Add documentation link

Implement DuplexTransport and SocketTransport separately.

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,8 @@
 # D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core
+/tanya-test-library
+
+/docs/
+/docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+ - linux
+ - osx
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+ - dmd-2.073.0
+ - dmd-2.072.2
+ - dmd-2.071.2
+ - dmd-2.070.2
+
+env: 
+ matrix:
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+
+script:
+ - dub test --arch=$ARCH

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Tanya
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya)
+* [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages:
+
+* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `container`: Queue, Vector, Singly linked list, buffers.
+* `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocator, reference counting,
+helper functions).
+* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets.
+
+### Supported compilers
+
+* dmd 2.073.0
+* dmd 2.072.2
+* dmd 2.071.2
+* dmd 2.070.2
+
+### Current status
+
+The library is currently under development, but the API is becoming gradually
+stable.
+
+`container`s are being extended to support ranges. Also following modules are
+coming soon:
+* UTF-8 string.
+* Hash table.
+
+`math` package contains an arbitrary precision integer implementation that
+needs more test cases, better performance and some additional features
+(constructing from a string and an ubyte array, and converting it back).
+
+### Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library.
+
+* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe. Thread-safity should be added later.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Since I'm mostly busy writing new code and implementing new features I would
+appreciate, if anyone uses the library. It would help me to improve the
+codebase and fix issues.
+
+Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "D library with event loop",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.vector;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
@@ -26,153 +27,155 @@ import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
-class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
 {
-    protected int fd;
-    private epoll_event[] events;
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-        {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
-        }
-        super();
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!epoll_event(maxEvents);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Free loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(watcher !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-        epoll_event ev;
-
-        if (events == oldEvents)
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (events && oldEvents)
-        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-        }
-        else if (events && !oldEvents)
-        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-        }
-
-        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
-        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-                  | EPOLLET;
-
-        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    protected override void poll()
-    {
-        // Don't block
-        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
-
-        if (eventCount < 0)
-        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
-            {
-                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-        {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-
-            if (io is null)
-            {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].data.fd]);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
-            {
-                kill(io, null);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
-            {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    ptrdiff_t received;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
-                    }
-                    while (received);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    kill(io, exception);
-                }
-                else if (io.output.length)
-                {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
-            {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                transport.writeReady = true;
-                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
-                    feed(transport);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-    }
+	int epoll_create1(int flags);
+	int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+	int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
+final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+	protected int fd;
+	private Vector!epoll_event events;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+		{
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+		}
+		super();
+		events = Vector!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		close(fd);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+	{
+		int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
+		epoll_event ev;
+
+		if (events == oldEvents)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (events && oldEvents)
+		{
+			op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
+		}
+		else if (events && !oldEvents)
+		{
+			op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
+		}
+
+		ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
+		ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
+		          | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
+		          | EPOLLET;
+
+		return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		// Don't block
+		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+		auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+
+		if (eventCount < 0)
+		{
+			if (errno != EINTR)
+			{
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
+		{
+			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+
+			if (transport is null)
+			{
+				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+				assert(connection !is null);
+
+				acceptConnections(connection);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
+			{
+				kill(transport);
+				continue;
+			}
+			else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
+			{
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					ptrdiff_t received;
+					do
+					{
+						received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+						transport.output += received;
+					}
+					while (received);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					kill(transport, exception);
+					continue;
+				}
+				else if (transport.output.length)
+				{
+					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+				}
+			}
+			if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+			{
+				transport.writeReady = true;
+				if (transport.input.length)
+				{
+					feed(transport);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @safe pure nothrow
+	{
+		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+	}
 }

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
@@ -26,269 +26,359 @@ import core.sys.windows.winbase;
 import core.sys.windows.windef;
 import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
-class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private OverlappedConnectedSocket socket_;
+	private SocketException exception;
 
-    private WriteBuffer input;
+	private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
 
-    /**
-     * Creates new completion port transport.
-     * Params:
-     *     socket   = Socket.
-     */
-    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(socket !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        socket_ = socket;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
-    }
+	private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
-    }
+	private Protocol protocol_;
 
-    @property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return socket_;
-    }
+	private bool closing;
 
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
-    {
-        immutable empty = input.length == 0;
-        input ~= data;
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            SocketState overlapped;
-            try
-            {
-                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-            }
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Creates new completion port transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+	 */
+	this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+	{
+		super(socket);
+		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+		active = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+	 */
+	override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (socket)
+	{
+		assert(socket !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+	 */
+	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return closing;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Close the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+	 */
+	void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		closing = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+	{
+		input ~= data;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+	 */
+	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return protocol_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Switches the protocol.
+	 *
+	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+	 */
+	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		protocol_ = protocol;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
+	 */
+	override void invoke() @nogc
+	{
+		if (output.length)
+		{
+			immutable empty = input.length == 0;
+			protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+			output.clear();
+			if (empty)
+			{
+				SocketState overlapped;
+				try
+				{
+					overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+					socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			protocol.disconnected(exception);
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+			defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+			active = false;
+		}
+	}
 }
 
-class IOCPLoop : Loop
+final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 {
-    protected HANDLE completionPort;
+	protected HANDLE completionPort;
 
-    protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
+	protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
 
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-        super();
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
 
-        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
-        if (!completionPort)
-        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("Creating completion port failed");
-        }
-    }
+		completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+		if (!completionPort)
+		{
+			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+			                            "Creating completion port failed");
+		}
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
-    {
-        SocketState overlapped;
-        if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
-        {
-            auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
-            assert(socket !is null);
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+								  EventMask oldEvents,
+								  EventMask events) @nogc
+	{
+		SocketState overlapped;
+		if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
+		{
+			auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
+			assert(socket !is null);
 
-            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
-                                       completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
-                                       0) !is completionPort)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
+									   completionPort,
+									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+									   0) !is completionPort)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
 
-            try
-            {
-                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
-            || !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
-        {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) watcher;
-            assert(io !is null);
+			try
+			{
+				overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+				socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
+			|| !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+		{
+			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
+			assert(transport !is null);
 
-            auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
-            assert(transport !is null);
+			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
+									   completionPort,
+									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+									   0) !is completionPort)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
 
-            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
-                                       completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
-                                       0) !is completionPort)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
+			// Begin to read
+			if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+					defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
 
-            // Begin to read
-            if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
+	private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+	                  SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(transport !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		transport.socket.shutdown();
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+		transport.exception = exception;
+		pendings.enqueue(transport);
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    override protected void poll()
-    {
-        DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-        ULONG_PTR key;
-        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
-        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	override protected void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
+		ULONG_PTR key;
+		LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
 
-        auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
-                                                &lpNumberOfBytes,
-                                                &key,
-                                                &overlap,
-                                                timeout);
-        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
-        {
-            return; // Timeout
-        }
+		auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
+												&lpNumberOfBytes,
+												&key,
+												&overlap,
+												timeout);
+		if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+		{
+			return; // Timeout
+		}
 
-        auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
-        assert(overlapped !is null);
-        scope (failure)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-        }
+		auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
+		assert(overlapped !is null);
+		scope (failure)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+		}
 
-        switch (overlapped.event)
-        {
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
-                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(connection !is null);
+		switch (overlapped.event)
+		{
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
+				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(connection !is null);
 
-                auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
-                assert(listener !is null);
+				auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
+				assert(listener !is null);
 
-                auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
-                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPStreamTransport(socket);
-                auto io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport, connection.protocol);
+				auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
+				auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
 
-                connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+				connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
 
-                reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+				reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
 
-                swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-                listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
-                break;
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
-                if (!io.active)
-                {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    return;
-                }
+				pendings.enqueue(connection);
+				listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
+				break;
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
+				auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(transport !is null);
 
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
+				if (!transport.active)
+				{
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+					return;
+				}
 
-                int received;
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
-                    kill(io, exception);
-                }
-                else if (received > 0)
-                {
-                    immutable full = io.output.free == received;
+				int received;
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					// We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+					kill(transport, exception);
+				}
+				else if (received > 0)
+				{
+					immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
 
-                    io.output += received;
-                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue
-                    if (full)
-                    {
-                        transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
-                    }
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
-                }
-                break;
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
+					transport.output += received;
+					// Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
+					if (full)
+					{
+						transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+					}
+					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+				}
+				break;
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
+				auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(transport !is null);
 
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
-                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
-                    transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                assert(false, "Unknown event");
-        }
-    }
-}
+				transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
+				if (transport.input.length > 0)
+				{
+					transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+					if (transport.isClosing())
+					{
+						kill(transport);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+			default:
+				assert(false, "Unknown event");
+		}
+	}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -3,347 +3,323 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 
 version (OSX)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (TVOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (WatchOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-
-version (MissingKevent)
-{
-    extern (C):
-    nothrow:
-    @nogc:
-
-    import core.stdc.stdint;    // intptr_t, uintptr_t
-    import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
-
-    enum : short
-    {
-        EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
-        EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
-        EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
-        EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
-        EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
-        EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
-        EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
-        EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
-        EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
-        EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
-        EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
-        EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
-    }
-
-    extern(D) void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args)
-    {
-        *kevp = kevent_t(args);
-    }
-
-    struct kevent_t
-    {
-        uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
-        short       filter; /* filter for event */
-        ushort       flags;
-        uint        fflags;
-        intptr_t      data;
-        void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
-    }
-
-    enum
-    {
-        /* actions */
-        EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
-        EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
-        EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
-        EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
-
-        /* flags */
-        EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
-        EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
-        EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
-        EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
-
-        EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
-        EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
-
-        /* returned values */
-        EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
-        EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
-    }
-
-    int kqueue();
-    int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
-               kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents,
-               const timespec *timeout);
-}
-
-version (OSX)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (FreeBSD)
 {
-    version = MacBSD;
-    public import core.sys.freebsd.sys.event;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-    version = MacBSD;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-    version = MacBSD;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 
 version (MacBSD):
 
