Rename String.toString to String.get()

Last changed it only by the Range and forgotten about the string itself.

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+charset = utf-8
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,8 @@
 # D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core
+/tanya-test-library
+
+/docs/
+/docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+ - linux
+ - osx
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+ - dmd-2.074.1
+ - dmd-2.073.2
+ - dmd-2.072.2
+ - dmd-2.071.2
+
+env: 
+ matrix:
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+
+script:
+ - dub test -b unittest-cov --arch=$ARCH
+
+after_success:
+ - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,68 @@
-# tanya
+# Tanya
 
-tanya's mission is to provide a GC-free, general purpose library for D
+[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
-programming language for developing servers.
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
+* [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages:
+
+* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
+string, Hash set.
+* `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
+* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets, utilities.
+
+### Supported compilers
+
+| dmd     |
+|:-------:|
+| 2.074.1 |
+| 2.073.2 |
+| 2.072.2 |
+| 2.071.2 |
+
+### Current status
+
+Following modules are under development:
+
+| Feature  | Branch    | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|----------|:---------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| BitArray | bitvector | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector) |
+| TLS      | crypto    | [![crypto](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=crypto)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![crypto](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/crypto?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/crypto)                |
+| File IO  | io        | [![io](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=io)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![io](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/io?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/io)                                    |
+
+### Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library without any external dependencies.
+
+* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe yet.
+
+## Release management
+
+3-week release cycle.
+
+Deprecated features are removed after one release (in approximately 6 weeks after deprecating).
+
+## Contributing
+
+Feel free to contact me if you have any questions: info@caraus.de.

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+platform: x64
+os: Visual Studio 2017
+
+environment:
+ matrix:
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.074.1
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.073.2
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.072.2
+    arch: x86
+  - DC: dmd
+    DVersion: 2.071.2
+    arch: x86
+
+skip_tags: true
+
+install:
+  - ps: function SetUpDCompiler
+        {
+            $env:toolchain = "msvc";
+            $version = $env:DVersion;
+            Invoke-WebRequest "http://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$($version)/dmd.$($version).windows.7z" -OutFile "c:\dmd.7z";
+            echo "finished.";
+            pushd c:\\;
+            7z x dmd.7z > $null;
+            popd;
+        }
+  - ps: SetUpDCompiler
+
+  - ps: if($env:DVersion -eq "2.071.2"){
+            Invoke-WebRequest "http://code.dlang.org/files/dub-1.2.1-windows-x86.zip" -OutFile "dub.zip";
+            7z x dub.zip -odub > $null;
+            Move-Item "dub/dub.exe" "C:\dmd2\windows\bin"
+          }
+
+before_build:
+  - ps: $env:PATH += ";C:\dmd2\windows\bin;";
+  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Community\Common7\Tools\VsDevCmd.bat" -arch=%arch%
+
+build_script:
+ - echo dummy build script - dont remove me
+
+test_script:
+ - echo %DC%
+ - echo %PATH%
+ - 'dub --version'
+ - '%DC% --version'
+ - dub test --arch=x86 --compiler=%DC%

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "D library with event loop",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
@@ -26,30 +27,36 @@ import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
-class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+{
+    int epoll_create1(int flags);
+    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
+final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
     protected int fd;
-    private epoll_event[] events;
+    private Array!epoll_event events;
 
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
         {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
         }
         super();
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!epoll_event(maxEvents);
+        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Free loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
         close(fd);
     }
 
@@ -57,18 +64,15 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
      * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
+    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-    in
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-    {
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-        assert(watcher !is null);
-    }
-    body
     {
         int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
         epoll_event ev;
@@ -97,46 +101,47 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    protected override void poll()
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
     {
         // Don't block
         immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
 
         if (eventCount < 0)
         {
             if (errno != EINTR)
             {
-                throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
             }
             return;
         }
 
         for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
         {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
 
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].data.fd]);
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
             }
             else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
             {
-                kill(io, null);
+                kill(transport);
+                continue;
             }
             else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
                 {
                     ptrdiff_t received;
                     do
                     {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
+                        transport.output += received;
                     }
                     while (received);
                 }
@@ -146,18 +151,16 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
+                    continue;
                 }
-                else if (io.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
                 {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
             }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 transport.writeReady = true;
                 if (transport.input.length)
                 {

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
@@ -26,66 +26,146 @@ import core.sys.windows.winbase;
 import core.sys.windows.windef;
 import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
-class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private OverlappedConnectedSocket socket_;
+    private SocketException exception;
 
-    private WriteBuffer input;
+    private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
 
     /**
      * Creates new completion port transport.
+     *
      * Params:
-     *     socket   = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
      */
-    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket)
+    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
-    in
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
     {
         assert(socket !is null);
     }
     body
     {
-        socket_ = socket;
+        return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
     }
 
-    ~this()
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
+        return closing;
     }
 
-    @property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        return socket_;
+        closing = true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Write some data to the transport.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
     {
-        immutable empty = input.length == 0;
         input ~= data;
-        if (empty)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return protocol_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
         {
-            SocketState overlapped;
+            immutable empty = input.length == 0;
-            try
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
+            if (empty)
             {
-                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                SocketState overlapped;
-                socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
+                try
-            }
+                {
-            catch (SocketException e)
+                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-            {
+                    socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                }
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+                catch (SocketException e)
+                {
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+                }
             }
         }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
     }
 }
 
-class IOCPLoop : Loop
+final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 {
     protected HANDLE completionPort;
 
@@ -94,14 +174,15 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
 
         completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
         if (!completionPort)
         {
-            throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException("Creating completion port failed");
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "Creating completion port failed");
         }
     }
 
@@ -109,15 +190,15 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
      * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
     {
         SocketState overlapped;
         if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
@@ -141,17 +222,14 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
             catch (SocketException e)
             {
                 MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                theAllocator.dispose(e);
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
                 return false;
             }
         }
         if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
             || !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
         {
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) watcher;
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
-            assert(io !is null);
-
-            auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
             assert(transport !is null);
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
@@ -168,12 +246,12 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 try
                 {
                     overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
                 }
                 catch (SocketException e)
                 {
                     MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    theAllocator.dispose(e);
+                    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
                     return false;
                 }
             }
@@ -181,10 +259,24 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
         return true;
     }
 
+    private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                      SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    override protected void poll()
+    override protected void poll() @nogc
     {
         DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
         ULONG_PTR key;
@@ -218,29 +310,26 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 assert(listener !is null);
 
                 auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
-                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPStreamTransport(socket);
+                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
-                auto io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport, connection.protocol);
 
-                connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+                connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
 
-                reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
 
-                swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+                pendings.enqueue(connection);
                 listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
                 break;
             case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
+                assert(transport !is null);
-                if (!io.active)
+
+                if (!transport.active)
                 {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
                     MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
                     return;
                 }
 
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 int received;
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
@@ -253,38 +342,39 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher
+                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
                 }
                 else if (received > 0)
                 {
-                    immutable full = io.output.free == received;
+                    immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
 
-                    io.output += received;
+                    transport.output += received;
-                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue
+                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
                     if (full)
                     {
-                        transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                        transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
                     }
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
                 break;
             case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
-                auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(io !is null);
-
-                auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
                 assert(transport !is null);
 
                 transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
-                if (transport.input.length)
+                if (transport.input.length > 0)
                 {
                     transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    if (transport.isClosing())
+                    {
+                        kill(transport);
+                    }
                 }
                 break;
             default:

