
-	auto support = (cast(void*) ob)[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
-	auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
-	auto c = *pc;
-	do
-	{
-		if (c.destructor)
-		{
-			(cast(void function(Object)) c.destructor)(ob);
-		}
-	} while ((c = c.base) !is null);
-
-	// Take care of monitors for synchronized blocks
-	if (ppv[1])
-	{
-		shared(Monitor)* m = atomicLoad!(MemoryOrder.acq)(ob.monitor);
-		if (m !is null)
-		{
-			auto mc = cast(Monitor*) m;
-			if (!atomicOp!("-=")(m.refs, cast(size_t) 1))
-			{
-				foreach (v; mc.devt)
-				{
-					if (v)
-					{
-						v(ob);
-					}
-				}
-				if (mc.devt.ptr)
-				{
-					free(mc.devt.ptr);
-				}
-				destroyMutex(&mc.mtx);
-				free(mc);
-				atomicStore!(MemoryOrder.rel)(ob.monitor, null);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	*ppv = null;
-
-	allocator.deallocate(support);
-	p = null;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+/**
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T *p)
+ * Params:
-	if (is(T == struct))
+ *  size      = Raw size.
+ *  alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(const size_t size, const size_t alignment = 8)
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+    return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
+ * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
+ * only in the data structures that can ensure that the array is
+ * allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ *  allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ *  array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ *  length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
+                             auto ref T[] array,
+                             const size_t length) @trusted
+{
+    if (length == 0)
+    {
+        if (allocator.deallocate(array))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void[] buf = array;
+    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+    }
+    // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+    array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    int[] p;
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 20);
+    assert(p.length == 20);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 30);
+    assert(p.length == 30);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 10);
+    assert(p.length == 10);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 0);
+    assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Destroys the object.
+ * Returns the memory should be freed.
+ */
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        destroy(*p);
+    }
+    return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
+}
+
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
+    if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
 {
     if (p is null)
-	{
+    {
-		return;
+        return null;
-	}
+    }
-	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    static if (is(T == interface))
-	{
+    {
-		*p.__xdtor();
+        version(Windows)
-	}
+        {
-	allocator.deallocate((cast(void*)p)[0 .. T.sizeof]);
+            import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
-	p = null;
+            static assert(!is(T : IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+                                           ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+        }
+        auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias ob = p;
+    }
+    auto ptr = cast(void*) ob;
+    auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+
+    auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+    if (!*ppv)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+    auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+    scope (exit)
+    {
+        *ppv = null;
+    }
+
+    auto c = *pc;
+    do
+    {
+        // Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+        // shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
+        if (c.destructor)
+        {
+            (cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+        }
+    }
+    while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+
+    if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
+    {
+        _d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
+    }
+    return support;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T[] p)
 {
-	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
-	{
+    {
-		foreach (ref e; p)
+        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
-		{
+    }
-			finalize(allocator, e);
+    return p;
-		}
-	}
-	allocator.deallocate(p);
-	p = null;
 }
 
-bool resizeArray(T, A)(auto ref A allocator, ref T[] array, in size_t length)
+/**
-@trusted
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
 {
-	if (length == array.length)
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
-	{
+    p = null;
-		return true;
-	}
-	if (array is null && length > 0)
-	{
-		array = makeArray!T(allocator, length);
-		return array !is null;
-	}
-	if (length == 0)
-	{
-		finalize(allocator, array);
-		return true;
-	}
-	void[] buf = array;
-	if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-	{
-		return false;
-	}
-	array = cast(T[]) buf;
-	return true;
 }
 
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
+private unittest
-                          || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;
+{
+    struct S
+    {
+        ~this()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    auto p = cast(S[]) defaultAllocator.allocate(S.sizeof);
 
-private Allocator _defaultAllocator;
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
+}