-import dlib.async.event.selector;
-import dlib.async.loop;
-import dlib.async.transport;
-import dlib.async.watcher;
-import dlib.memory;
-import dlib.memory.mmappool;
-import dlib.network.socket;
 import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
 import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.sys.posix.sys.time;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.vector;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
-class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
 {
-    protected int fd;
-    private kevent_t[] events;
-    private kevent_t[] changes;
-    private size_t changeCount;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-     */
-    override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return cast(uint) events.length;
-    }
-
-    this()
-    {
-        super();
-
-        if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
-        {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
-        }
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
-        changes = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Free loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(changes);
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags)
-    {
-        if (changes.length <= changeCount)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, changeCount + maxEvents);
-        }
-        EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
-               cast(ulong) socket,
-               filter,
-               flags,
-               0U,
-               0L,
-               null);
-        ++changeCount;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
-    {
-        if (events != oldEvents)
-        {
-            if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
-            {
-                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
-            }
-            if (oldEvents & Event.write)
-            {
-                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
-            }
-        }
-        if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
-        {
-            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
-        }
-        if (events & Event.write)
-        {
-            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    protected override void poll()
-    {
-        timespec ts;
-        blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
-
-        if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, changes.length);
-        }
-
-        auto eventCount = kevent(fd, changes.ptr, cast(int) changeCount, events.ptr, maxEvents, &ts);
-        changeCount = 0;
-
-        if (eventCount < 0)
-        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
-            {
-                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
-        {
-            assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
-
-            IOWatcher io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
-            // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
-            if (io is null)
-            {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].ident]);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
-            {
-                kill(io, null);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
-            {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    ptrdiff_t received;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
-                    }
-                    while (received);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    kill(io, exception);
-                }
-                else if (io.output.length)
-                {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
-            {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                transport.writeReady = true;
-                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
-                    feed(transport);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-     * be handled by the event loop.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport is be destroyed then).
-     */
-    protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
-    {
-        if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!transport.writeReady)
-        {
-            set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
+	*kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
+
+enum : short
+{
+	EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
+	EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
+	EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
+	EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
+	EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
+	EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
+	EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
+	EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
+	EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
+	EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
+	EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
+	EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
+}
+
+struct kevent_t
+{
+	uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+	short       filter; /* filter for event */
+	ushort       flags;
+	uint        fflags;
+	intptr_t      data;
+	void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+}
+
+enum
+{
+	/* actions */
+	EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
+	EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
+	EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
+	EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
+
+	/* flags */
+	EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
+	EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
+	EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
+	EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
+
+	EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
+	EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
+
+	/* returned values */
+	EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
+	EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
+}
+
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
+
+final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+	protected int fd;
+	private Vector!kevent_t events;
+	private Vector!kevent_t changes;
+	private size_t changeCount;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+	 */
+	override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+	const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return cast(uint) events.length;
+	}
+
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
+
+		if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
+		{
+			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+			                            "kqueue initialization failed");
+		}
+		events = Vector!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+		changes = Vector!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		close(fd);
+	}
+
+	private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
+	{
+		if (changes.length <= changeCount)
+		{
+			changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
+		}
+		EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
+		       cast(ulong) socket,
+		       filter,
+		       flags,
+		       0U,
+		       0L,
+		       null);
+		++changeCount;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+	{
+		if (events != oldEvents)
+		{
+			if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
+			{
+				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
+			}
+			if (oldEvents & Event.write)
+			{
+				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
+			}
+		}
+		if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
+		{
+			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
+		}
+		if (events & Event.write)
+		{
+			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		timespec ts;
+		blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
+
+		if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
+		{
+			events.length = changes.length;
+		}
+
+		auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
+		                         changes.get().ptr,
+		                         cast(int) changeCount,
+		                         events.get().ptr,
+		                         maxEvents,
+		                         &ts);
+		changeCount = 0;
+
+		if (eventCount < 0)
+		{
+			if (errno != EINTR)
+			{
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
+		{
+			assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
+
+			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
+			// If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
+			if (transport is null)
+			{
+				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+				assert(connection !is null);
+
+				acceptConnections(connection);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
+			{
+				kill(transport);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
+			{
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					ptrdiff_t received;
+					do
+					{
+						received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+						transport.output += received;
+					}
+					while (received);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					kill(transport, exception);
+				}
+				else if (transport.output.length)
+				{
+					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+			{
+				transport.writeReady = true;
+				if (transport.input.length)
+				{
+					feed(transport);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	{
+		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+	 * be handled by the event loop.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
+	 */
+	protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+	                             SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (!transport.writeReady)
+		{
+			set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
 }

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -3,264 +3,395 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 
 version (Posix):
 
 import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.vector;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.stdc.errno;
 
 /**
  * Transport for stream sockets.
  */
-class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private ConnectedSocket socket_;
+	private SelectorLoop loop;
 
-    /// Input buffer.
-    package WriteBuffer input;
+	private SocketException exception;
 
-    private SelectorLoop loop;
+	package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
 
-    /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
-    package bool writeReady;
+	package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     loop     = Event loop.
-     *     socket   = Socket.
-     */
-    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket)
-    {
-        socket_ = socket;
-        this.loop = loop;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
-    }
+	private Protocol protocol_;
 
-    /**
-     * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
-    }
+	private bool closing;
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: Transport socket.
-     */
-    inout(ConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return socket_;
-    }
+	/// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
+	package bool writeReady;
 
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
-    {
-        if (!data.length)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Try to write if the socket is write ready.
-        if (writeReady)
-        {
-            ptrdiff_t sent;
-            SocketException exception;
-            try
-            {
-                sent = socket.send(data);
-                if (sent == 0)
-                {
-                    writeReady = false;
-                }
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                writeReady = false;
-                exception = e;
-            }
-            if (sent < data.length)
-            {
-                input ~= data[sent..$];
-                loop.feed(this, exception);
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            input ~= data;
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	loop   = Event loop.
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
+	 */
+	this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+	in 
+	{
+		assert(loop !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		super(socket);
+		this.loop = loop;
+		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+		active = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+	 */
+	override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (socket)
+	{
+		assert(socket !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
+	}
+
+	private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(socket !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		socket_ = socket;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+	 */
+	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return protocol_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Switches the protocol.
+	 *
+	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+	 */
+	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		protocol_ = protocol;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+	 */
+	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return closing;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Close the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+	 */
+	void close() @nogc
+	{
+		closing = true;
+		loop.reify(this, EventMask(Event.read, Event.write), EventMask(Event.write));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
+	 */
+	override void invoke() @nogc
+	{
+		if (output.length)
+		{
+			protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+			output.clear();
+			if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
+			{
+				loop.kill(this);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			protocol.disconnected(exception);
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+			defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+			active = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!data.length)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		// Try to write if the socket is write ready.
+		if (writeReady)
+		{
+			ptrdiff_t sent;
+			SocketException exception;
+			try
+			{
+				sent = socket.send(data);
+				if (sent == 0)
+				{
+					writeReady = false;
+				}
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				writeReady = false;
+				exception = e;
+			}
+			if (sent < data.length)
+			{
+				input ~= data[sent..$];
+				loop.feed(this, exception);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			input ~= data;
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 {
-    /// Pending connections.
-    protected ConnectionWatcher[] connections;
+	/// Pending connections.
+	protected Vector!SocketWatcher connections;
 
-    this()
-    {
-        super();
-        connections = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!ConnectionWatcher(maxEvents);
-    }
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
+		connections = Vector!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+	}
 
-    ~this()
-    {
-        foreach (ref connection; connections)
-        {
-            // We want to free only IOWatchers. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
-            // user and should be freed by himself.
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connection;
-            if (io !is null)
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
-                connection = null;
-            }
-        }
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(connections);
-    }
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (ref connection; connections)
+		{
+			// We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
+			// user and should be freed by himself.
+			if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
+			}
+		}
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-     * be handled by the event loop.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport will be destroyed then).
-     */
-    protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
-    {
-        while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
-                if (sent == 0)
-                {
-                    transport.writeReady = false;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    transport.input += sent;
-                }
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                exception = e;
-                transport.writeReady = false;
-            }
-        }
-        if (exception !is null)
-        {
-            auto watcher = cast(IOWatcher) connections[transport.socket.handle];
-            assert(watcher !is null);
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+	                                       EventMask oldEvents,
+	                                       EventMask events) @nogc;
 
-            kill(watcher, exception);
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	exception = Occurred exception.
+	 */
+	protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(transport !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		transport.socket.shutdown();
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+		transport.exception = exception;
+		pendings.enqueue(transport);
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Start watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-    {
-        if (watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
+	/**
+	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+	 * be handled by the event loop.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
+	 */
+	protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(transport !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
+				if (sent == 0)
+				{
+					transport.writeReady = false;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					transport.input += sent;
+				}
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				exception = e;
+				transport.writeReady = false;
+			}
+		}
+		if (exception !is null)
+		{
+			kill(transport, exception);
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
+		{
+			kill(transport);
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
 
-        if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2);
-        }
-        connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
+	/**
+	 * Start watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
 
-        super.start(watcher);
-    }
+		if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
+		{
+			connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+		}
+		connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
 
-    /**
-     * Accept incoming connections.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
-     */
-    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(connection !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        while (true)
-        {
-            ConnectedSocket client;
-            try
-            {
-                client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                break;
-            }
-            if (client is null)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
+		super.start(watcher);
+	}
 
-            IOWatcher io;
-            auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!SelectorStreamTransport(this, client);
+	/**
+	 * Accept incoming connections.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
+	 */
+	package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(connection !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		while (true)
+		{
+			ConnectedSocket client;
+			try
+			{
+				client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+				break;
+			}
+			if (client is null)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
 
-            if (connections.length >= client.handle)
-            {
-                io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client.handle];
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, client.handle + maxEvents / 2);
-            }
-            if (io is null)
-            {
-                io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport,
-                                                      connection.protocol);
-                connections[client.handle] = io;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                io(transport, connection.protocol);
-            }
+			StreamTransport transport;
 
-            reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-            connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
-        }
+			if (connections.length > client.handle)
+			{
+				transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+			}
+			if (transport is null)
+			{
+				transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
+				connections[client.handle] = transport;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				transport.socket = client;
+			}
 
-        if (!connection.incoming.empty)
-        {
-            swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-        }
-    }
+			reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+			connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
+		}
+
+		if (!connection.incoming.empty)
+		{
+			pendings.enqueue(connection);
+		}
+	}
 }

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ import core.sys.windows.windef;
  */
 class State
 {
-    /// For internal use by Windows API.
-    align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+	/// For internal use by Windows API.
+	align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
 
-    /// File/socket handle.
-    HANDLE handle;
+	/// File/socket handle.
+	HANDLE handle;
 
-    /// For keeping events or event masks.
-    int event;
+	/// For keeping events or event masks.
+	int event;
 }

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -3,106 +3,111 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  *
  * ---
  * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
  * import tanya.network.socket;
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
- *     private DuplexTransport transport;
+ * 	private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *     void received(ubyte[] data)
- *     {
- *         transport.write(data);
- *     }
+ * 	void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 		transport.write(data);
+ * 	}
  *
- *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport)
- *     {
- *         this.transport = transport;
- *     }
+ * 	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 		this.transport = transport;
+ * 	}
  *
- *     void disconnected(SocketException exception = null)
- *     {
- *     }
+ * 	void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 	}
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *     auto address = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
- *     version (Windows)
- *     {
- *         auto sock = new OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
- *     }
- *     else
- *     {
- *         auto sock = new StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
- *         sock.blocking = false;
- *     }
+ * 	auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
- *     sock.bind(address);
- *     sock.listen(5);
+ * 	version (Windows)
+ * 	{
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 	}
+ * 	else
+ * 	{
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 		sock.blocking = false;
+ * 	}
  *
- *     auto io = new ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- *     io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ * 	sock.bind(address);
+ * 	sock.listen(5);
  *
- *     defaultLoop.start(io);
- *     defaultLoop.run();
+ * 	auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ * 	io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
- *     sock.shutdown();
+ * 	defaultLoop.start(io);
+ * 	defaultLoop.run();
+ *
+ * 	sock.shutdown();
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 version (DisableBackends)
 {
 }
 else version (linux)
 {
-    import tanya.async.event.epoll;
-    version = Epoll;
+	import tanya.async.event.epoll;
+	version = Epoll;
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
-    import tanya.async.event.iocp;
-    version = IOCP;
+	import tanya.async.event.iocp;
+	version = IOCP;
 }
 else version (OSX)
 {
-    version = Kqueue;
+	version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-    version = Kqueue;
+	version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (FreeBSD)
 {
-    version = Kqueue;
+	version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-    version = Kqueue;
+	version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-    version = Kqueue;
+	version = Kqueue;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -110,186 +115,164 @@ else version (DragonFlyBSD)
  */
 enum Event : uint
 {
-    none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
-    read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
-    write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
-    accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
-    error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
+	none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
+	read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
+	write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
+	accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
+	error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
 }
 
 alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
 
-/**
- * Tries to set $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) to the default allocator.
- */
-shared static this()
-{
-    if (allocator is null)
-    {
-        allocator = MmapPool.instance;
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Event loop.
  */
 abstract class Loop
 {
-    /// Pending watchers.
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher pendings;
+	private bool done;
 