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -3,106 +3,13 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 
-version (OSX)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (TVOS)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (WatchOS)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = MissingKevent;
-}
-
-version (MissingKevent)
-{
-    extern (C):
-    nothrow:
-    @nogc:
-
-    import core.stdc.stdint;    // intptr_t, uintptr_t
-    import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
-
-    enum : short
-    {
-        EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
-        EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
-        EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
-        EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
-        EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
-        EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
-        EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
-        EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
-        EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
-        EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
-        EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
-        EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
-    }
-
-    extern(D) void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args)
-    {
-        *kevp = kevent_t(args);
-    }
-
-    struct kevent_t
-    {
-        uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
-        short       filter; /* filter for event */
-        ushort       flags;
-        uint        fflags;
-        intptr_t      data;
-        void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
-    }
-
-    enum
-    {
-        /* actions */
-        EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
-        EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
-        EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
-        EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
-
-        /* flags */
-        EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
-        EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
-        EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
-        EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
-
-        EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
-        EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
-
-        /* returned values */
-        EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
-        EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
-    }
-
-    int kqueue();
-    int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
-               kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents,
-               const timespec *timeout);
-}
-
 version (OSX)
 {
     version = MacBSD;
@@ -111,10 +18,17 @@ else version (iOS)
 {
     version = MacBSD;
 }
+else version (TVOS)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (WatchOS)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
+}
 else version (FreeBSD)
 {
     version = MacBSD;
-    public import core.sys.freebsd.sys.event;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
@@ -127,62 +41,121 @@ else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 
 version (MacBSD):
 
+import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.sys.posix.sys.time;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
-class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
+{
+    *kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
+
+enum : short
+{
+    EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
+    EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
+    EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
+    EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
+    EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
+    EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
+    EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
+    EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
+    EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
+    EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
+}
+
+struct kevent_t
+{
+    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+    short       filter; /* filter for event */
+    ushort       flags;
+    uint        fflags;
+    intptr_t      data;
+    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+}
+
+enum
+{
+    /* actions */
+    EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
+    EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
+    EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
+    EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
+
+    /* flags */
+    EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
+    EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
+    EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
+    EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
+
+    EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
+    EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
+
+    /* returned values */
+    EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
+    EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
+}
+
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
+
+final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
     protected int fd;
-    private kevent_t[] events;
+    private Array!kevent_t events;
-    private kevent_t[] changes;
+    private Array!kevent_t changes;
     private size_t changeCount;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
      *          (should be supported by the backend).
      */
-    override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return cast(uint) events.length;
     }
 
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
 
         if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
         {
-            throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+                                        "kqueue initialization failed");
         }
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
+        events = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
-        changes = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
+        changes = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Free loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(changes);
         close(fd);
     }
 
-    private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags)
+    private void set(SocketType socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
     {
         if (changes.length <= changeCount)
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, changeCount + maxEvents);
+            changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
         }
         EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
                cast(ulong) socket,
@@ -198,15 +171,15 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
+     * 	watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
+     * 	events    = The events should be set.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
     {
         if (events != oldEvents)
         {
@@ -233,24 +206,29 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    protected override void poll()
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
     {
         timespec ts;
         blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 
         if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, changes.length);
+            events.length = changes.length;
         }
 
-        auto eventCount = kevent(fd, changes.ptr, cast(int) changeCount, events.ptr, maxEvents, &ts);
+        auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
+                                 changes.get().ptr,
+                                 cast(int) changeCount,
+                                 events.get().ptr,
+                                 maxEvents,
+                                 &ts);
         changeCount = 0;
 
         if (eventCount < 0)
         {
             if (errno != EINTR)
             {
-                throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
             }
             return;
         }
@@ -259,29 +237,29 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
         {
             assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
 
-            IOWatcher io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
             // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                acceptConnections(connections[events[i].ident]);
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+                assert(connection !is null);
+
+                acceptConnections(connection);
             }
             else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
             {
-                kill(io, null);
+                kill(transport);
             }
             else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 SocketException exception;
                 try
                 {
                     ptrdiff_t received;
                     do
                     {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-                        io.output += received;
+                        transport.output += received;
                     }
                     while (received);
                 }
@@ -291,18 +269,15 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
                 }
                 if (transport.socket.disconnected)
                 {
-                    kill(io, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
                 }
-                else if (io.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
                 {
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
                 }
             }
             else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
             {
-                auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
                 transport.writeReady = true;
                 if (transport.input.length)
                 {
@@ -316,7 +291,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      * Returns: The blocking time.
      */
     override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
     {
         return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
     }
@@ -326,14 +301,15 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
      * be handled by the event loop.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
+     * 	transport = Transport.
-     *     exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
      *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport is be destroyed then).
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
      */
-    protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+    protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                                 SocketException exception = null) @nogc
     {
         if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
         {

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -3,75 +3,172 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 
 version (Posix):
 
 import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.stdc.errno;
 
 /**
  * Transport for stream sockets.
  */
-class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-    private ConnectedSocket socket_;
-
-    /// Input buffer.
-    package WriteBuffer input;
-
     private SelectorLoop loop;
 
+    private SocketException exception;
+
+    package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+    package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+    private Protocol protocol_;
+
+    private bool closing;
+
     /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
     package bool writeReady;
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     *     loop     = Event loop.
+     *  loop   = Event loop.
-     *     socket   = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
      */
-    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket)
+    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    in 
+    {
+        assert(loop !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        this.loop = loop;
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Socket.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     */
+    override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (socket)
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
+    }
+
+    private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         socket_ = socket;
-        this.loop = loop;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
      */
-    ~this()
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
+        return protocol_;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: Transport socket.
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
      */
-    inout(ConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
     {
-        return socket_;
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        protocol_ = protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return closing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc
+    {
+        closing = true;
+        loop.reify(this,
+                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.write));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
+    {
+        if (output.length)
+        {
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            output.clear();
+            if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
+            {
+                loop.kill(this);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            active = false;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Write some data to the transport.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
     {
         if (!data.length)
         {
@@ -111,28 +208,60 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 {
     /// Pending connections.
-    protected ConnectionWatcher[] connections;
+    protected Array!SocketWatcher connections;
 
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
         super();
-        connections = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!ConnectionWatcher(maxEvents);
+        connections = Array!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
     }
 
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
         foreach (ref connection; connections)
         {
-            // We want to free only IOWatchers. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
+            // We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are
-            // user and should be freed by himself.
+            // created by the user and should be freed by himself.
-            auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connection;
+            if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
-            if (io !is null)
             {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
-                connection = null;
             }
         }
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(connections);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                           EventMask oldEvents,
+                                           EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  transport = Transport.
+     *  exception = Occurred exception.
+     */
+    protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        transport.exception = exception;
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -140,14 +269,20 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      * be handled by the event loop.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
+     *  transport = Transport.
-     *     exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     *  exception = Exception thrown on sending.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
      *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
      *          transport will be destroyed then).
      */
-    protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+    protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(transport !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
         {
@@ -171,12 +306,13 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
         }
         if (exception !is null)
         {
-            auto watcher = cast(IOWatcher) connections[transport.socket.handle];
+            kill(transport, exception);
-            assert(watcher !is null);
-
-            kill(watcher, exception);
             return false;
         }
+        if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
+        {
+            kill(transport);
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -184,9 +320,9 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      * Start watching.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (watcher.active)
         {
@@ -195,7 +331,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 
         if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
         {
-            MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+            connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
         }
         connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
 
@@ -206,9 +342,9 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
      * Accept incoming connections.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
+     *  connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
      */
-    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection)
+    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(connection !is null);
@@ -224,7 +360,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
             }
             catch (SocketException e)
             {
-                theAllocator.dispose(e);
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
                 break;
             }
             if (client is null)
@@ -232,35 +368,33 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
                 break;
             }
 
-            IOWatcher io;
+            StreamTransport transport;
-            auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!SelectorStreamTransport(this, client);
 
             if (connections.length > client.handle)
             {
-                io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client.handle];
+                transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
             }
             else
             {
-                MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, client.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+                connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
             }
-            if (io is null)
+            if (transport is null)
             {
-                io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport,
+                transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
-                                                      connection.protocol);
+                connections[client.handle] = transport;
-                connections[client.handle] = io;
             }
             else
             {
-                io(transport, connection.protocol);
+                transport.socket = client;
             }
 
-            reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-            connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+            connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
         }
 
         if (!connection.incoming.empty)
         {
-            swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+            pendings.enqueue(connection);
         }
     }
 }