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.types;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.range;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+private template Payload(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface) || isArray!T)
+    {
+        alias Payload = T;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Payload = T*;
+    }
+}
+
+final class RefCountedStore(T)
+{
+    T payload;
+    size_t counter = 1;
+
+    size_t opUnary(string op)()
+        if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(counter > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+    }
+
+    int opCmp(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        if (this.counter > counter)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (this.counter < counter)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int opEquals(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        return this.counter == counter;
+    }
+}
+
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                                shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+    allocator.dispose(storage);
+}
+
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                               shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
+    auto ptr2 = finalize(storage.payload);
+    allocator.deallocate(ptr1.ptr[0 .. ptr1.length + ptr2.length]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+    private alias Storage = RefCountedStore!(Payload!T);
+
+    private Storage storage;
+    private void function(Storage storage,
+                          shared Allocator allocator) @nogc deleter;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+        assert(storage is null || deleter !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this()(auto ref Payload!T value,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+        this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+
+        move(value, this.storage.payload);
+        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
+        {
+            value = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases the reference counter by one.
+     */
+    this(this)
+    {
+        if (count != 0)
+        {
+            ++this.storage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+     *
+     * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.storage !is null && !(this.storage.counter && --this.storage))
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+     *
+     * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+     * it will be destroyed.
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload!T.init;
+        }
+        move(rhs, this.storage.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+        this.storage = null;
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.deleter, rhs.deleter);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE cound > 0).
+     */
+    Payload!T get() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return storage.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *storage.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     *          storage.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return storage !is null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+     *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+     *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+     */
+    @property size_t count() const
+    {
+        return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+    auto val = rc.get;
+
+    *val = 8;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    val = null;
+    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    *rc = 9;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    private class A
+    {
+        uint *destroyed;
+
+        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+        {
+            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+        }
+
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            ++(*destroyed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct B
+    {
+        int prop;
+        @disable this();
+        this(int param1) @nogc
+        {
+            prop = param1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    uint destroyed;
+    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+    assert(destroyed == 0);
+    {
+        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+        void func(RefCounted!A rc)
+        {
+            assert(rc.count == 2);
+        }
+        func(rc);
+
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc)
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = null;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+        assert(rc.count == 0);
+    }
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc)
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(4);
+        assert(*rc == 4);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+    const storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+    const size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    rc.storage = emplace!((RefCounted!T.Storage))(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+    static if (is(T == class))
+    {
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+    }
+    rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(Payload!T);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+    if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return RefCounted!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param)
+    {
+        if (param.count == 2)
+        {
+            func(param);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            assert(param.count == 3);
+        }
+    }
+    func(rc);
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    struct E
+    {
+    }
+    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+        assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+        assert(rc.count);
+    }
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
+    assert(rc.length == 5);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Value type.
+ */
+struct Scoped(T)
+{
+    private Payload!T payload;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(payload is null || allocator_ !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this()(auto ref Payload!T value,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+
+        move(value, this.payload);
+        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
+        {
+            value = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) is noncopyable.
+     */
+    @disable this(this);
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.payload !is null)
+        {
+            allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized this $(D_PARAM Scoped) and takes ownership over
+     * $(D_PARAM rhs).
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        move(rhs, this.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.payload, rhs.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    Payload!T get() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto s = Scoped!int(p, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(p is null);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto s = Scoped!F(defaultAllocator.make!F(), defaultAllocator);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+Scoped!T scoped(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, shared Allocator, A)(args);
+    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+Scoped!T scoped(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+    if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!B(5))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!(int[])(5))));
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = null;
+    assert(s is null);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(4);
+    assert(*s == 4);
+}