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher swapPendings;
+	/// Pending watchers.
+	protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-     */
-    protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return 128U;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+	 */
+	protected @property uint maxEvents()
+	const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return 128U;
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-        pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
-        swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Frees loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(pendings);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(swapPendings);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Frees loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (w; pendings)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Starts the loop.
-     */
-    void run()
-    {
-        done_ = false;
-        do
-        {
-            poll();
+	/**
+	 * Starts the loop.
+	 */
+	void run() @nogc
+	{
+		done = false;
+		do
+		{
+			poll();
 
-            // Invoke pendings
-            swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
+			// Invoke pendings
+			foreach (ref w; pendings)
+			{
+				w.invoke();
+			}
+		}
+		while (!done);
+	}
 
-            swap(pendings, swapPendings);
-        }
-        while (!done_);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Break out of the loop.
+	 */
+	void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		done = true;
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Break out of the loop.
-     */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        done_ = true;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Start watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		watcher.active = true;
 
-    /**
-     * Start watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-    {
-        if (watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        watcher.active = true;
-        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
-    }
+		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Stop watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-    {
-        if (!watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        watcher.active = false;
+	/**
+	 * Stop watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		watcher.active = false;
 
-        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
-    }
+		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    abstract protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events);
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        // Don't block if we have to do.
-        return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		// Don't block if we have to do.
+		return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-     *                 $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
-     */
-    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
-        assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        blockTime_ = blockTime;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
+	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
+	 */
+	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
+		assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		blockTime_ = blockTime;
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
-     */
-    protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception)
-    {
-        watcher.socket.shutdown();
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(watcher.transport);
-        watcher.exception = exception;
-        swapPendings.insertBack(watcher);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    abstract protected void poll();
-
-    /// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
-    private bool done_;
-
-    /// Maximal block time.
-    protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
+	/// Maximal block time.
+	protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
 }
 
 /**
@@ -297,18 +280,17 @@ abstract class Loop
  */
 class BadLoopException : Exception
 {
-@nogc:
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *     line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *     next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-    pure @safe nothrow const
-    {
-        super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
+	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+	 */
+	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
+	pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
+	{
+		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -318,26 +300,26 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  *
  * Returns: The default event loop.
  */
-@property Loop defaultLoop()
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
 {
-    if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
-    {
-        return defaultLoop_;
-    }
-    version (Epoll)
-    {
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
-    }
-    else version (IOCP)
-    {
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
-    }
-    else version (Kqueue)
-    {
-        import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
-    }
-    return defaultLoop_;
+	if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
+	{
+		return defaultLoop_;
+	}
+	version (Epoll)
+	{
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
+	}
+	else version (IOCP)
+	{
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
+	}
+	else version (Kqueue)
+	{
+		import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
+	}
+	return defaultLoop_;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -349,145 +331,16 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  * your implementation to this property.
  *
  * Params:
- *     loop = The event loop.
+ * 	loop = The event loop.
  */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
 in
 {
-    assert(loop !is null);
+	assert(loop !is null);
 }
 body
 {
-    defaultLoop_ = loop;
+	defaultLoop_ = loop;
 }
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
-
-/**
- * Queue.
- *
- * Params:
- *     T = Content type.
- */
-class PendingQueue(T)
-{
-    /**
-     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        foreach (e; this)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: First element.
-     */
-    @property ref T front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return first.next.content;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
-    {
-        Entry* temp = MmapPool.instance.make!Entry;
-        
-        temp.content = x;
-
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            first.next = rear = temp;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            rear.next = temp;
-            rear = rear.next;
-        }
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    alias insert = insertBack;
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-        if (Op == "~")
-    {
-        return insertBack(x);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-     */
-    @property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return first.next is null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Move position to the next element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        auto n = first.next.next;
-
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(first.next);
-        first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Queue entry.
-     */
-    protected struct Entry
-    {
-        /// Queue item content.
-        T content;
-
-        /// Next list item.
-        Entry* next;
-    }
-
-    /// The first element of the list.
-    protected Entry first;
-
-    /// The last element of the list.
-    protected Entry* rear;
-}

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -3,17 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 
-public
-{
-    import tanya.async.loop;
-    import tanya.async.protocol;
-    import tanya.async.transport;
-    import tanya.async.watcher;
-}
+public import tanya.async.loop;
+public import tanya.async.protocol;
+public import tanya.async.transport;
+public import tanya.async.watcher;

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 
@@ -18,28 +18,28 @@ import tanya.async.transport;
  */
 interface Protocol
 {
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     data = Read data.
-     */
-    void received(ubyte[] data);
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Read data.
+	 */
+	void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Called when a connection is made.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Protocol transport.
-     */
-    void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
+	/**
+	 * Called when a connection is made.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Protocol transport.
+	 */
+	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Called when a connection is lost.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
-     *                 the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
-     */
-    void disconnected(SocketException exception = null);
+	/**
+	 * Called when a connection is lost.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
+	 * 	            the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
+	 */
+	void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.network.socket;
 
 /**
@@ -31,13 +32,13 @@ interface ReadTransport : Transport
  */
 interface WriteTransport : Transport
 {
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data);
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -45,6 +46,46 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
  */
 interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
 {
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+	 */
+	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (protocol)
+	{
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Switches the protocol.
+	 *
+	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+	 */
+	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+	 */
+	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Close the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+	 */
+	void close() @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -52,12 +93,8 @@ interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
  */
 interface SocketTransport : Transport
 {
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-}
-
-/**
- * Represents a connection-oriented socket transport.
- */
-package interface StreamTransport : DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
-{
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 */
+	@property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -3,31 +3,23 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
+import std.functional;
+import std.exception;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import std.functional;
-import std.exception;
-
-version (Windows)
-{
-    import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
-    import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-    import core.sys.windows.windef;
-    import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-}
 
 /**
  * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
@@ -35,208 +27,91 @@ version (Windows)
  */
 abstract class Watcher
 {
-    /// Whether the watcher is active.
-    bool active;
+	/// Whether the watcher is active.
+	bool active;
 
-    /**
-     * Invoke some action on event.
-     */
-    void invoke();
-}
-
-class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
-{
-    /// Watched socket.
-    private Socket socket_;
-
-    /// Protocol factory.
-    protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
-
-    package PendingQueue!IOWatcher incoming;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     socket = Socket.
-     */
-    this(Socket socket)
-    {
-        socket_ = socket;
-        incoming = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!IOWatcher);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    protected this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(incoming);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Params:
-     *     P = Protocol should be used.
-     */
-    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)()
-    {
-        this.protocolFactory = () => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return socket_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: New protocol instance.
-     */
-    @property Protocol protocol()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return protocolFactory();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes new connection callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
-    {
-        foreach (io; incoming)
-        {
-            io.protocol.connected(cast(DuplexTransport) io.transport);
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Invoke some action on event.
+	 */
+	void invoke() @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
- * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
- * read from.
+ * Socket watcher.
  */
-class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
+abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
 {
-    /// If an exception was thrown the transport should be already invalid.
-    private union
-    {
-        StreamTransport transport_;
-        SocketException exception_;
-    }
+	/// Watched socket.
+	protected Socket socket_;
 
-    private Protocol protocol_;
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+	 */
+	this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(socket !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		socket_ = socket;
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
-     */
-    package ReadBuffer output;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = New instance of the application protocol.
-     */
-    this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        super();
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        output = MmapPool.instance.make!ReadBuffer();
-        active = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Destroys the watcher.
-     */
-    protected ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(output);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assigns a transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        active = true;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
-     */
-    @property inout(StreamTransport) transport() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets an exception occurred during a read/write operation.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     exception = Thrown exception.
-     */
-    @property void exception(SocketException exception) pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        exception_ = exception;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     */
-    override @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return protocol_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    override @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport.socket;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
-    {
-        if (output.length)
-        {
-            protocol.received(output[0..$]);
-            output.clear();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            protocol.disconnected(exception_);
-            active = false;
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 */
+	@property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return socket_;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Connection watcher.
+ */
+class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
+{
+	/// Incoming connection queue.
+	Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
+
+	private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 */
+	this(Socket socket) @nogc
+	{
+		super(socket);
+		incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	P = Protocol should be used.
+	 */
+	void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+	{
+		this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Invokes new connection callback.
+	 */
+	override void invoke() @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		foreach (transport; incoming)
+		{
+			transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
+			transport.protocol.connected(transport);
+		}
+	}
 }

source/tanya/container/bit.d

@@ -1,510 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.container.bit;
-
-/**
- * Wrapper that allows bit manipulation on $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array.
- */
-struct BitVector
-{
-    protected ubyte[] vector;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     array = Array should be manipulated on.
-     */
-    this(inout(ubyte[]) array) inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(array.length <= size_t.max / 8);
-        assert(array !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        vector = array;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        assert(bits[] is array1);
-        assert(bits[] !is array2);
-
-        bits = BitVector(array2);
-        assert(bits[] is array2);
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Number of bits in the vector.
-     */
-    @property inout(size_t) length() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    inout(size_t) opDollar() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits.length == 24);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     bit = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit on position $(D_PARAM bit) is set,
-     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if not set.
-     */
-    inout(bool) opIndex(size_t bit) inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return (vector[bit / 8] & (0x80 >> (bit % 8))) != 0;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(!bits[0]);
-        assert(bits[1]);
-        assert(bits[7]);
-        assert(!bits[8]);
-        assert(!bits[11]);
-        assert(bits[12]);
-        assert(bits[20]);
-        assert(bits[23]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying array.
-     */
-    inout(ubyte[]) opIndex() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits[] is arr);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     value = $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit should be set,
-     *             $(D_KEYWORD false) if cleared.
-     *     bit   = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-     */
-    bool opIndexAssign(bool value, size_t bit) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        if (value)
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] |= (0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] &= ~(0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits[5] = bits[6] = true;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 71);
-
-        bits[14] = true;
-        bits[15] = false;
-        assert(bits[][1] == 14);
-
-        bits[16] = bits[23] = false;
-        assert(bits[][2] == 44);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copies bits from $(D_PARAM vector) into this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector).
-     *
-     * The array that should be assigned, can be smaller (but not larger) than
-     * the underlying array of this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector), leading zeros will
-     * be added in this case to the left.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     vector = $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array not larger than
-     *              `$(D_PSYMBOL length) / 8`.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opAssign(ubyte[] vector) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(vector.length <= this.vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        immutable delta = this.vector.length - vector.length;
-        if (delta > 0)
-        {
-            this.vector[0..delta] = 0;
-        }
-        this.vector[delta..$] = vector[0..$];
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits = array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 13);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 173);
-
-        bits = array2[0..2];
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 13);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for bitwise operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     that = Another bit vector.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(BitVector that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    {
-        return opOpAssign(op)(that.vector);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    in
-    {
-        assert(that.length <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        for (int i = cast(int) vector.length - 1; i >= 0; --i)
-        {
-            mixin("vector[i] " ~  op ~ "= " ~ "that[i];");
-        }
-        immutable delta = vector.length - that.length;
-        if (delta)
-        {
-            static if (op == "&")
-            {
-                vector[0..delta] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] array1 = [65, 13, 173];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [0b01010010, 0b10111110, 0b10111110];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits |= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010011);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b10111111);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b10111111);
-
-        bits &= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == array2[0]);
-        assert(bits[][1] == array2[1]);
-        assert(bits[][2] == array2[2]);
-
-        bits ^= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for shift operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     n = Number of bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t n) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "<<") || (op == ">>"))
-
-    {
-        if (n >= length)
-        {
-            vector[0..$] = 0;
-        }
-        else if (n != 0)
-        {
-            immutable bit = n % 8, step = n / 8;
-            immutable delta = 8 - bit;
-            size_t i, j;
-
-            static if (op == "<<")
-            {
-                for (j = step; j < vector.length - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] << bit)
-                              | vector[++j] >> delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] << bit);
-                vector[$ - step ..$] = 0;
-            }
-            else static if (op == ">>")
-            {
-                for (i = vector.length - 1, j = i - step; j > 0; --i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] >> bit)
-                              | vector[--j] << delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] >> bit);
-                vector[0..step] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[4] arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits <<= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits <<= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11111011 && bits[][1] == 0b11001001
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001100);
-
-        bits <<= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b11000000);
-
-        bits <<= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10010100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01001010 && bits[][1] == 0b01100000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits <<= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010101 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits <<= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11001111 && bits[][1] == 0b11110101
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        bits >>= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits >>= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00101111 && bits[][1] == 0b10111100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b10010100);
-
-        bits >>= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000010 && bits[][1] == 0b11111011
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001001);
-
-        bits >>= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11111011 && bits[][3] == 0b11001001);
-
-        bits >>= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000101 && bits[][3] == 0b11110111);
-
-        bits >>= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits >>= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00110011);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits >>= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00001100 && bits[][3] == 0b11001111);
-
-        bits >>= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Negates all bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if (op == "~")
-    {
-        foreach (ref b; vector)
-        {
-            b = ~b;
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        ~bits;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b11110010);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b01010010);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Iterates through all bits.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) delegate.
-     *
-     * Returns: By $(D_PARAM dg) returned value.
-     */
-    int opApply(int delegate(size_t, bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (i, ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg(i * 8 + c, (v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApply(int delegate(bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg((v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[2] arr = [0b01000001, 0b00001101];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-        size_t c;
-
-        foreach (i, v; bits)
-        {
-            assert(i == c);
-            if (i == 1 || i == 7 || i == 15 || i == 13 || i == 12)
-            {
-                assert(v);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(!v);
-            }
-            ++c;
-        }
-        assert(c == 16);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -2,17 +2,21 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto;
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */  
+module tanya.container.entry;
 