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -3,74 +3,78 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  *
  * ---
  * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
  * import tanya.network.socket;
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
- *     private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *  private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *     void received(ubyte[] data)
+ *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
- *     {
+ *  {
- *         transport.write(data);
+ *      transport.write(data);
- *     }
+ *  }
  *
- *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport)
+ *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
- *     {
+ *  {
- *         this.transport = transport;
+ *      this.transport = transport;
- *     }
+ *  }
  *
- *     void disconnected(SocketException e = null)
+ *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
- *     {
+ *  {
- *     }
+ *  }
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *     auto address = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
- *     version (Windows)
+ *  version (Windows)
- *     {
+ *  {
- *         auto sock = new OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *     }
+ *  }
- *     else
+ *  else
- *     {
+ *  {
- *         auto sock = new StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *         sock.blocking = false;
+ *      sock.blocking = false;
- *     }
+ *  }
  *
- *     sock.bind(address);
+ *  sock.bind(address);
- *     sock.listen(5);
+ *  sock.listen(5);
  *
- *     auto io = new ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- *     io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
- *     defaultLoop.start(io);
+ *  defaultLoop.start(io);
- *     defaultLoop.run();
+ *  defaultLoop.run();
  *
- *     sock.shutdown();
+ *  sock.shutdown();
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 version (DisableBackends)
 {
@@ -125,16 +129,17 @@ alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
  */
 abstract class Loop
 {
-    /// Pending watchers.
+    private bool done;
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher pendings;
 
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher swapPendings;
+    /// Pending watchers.
+    protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
      *          (should be supported by the backend).
      */
-    protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return 128U;
     }
@@ -142,60 +147,63 @@ abstract class Loop
     /**
      * Initializes the loop.
      */
-    this()
+    this() @nogc
     {
-        pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
+        pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
-        swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
     }
 
     /**
      * Frees loop internals.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @nogc
     {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(pendings);
+        foreach (w; pendings)
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(swapPendings);
+        {
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Starts the loop.
      */
-    void run()
+    void run() @nogc
     {
-        done_ = false;
+        done = false;
         do
         {
             poll();
 
             // Invoke pendings
-            swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
+            foreach (ref w; pendings)
-
+            {
-            swap(pendings, swapPendings);
+                w.invoke();
+            }
         }
-        while (!done_);
+        while (!done);
     }
 
     /**
      * Break out of the loop.
      */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
+    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        done_ = true;
+        done = true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Start watching.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (watcher.active)
         {
             return;
         }
         watcher.active = true;
+
         reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
     }
 
@@ -203,9 +211,9 @@ abstract class Loop
      * Stop watching.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher = Watcher.
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
      */
-    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
     {
         if (!watcher.active)
         {
@@ -220,34 +228,34 @@ abstract class Loop
      * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *     oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *     events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
      */
-    abstract protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+    abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
                                   EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events);
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Returns: The blocking time.
      */
     protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         // Don't block if we have to do.
-        return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+        return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
+     *  blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-     *                 $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
+     *              $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
      */
-    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
+    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
@@ -258,25 +266,10 @@ abstract class Loop
         blockTime_ = blockTime;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
-     */
-    protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception)
-    {
-        watcher.socket.shutdown();
-        theAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(watcher.transport);
-        watcher.exception = exception;
-        swapPendings.insertBack(watcher);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Does the actual polling.
      */
-    abstract protected void poll();
+    abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
-
-    /// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
-    private bool done_;
 
     /// Maximal block time.
     protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
@@ -287,15 +280,14 @@ abstract class Loop
  */
 class BadLoopException : Exception
 {
-@nogc:
     /**
      * Params:
-     *     file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *     line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *     next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
      */
     this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-    pure @safe nothrow const
+    pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
     {
         super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
     }
@@ -308,7 +300,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  *
  * Returns: The default event loop.
  */
-@property Loop defaultLoop()
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
 {
     if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
     {
@@ -339,9 +331,9 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  * your implementation to this property.
  *
  * Params:
- *     loop = The event loop.
+ *  loop = The event loop.
  */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
 in
 {
     assert(loop !is null);
@@ -352,132 +344,3 @@ body
 }
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
-
-/**
- * Queue.
- *
- * Params:
- *     T = Content type.
- */
-class PendingQueue(T)
-{
-    /**
-     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        foreach (e; this)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: First element.
-     */
-    @property ref T front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return first.next.content;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
-    {
-        Entry* temp = MmapPool.instance.make!Entry;
-        
-        temp.content = x;
-
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            first.next = rear = temp;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            rear.next = temp;
-            rear = rear.next;
-        }
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    alias insert = insertBack;
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-        if (Op == "~")
-    {
-        return insertBack(x);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-     */
-    @property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return first.next is null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Move position to the next element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        auto n = first.next.next;
-
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(first.next);
-        first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Queue entry.
-     */
-    protected struct Entry
-    {
-        /// Queue item content.
-        T content;
-
-        /// Next list item.
-        Entry* next;
-    }
-
-    /// The first element of the list.
-    protected Entry first;
-
-    /// The last element of the list.
-    protected Entry* rear;
-}

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 
@@ -20,26 +20,26 @@ interface Protocol
 {
     /**
      * Params:
-     *     data = Read data.
+     *  data = Read data.
      */
-    void received(ubyte[] data);
+    void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Called when a connection is made.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     transport = Protocol transport.
+     *  transport = Protocol transport.
      */
-    void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
+    void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Called when a connection is lost.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
+     *  exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
-     *                 the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
+     *              the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
      */
-    void disconnected(SocketException exception = null);
+    void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.network.socket;
 
 /**
@@ -35,9 +36,9 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
      * Write some data to the transport.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
      */
-    void write(ubyte[] data);
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -45,6 +46,46 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
  */
 interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
 {
+    /**
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (protocol)
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switches the protocol.
+     *
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     */
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(protocol !is null);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     */
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Close the transport.
+     *
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     */
+    void close() @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -52,12 +93,8 @@ interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
  */
 interface SocketTransport : Transport
 {
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    /**
-}
+     * Returns: Socket.
-
+     */
-/**
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
- * Represents a connection-oriented socket transport.
- */
-package interface StreamTransport : DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
-{
 }

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -3,31 +3,23 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
+import std.functional;
+import std.exception;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import std.functional;
-import std.exception;
-
-version (Windows)
-{
-    import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
-    import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-    import core.sys.windows.windef;
-    import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-}
 
 /**
  * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
@@ -41,202 +33,85 @@ abstract class Watcher
     /**
      * Invoke some action on event.
      */
-    void invoke();
+    void invoke() @nogc;
 }
 
-class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
+/**
+ * Socket watcher.
+ */
+abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
 {
     /// Watched socket.
-    private Socket socket_;
+    protected Socket socket_;
-
-    /// Protocol factory.
-    protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
-
-    package PendingQueue!IOWatcher incoming;
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     *     socket = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
      */
-    this(Socket socket)
+    this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(socket !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         socket_ = socket;
-        incoming = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!IOWatcher);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    protected this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(incoming);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Params:
-     *     P = Protocol should be used.
-     */
-    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)()
-    {
-        this.protocolFactory = () => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Socket.
      */
-    @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return socket_;
     }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Connection watcher.
+ */
+class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
+{
+    /// Incoming connection queue.
+    Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
+
+    private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
 