source/tanya/memory/ullocator.d

@@ -1,423 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.memory.ullocator;
-
-import tanya.memory.allocator;
-
-@nogc:
-
-version (Posix):
-
-import core.sys.posix.sys.mman;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-
-/**
- * Allocator for Posix systems with mmap/munmap support.
- *
- * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 4 KB for example).
- * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
- * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
- * enought free blocks in the available regions.
- * Deallocation works in the same way. Deallocation doesn't immediately
- * gives the memory back to the operating system, but marks the appropriate
- * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complet
- * region is deallocated.
- *
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
- * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
- * |  R   |  B  |         |  B  |            ||   R  |  B  |                  |
- * |  E   |  L  |         |  L  |           next  E  |  L  |                  |
- * |  G   |  O  |  DATA   |  O  |   FREE    --->  G  |  O  |       DATA       |
- * |  I   |  C  |         |  C  |           <---  I  |  C  |                  |
- * |  O   |  K  |         |  K  |           prev  O  |  K  |                  |
- * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
- * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
- * --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
- */
-class Ullocator : Allocator
-{
-@nogc:
-	@disable this();
-
-	shared static this() @safe nothrow
-	{
-		pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
-	 */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) @trusted nothrow
-    {
-		immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
-
-		void* data = findBlock(dataSize);
-		if (data is null)
-		{
-			data = initializeRegion(dataSize);
-		}
-
-		return data is null ? null : data[0..size];
-    }
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto p = Ullocator.instance.allocate(20);
-
-		assert(p);
-
-		Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Search for a block large enough to keep $(D_PARAM size) and split it
-	 * into two blocks if the block is too large.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Minimum size the block should have.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
-	 */
-	private void* findBlock(size_t size) nothrow
-	{
-		Block block1;
-		RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
-		{
-			block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + regionEntrySize);
-			do
-			{
-				if (block1.free && block1.size >= size)
-				{
-					break RegionLoop;
-				}
-			}
-			while ((block1 = block1.next) !is null);
-		}
-		if (block1 is null)
-		{
-			return null;
-		}
-		else if (block1.size >= size + alignment + blockEntrySize)
-		{ // Split the block if needed
-			Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize + size);
-			block2.prev = block1;
-			if (block1.next is null)
-			{
-				block2.next = null;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				block2.next = block1.next.next;
-			}
-			block1.next = block2;
-
-			block1.free = false;
-			block2.free = true;
-
-			block2.size = block1.size - blockEntrySize - size;
-			block1.size = size;
-
-			block2.region = block1.region;
-			++block1.region.blocks;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			block1.free = false;
-			++block1.region.blocks;
-		}
-		return cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize;
-	}
-
-    /**
-	 * Deallocates a memory block.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
-	 */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @trusted nothrow
-    {
-		if (p is null)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - blockEntrySize);
-		if (block.region.blocks <= 1)
-		{
-			if (block.region.prev !is null)
-			{
-				block.region.prev.next = block.region.next;
-			}
-			else // Replace the list head. It is being deallocated
-			{
-				head = block.region.next;
-			}
-			if (block.region.next !is null)
-			{
-				block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
-			}
-			return munmap(block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			block.free = true;
-			--block.region.blocks;
-			return true;
-		}
-    }
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto p = Ullocator.instance.allocate(20);
-
-		assert(Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
-	 */
-	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) @trusted nothrow
-	{
-		if (size == p.length)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		auto reallocP = allocate(size);
-		if (reallocP is null)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		if (p !is null)
-		{
-			if (size > p.length)
-			{
-				reallocP[0..p.length] = p[0..$];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				reallocP[0..size] = p[0..size];
-			}
-			deallocate(p);
-		}
-		p = reallocP;
-
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		void[] p;
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
-		(cast(int[]) p)[7] = 123;
-
-		assert(p.length == 40);
-
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
-
-		assert(p.length == 32);
-		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20 * int.sizeof);
-		(cast(int[]) p)[15] = 8;
-
-		assert(p.length == 80);
-		assert((cast(int[]) p)[15] == 8);
-		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
-
-		assert(p.length == 32);
-		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-		Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p);
-	}
-
-	/**
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
-	 */
-	static @property Ullocator instance() @trusted nothrow
-	{
-		if (instance_ is null)
-		{
-			immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, Ullocator));
-
-			Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
-			void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
-
-			if (data is null)
-			{
-				return null;
-			}
-			data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(Ullocator).initializer[];
-			instance_ = cast(Ullocator) data;
-			instance_.head = head;
-		}
-		return instance_;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		assert(instance is instance);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Initializes a region for one element.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Aligned size of the first data block in the region.
-	 *  head = Region list head.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: A pointer to the data.
-	 */
-	pragma(inline)
-	private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size,
-	                                      ref Region head) nothrow
-	{
-		immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
-		void* p = mmap(null,
-		               regionSize,
-		               PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-		               MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
-		               -1,
-		               0);
-		if (p is MAP_FAILED)
-		{
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		Region region = cast(Region) p;
-		region.blocks = 1;
-		region.size = regionSize;
-
-		// Set the pointer to the head of the region list
-		if (head !is null)
-		{
-			head.prev = region;
-		}
-		region.next = head;
-		region.prev = null;
-		head = region;
-
-		// Initialize the data block
-		void* memoryPointer = p + regionEntrySize;
-		Block block1 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
-		block1.size = size;
-		block1.free = false;
-
-		// It is what we want to return
-		void* data = memoryPointer + blockEntrySize;
-
-		// Free block after data
-		memoryPointer = data + size;
-		Block block2 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
-		block1.prev = block2.next = null;
-		block1.next = block2;
-		block2.prev = block1;
-		block2.size = regionSize - size - regionEntrySize - blockEntrySize * 2;
-		block2.free = true;
-		block1.region = block2.region = region;
-
-		return data;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) nothrow
-	{
-		return initializeRegion(size, head);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = Space to be aligned.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
-	 */
-	pragma(inline)
-	private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x) @safe pure nothrow
-	out (result)
-	{
-		assert(result > 0);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return (x - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = Required space.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
-	 */
-	pragma(inline)
-	private static immutable(size_t) calculateRegionSize(size_t x)
-	@safe pure nothrow
-	out (result)
-	{
-		assert(result > 0);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		x += regionEntrySize + blockEntrySize * 2;
-		return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
-	}
-
-	enum alignment = 8;
-
-	private static Ullocator instance_;
-
-	private shared static immutable long pageSize;
-
-	private struct RegionEntry
-	{
-		Region prev;
-		Region next;
-		uint blocks;
-		ulong size;
-	}
-	private alias Region = RegionEntry*;
-	private enum regionEntrySize = 32;
-
-	private Region head;
-
-	private struct BlockEntry
-	{
-		Block prev;
-		Block next;
-		bool free;
-		ulong size;
-		Region region;
-	}
-	private alias Block = BlockEntry*;
-	private enum blockEntrySize = 40;
-}