-public
+package struct SEntry(T)
 {
-    import tanya.crypto.des;
-    import tanya.crypto.mode;
-    import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
+	/// Item content.
+	T content;
+
+	/// Next item.
+	SEntry* next;
 }

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -3,62 +3,131 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
 module tanya.container.list;
 
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.searching;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
+private struct Range(E)
+	if (__traits(isSame, TemplateOf!E, SEntry))
+{
+	private alias T = typeof(E.content);
+
+	private E* head;
+
+	private this(E* head)
+	{
+		this.head = head;
+	}
+
+	@property Range save()
+	{
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@property size_t length() const
+	{
+		return count(opIndex());
+	}
+
+	@property bool empty() const
+	{
+		return head is null;
+	}
+
+	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
+	in
+	{
+		assert(!empty);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return head.content;
+	}
+
+	void popFront()
+	in
+	{
+		assert(!empty);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		head = head.next;
+	}
+
+	Range opIndex()
+	{
+		return typeof(return)(head);
+	}
+
+	Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+	{
+		return typeof(return)(head);
+	}
+}
+
 /**
- * Singly linked list.
+ * Singly-linked list.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class SList(T)
+struct SList(T)
 {
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-        reset();
-	}
+	private alias Entry = SEntry!T;
+
+	// 0th element of the list.
+	private Entry* head;
 
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the list.
 	 */
 	~this()
+	{
+		clear();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all contents from the list.
+	 */
+	void clear()
 	{
 		while (!empty)
 		{
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
-            {
-                dispose(allocator, front);
-            }
-			popFront();
+			removeFront();
 		}
 	}
 
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		SList!int l;
+
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.clear();
+		assert(l.empty);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Returns: First element.
 	 */
-	@property ref T front()
+	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		return first.next.content;
+		return head.content;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -67,171 +136,185 @@ class SList(T)
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
 	 */
-	@property void front(T x)
+	void insertFront(ref T x)
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+		auto temp = allocator.make!Entry;
 		
 		temp.content = x;
-		temp.next = first.next;
-		first.next = temp;
+		temp.next = head;
+		head = temp;
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	void insertFront(T x)
+	{
+		insertFront(x);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias insert = insertFront;
+
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		assert(l.front == values[0]);
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.front == values[1]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		assert(l.front == 8);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		assert(l.front == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element at the beginning.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 * Returns: How many elements are in the list.
 	 */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
+	@property size_t length() const
 	{
-		front = x;
-		return this;
+		return count(opIndex());
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
+		SList!int l;
 
-		assert(l.empty);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		assert(l.length == 2);
+		l.removeFront();
+		assert(l.length == 1);
+		l.removeFront();
+		assert(l.length == 0);
+	}
 
-		l ~= value;
+	/**
+	 * Comparison for equality.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	that = The list to compare with.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the lists are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+	 *          otherwise.
+	 */
+	bool opEquals()(auto ref typeof(this) that) @trusted
+	{
+		return equal(opIndex(), that[]);
+	}
 
-		assert(l.front == value);
-		assert(!l.empty);
+	/// Ditto.
+	bool opEquals()(in auto ref typeof(this) that) const @trusted
+	{
+		return equal(opIndex(), that[]);
+	}
 
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		SList!int l1, l2;
+
+		l1.insertFront(8);
+		l1.insertFront(9);
+		l2.insertFront(8);
+		l2.insertFront(10);
+		assert(l1 != l2);
+
+		l1.removeFront();
+		assert(l1 != l2);
+
+		l2.removeFront();
+		assert(l1 == l2);
+
+		l1.removeFront();
+		assert(l1 != l2);
+
+		l2.removeFront();
+		assert(l1 == l2);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the list is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
-		return first.next is null;
+		return head is null;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns the first element and moves to the next one.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: The first element.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty)
 	 */
-	T popFront()
+	void removeFront()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		auto n = first.next.next;
-		auto content = first.next.content;
+		auto n = head.next;
 
-		dispose(allocator, first.next);
-		first.next = n;
-
-        return content;
+		allocator.dispose(head);
+		head = n;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.front == values[1]);
-		l.popFront();
-		assert(l.front == values[0]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		assert(l.front == 9);
+		l.removeFront();
+		assert(l.front == 8);
+		l.removeFront();
+		assert(l.empty);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns the current item from the list and removes from the list.
+	 * Removes $(D_PARAM howMany) elements from the list.
+	 *
+	 * Unlike $(D_PSYMBOL removeFront()), this method doesn't fail, if it could not
+	 * remove $(D_PARAM howMany) elements. Instead, if $(D_PARAM howMany) is
+	 * greater than the list length, all elements are removed.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = The item should be removed.
+	 * 	howMany = How many elements should be removed.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: Removed item.
+	 * Returns: The number of elements removed.
 	 */
-	T remove()
-	in
+	size_t removeFront(in size_t howMany)
+	out (removed)
 	{
-		assert(!empty);
+		assert(removed <= howMany);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		auto temp = position.next.next;
-		auto content = position.next.content;
-
-		dispose(allocator, position.next);
-		position.next = temp;
-
-		return content;
+		size_t i;
+		for (; i < howMany && !empty; ++i)
+		{
+			removeFront();
+		}
+		return i;
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias remove = removeFront;
+
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [8, 5, 4];
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.remove() == 5);
-		l.front = values[2];
-		assert(l.remove() == 4);
-		assert(l.remove() == 8);
-		assert(l.empty);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
-	}
-
-    /**
-     * Resets the current position.
-     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) reset()
-    {
-        position = &first;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 5];
-
-		l.current = values[0];
-		l.current = values[1];
-		assert(l.current == 5);
-		l.advance();
-		assert(l.current == 8);
-		l.reset();
-		assert(l.current == 5);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.insertFront(4);
+		assert(l.removeFront(0) == 0);
+		assert(l.removeFront(2) == 2);
+		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 1);
+		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 0);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -239,166 +322,95 @@ class SList(T)
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
 	 */
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 		size_t i;
 
-		for (position = first.next; position; position = position.next, ++i)
+		for (auto pos = head; pos; pos = pos.next, ++i)
 		{
-			result = dg(i, position.content);
+			result = dg(i, pos.content);
 
 			if (result != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
 		}
-		reset();
-
 		return result;
 	}
 
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [5, 4, 9];
-
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		l.front = values[2];
-		foreach (i, e; l)
-		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e == values[2]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e == values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e == values[0]);
-		}
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
-	}
-
 	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref T) dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 
-		for (position = first.next; position; position = position.next)
+		for (auto pos = head; pos; pos = pos.next)
 		{
-			result = dg(position.content);
+			result = dg(pos.content);
 
 			if (result != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
 		}
-		reset();
-
 		return result;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [5, 4, 9];
-		size_t i;
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		l.front = values[2];
-		foreach (e; l)
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.insertFront(4);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		foreach (i, e; l)
 		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e == values[2]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e == values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e == values[0]);
-			++i;
+			assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
 		}
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the current position is the end position.
-	 */
-	@property bool end() const
+	Range!Entry opIndex()
 	{
-		return empty || position.next.next is null;
+		return typeof(return)(head);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Moves to the next element and returns it.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The element on the next position.
-	 */
-	T advance()
-	in
+	Range!(const Entry) opIndex() const
 	{
-		assert(!end);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		position = position.next;
-		return position.content;
+		return typeof(return)(head);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Element on the current position.
-	 */
-	@property ref T current()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return position.next.content;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element at the current position.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 */
-	@property void current(T x)
-	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
-		
-		temp.content = x;
-		temp.next = position.next;
-		position.next = temp;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * List entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// List item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
-	}
-
-	/// 0th element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
-
-	/// Current position in the list.
-	protected Entry* position;
-
-	private shared Allocator allocator;
-}
-
-interface Stuff
-{
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto l = make!(SList!Stuff)(defaultAllocator);
+	SList!int l;
+	size_t i;
 
-	dispose(defaultAllocator, l);
+	l.insertFront(5);
+	l.insertFront(4);
+	l.insertFront(9);
+	foreach (e; l)
+	{
+		assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+		assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+		assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
+		++i;
+	}
+	assert(i == 3);
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+	interface Stuff
+	{
+	}
+	static assert(is(SList!Stuff));
 }

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -3,103 +3,96 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import core.exception;
+import std.traits;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
 	 */
 	~this()
 	{
-		foreach (e; this)
+		while (!empty)
 		{
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
-            {
-                dispose(allocator, e);
-            }
+			dequeue();
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns: First element.
+	 * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
+	 * to count the elements.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
 	 */
-	@property ref T front()
-	in
+	size_t length() const
 	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return first.next.content;
+		size_t len;
+		for (const(SEntry!T)* i = first; i !is null; i = i.next)
+		{
+			++len;
+		}
+		return len;
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
+	///
+	unittest
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
-		
-		temp.content = x;
+		Queue!int q;
 
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+		q.enqueue(5);
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.enqueue(4);
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.length == 3);
+
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+	}
+
+	private void enqueueEntry(ref SEntry!T* entry)
+	{
 		if (empty)
 		{
-			first.next = rear = temp;
+			first = rear = entry;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			rear.next = temp;
+			rear.next = entry;
 			rear = rear.next;
 		}
-
-		return this;
 	}
 
-	alias insert = insertBack;
-
-	///
-	unittest
+	private SEntry!T* allocateEntry()
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+		auto temp = cast(SEntry!T*) allocator.allocate(SEntry!T.sizeof);
+		if (temp is null)
+		{
+			onOutOfMemoryError();
+		}
+		return temp;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -107,112 +100,187 @@ class Queue(T)
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
+	void enqueue(ref T x)
 	{
-		return insertBack(x);
+		auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+		*temp = SEntry!T.init;
+		temp.content = x;
+
+		enqueueEntry(temp);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	void enqueue(T x)
+	{
+		auto temp = allocateEntry();
+
+		moveEmplace(x, (*temp).content);
+		(*temp).next = null;
+
+		enqueueEntry(temp);
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
+		Queue!int q;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
-
-		q ~= value;
-
-		assert(q.front == value);
-		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+		q.enqueue(8);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
-		return first.next is null;
+		return first is null;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 		int value = 7;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(value);
+		q.enqueue(value);
 		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
+	 * Move the position to the next element.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 * Returns: Dequeued element.
 	 */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
+	T dequeue()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		auto n = first.next.next;
+		auto n = first.next;
+		T ret = move(first.content);
 