     /**
-     * Returns: New protocol instance.
+     * Params:
+     *  socket = Socket.
      */
-    @property Protocol protocol()
+    this(Socket socket) @nogc
+    {
+        super(socket);
+        incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  P = Protocol should be used.
+     */
+    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+    {
+        this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes new connection callback.
+     */
+    override void invoke() @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
     }
     body
     {
-        return protocolFactory();
+        foreach (transport; incoming)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes new connection callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
-    {
-        foreach (io; incoming)
         {
-            io.protocol.connected(cast(DuplexTransport) io.transport);
+            transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
-        }
+            transport.protocol.connected(transport);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
- * read from.
- */
-class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
-{
-    /// If an exception was thrown the transport should be already invalid.
-    private union
-    {
-        StreamTransport transport_;
-        SocketException exception_;
-    }
-
-    private Protocol protocol_;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
-     */
-    package ReadBuffer output;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = New instance of the application protocol.
-     */
-    this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        super();
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        output = MmapPool.instance.make!ReadBuffer();
-        active = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Destroys the watcher.
-     */
-    protected ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(output);
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assigns a transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     transport = Transport.
-     *     protocol  = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        transport_ = transport;
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-        active = true;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
-     */
-    @property inout(StreamTransport) transport() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets an exception occurred during a read/write operation.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     exception = Thrown exception.
-     */
-    @property void exception(SocketException exception) pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        exception_ = exception;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     */
-    override @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return protocol_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    override @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        return transport.socket;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke()
-    {
-        if (output.length)
-        {
-            protocol.received(output[0..$]);
-            output.clear();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            protocol.disconnected(exception_);
-            active = false;
         }
     }
 }

source/tanya/container/bit.d

@@ -1,510 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.container.bit;
-
-/**
- * Wrapper that allows bit manipulation on $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array.
- */
-struct BitVector
-{
-    protected ubyte[] vector;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     array = Array should be manipulated on.
-     */
-    this(inout(ubyte[]) array) inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(array.length <= size_t.max / 8);
-        assert(array !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        vector = array;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        assert(bits[] is array1);
-        assert(bits[] !is array2);
-
-        bits = BitVector(array2);
-        assert(bits[] is array2);
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Number of bits in the vector.
-     */
-    @property inout(size_t) length() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    inout(size_t) opDollar() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector.length * 8;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits.length == 24);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     bit = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit on position $(D_PARAM bit) is set,
-     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if not set.
-     */
-    inout(bool) opIndex(size_t bit) inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return (vector[bit / 8] & (0x80 >> (bit % 8))) != 0;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(!bits[0]);
-        assert(bits[1]);
-        assert(bits[7]);
-        assert(!bits[8]);
-        assert(!bits[11]);
-        assert(bits[12]);
-        assert(bits[20]);
-        assert(bits[23]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Underlying array.
-     */
-    inout(ubyte[]) opIndex() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return vector;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        assert(bits[] is arr);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     value = $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit should be set,
-     *             $(D_KEYWORD false) if cleared.
-     *     bit   = Bit position.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-     */
-    bool opIndexAssign(bool value, size_t bit) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        if (value)
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] |= (0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            vector[bit / 8] &= ~(0x80 >> (bit % 8));
-        }
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits[5] = bits[6] = true;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 71);
-
-        bits[14] = true;
-        bits[15] = false;
-        assert(bits[][1] == 14);
-
-        bits[16] = bits[23] = false;
-        assert(bits[][2] == 44);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copies bits from $(D_PARAM vector) into this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector).
-     *
-     * The array that should be assigned, can be smaller (but not larger) than
-     * the underlying array of this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector), leading zeros will
-     * be added in this case to the left.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     vector = $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array not larger than
-     *              `$(D_PSYMBOL length) / 8`.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opAssign(ubyte[] vector) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(vector.length <= this.vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        immutable delta = this.vector.length - vector.length;
-        if (delta > 0)
-        {
-            this.vector[0..delta] = 0;
-        }
-        this.vector[delta..$] = vector[0..$];
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits = array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 13);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 173);
-
-        bits = array2[0..2];
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][3] == 65);
-        assert(bits[][4] == 13);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for bitwise operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     that = Another bit vector.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(BitVector that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    {
-        return opOpAssign(op)(that.vector);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
-    in
-    {
-        assert(that.length <= vector.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        for (int i = cast(int) vector.length - 1; i >= 0; --i)
-        {
-            mixin("vector[i] " ~  op ~ "= " ~ "that[i];");
-        }
-        immutable delta = vector.length - that.length;
-        if (delta)
-        {
-            static if (op == "&")
-            {
-                vector[0..delta] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] array1 = [65, 13, 173];
-        ubyte[3] array2 = [0b01010010, 0b10111110, 0b10111110];
-        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
-
-        bits |= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010011);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b10111111);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b10111111);
-
-        bits &= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == array2[0]);
-        assert(bits[][1] == array2[1]);
-        assert(bits[][2] == array2[2]);
-
-        bits ^= array2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Support for shift operations.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     n = Number of bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t n) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((op == "<<") || (op == ">>"))
-
-    {
-        if (n >= length)
-        {
-            vector[0..$] = 0;
-        }
-        else if (n != 0)
-        {
-            immutable bit = n % 8, step = n / 8;
-            immutable delta = 8 - bit;
-            size_t i, j;
-
-            static if (op == "<<")
-            {
-                for (j = step; j < vector.length - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] << bit)
-                              | vector[++j] >> delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] << bit);
-                vector[$ - step ..$] = 0;
-            }
-            else static if (op == ">>")
-            {
-                for (i = vector.length - 1, j = i - step; j > 0; --i)
-                {
-                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] >> bit)
-                              | vector[--j] << delta);
-                }
-                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] >> bit);
-                vector[0..step] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[4] arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        bits <<= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits <<= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11111011 && bits[][1] == 0b11001001
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001100);
-
-        bits <<= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b11000000);
-
-        bits <<= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10010100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01001010 && bits[][1] == 0b01100000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits <<= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010101 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits <<= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11001111 && bits[][1] == 0b11110101
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        bits <<= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
-        bits >>= 0;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
-
-        bits >>= 2;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00101111 && bits[][1] == 0b10111100
-            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b10010100);
-
-        bits >>= 4;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000010 && bits[][1] == 0b11111011
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001001);
-
-        bits >>= 8;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000010
-            && bits[][2] == 0b11111011 && bits[][3] == 0b11001001);
-
-        bits >>= 7;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000101 && bits[][3] == 0b11110111);
-
-        bits >>= 25;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-
-        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
-        bits >>= 24;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00110011);
-
-        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
-        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
-        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
-        bits >>= 12;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00001100 && bits[][3] == 0b11001111);
-
-        bits >>= 100;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
-            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Negates all bits.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    BitVector opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if (op == "~")
-    {
-        foreach (ref b; vector)
-        {
-            b = ~b;
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
-        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-
-        ~bits;
-        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110);
-        assert(bits[][1] == 0b11110010);
-        assert(bits[][2] == 0b01010010);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Iterates through all bits.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) delegate.
-     *
-     * Returns: By $(D_PARAM dg) returned value.
-     */
-    int opApply(int delegate(size_t, bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (i, ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg(i * 8 + c, (v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApply(int delegate(bool) dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        foreach (ref v; vector)
-        {
-            foreach (c; 0..8)
-            {
-                result = dg((v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
-                if (result)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        ubyte[2] arr = [0b01000001, 0b00001101];
-        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
-        size_t c;
-
-        foreach (i, v; bits)
-        {
-            assert(i == c);
-            if (i == 1 || i == 7 || i == 15 || i == 13 || i == 12)
-            {
-                assert(v);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(!v);
-            }
-            ++c;
-        }
-        assert(c == 16);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
+ */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
+import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 version (unittest)
@@ -33,51 +34,6 @@ version (unittest)
     }
 }
 
-/**
- * Interface for implemeting input/output buffers.
- */
-interface Buffer
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
-     */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data size.
-     */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Available space.
-     */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     start = Start position.
-     *     end   = End position.
-     *
-     * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(start <= end);
-        assert(end <= length);
-    }
-
-    /**
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data chunk.
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex();
-}
-
 /**
  * Self-expanding buffer, that can be used with functions returning the number
  * of the read bytes.
@@ -87,26 +43,30 @@ interface Buffer
  * available data. But only one asynchronous call at a time is supported. Be
  * sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL ReadBuffer.clear()) before you append the result
  * of the pended asynchronous call.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Buffer type.
  */
-class ReadBuffer : Buffer
+struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
+    if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+    private T[] buffer_;
 
     /// Filled buffer length.
-    protected size_t length_;
+    private size_t length_;
 
     /// Start of available data.
-    protected size_t start;
+    private size_t start;
 
     /// Last position returned with $(D_KEYWORD []).
-    protected size_t ring;
+    private size_t ring;
 