source/tanya/network/inet.d

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Internet utilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.network.inet;
+
+import std.math;
+import std.range.primitives;
+import std.traits;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
+ *
+ * The range is bidirectional. The byte order is always big-endian.
+ *
+ * It can accept any unsigned integral type but the value should fit
+ * in $(D_PARAM L) bytes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  L = Desired range length.
+ */
+struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
+    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+{
+    static if (L > uint.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ulong;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ushort.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = uint;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ubyte.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ushort;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ubyte;
+    }
+
+    private StorageType value;
+    private size_t size = L;
+
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.size <= L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new range.
+     *
+     * $(D_PARAM T) can be any unsigned type but $(D_PARAM value) cannot be
+     * larger than the maximum can be stored in $(D_PARAM L) bytes. Otherwise
+     * an assertion failure will be caused.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  T      = Value type.
+     *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     */
+    this(T)(const T value)
+        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value = value & StorageType.max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte back() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.value & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte front() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value >>= 8;
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Copy of this range.
+     */
+    typeof(this) save() const
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether the range is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Byte length.
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.size;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
+    assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0xae);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.back == 0xe2);
+
+    networkOrder.popBack();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.empty);
+}
+
+// Static.
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+
+            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
+ * $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * The byte order of $(D_PARAM r) is assumed to be big-endian. The length
+ * cannot be larger than $(D_INLINECODE T.sizeof). Otherwise an assertion
+ * failure will be caused.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Desired return type.
+ *  R     = Range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Integral representation of $(D_PARAM range) with the host byte
+ *          order.
+ */
+T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
+    if (isInputRange!R
+     && !isInfinite!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+     && isUnsigned!T)
+{
+    T ret;
+    ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
+
+    for (; !range.empty && range.front == 0; pos -= 8, range.popFront())
+    {
+    }
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        assert(pos != 0);
+        pos -= 8;
+        ret |= (cast(T) range.front) << pos;
+    }
+
+    return ret >> pos;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const value = 0xae34e2u;
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+    assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -3,24 +3,15 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.event.config;
+module tanya.network;
 