-		dispose(allocator, first.next);
-		first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
+		allocator.dispose(first);
+		first = n;
+		return ret;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+		Queue!int q;
 
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.popFront();
-		assert(q.front is values[1]);
-
-		dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+		q.enqueue(8);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Queue entry.
+	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
+	 * dequeued.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
 	 */
-	protected struct Entry
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
+		int result;
 
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
+		for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
+		{
+			auto e = dequeue();
+			if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
+			{
+				return result;
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
 	}
 
-	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+	/// Ditto.
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
+	{
+		int result;
 
-	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
+		while (!empty)
+		{
+			auto e = dequeue();
+			if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
+			{
+				return result;
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
 
-	private shared Allocator allocator;
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		Queue!int q;
+
+		size_t j;
+		q.enqueue(5);
+		q.enqueue(4);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		foreach (i, e; q)
+		{
+			assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
+			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+			++j;
+		}
+		assert(j == 3);
+		assert(q.empty);
+
+		j = 0;
+		q.enqueue(5);
+		q.enqueue(4);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		foreach (e; q)
+		{
+			assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
+			assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
+			++j;
+		}
+		assert(j == 3);
+		assert(q.empty);
+	}
+
+	private SEntry!T* first;
+	private SEntry!T* rear;
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+	Queue!int q;
 
-	dispose(defaultAllocator, q);
+	q.enqueue(5);
+	assert(!q.empty);
+
+	q.enqueue(4);
+	q.enqueue(9);
+
+	assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
+
+	foreach (i, ref e; q)
+	{
+		assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
+		assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
+	}
+	assert(q.empty);
 }