     /// Available space.
-    protected immutable size_t minAvailable;
+    private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
     invariant
     {
@@ -119,43 +79,54 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      * Creates a new read buffer.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     size         = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
+     *  size         = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
-     *                    will grow.
+     *                 will grow.
-     *     minAvailable = minimal size should be always  available to fill.
+     *  minAvailable = minimal size should be always  available to fill.
-     *                    So it will reallocate if $(D_INLINECODE 
+     *                 So it will reallocate if $(D_INLINECODE
-     *                    $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)
+     *                 $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
-     *                    ).
+     *  allocator    = Allocator.
      */
-    this(size_t size = 8192,
+    this(in size_t size,
-         size_t minAvailable = 1024)
+         in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+         shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     {
+        this(allocator);
         this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
         this.blockSize = size;
-        theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator_ is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        allocator_ = allocator;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deallocates the internal buffer.
      */
-    ~this()
+    ~this() @trusted
     {
-        theAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
-        assert(b.capacity == 8192);
+        assert(b.capacity == 0);
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
      */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t capacity() const
     {
         return buffer_.length;
     }
@@ -163,26 +134,28 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     /**
      * Returns: Data size.
      */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t length() const
     {
         return length_ - start;
     }
 
+    /// Ditto.
+    alias opDollar = length;
+
     /**
      * Clears the buffer.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ReadBuffer clear() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    void clear()
     {
         start = length_ = ring;
-        return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Available space.
      */
-    @property size_t free() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property size_t free() const
     {
         return length > ring ? capacity - length : capacity - ring;
     }
@@ -190,30 +163,28 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
 
-        // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
+        assert(b.free == 0);
-        assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
 
+        // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
         numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
         b.clear();
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends some data to the buffer.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     length = Number of the bytes read.
+     *  length = Number of the bytes read.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
+    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     {
         length_ += length;
@@ -224,7 +195,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -232,7 +203,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
-        result = b[0..$];
+        result = b[0 .. $];
         assert(result[0] == 0);
         assert(result[1] == 1);
         assert(result[9] == 9);
@@ -251,26 +222,16 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         assert(result[9] == 9);
         assert(result[10] == 20);
         assert(result[14] == 24);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Length of available data.
-     */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     *     start = Start position.
+     *  start = Start position.
-     *     end   = End position.
+     *  end   = End position.
      *
      * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
     {
         return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
     }
@@ -282,11 +243,11 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
      *
      * Returns: A free chunk of the buffer.
      */
-    ubyte[] opIndex()
+    T[] opIndex()
     {
         if (start > 0)
         {
-            auto ret = buffer_[0..start];
+            auto ret = buffer_[0 .. start];
             ring = 0;
             return ret;
         }
@@ -294,17 +255,22 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         {
             if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
             {
-                theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, capacity + blockSize);
+                void[] buf = buffer_;
+                immutable cap = capacity;
+                () @trusted {
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                }();
             }
             ring = length_;
-            return buffer_[length_..$];
+            return buffer_[length_ .. $];
         }
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+        ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -313,86 +279,107 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
         b += numberRead;
 
         assert(b.length == 10);
-        result = b[0..$];
+        result = b[0 .. $];
         assert(result[0] == 0);
         assert(result[9] == 9);
         b.clear();
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
 }
 
 /**
  * Circular, self-expanding buffer with overflow support. Can be used with
- * functions returning returning the number of the transferred bytes.
+ * functions returning the number of the transferred bytes.
  *
  * The buffer is optimized for situations where you read all the data from it
  * at once (without writing to it occasionally). It can become ineffective if
  * you permanently keep some data in the buffer and alternate writing and
  * reading, because it may allocate and move elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Buffer type.
  */
-class WriteBuffer : Buffer
+struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
+    if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+    private T[] buffer_;
 
     /// Buffer start position.
-    protected size_t start;
+    private size_t start;
 
     /// Buffer ring area size. After this position begins buffer overflow area.
-    protected size_t ring;
+    private size_t ring;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private immutable size_t blockSize;
 
     /// The position of the free area in the buffer.
-    protected size_t position;
+    private size_t position;
 
     invariant
     {
         assert(blockSize > 0);
-        // position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
+        // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
         assert(position <= buffer_.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     *  size = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
+     *  size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
-     *            will grow.
+     *              grow.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(size_t size = 8192)
+    this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    in
+    {
+        assert(size > 0);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
     {
         blockSize = size;
         ring = size - 1;
-        theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+        allocator_ = allocator;
+        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
+    @disable this();
+
     /**
      * Deallocates the internal buffer.
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        theAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
      */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t capacity() const
     {
         return buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Note that $(D_PSYMBOL length) doesn't return the real length of the data,
-     * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer)
+     * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex)
-     * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
+     * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
      * until $(D_PSYMBOL length) returns 0.
      *
      * Returns: Data size.
      */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t length() const
     {
         if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
@@ -404,18 +391,13 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         }
     }
 
-    /**
+    /// Ditto.
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
+    alias opDollar = length;
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
-    }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -432,14 +414,12 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.length == 5);
         b += b.length;
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns: Available space.
      */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property size_t free() const
     {
         return capacity - length;
     }
@@ -448,9 +428,9 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
      * Appends data to the buffer.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+     *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
-    WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] buffer)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
         if (op == "~")
     {
         size_t end, start;
@@ -465,7 +445,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
                 end = afterRing;
             }
             start = end - position;
-            buffer_[position..end] = buffer[0..start];
+            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
             if (end == afterRing)
             {
                 position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
@@ -485,7 +465,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
                 end = this.start;
             }
             auto areaEnd = end - position + start;
-            buffer_[position..end] = buffer[start..areaEnd];
+            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
             position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - position;
             start = areaEnd;
         }
@@ -496,11 +476,14 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
             end = position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > capacity)
             {
-                auto newSize = end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize;
+                auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
-
+                () @trusted {
-                theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, newSize);
+                    void[] buf = buffer_;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
+                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                }();
             }
-            buffer_[position..end] = buffer[start..$];
+            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
             position = end;
             if (this.start == 0)
             {
@@ -514,7 +497,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -532,31 +515,31 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.capacity == 8);
         assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
             && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
+    }
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
+    ///
-
+    unittest
-        b = make!WriteBuffer(theAllocator, 2);
+    {
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
+        ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
         b ~= buf;
         assert(b.start == 0);
         assert(b.capacity == 4);
         assert(b.ring == 3);
         assert(b.position == 3);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets how many bytes were written. It will shrink the buffer
-     * appropriately. Always set this property after calling
+     * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
      *
      * Params:
-     *     length = Length of the written data.
+     *  length = Length of the written data.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    @property WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     in
     {
@@ -583,19 +566,21 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         {
             auto overflow = position - afterRing;
 
-            if (overflow > length) {
+            if (overflow > length)
-                buffer_[start.. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length];
+            {
-                buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length] = buffer_[afterRing + length ..position];
+                immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
+                buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+                buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
                 position -= length;
             }
             else if (overflow == length)
             {
-                buffer_[start.. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing..position];
+                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
                 position -= overflow;
             }
             else
             {
-                buffer_[start.. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing..position];
+                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
                 position = overflow;
             }
             start += length;
@@ -620,7 +605,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer;
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
         b ~= buf;
@@ -629,8 +614,6 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
         assert(b.length == 4);
         b += 4;
         assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -639,62 +622,67 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
      * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
      * written.
      *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+     * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
      * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
      * maximally 3 calls are required.
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
     {
         immutable internStart = this.start + start;
 
         if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start.. ring + 1 - length + end];
+            return buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
         }
         else
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start.. this.start + end];
+            return buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
         }
     }
 
     ///
     unittest
     {
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(6);
+        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
         b ~= buf;
-        assert(b[0..$] == buf[0..6]);
+        assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
         b += 2;
 
-        assert(b[0..$] == buf[2..6]);
+        assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[2 .. 6]);
 
         b ~= buf;
-        assert(b[0..$] == buf[2..6]);
+        assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[2 .. 6]);
         b += b.length;
 
-        assert(b[0..$] == buf[0..6]);
+        assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
         b += b.length;
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
      * written.
      *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+     * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
      * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
      * maximally 3 calls are required.
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    T[] opIndex()
     {
         return opSlice(0, length);
     }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
 }