-package version (DisableBackends)
+public import tanya.network.inet;
-{
+public import tanya.network.socket;
-}
+public import tanya.network.url;
-else
-{
-	version (linux)
-	{
-		enum UseEpoll = true;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		enum UseEpoll = false;
-	}
-}

source/tanya/random.d

@@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.random;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.digest.sha;
-import std.typecons;
-
-@nogc:
-
-/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
-enum blockSize = 64;
-
-/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
-enum maxGather = 128;
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
- */
-class EntropyException : Exception
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string msg,
-	     string file = __FILE__,
-	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const
-	{
-		super(msg, file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
- */
-abstract class EntropySource
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Amount of already generated entropy.
-	protected ushort size_;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
-	 */
-	@property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return size_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
-	 * 	       already set value.
-	 */
-	@property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		size_ = size;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Poll the entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-	 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-	 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-	 */
-	Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
-}
-
-version (linux)
-{
-	extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Uses getrandom system call.
-	 */
-	class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
-	{
-	@nogc:
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return 32;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Poll the entropy source.
-		 *
-		 * Params:
-		 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-		 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-		 *
-		 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-		 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-		 */
-		override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
-		out (length)
-		{
-			assert(length <= maxGather);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			// int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
-			auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
-			Nullable!ubyte ret;
-
-			if (length >= 0)
-			{
-				ret = cast(ubyte) length;
-			}
-			return ret;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Pseudorandom number generator.
- * ---
- * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy;
- *
- * ubyte[blockSize] output;
- *
- * output = entropy.random;
- *
- * defaultAllocator.finalize(entropy);
- * ---
- */
-class Entropy
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Entropy sources.
-	protected EntropySource[] sources;
-
-	private ubyte sourceCount_;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
-
-	/// Entropy accumulator.
-	protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
-	 * 	allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
-	 * 	             system.
-	 */
-	this(size_t maxSources = 20, Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
-		assert(allocator !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		allocator.resizeArray(sources, maxSources);
-
-		version (linux)
-		{
-			this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return sourceCount_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Add an entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	source = Entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-	 *
-	 * See_Also:
-	 * 	$(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
-	 */
-	Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
-		if (Op == "~")
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Generated random sequence.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
-	 *         registered or it failed.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte[blockSize] random()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		bool haveStrong;
-		ushort done;
-		ubyte[blockSize] output;
-
-		do
-		{
-			ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
-
-			// Run through our entropy sources
-			for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-			{
-				auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
-
-				if (!outputLength.isNull)
-				{
-					if (outputLength > 0)
-					{
-						update(i, buffer, outputLength);
-						sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
-					}
-					if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
-					{
-						continue;
-					}
-					else if (sources[i].strong)
-					{
-						haveStrong = true;
-					}
-				}
-				done = 257;
-			}
-		}
-		while (++done < 256);
-
-		if (!haveStrong)
-		{
-			throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
-		}
-
-		output = accumulator.finish();
-
-		// Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
-		accumulator.start();
-
-		// Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
-		output = sha512Of(output);
-
-		for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-		{
-			sources[i].size = 0;
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Update entropy accumulator.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
-	 * 	data     = Data got from the entropy source.
-	 * 	length   = Length of the received data.
-	 */
-	protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
-	                      ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-	                      ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		ubyte[2] header;
-
-		if (length > blockSize)
-		{
-			data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
-			length = blockSize;
-		}
-
-		header[0] = sourceId;
-		header[1] = length;
-
-		accumulator.put(header);
-		accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
-	}
-}