source/tanya/crypto/des.d

@@ -1,607 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.des;
-
-import tanya.container.bit;
-import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/// Initial permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] ipTable = [58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                       60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
-                                       62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
-                                       64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
-                                       57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,  1,
-                                       59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                       61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
-                                       63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7];
-
-/// Final permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] fpTable = [40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
-                                       39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
-                                       38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
-                                       37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
-                                       36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
-                                       35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
-                                       34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
-                                       33, 1, 41, 9,  49, 17, 57, 25];
-
-/// Key permutation table 1.
-private immutable ubyte[64] pc1Table = [57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
-                                        58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                        59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                        60, 52, 44, 36, 63, 55, 47, 39,
-                                        31, 23, 15, 7,  62, 54, 46, 38,
-                                        30, 22, 14, 6,  61, 53, 45, 37,
-                                        29, 21, 13, 5,  28, 20, 12, 4];
-
-/// Key permutation table 2.
-private immutable ubyte[48] pc2Table = [14, 17, 11, 24, 1,  5,  3,  28,
-                                        15, 6,  21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
-                                        26, 8,  16, 7,  27, 20, 13, 2,
-                                        41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
-                                        51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
-                                        34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32];
-
-/// Expansion table.
-private immutable ubyte[48] expansionTable = [32, 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  4,  5,
-                                              6,  7,  8,  9,  8,  9,  10, 11,
-                                              12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
-                                              16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21,
-                                              22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27,
-                                              28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1];
-
-/// Final input block permutation.
-private immutable ubyte[32] pTable = [16, 7,  20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
-                                      1,  15, 23, 26, 5,  18, 31, 10,
-                                      2,  8,  24, 14, 32, 27, 3,  9,
-                                      19, 13, 30, 6,  22, 11, 4, 25];
-
-/// The (in)famous S-boxes.
-private immutable ubyte[64][8] sBox = [[
-                                         14, 0,  4,  15, 13, 7,  1,  4,  2, 14,  15, 2, 11, 13, 8,  1,
-                                         3,  10, 10, 6,  6,  12, 12, 11, 5,  9,  9,  5, 0,  3,  7,  8,
-                                         4,  15, 1,  12, 14, 8,  8,  2,  13, 4,  6,  9, 2,  1,  11, 7,
-                                         15, 5,  12, 11, 9,  3,  7,  14, 3,  10, 10, 0, 5,  6,  0,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         15, 3,  1,  13, 8,  4,  14, 7,  6,  15, 11, 2,  3,  8,  4,  14,
-                                         9,  12, 7,  0,  2,  1,  13, 10, 12, 6,  0,  9,  5,  11, 10, 5,
-                                         0,  13, 14, 8,  7,  10, 11, 1,  10, 3,  4,  15, 13, 4,  1,  2,
-                                         5,  11, 8,  6,  12, 7,  6,  12, 9,  0,  3,  5,  2,  14, 15, 9,
-                                      ],[
-                                         10, 13, 0,  7,  9,  0,  14, 9,  6,  3,  3,  4,  15, 6,  5,  10,
-                                         1,  2,  13, 8,  12, 5,  7,  14, 11, 12, 4,  11, 2,  15, 8,  1,
-                                         13, 1,  6,  10, 4,  13, 9,  0,  8,  6,  15, 9,  3,  8,  0,  7,
-                                         11, 4,  1,  15, 2,  14, 12, 3,  5,  11, 10, 5,  14, 2,  7,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         7,  13, 13, 8,  14, 11, 3,  5,  0,  6,  6,  15, 9,  0,  10, 3,
-                                         1,  4,  2,  7,  8,  2,  5,  12, 11, 1,  12, 10, 4,  14, 15, 9,
-                                         10, 3,  6,  15, 9,  0,  0,  6,  12, 10, 11, 1,  7,  13, 13, 8,
-                                         15, 9,  1,  4,  3,  5,  14, 11, 5,  12, 2,  7,  8,  2,  4,  14,
-                                      ],[
-                                         2,  14, 12, 11, 4,  2,  1,  12, 7,  4,  10, 7,  11, 13, 6,  1,
-                                         8,  5,  5,  0,  3,  15, 15, 10, 13, 3,  0,  9,  14, 8,  9,  6,
-                                         4,  11, 2,  8,  1,  12, 11, 7,  10, 1,  13, 14, 7,  2,  8,  13,
-                                         15, 6,  9,  15, 12, 0,  5,  9,  6,  10, 3,  4,  0,  5,  14, 3,
-                                      ],[
-                                         12, 10, 1,  15, 10, 4,  15, 2,  9,  7,  2,  12, 6,  9,  8,  5,
-                                         0,  6,  13, 1,  3,  13, 4,  14, 14, 0,  7,  11, 5,  3,  11, 8,
-                                         9,  4,  14, 3,  15, 2,  5,  12, 2,  9,  8,  5,  12, 15, 3,  10,
-                                         7,  11, 0,  14, 4,  1,  10, 7,  1,  6,  13, 0,  11, 8,  6,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         4,  13, 11, 0,  2,  11, 14, 7,  15, 4,  0,  9,  8,  1,  13, 10,
-                                         3,  14, 12, 3,  9,  5,  7,  12, 5,  2,  10, 15, 6,  8,  1,  6,
-                                         1,  6,  4,  11, 11, 13, 13, 8,  12, 1,  3,  4,  7,  10, 14, 7,
-                                         10, 9,  15, 5,  6,  0,  8,  15, 0,  14, 5,  2,  9,  3,  2,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         13, 1,  2,  15, 8,  13, 4,  8,  6,  10, 15, 3,  11, 7,  1,  4,
-                                         10, 12, 9,  5,  3,  6,  14, 11, 5,  0,  0,  14, 12, 9,  7,  2,
-                                         7,  2,  11, 1,  4,  14, 1,  7,  9,  4,  12, 10, 14, 8,  2,  13,
-                                         0,  15, 6,  12, 10, 9,  13, 0,  15, 3,  3,  5,  5,  6,  8,  11,
-                                      ]];
-
-/**
- * Data Encryption Standard.
- *
- * Params:
- *     L = Number of keys.
- */
-class DES(ushort L = 1) : BlockCipher
-    if (L == 1)
-{
-    mixin FixedBlockSize!8;
-    mixin KeyLength!8;
-
-    private enum expansionBlockSize = 6;
-    private enum pc1KeyLength = 7;
-    private enum subkeyLength = 6;
-    private ubyte[] key_;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        key_ = key;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.encryption)(plain, cipher);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.decryption)(cipher, plain);
-    }
-
-    private void operateBlock(Direction D)(in ubyte[] source, ref ubyte[] target)
-    {
-        ubyte[blockSize_] ipBlock;
-        ubyte[expansionBlockSize] expansionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] substitutionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] pBoxTarget;
-        ubyte[pc1KeyLength] pc1Key;
-        ubyte[subkeyLength] subkey;
-
-        // Initial permutation
-        permute(source, ipBlock, ipTable, blockSize);
-
-        // Key schedule computation
-        permute(key_, pc1Key, pc1Table, pc1KeyLength);
-
-        // Feistel function
-        for (ubyte round; round < 16; ++round)
-        {
-            auto bitVector = BitVector(expansionBlock);
-            /* Expansion. This permutation only looks at the first 4 bytes (32
-               bits of ipBlock); 16 of these are repeated in expansion table.*/
-            permute(BitVector(ipBlock[4..$]), bitVector, expansionTable, 6);
-
-            // Key mixing
-            static if (D == Direction.encryption)
-            {
-                rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round <= 1 || round == 8 || round == 15))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-            permute(pc1Key, subkey, pc2Table, subkeyLength);
-            static if (D == Direction.decryption)
-            {
-                rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round >= 14 || round == 7 || round == 0))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-
-            bitVector ^= subkey;
-
-            // Substitution; copy from updated expansion block to ciphertext block
-            substitutionBlock[0] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[0][(expansionBlock[0] & 0xfc ) >> 2] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[0] |= sBox[1][(expansionBlock[0] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[1] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[1] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[2][(expansionBlock[1] & 0x0f) << 2 | (expansionBlock[2] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[1] |= sBox[3][(expansionBlock[2] & 0x3f)];
-            substitutionBlock[2] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[4][(expansionBlock[3] & 0xfc) >> 2 ] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[2] |= sBox[5][(expansionBlock[3] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[4] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[3] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[6][(expansionBlock[4] & 0x0F) << 2 | (expansionBlock[5] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[3] |= sBox[7][(expansionBlock[5] & 0x3f)];
-
-            // Permutation
-            bitVector = BitVector(substitutionBlock);
-            permute(bitVector, pBoxTarget, pTable, blockSize / 2);
-
-            // Swap the halves.
-            substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-            ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-
-            bitVector ^= pBoxTarget;
-            ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-        }
-
-        substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-        ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-        ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-
-        // Final permutaion (undo initial permuation).
-        permute(ipBlock, target, fpTable, blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the left rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateLeft(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[0] & 0x80) >> 3;
-
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] << 1) | ((key[1] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] << 1) | ((key[2] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] << 1) | ((key[3] & 0x80) >> 7));
-
-        immutable carryRight = (key[3] & 0x08) >> 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] << 1) | ((key[4] & 0x80) >> 7)) & ~0x10) | carryLeft);
-
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] << 1) | ((key[5] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] << 1) | ((key[6] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] << 1) | carryRight);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the right rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateRight(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryRight = (key[6] & 0x01) << 3;
-
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] >> 1) | ((key[5] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] >> 1) | ((key[4] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] >> 1) | ((key[3] & 0x01) << 7));
-
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[3] & 0x10) << 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] >> 1) | ((key[2] & 0x01) << 7)) & ~0x08) | carryRight);
-
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] >> 1) | ((key[1] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] >> 1) | ((key[0] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] >> 1) | carryLeft);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in ubyte[] source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        const sourceVector = const BitVector(source);
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(sourceVector, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(source, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ref BitVector target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        for (uint i; i < length * 8; ++i)
-        {
-            target[i] = source[permuteTable[i] - 1];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import std.typecons;
-
-    /* Test vectors for DES. Source:
-       "Validating the Correctness of Hardware 
-       Implementations of the NBS Data Encryption Standard"
-       NBS Special Publication 500-20, 1980. Appendix B */
-
-    // Initial and reverse Permutation and Expansion tests. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][64] desTestVectors1 = [
-        [0x95, 0xf8, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x00],
-        [0xdd, 0x7f, 0x12, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x56, 0x19],
-        [0x2e, 0x86, 0x53, 0x10, 0x4f, 0x38, 0x34, 0xea],
-        [0x4b, 0xd3, 0x88, 0xff, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x1d, 0x4f],
-        [0x20, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x14, 0x56],
-        [0x55, 0x57, 0x93, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x71, 0x38, 0xef],
-        [0x6c, 0xc5, 0xde, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x04, 0x51, 0x2f],
-        [0x0d, 0x9f, 0x27, 0x9b, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x72, 0x60],
-        [0xd9, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x71, 0xbd, 0x5a, 0x0a],
-        [0x42, 0x42, 0x50, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0x3d, 0xd9, 0x51],
-        [0xb8, 0x06, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xcd, 0x9a, 0x21, 0xe5],
-        [0xf1, 0x5d, 0x0f, 0x28, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xbd, 0x28],
-        [0xad, 0xd0, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0xeb, 0xa1],
-        [0xe6, 0xd5, 0xf8, 0x27, 0x52, 0xad, 0x63, 0xd1],
-        [0xec, 0xbf, 0xe3, 0xbd, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x1a, 0x5e],
-        [0xf3, 0x56, 0x83, 0x43, 0x79, 0xd1, 0x65, 0xcd],
-        [0x2b, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x03, 0x7f, 0xa9],
-        [0x88, 0x9d, 0xe0, 0x68, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0x0b, 0xe6],
-        [0xe1, 0x9e, 0x27, 0x5d, 0x84, 0x6a, 0x12, 0x98],
-        [0x32, 0x9a, 0x8e, 0xd5, 0x23, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xec],
-        [0xe7, 0xfc, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x57, 0xd2, 0x3c, 0x97],
-        [0x12, 0xa9, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x7f, 0xf2, 0xd6, 0x5d],
-        [0xa4, 0x84, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x38, 0xdc, 0x9c, 0x19],
-        [0xfb, 0xe0, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x1e, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x72],
-        [0x75, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x94, 0x07, 0x52, 0x13, 0x63],
-        [0x64, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x4c, 0x2f, 0xaf],
-        [0xf0, 0x2b, 0x26, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0x60],
-        [0x9d, 0x64, 0x55, 0x5a, 0x9a, 0x10, 0xb8, 0x52],
-        [0xd1, 0x06, 0xff, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x52, 0x55, 0xd7],
-        [0xe1, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x8c, 0x64, 0xa5],
-        [0xe4, 0x28, 0x58, 0x11, 0x86, 0xec, 0x8f, 0x46],
-        [0xae, 0xb5, 0xf5, 0xed, 0xe2, 0x2d, 0x1a, 0x36],
-        [0xe9, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x56, 0x8a, 0xec, 0x0c, 0x5c],
-        [0xdf, 0x98, 0xc8, 0x27, 0x6f, 0x54, 0xb0, 0x4b],
-        [0xb1, 0x60, 0xe4, 0x68, 0x0f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6f],
-        [0xfa, 0x07, 0x52, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0x9c, 0x4a, 0xb8],
-        [0xca, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x03, 0x6d, 0xbc, 0x85, 0x02],
-        [0x5e, 0x09, 0x05, 0x51, 0x7b, 0xb5, 0x9b, 0xcf],
-        [0x81, 0x4e, 0xeb, 0x3b, 0x91, 0xd9, 0x07, 0x26],
-        [0x4d, 0x49, 0xdb, 0x15, 0x32, 0x91, 0x9c, 0x9f],
-        [0x25, 0xeb, 0x5f, 0xc3, 0xf8, 0xcf, 0x06, 0x21],
-        [0xab, 0x6a, 0x20, 0xc0, 0x62, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x6f],
-        [0x79, 0xe9, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x2c, 0xca],
-        [0x86, 0x6e, 0xce, 0xdd, 0x80, 0x72, 0xbb, 0x0e],
-        [0x8b, 0x54, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x3e, 0x64, 0xa8],
-        [0xea, 0x51, 0xd3, 0x97, 0x55, 0x95, 0xb8, 0x6b],
-        [0xca, 0xff, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x45, 0x42, 0xde, 0x31],
-        [0x8d, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x90, 0x79, 0x6c],
-        [0x10, 0x29, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x88, 0x0e, 0xc2, 0xd0],
-        [0x5d, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x23, 0x63, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0xa9],
-        [0x1d, 0x1c, 0xa8, 0x53, 0xae, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x5f],
-        [0xce, 0x33, 0x23, 0x29, 0x24, 0x8f, 0x32, 0x28],
-        [0x84, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xab, 0xe2, 0x4f, 0xb9, 0x42],
-        [0xe6, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x80, 0x90, 0xca, 0x42, 0x07],
-        [0x48, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x99, 0x37, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x23],
-        [0xdd, 0x7c, 0x0b, 0xbd, 0x61, 0xfa, 0xfd, 0x54],
-        [0x2f, 0xbc, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x57, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0xc4],
-        [0xe0, 0x7c, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xe4, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x12],
-        [0x09, 0x53, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x8e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0xa1],
-        [0x5b, 0x71, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xce, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0xee],
-        [0xcc, 0x08, 0x3f, 0x1e, 0x6d, 0x9e, 0x85, 0xf6],
-        [0xd2, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x67, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xfe],
-        [0x06, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x22, 0xce, 0x92, 0x70, 0x8f],
-        [0x16, 0x6b, 0x40, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0xba, 0x4b, 0xd6],
-    ];
-
-    // Key Permutation test. Encrypt.
-    // Test of right-shifts. Decrypt.
-    ubyte[8][56] desTestVectors2 = [
-        [0x95, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x13, 0xda, 0xa9, 0x4d],
-        [0x0e, 0xec, 0x14, 0x87, 0xdd, 0x8c, 0x26, 0xd5],
-        [0x7a, 0xd1, 0x6f, 0xfb, 0x79, 0xc4, 0x59, 0x26],
-        [0xd3, 0x74, 0x62, 0x94, 0xca, 0x6a, 0x6c, 0xf3],
-        [0x80, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x3c, 0x1f, 0xd7, 0x61],
-        [0xc0, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xfe, 0xc9, 0x89, 0xd1, 0xfc],
-        [0x46, 0x15, 0xaa, 0x1d, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x2f, 0x10],
-        [0x20, 0x55, 0x12, 0x33, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x08, 0x58],
-        [0xdf, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xd6, 0x57, 0x73, 0x97, 0xc8],
-        [0x31, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x36, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x88, 0xc9],
-        [0xdf, 0xdd, 0x3c, 0xc6, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x16, 0x42],
-        [0x17, 0x8c, 0x83, 0xce, 0x2b, 0x39, 0x9d, 0x94],
-        [0x50, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x32, 0x4a, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x80],
-        [0xa8, 0x46, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0xbc, 0x18, 0xf0, 0x6d],
-        [0xa2, 0xdc, 0x9e, 0x92, 0xfd, 0x3c, 0xde, 0x92],
-        [0xca, 0xc0, 0x9f, 0x79, 0x7d, 0x03, 0x12, 0x87],
-        [0x90, 0xba, 0x68, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xae, 0xb5, 0x25],
-        [0xce, 0x7a, 0x24, 0xf3, 0x50, 0xe2, 0x80, 0xb6],
-        [0x88, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x87],
-        [0x25, 0x61, 0x02, 0x88, 0x92, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc2],
-        [0xc7, 0x15, 0x16, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x75, 0xd1, 0x70],
-        [0x51, 0x99, 0xc2, 0x9a, 0x52, 0xc9, 0xf0, 0x59],
-        [0xc2, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x71, 0xf2, 0x9f],
-        [0xee, 0x37, 0x14, 0x83, 0x71, 0x4c, 0x02, 0xea],
-        [0xa8, 0x1f, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x52, 0x2f],
-        [0x4f, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x92, 0xe1, 0x92, 0xdf, 0xed],
-        [0x1a, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x66, 0xa6, 0xdf, 0x92, 0xae],
-        [0xb3, 0xc1, 0xcc, 0x71, 0x5c, 0xb8, 0x79, 0xd8],
-        [0x19, 0xd0, 0x32, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xb0, 0xbd, 0x8b],
-        [0x3c, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x20, 0xdc],
-        [0xb7, 0x26, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x44, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf3],
-        [0x9d, 0xb7, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x3f, 0x54],
-        [0x81, 0x81, 0xb6, 0x5b, 0xab, 0xf4, 0xa9, 0x75],
-        [0x93, 0xc9, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x42, 0xea, 0xa2, 0x40],
-        [0x55, 0x70, 0x53, 0x08, 0x29, 0x70, 0x55, 0x92],
-        [0x86, 0x38, 0x80, 0x9e, 0x87, 0x87, 0x87, 0xa0],
-        [0x41, 0xb9, 0xa7, 0x9a, 0xf7, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0x08],
-        [0x7a, 0x9b, 0xe4, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x09, 0xa8, 0x92],
-        [0x29, 0x03, 0x8d, 0x56, 0xba, 0x6d, 0x27, 0x45],
-        [0x54, 0x95, 0xc6, 0xab, 0xf1, 0xe5, 0xdf, 0x51],
-        [0xae, 0x13, 0xdb, 0xd5, 0x61, 0x48, 0x89, 0x33],
-        [0x02, 0x4d, 0x1f, 0xfa, 0x89, 0x04, 0xe3, 0x89],
-        [0xd1, 0x39, 0x97, 0x12, 0xf9, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0x2e],
-        [0x14, 0xc1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0xc7, 0x9e],
-        [0x1d, 0xe5, 0x27, 0x9d, 0xae, 0x3b, 0xed, 0x6f],
-        [0xe9, 0x41, 0xa3, 0x3f, 0x85, 0x50, 0x13, 0x03],
-        [0xda, 0x99, 0xdb, 0xbc, 0x9a, 0x03, 0xf3, 0x79],
-        [0xb7, 0xfc, 0x92, 0xf9, 0x1d, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xe9],
-        [0xae, 0x8e, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0x4e, 0x85],
-        [0x9c, 0xc6, 0x2d, 0xf4, 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xed, 0x74],
-        [0xd8, 0x63, 0xdb, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0x9a, 0x91, 0xa0],
-        [0xa1, 0xab, 0x21, 0x90, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x91, 0xd7],
-        [0x08, 0x75, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x64, 0xc5, 0x70, 0xf7],
-        [0x5a, 0x59, 0x45, 0x28, 0xbe, 0xbe, 0xf1, 0xcc],
-        [0xfc, 0xdb, 0x32, 0x91, 0xde, 0x21, 0xf0, 0xc0],
-        [0x86, 0x9e, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0x9f, 0x26, 0x5a, 0x09],
-    ];
-
-    // Data permutation test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][2][32] desTestVectors3 = [
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x91, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x31], [0x88, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x4c, 0x97, 0xb4]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0x0c, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x83, 0xea, 0x48, 0xfd]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0x83, 0xbc, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0xa6, 0x57, 0x01, 0x83]],
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0xdf, 0x72, 0x5d, 0xca, 0xd9, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0xe9]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xe6, 0x52, 0xb5, 0x3b, 0x55, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaf, 0x52, 0x71, 0x20, 0xc4, 0x85, 0xcb, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x51, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0x0f, 0x04, 0xce, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xb9, 0x26, 0xd5]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xc9, 0xf0, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x74, 0x07, 0x90, 0x67]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x54, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0x7c, 0xfd, 0x82, 0xa5, 0x93, 0x25, 0x2b, 0x4e]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x94, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0xcb, 0x49, 0xa2, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x13, 0x63, 0xe3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0xb9, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x00, 0xb5, 0x88, 0xbe, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0x56]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x40, 0x6a, 0x9a, 0x6a, 0xb4, 0x33, 0x99, 0xae]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x6c, 0xb7, 0x73, 0x61, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x9a, 0xda]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x67, 0xfd, 0x21, 0xc1, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x70]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x95, 0x92, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x10, 0x43, 0x07, 0x87]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x98, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0xa6, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x68, 0xa3, 0x18, 0xdd, 0xd3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x4d, 0x10, 0x21, 0x96, 0xc9, 0x14, 0xca, 0x16]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x2d, 0xfa, 0x9f, 0x45, 0x73, 0x59, 0x49, 0x65]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xb4, 0x66, 0x04, 0x81, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x07, 0x74]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x6e, 0x7e, 0x62, 0x21, 0xa4, 0xf3, 0x4e, 0x87]],
-        [[0x19, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaa, 0x85, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x43, 0x23, 0x31, 0x99]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01], [0x2e, 0x5a, 0x19, 0xdb, 0x4d, 0x19, 0x62, 0xd6]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x08, 0x01], [0x23, 0xa8, 0x66, 0xa8, 0x09, 0xd3, 0x08, 0x94]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xd8, 0x12, 0xd9, 0x61, 0xf0, 0x17, 0xd3, 0x20]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x0b], [0x05, 0x56, 0x05, 0x81, 0x6e, 0x58, 0x60, 0x8f]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xab, 0xd8, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0x1b, 0x77, 0x16, 0xf1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02], [0x53, 0x7a, 0xc9, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xa1, 0xe1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x08], [0xae, 0xd0, 0xf6, 0xae, 0x3c, 0x25, 0xcd, 0xd8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x14, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x04], [0xb3, 0xe3, 0x5a, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x8d]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x04], [0x61, 0xc7, 0x9c, 0x71, 0x92, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0xf8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x10, 0x02, 0x01], [0xe2, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x8f, 0x09, 0x95, 0x01, 0x3c]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x16, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x01], [0x1a, 0xea, 0xc3, 0x9a, 0x61, 0xf0, 0xa4, 0x64]],
-    ];
-
-    // S-Box test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][3][19] desTestVectors4 = [
-        [[0x7c, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x45, 0x4a, 0x1a, 0x6e, 0x57], [0x01, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0xd0, 0x39, 0x77, 0x67, 0x42],
-        [0x69, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0x26, 0x93, 0x9b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x61, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x37, 0x6e], [0x5c, 0xd5, 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x3d, 0xef, 0x57, 0xda],
-        [0x7a, 0x38, 0x9d, 0x10, 0x35, 0x4b, 0xd2, 0x71]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x3e, 0x4a, 0x0b, 0x26, 0x86], [0x02, 0x48, 0xd4, 0x38, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x71, 0x72],
-        [0x86, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xca, 0xb4, 0x59, 0x9a]],
-        [[0x38, 0x49, 0x67, 0x4c, 0x26, 0x02, 0x31, 0x9e], [0x51, 0x45, 0x4b, 0x58, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x44, 0x0a],
-        [0x71, 0x78, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x01, 0xf1, 0x9b, 0x2a]],
-        [[0x04, 0xb9, 0x15, 0xba, 0x43, 0xfe, 0xb5, 0xb6], [0x42, 0xfd, 0x44, 0x30, 0x59, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xa2],
-        [0xaf, 0x37, 0xfb, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x40, 0x95]],
-        [[0x01, 0x13, 0xb9, 0x70, 0xfd, 0x34, 0xf2, 0xce], [0x05, 0x9b, 0x5e, 0x08, 0x51, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x3a],
-        [0x86, 0xa5, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x5b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x70, 0xf1, 0x75, 0x46, 0x8f, 0xb5, 0xe6], [0x07, 0x56, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0x77, 0x47, 0x61, 0xd2],
-        [0x0c, 0xd3, 0xda, 0x02, 0x00, 0x21, 0xdc, 0x09]],
-        [[0x43, 0x29, 0x7f, 0xad, 0x38, 0xe3, 0x73, 0xfe], [0x76, 0x25, 0x14, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x48, 0x6a],
-        [0xea, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x2c, 0xb7, 0xdb, 0x2b, 0x7a]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa7, 0x13, 0x70, 0x45, 0xda, 0x2a, 0x16], [0x3b, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x90, 0x49, 0x37, 0x28, 0x02],
-        [0xdf, 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x81, 0x5c, 0xaf, 0x1a, 0x0f]],
-        [[0x04, 0x68, 0x91, 0x04, 0xc2, 0xfd, 0x3b, 0x2f], [0x26, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x68, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x60, 0x9a],
-        [0x5c, 0x51, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0x48, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x88]],
-        [[0x37, 0xd0, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0x16, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x46], [0x16, 0x4d, 0x5e, 0x40, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x52, 0x32],
-        [0x0a, 0x2a, 0xee, 0xae, 0x3f, 0xf4, 0xab, 0x77]],
-        [[0x1f, 0x08, 0x26, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0xc2, 0x46, 0x5e], [0x6b, 0x05, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x75, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0xca],
-        [0xef, 0x1b, 0xf0, 0x3e, 0x5d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x5a]],
-        [[0x58, 0x40, 0x23, 0x64, 0x1a, 0xba, 0x61, 0x76], [0x00, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0xef, 0x09, 0x17, 0x60, 0x62],
-        [0x88, 0xbf, 0x0d, 0xb6, 0xd7, 0x0d, 0xee, 0x56]],
-        [[0x02, 0x58, 0x16, 0x16, 0x46, 0x29, 0xb0, 0x07], [0x48, 0x0d, 0x39, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x62, 0xf2],
-        [0xa1, 0xf9, 0x91, 0x55, 0x41, 0x02, 0x0b, 0x56]],
-        [[0x49, 0x79, 0x3e, 0xbc, 0x79, 0xb3, 0x25, 0x8f], [0x43, 0x75, 0x40, 0xc8, 0x69, 0x8f, 0x3c, 0xfa],
-        [0x6f, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xfd, 0x05, 0x56]],
-        [[0x4f, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x15, 0xab, 0x73, 0xa7], [0x07, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x77, 0x07, 0x52, 0x92],
-        [0x2f, 0x22, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0xab, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xac]],
-        [[0x49, 0xe9, 0x5d, 0x6d, 0x4c, 0xa2, 0x29, 0xbf], [0x02, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x77, 0x81, 0x17, 0xf1, 0x2a],
-        [0x5a, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x2c, 0xc2, 0x6c, 0xce, 0x4a]],
-        [[0x01, 0x83, 0x10, 0xdc, 0x40, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xd6], [0x1d, 0x9d, 0x5c, 0x50, 0x18, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xc2],
-        [0x5f, 0x4c, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x2e, 0x41]],
-        [[0x1c, 0x58, 0x7f, 0x1c, 0x13, 0x92, 0x4f, 0xef], [0x30, 0x55, 0x32, 0x28, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x29, 0x5a],
-        [0x63, 0xfa, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x34, 0xd9, 0xf7, 0x93]],
-    ];
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    auto des = scoped!(DES!1);
-    ubyte[8] key = [0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01];
-    ubyte[8] plain = [0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-    ubyte[8] cipher;
-
-    des.key = key;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..64)
-    {
-        if (i != 0)
-        {
-            plain[i / 8] = i % 8 ? plain[i / 8] >> 1 : 0x80;
-            if (i % 8 == 0)
-            {
-                plain[i / 8 - 1] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors1[i]);
-
-        // Inverse Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(cipher, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..56)
-    {
-        key[i / 7] = i % 7 ? key[i / 7] >> 1 : 0x80;
-        if (i % 7 == 0 && i != 0)
-        {
-            key[i / 7 - 1] = 0x01;
-        }
-        des.key = key;
-
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors2[i]);
-
-        // Test of right-shifts in Decryption.
-        des.decrypt(desTestVectors2[i], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    // Data permutation test.
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors3)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[1]);
-    }
-
-    // S-Box test.
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors4)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(i[1], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[2]);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/mode.d