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.container.entry;
+
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.typecons;
+
+package struct SEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Next item.
+    SEntry* next;
+}
+
+package struct DEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Previous and next item.
+    DEntry* next, prev;
+}
+
+package struct HashEntry(K, V)
+{
+    this(ref K key, ref V value)
+    {
+        this.pair = Pair!(K, V)(key, value);
+    }
+
+    Pair!(K, V) pair;
+    HashEntry* next;
+}
+
+package enum BucketStatus : byte
+{
+    deleted = -1,
+    empty = 0,
+    used = 1,
+}
+
+package struct Bucket(T)
+{
+    this(ref T content)
+    {
+        this.content = content;
+    }
+
+    @property void content(ref T content)
+    {
+        this.content_ = content;
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(T) content() inout
+    {
+        return this.content_;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref T content)
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref T content) const
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that) const
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    void remove()
+    {
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            destroy(this.content);
+        }
+        this.status = BucketStatus.deleted;
+    }
+
+    T content_;
+    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+}

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -3,15 +3,40 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Abstract data types whose instances are collections of other objects.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
+ */
 module tanya.container;
 
-public import tanya.container.bit;
+public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
+public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.vector;
+public import tanya.container.string;
 public import tanya.container.queue;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
+ * is full.
+ */
+class HashContainerFullException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -3,290 +3,286 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * FIFO queue.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
+ */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import core.exception;
+import std.traits;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
- * 	T = Content type.
+ *  T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
+     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-	 *
+     */
-	 * Params:
+    ~this()
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
+    {
-	 * 	            allocations.
+        while (!empty)
-	 */
+        {
-	this(IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
+            dequeue();
-	{
+        }
-		this.allocator = allocator;
+    }
-	}
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
+     * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
-	 */
+     * to count the elements.
-	~this()
+     *
-	{
+     * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
-		clear();
+     */
-	}
+    size_t length() const
+    {
+        size_t len;
+        for (const(SEntry!T)* i = first; i !is null; i = i.next)
+        {
+            ++len;
+        }
+        return len;
+    }
 
-	/**
+    ///
-	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
+    unittest
-	 */
+    {
-	void clear()
+        Queue!int q;
-	{
-		while (!empty)
-		{
-			popFront();
-		}
-	}
 
-	///
+        assert(q.length == 0);
-	unittest
+        q.enqueue(5);
-	{
+        assert(q.length == 1);
-		auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+        q.enqueue(4);
+        assert(q.length == 2);
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.length == 3);
 
-		assert(q.empty);
+        q.dequeue();
-		q.insertBack(8);
+        assert(q.length == 2);
-		q.insertBack(9);
+        q.dequeue();
-		q.clear();
+        assert(q.length == 1);
-		assert(q.empty);
+        q.dequeue();
+        assert(q.length == 0);
+    }
 
-		theAllocator.dispose(q);
+    private void enqueueEntry(ref SEntry!T* entry)
-	}
+    {
+        if (empty)
+        {
+            first = rear = entry;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            rear.next = entry;
+            rear = rear.next;
+        }
+    }
 
-	/**
+    private SEntry!T* allocateEntry()
-	 * Returns: First element.
+    {
-	 */
+        auto temp = cast(SEntry!T*) allocator.allocate(SEntry!T.sizeof);
-	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
+        if (temp is null)
-	in
+        {
-	{
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
-		assert(!empty);
+        }
-	}
+        return temp;
-	body
+    }
-	{
-		return first.next.content;
-	}
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Inserts a new element.
+     * Inserts a new element.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
+     *  x = New element.
-	 */
+     */
-	void insertBack(T x)
+    void enqueue(ref T x)
-	{
+    {
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
-		
-		temp.content = x;
 
-		if (empty)
+        *temp = SEntry!T.init;
-		{
+        temp.content = x;
-			first.next = rear = temp;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			rear.next = temp;
-			rear = rear.next;
-		}
-	}
 
-	/// Ditto.
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
-	alias insert = insertBack;
+    }
 
-	///
+    /// Ditto.
-	unittest
+    void enqueue(T x)
-	{
+    {
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+        auto temp = allocateEntry();
 
-		assert(q.empty);
+        moveEmplace(x, (*temp).content);
-		q.insertBack(8);
+        (*temp).next = null;
-		assert(q.front == 8);
-		q.insertBack(9);
-		assert(q.front == 8);
 
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+        enqueueEntry(temp);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    ///
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
+    unittest
-	 */
+    {
-	@property bool empty() inout const
+        Queue!int q;
-	{
-		return first.next is null;
-	}
 
-	///
+        assert(q.empty);
-	unittest
+        q.enqueue(8);
-	{
+        q.enqueue(9);
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
-		int value = 7;
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
+    }
 
-		assert(q.empty);
+    /**
-		q.insertBack(value);
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-		assert(!q.empty);
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return first is null;
+    }
 
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+    ///
-	}
+    unittest
+    {
+        Queue!int q;
+        int value = 7;
 
-	/**
+        assert(q.empty);
-	 * Move the position to the next element.
+        q.enqueue(value);
-	 */
+        assert(!q.empty);
-	void popFront()
+    }
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		auto n = first.next.next;
 
-		dispose(allocator, first.next);
+    /**
-		first.next = n;
+     * Move the position to the next element.
-	}
+     *
+     * Returns: Dequeued element.
+     */
+    T dequeue()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        auto n = first.next;
+        T ret = move(first.content);
 
-	///
+        allocator.dispose(first);
-	unittest
+        first = n;
-	{
+        return ret;
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+    }
 
-		q.insertBack(8);
+    ///
-		q.insertBack(9);
+    unittest
-		assert(q.front == 8);
+    {
-		q.popFront();
+        Queue!int q;
-		assert(q.front == 9);
 
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+        q.enqueue(8);
-	}
+        q.enqueue(9);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
+     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
-	 *
+     * dequeued.
-	 * Params:
+     *
-	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
+     * Params:
-	 */
+     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
+     *
-	{
+     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
-		int result;
+     */
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
+    {
+        int result;
 
-		for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
+        for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
-		{
+        {
-			if ((result = dg(i, front)) != 0)
+            auto e = dequeue();
-			{
+            if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
-				return result;
+            {
-			}
+                return result;
-			popFront();
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		return result;
+        return result;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/// Ditto.
+    /// Ditto.
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
+    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-	{
+    {
-		int result;
+        int result;
 
-		while (!empty)
+        while (!empty)
-		{
+        {
-			if ((result = dg(front)) != 0)
+            auto e = dequeue();
-			{
+            if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
-				return result;
+            {
-			}
+                return result;
-			popFront();
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		return result;
+        return result;
-	}
+    }
 
-	///
+    ///
-	unittest
+    unittest
-	{
+    {
-		auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+        Queue!int q;
 
-		size_t j;
+        size_t j;
-		q.insertBack(5);
+        q.enqueue(5);
-		q.insertBack(4);
+        q.enqueue(4);
-		q.insertBack(9);
+        q.enqueue(9);
-		foreach (i, e; q)
+        foreach (i, e; q)
-		{
+        {
-			assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
-			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
-			assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
-			++j;
+            ++j;
-		}
+        }
-		assert(j == 3);
+        assert(j == 3);
-		assert(q.empty);
+        assert(q.empty);
 
-		j = 0;
+        j = 0;
-		q.insertBack(5);
+        q.enqueue(5);
-		q.insertBack(4);
+        q.enqueue(4);
-		q.insertBack(9);
+        q.enqueue(9);
-		foreach (e; q)
+        foreach (e; q)
-		{
+        {
-			assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
+            assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
-			assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
+            assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
-			assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
+            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-			++j;
+            ++j;
-		}
+        }
-		assert(j == 3);
+        assert(j == 3);
-		assert(q.empty);
+        assert(q.empty);
+    }
 
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+    private SEntry!T* first;
-	}
+    private SEntry!T* rear;
 
-	/**
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
-	 * Queue entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
-	}
-
-	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
-
-	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
-
-	/// The allocator.
-	protected IAllocator allocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+    Queue!int q;
 
-	q.insertBack(5);
+    q.enqueue(5);
-	assert(!q.empty);
+    assert(!q.empty);
 
-	q.insertBack(4);
+    q.enqueue(4);
-	assert(q.front == 5);
+    q.enqueue(9);
 
-	q.insertBack(9);
+    assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
-	assert(q.front == 5);
 
-	q.popFront();
+    foreach (i, ref e; q)
-	assert(q.front == 4);
+    {
-
+        assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
-	foreach (i, ref e; q)
+        assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
-	{
+    }
-		assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
+    assert(q.empty);
-		assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
-	}
-	assert(q.empty);
-
-	theAllocator.dispose(q);
 }

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module implements a $(D_PSYMBOL Set) container that stores unique
+ * values without any particular order.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.container.set;
+
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.container;
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+struct Range(E)
+{
+    static if (isMutable!E)
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).Range;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).ConstRange;
+    }
+    private DataRange dataRange;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(DataRange dataRange)
+    {
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        this.dataRange = dataRange;
+    }
+
+    @property Range save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.empty();
+    }
+
+    @property void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.front.content;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) back() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.back.content;
+    }
+
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+
+    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set is a data structure that stores unique values without any particular
+ * order.
+ *
+ * This $(D_PSYMBOL Set) is implemented using closed hashing. Hash collisions
+ * are resolved with linear probing.
+ *
+ * Currently works only with integral types.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Element type.
+ */
+struct Set(T)
+    if (isIntegral!T || is(Unqual!T == bool))
+{
+    /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+    alias Range = .Range!T;
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.lengthIndex < primes.length);
+        assert(this.data.length == 0
+            || this.data.length == primes[this.lengthIndex]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n         = Minimum number of buckets.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(const size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        rehash(n);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(allocator);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
+            assert(set.capacity == 0);
+        }
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(8);
+            assert(set.capacity == 13);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this $(D_PARAM Set) from another one.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S         = Source set type.
+     *  init      = Source set.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     */
+    this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(move(init.data), allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = init.lengthIndex;
+        init.lengthIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns another set.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S    = Content type.
+     *  that = The value should be assigned.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(ref S that)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    {
+        this.data = that.data;
+        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    {
+        swap(this.data, that.data);
+        swap(this.lengthIndex, that.lengthIndex);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(shared Allocator) this.data.allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum amount of elements this $(D_PSYMBOL Set) can hold without
+     * resizing and rehashing. Note that it doesn't mean that the
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Set) will hold $(I exactly) $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) elements.
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) tells the size of the container under a best-case
+     * distribution of elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Set) capacity.
+     */
+    @property size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return this.data.length;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.capacity == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.capacity == 3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set) and counts the elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: Count of elements within the $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        size_t count;
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++count;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.length == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+    }
+
+    private static const size_t[41] primes = [
+        3, 7, 13, 23, 29, 37, 53, 71, 97, 131, 163, 193, 239, 293, 389, 521,
+        769, 919, 1103, 1327, 1543, 2333, 3079, 4861, 6151, 12289, 24593,
+        49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+        12582917, 25165843, 139022417, 282312799, 573292817, 1164186217,
+    ];
+
+    /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
+    enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
+
+    static private size_t calculateHash(ref T value)
+    {
+        static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
+        {
+            return (cast(size_t) value);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets, size_t hash)
+    {
+        return hash % buckets.length;
+    }
+
+    private enum InsertStatus : byte
+    {
+        found = -1,
+        failed = 0,
+        added = 1,
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
+     * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
+     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed.
+     */
+    private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Already in the set.
+            {
+                return InsertStatus.found;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+            {
+                e.content = value;
+                return InsertStatus.added;
+            }
+        }
+        return InsertStatus.failed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a new element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL HashContainerFullException) if the insertion failed.
+     */
+    size_t insert(T value)
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            this.data = DataType(primes[0], allocator);
+        }
+
+        InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
+        for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
+        {
+            if ((this.primes.length - 1) == this.lengthIndex)
+            {
+                throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
+                                                      "Set is full");
+            }
+            rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1);
+        }
+        return status == InsertStatus.added;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 0);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8));
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of elements removed, which is in the container with
+     *          unique values `1` if an element existed, and `0` otherwise.
+     */
+    size_t remove(T value)
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                e.remove();
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 0);
+        assert(8 !in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element to be searched for.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref T value)
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used && e.content == value) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+
+        assert(5 !in set);
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(5 in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
+     * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
+     * forced.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
+     * is forced without resizing the container.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
+     * function may have no effect.
+     *
+     * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
+     * to insert new elements.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n = Minimum number of buckets.
+     */
+    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    {
+        size_t lengthIndex;
+        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
+        {
+            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
+    }
+
+    // Takes an index in the primes array.
+    private void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    {
+        auto storage = DataType(primes[n], allocator);
+        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(storage,
+                                                   calculateHash(e1.content));
+
+                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
+                {
+                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+                    {
+                        e2.content = e1.content;
+                        continue DataLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+                return; // Rehashing failed.
+            }
+        }
+        move(storage, this.data);
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s
+     *          elements.
+     */
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ConstRange opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(!set[].empty);
+        assert(set[].front == 8);
+        assert(set[].back == 8);
+
+        set.remove(8);
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
+    private DataType data;
+    private size_t lengthIndex;
+}
+
+// Basic insertion logic.
+private unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 9 && set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
+    assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 7);
+    assert(set.data[1].content == 8);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[5].content == 5);
+    assert(set.data.length == 7);
+
+    assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].content == 16);
+    assert(set.data[4].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+}
+
+// Static checks.
+private unittest
+{
+    import std.range.primitives;
+
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(!isInfinite!(Set!int.Range));
+    static assert(!hasLength!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(is(Set!uint));
+    static assert(is(Set!long));
+    static assert(is(Set!ulong));
+    static assert(is(Set!short));
+    static assert(is(Set!ushort));
+    static assert(is(Set!bool));
+}