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Block cipher modes of operation.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.mode;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.typecons;
-
-/**
- * Supported padding mode.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-enum PaddingMode
-{
-    zero,
-    pkcs7,
-    ansiX923,
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL PaddingMode)
- */
-ubyte[] pad(ref ubyte[] input,
-            in PaddingMode mode,
-            in ushort blockSize,
-            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
-    assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
-    assert(input.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
-    immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
-    immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
-
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-            if (needed)
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-                input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
-            }
-            break;
-        case ansiX923:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
-            input[$ - 1] = needed;
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        assert(input[63] == 0);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.ansiX923, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-ref ubyte[] unpad(ref ubyte[] input,
-                  in PaddingMode mode,
-                  in ushort blockSize,
-                  shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(input.length != 0);
-    assert(input.length % 64 == 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-        case ansiX923:
-            immutable last = input[$ - 1];
-
-            allocator.shrinkArray(input, last ? last : blockSize);
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        pad(inputDup, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/symmetric.d

@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Interfaces for implementing secret key algorithms.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/**
- * Implemented by secret key algorithms.
- */
-interface SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Minimum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /// Cipher direction.
-    protected enum Direction : ushort
-    {
-        encryption,
-        decryption,
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Implemented by block ciphers.
- */
-interface BlockCipher : SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Block size.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by algorithms with fixed block size.
- *
- * Params:
- *     N = Block size.
- */
-mixin template FixedBlockSize(uint N)
-    if (N != 0)
-{
-    private enum uint blockSize_ = N;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Fixed block size.
-     */
-    final @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return blockSize_;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by symmetric algorithms.
- * If $(D_PARAM Min) equals $(D_PARAM Max) fixed key length is assumed.
- *
- * Params:
- *     Min = Minimum key length.
- *     Max = Maximum key length.
- */
-mixin template KeyLength(uint Min, uint Max = Min)
-    if (Min != 0 && Max != 0)
-{
-    static if (Min == Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint keyLength_ = Min;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else static if (Min < Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint minKeyLength_ = Min;
-        private enum uint maxKeyLength_ = Max;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return minKeyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return maxKeyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static assert(false, "Max should be larger or equal to Min");
-    }
-}

source/tanya/math.d

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.container.math;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-	import std.algorithm.iteration;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = Base.
- * 	y = Exponent.
- * 	z = Divisor.
- *
- * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
- *          by $(D_PARAM z).
- */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @safe nothrow pure
-in
-{
-	assert(z > 0);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
-
-	if (y == 0)
-	{
-		return 1 % z;
-	}
-	else if (y == 1)
-	{
-		return x % z;
-	}
-    do
-    {
-        auto bit = y & mask;
-        if (!result && bit)
-        {
-            result = x;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        result *= result;
-        if (bit)
-        {
-            result *= x;
-        }
-        result %= z;
-
-    }
-    while (mask >>= 1);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
-    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
-    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
-    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
-    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
-    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
-    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = The number should be checked.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @safe nothrow pure
-{
-	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
-	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
-
-	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
-}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */  
+module tanya.math;
+
+import std.traits;
+public import tanya.math.mp;
+public import tanya.math.random;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	import std.algorithm.iteration;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	I = Base type.
+ * 	G = Exponent type.
+ * 	H = Divisor type:
+ * 	x = Base.
+ * 	y = Exponent.
+ * 	z = Divisor.
+ *
+ * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
+ *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
+ */
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+	if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+in
+{
+	assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+	G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+	H result;
+
+	if (y == 0)
+	{
+		return 1 % z;
+	}
+	else if (y == 1)
+	{
+		return x % z;
+	}
+	do
+	{
+		immutable bit = y & mask;
+		if (!result && bit)
+		{
+			result = x;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		result *= result;
+		if (bit)
+		{
+			result *= x;
+		}
+		result %= z;
+	}
+	while (mask >>= 1);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I pow(I)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref I y, in auto ref I z)
+	if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+	assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+	size_t i = y.length;
+	auto tmp2 = Integer(x.allocator), tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+	Integer result = Integer(x.allocator);
+
+	if (x.length == 0 && i != 0)
+	{
+		i = 0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		result = 1;
+	}
+	while (i)
+	{
+		--i;
+		for (ubyte mask = 0x01; mask; mask <<= 1)
+		{
+			if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+			{
+				result *= tmp1;
+				result %= z;
+			}
+			tmp2 = tmp1;
+			tmp1 *= tmp2;
+			tmp1 %= z;
+		}
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+	assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
+	assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
+	assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
+	assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
+	assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
+	assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
+	assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
+	assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
+	assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	x = The number should be checked.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+{
+	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+	                  74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
+	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
+
+	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+}

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -3,16 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
-module tanya.random;
+module tanya.math.random;
 
-import tanya.memory;
 import std.digest.sha;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory;
 
 /// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
 enum blockSize = 64;
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ version (linux)
 /**
  * Pseudorandom number generator.
  * ---
- * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy;
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
  *
  * ubyte[blockSize] output;
  *

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,105 +3,65 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-import std.experimental.allocator;
-import std.traits;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.memory : defaultAllocator;
-}
-
 /**
- * Allocator interface.
+ * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
  */
 interface Allocator
 {
-    /**
-     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
-     */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared;
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Alignment offered.
+	 */
+	@property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Deallocates a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-     *
-     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
-     */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared;
+	/**
+	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
+	 */
+	void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *     size = Size of the reallocated block.
-     *
-     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
-     */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared;
+	/**
+	 * Deallocates a memory block.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+	 */
+	bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: The alignment offered.
-     */
-    @property immutable(uint) alignment() shared const @safe pure nothrow;
+	/**
+	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
+	 */
+	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+	 * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+	 * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+	 * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+	 */
+	bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 }
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     T         = Element type of the array being created.
- *     allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
- *     array     = A reference to the array being changed.
- *     length    = New array length.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
- *          not be reallocated. In the latter
- */
-bool resizeArray(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
-                    ref T[] array,
-                    in size_t length)
-{
-    void[] buf = array;
-
-    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-    array = cast(T[]) buf;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    int[] p;
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
-    assert(p.length == 20);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
-    assert(p.length == 30);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
-    assert(p.length == 10);
-
-    defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
-    assert(p is null);
-}
-
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
-                           || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.memory.mallocator;
-
-import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import core.exception;
-import core.stdc.stdlib;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-
-/**
- * Wrapper for malloc/realloc/free from the C standard library.
- */
-class Mallocator : Allocator
-{
-    /**
-     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
-     */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        if (!size)
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
-
-        if (!p)
-        {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
-        return p[psize.. psize + size];
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
-    {
-        auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
-
-        assert(p.length == 20);
-
-        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Deallocates a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-     *
-     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
-     */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        if (p !is null)
-        {
-            free(p.ptr - psize);
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
-    {
-        void[] p;
-        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
-
-        p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(10);
-        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *     size = Size of the reallocated block.
-     *
-     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
-     */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        if (!size)
-        {
-            deallocate(p);
-            p = null;
-            return true;
-        }
-        else if (p is null)
-        {
-            p = allocate(size);
-            return true;
-        }
-        auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
-
-        if (!r)
-        {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
-        p = r[psize.. psize + size];
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
-    {
-        void[] p;
-
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20);
-        assert(p.length == 20);
-
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 30);
-        assert(p.length == 30);
-
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10);
-        assert(p.length == 10);
-
-        Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 0);
-        assert(p is null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The alignment offered.
-     */
-    @property immutable(uint) alignment() shared const @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return cast(uint) max(double.alignof, real.alignof);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-     *
-     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
-     */
-    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        if (instance_ is null)
-        {
-            immutable size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
-            void* p = malloc(size);
-
-            if (p is null)
-            {
-                onOutOfMemoryError();
-            }
-            p[psize..size] = typeid(Mallocator).initializer[];
-            instance_ = cast(shared Mallocator) p[psize..size].ptr;
-        }
-        return instance_;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
-    {
-        assert(instance is instance);
-    }
-
-    private enum psize = 8;
-
-    private shared static Mallocator instance_;
-}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,27 +3,315 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-public
+import core.exception;
+public import std.experimental.allocator : make, makeArray;
+import std.traits;
+public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+
+/**
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
+ */
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 {
-    import tanya.memory.allocator;
-    import std.experimental.allocator : make, dispose, shrinkArray, expandArray, makeArray, dispose;
+	/// Allocator.
+	protected shared Allocator allocator_;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used.
+	 */
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+	 * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Used allocator.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
+	 */
+	protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (allocator)
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return allocator_;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	@property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+	out (allocator)
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			return defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+	}
 }
 
+// From druntime
+private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator()
+shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
 {
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
-    if (allocator is null)
-    {
-        allocator = Mallocator.instance;
-    }
-    return allocator;
+	import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+	allocator = MmapPool.instance;
+}
+
+@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+out (allocator)
+{
+	assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+	return allocator;
+}
+
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+in
+{
+	assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+	.allocator = allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Object type.
+ */
+template stateSize(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ * 	size      = Raw size.
+ * 	alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(in size_t size, in size_t alignment = 8) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+	return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * throws $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) if $(D_PARAM Throws) is set. The new
+ * allocated part of the array is initialized only if $(D_PARAM Init) 
+ * is set. This function can be trusted only in the data structures that
+ * can ensure that the array is allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the
+ * same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ * 	Init      = If should be initialized.
+ * 	Throws    = If $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) should be throwsn.
+ * 	allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ * 	array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ * 	length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
+ *          not be reallocated. In the latter
+ */
+package(tanya) bool resize(T,
+                           bool Init = true,
+                           bool Throws = true)
+                          (shared Allocator allocator,
+                           ref T[] array,
+                           in size_t length) @trusted
+{
+	void[] buf = array;
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		immutable oldLength = array.length;
+	}
+	if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+	{
+		static if (Throws)
+		{
+			onOutOfMemoryError;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	// Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+	array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		if (oldLength < length)
+		{
+			array[oldLength .. $] = T.init;
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+package(tanya) alias resizeArray = resize;
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	int[] p;
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
+	assert(p.length == 20);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
+	assert(p.length == 30);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
+	assert(p.length == 10);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
+	assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ * 	allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ * 	p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T* p)
+{
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+	{
+		destroy(*p);
+	}
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate((cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof]); }();
+	p = null;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+	if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+{
+	if (p is null)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+	static if (is(T == interface))
+	{
+		version(Windows)
+		{
+			import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
+			static assert(!is(T: IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+										 ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+		}
+		auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		alias ob = p;
+	}
+	auto ptr = cast(void *) ob;
+
+	auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+	scope (success)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(support); }();
+		p = null;
+	}
+
+	auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+	if (!*ppv)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+	auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+	scope (exit)
+	{
+		*ppv = null;
+	}
+
+	auto c = *pc;
+	do
+	{
+		// Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+		// shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
+		if (c.destructor)
+		{
+			(cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+		}
+	}
+	while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+
+	if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
+	{
+		_d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
+	}
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T[] p)
+{
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
+	{
+		import std.algorithm.iteration;
+		p.each!(e => destroy(e));
+	}
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(p); }();
+	p = null;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+	struct S
+	{
+		~this()
+		{
+		}
+	}
+	auto p = cast(S[]) defaultAllocator.allocate(S.sizeof);
+
+	defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
 }

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.types;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T*;
+	}
+
+	private class Storage
+	{
+		private Payload payload;
+		private size_t counter = 1;
+
+		private final size_t opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+			if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+		in
+		{
+			assert(counter > 0);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+		}
+
+		private final int opCmp(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			if (this.counter > counter)
+			{
+				return 1;
+			}
+			else if (this.counter < counter)
+			{
+				return -1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private final int opEquals(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			return this.counter == counter;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final class RefCountedStorage : Storage
+	{
+		private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+		this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		in
+		{
+			assert(allocator !is null);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			this.allocator = allocator;
+		}
+
+		~this() nothrow @nogc
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(payload);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Storage storage;
+
+	invariant
+	{
+		assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+	 * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+	 * 	allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+	 * 	            allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+	 */
+	this(Payload value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	{
+		this(allocator);
+		storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		move(value, storage.payload);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases the reference counter by one.
+	 */
+	this(this)
+	{
+		if (count != 0)
+		{
+			++storage;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+	 *
+	 * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+	 */
+	~this()
+	{
+		if (storage !is null && !(storage.counter && --storage))
+		{
+			allocator_.dispose(storage);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+	 *
+	 * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+	 * it will be destroyed.
+	 *
+	 * To reset the $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+	 *
+	 * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+	 * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	rhs = $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 */
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload rhs)
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		move(rhs, storage.payload);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			return this;
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = null;
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			return this;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+	{
+		swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+		swap(storage, rhs.storage);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+	 */
+	inout(Payload) get() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return storage.payload;
+	}
+
+	static if (isPointer!Payload)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Params:
+		 * 	op = Operation. 
+		 *
+		 * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+		 * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+		 */
+		ref T opUnary(string op)()
+			if (op == "*")
+		{
+			return *storage.payload;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+	 *          storage.
+	 */
+	@property bool isInitialized() const
+	{
+		return storage !is null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+	 *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+	 *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+	 */
+	@property size_t count() const
+	{
+		return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
+	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+	alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+	auto val = rc.get;
+
+	*val = 8;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	val = null;
+	assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	*rc = 9;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	private class A
+	{
+		uint *destroyed;
+
+		this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+		{
+			this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+		}
+
+		~this() @nogc
+		{
+			++(*destroyed);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private struct B
+	{
+		int prop;
+		@disable this();
+		this(int param1) @nogc
+		{
+			prop = param1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	uint destroyed;
+	auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+	assert(destroyed == 0);
+	{
+		auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+		void func(RefCounted!A rc)
+		{
+			assert(rc.count == 2);
+		}
+		func(rc);
+
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+	}
+	assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+	RefCounted!int rc;
+	assert(rc.count == 0);
+	rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ * 	A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 	allocator = Allocator.
+ * 	args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+	if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+         && !isArray!T && !isAssociativeArray!T)
+{
+	auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+	immutable storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+	immutable size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+	auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+	if (mem is null)
+	{
+		onOutOfMemoryError();
+	}
+	scope (failure)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+	}
+	rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+	static if (is(T == class))
+	{
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+	void func(RefCounted!int param)
+	{
+		if (param.count == 2)
+		{
+			func(param);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			assert(param.count == 3);
+		}
+	}
+	func(rc);
+
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+	struct E
+	{
+	}
+	auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+	static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+		assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
+	}
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+		assert(rc.count);
+	}
+}