source/tanya/container/vector.d

@@ -3,779 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Single-dimensioned array.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
+ */
+deprecated("Use tanya.container.array instead.")
 module tanya.container.vector;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+public import tanya.container.array;
-import std.traits;
-import tanya.memory;
-
-/**
- * One dimensional array.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	T = Content type.
- */
-class Vector(T)
-{
-	/**
-	 * Defines the container's primary range.
-	 */
-	struct Range(V)
-	{
-		private V[1] data;
-
-		private @property ref inout(V) outer() inout
-		{
-			return data[0];
-		}
-
-		private size_t start, end;
-
-		invariant
-		{
-			assert(start <= end);
-		}
-
-		private alias ElementType = typeof(data[0].vector[0]);
-
-		protected this(V data, in size_t a, in size_t b)
-		{
-			this.data = data;
-			start = a;
-			end = b;
-		}
-
-		@property Range save()
-		{
-			return this;
-		}
-
-		@property bool empty() inout const
-		{
-			return start >= end;
-		}
-
-		@property size_t length() inout const
-		{
-			return end - start;
-		}
-
-		alias opDollar = length;
-
-		@property ref inout(ElementType) front() inout
-		in
-		{
-			assert(!empty);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			return outer[start];
-		}
-
-		@property ref inout(ElementType) back() inout
-		in
-		{
-			assert(!empty);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			return outer[end - 1];
-		}
-
-		void popFront()
-		in
-		{
-			assert(!empty);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			++start;
-		}
-
-		void popBack()
-		in
-		{
-			assert(!empty);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			--end;
-		}
-
-		ref inout(ElementType) opIndex(in size_t i) inout
-		in
-		{
-			assert(start + i < end);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			return outer[start + i];
-		}
-
-		Range opIndex()
-		{
-			return typeof(return)(outer, start, end);
-		}
-
-		Range opSlice(in size_t i, in size_t j)
-		in
-		{
-			assert(i <= j);
-			assert(start + j <= end);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			return typeof(return)(outer, start + i, start + j);
-		}
-
-		Range!(const(V)) opIndex() const
-		{
-			return typeof(return)(outer, start, end);
-		}
-
-		Range!(const(V)) opSlice(in size_t i, in size_t j) const
-		in
-		{
-			assert(i <= j);
-			assert(start + j <= end);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			return typeof(return)(outer, start + i, start + j);
-		}
-
-		static if (isMutable!V)
-		{
-			Range opIndexAssign(in ElementType value)
-			in
-			{
-				assert(end <= outer.length);
-			}
-			body
-			{
-				return outer[start .. end] = value;
-			}
-
-			Range opSliceAssign(in ElementType value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-			in
-			{
-				assert(start + j <= end);
-			}
-			body
-			{
-				return outer[start + i .. start + j] = value;
-			}
-
-			Range opSliceAssign(in Range!Vector value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-			in
-			{
-				assert(length == value.length);
-			}
-			body
-			{
-				return outer[start + i .. start + j] = value;
-			}
-
-			Range opSliceAssign(in T[] value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-			in
-			{
-				assert(j - i == value.length);
-			}
-			body
-			{
-				return outer[start + i .. start + j] = value;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates an empty $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 *  U      = Variadic template for the constructor parameters.
-	 * 	params = Values to initialize the array with. The last parameter can
-	 * 	         be an allocator, if not, $(D_PSYMBOL theAllocator) is used.
-	 */
-	this(U...)(U params)
-	{
-		static if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(typeof(params[$ - 1]), IAllocator))
-		{
-			allocator = params[$ - 1];
-			auto values = params[0 .. $ - 1];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			allocator = theAllocator;
-			alias values = params;
-		}
-
-		resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, values.length);
-		foreach (i, v; values)
-		{
-			vector[i] = v;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Destroys this $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		dispose(allocator, vector);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes all elements.
-	 */
-	void clear()
-	{
-		resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, 0);
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(18, 20, 15);
-
-		v.clear();
-		assert(v.length == 0);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Vector length.
-	 */
-	@property size_t length() inout const
-	{
-		return vector.length;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	size_t opDollar() inout const
-	{
-		return length;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Expands/shrinks the vector.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	length = New length.
-	 */
-	@property void length(in size_t length)
-	{
-		resizeArray!T(allocator, vector, length);
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int);
-
-		v.length = 5;
-		assert(v.length == 5);
-
-		v.length = 7;
-		assert(v.length == 7);
-
-		v.length = 0;
-		assert(v.length == 0);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the vector is empty.
-	 */
-	@property bool empty() inout const
-	{
-		return vector.length == 0;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes $(D_PARAM howMany) elements from the vector.
-	 *
-	 * This method doesn't fail if it could not remove $(D_PARAM howMany)
-	 * elements. Instead, if $(D_PARAM howMany) is greater than the vector
-	 * length, all elements are removed.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	howMany = How many elements should be removed.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The number of elements removed
-	 */
-	size_t removeBack(in size_t howMany)
-	{
-		immutable toRemove = min(howMany, length);
-
-		static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
-		{
-			foreach (ref e; vector[$ - toRemove ..$])
-			{
-				allocator.dispose(e);
-			}
-		}
-		length = length - toRemove;
-
-		return toRemove;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5, 18, 17);
-
-		assert(v.removeBack(0) == 0);
-		assert(v.removeBack(2) == 2);
-		assert(v.removeBack(3) == 1);
-		assert(v.removeBack(3) == 0);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Assigns a value to the element with the index $(D_PARAM pos).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	value = Value.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Assigned value.
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos)
-	 */
-	T opIndexAssign(in T value, in size_t pos)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(length > pos);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[pos] = value;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!Vector opIndexAssign(in T value)
-	{
-		vector[0..$] = value;
-		return opIndex();
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v1 = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(12, 1, 7);
-
-		v1[] = 3;
-		assert(v1[0] == 3);
-		assert(v1[1] == 3);
-		assert(v1[2] == 3);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v1);
-	}
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The value on index $(D_PARAM pos).
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos)
-	 */
-	ref inout(T) opIndex(in size_t pos) inout
-	in
-	{
-		assert(length > pos);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[pos];
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(6, 123, 34, 5);
-
-		assert(v[0] == 6);
-		assert(v[1] == 123);
-		assert(v[2] == 34);
-		assert(v[3] == 5);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Comparison for equality.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	o = The vector to compare with.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the vectors are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
-	 *          otherwise.
-	 */
-	override bool opEquals(Object o)
-	{
-		auto v = cast(Vector) o;
-
-		return v is null ? super.opEquals(o) : vector == v.vector;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v1 = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int);
-		auto v2 = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int);
-
-		assert(v1 == v2);
-
-		v1.length = 1;
-		v2.length = 2;
-		assert(v1 != v2);
-
-		v1.length = 2;
-		v1[0] = v2[0] = 2;
-		v1[1] = 3;
-		v2[1] = 4;
-		assert(v1 != v2);
-
-		v2[1] = 3;
-		assert(v1 == v2);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v1);
-		theAllocator.dispose(v2);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-	 */
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (e; vector)
-		{
-			if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach (i, e; vector)
-		{
-			if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5, 15, 8);
-
-		size_t i;
-		foreach (j, ref e; v)
-		{
-			i = j;
-		}
-		assert(i == 2);
-
-		foreach (j, e; v)
-		{
-			assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-			assert(j != 1 || e == 15);
-			assert(j != 2 || e == 8);
-		}
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-	 */
-	int opApplyReverse(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach_reverse (e; vector)
-		{
-			if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	int opApplyReverse(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
-	{
-		int result;
-
-		foreach_reverse (i, e; vector)
-		{
-			if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
-			{
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5, 15, 8);
-		size_t i;
-
-		foreach_reverse (j, ref e; v)
-		{
-			i = j;
-		}
-		assert(i == 0);
-
-		foreach_reverse (j, e; v)
-		{
-			assert(j != 2 || e == 8);
-			assert(j != 1 || e == 15);
-			assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-		}
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The first element.
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0)
-	 */
-	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
-	in
-	{
-		assert(vector.length > 0);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[0];
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5);
-
-		assert(v.front == 5);
-
-		v.length = 2;
-		v[1] = 15;
-		assert(v.front == 5);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The last element.
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0)
-	 */
-	@property ref inout(T) back() inout
-	in
-	{
-		assert(vector.length > 0);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return vector[$ - 1];
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5);
-
-		assert(v.back == 5);
-
-		v.length = 2;
-		v[1] = 15;
-		assert(v.back == 15);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: A range that iterates over elements of the container, in
-	 *          forward order.
-	 */
-	Range!Vector opIndex()
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, 0, length);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!(const Vector) opIndex() const
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, 0, length);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!(immutable Vector) opIndex() immutable
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, 0, length);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	i = Slice start.
-	 * 	j = Slice end.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: A range that iterates over elements of the container from
-	 *          index $(D_PARAM i) up to (excluding) index $(D_PARAM j).
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length)
-	 */
-	Range!Vector opSlice(in size_t i, in size_t j)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(i <= j);
-		assert(j <= length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, i, j);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!(const Vector) opSlice(in size_t i, in size_t j) const
-	in
-	{
-		assert(i <= j);
-		assert(j <= length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, i, j);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!(immutable Vector) opSlice(in size_t i, in size_t j) immutable
-	in
-	{
-		assert(i <= j);
-		assert(j <= length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return typeof(return)(this, i, j);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Slicing assignment.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	value = New value.
-	 * 	i     = Slice start.
-	 * 	j     = Slice end.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Assigned value.
-	 *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length);
-	 *               The lenghts of the ranges and slices match.
-	 */
-	Range!Vector opSliceAssign(in T value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(i <= j);
-		assert(j <= length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		vector[i .. j] = value;
-		return opSlice(i, j);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!Vector opSliceAssign(in Range!Vector value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(j - i == value.length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		vector[i .. j] = value.outer.vector[value.start .. value.end];
-		return opSlice(i, j);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	Range!Vector opSliceAssign(in T[] value, in size_t i, in size_t j)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(j - i == value.length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		vector[i .. j] = value;
-		return opSlice(i, j);
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto v1 = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(3, 3, 3);
-		auto v2 = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(1, 2);
-
-		v1[0..2] = 286;
-		assert(v1[0] == 286);
-		assert(v1[1] == 286);
-		assert(v1[2] == 3);
-
-		v2[0..$] = v1[1..3];
-		assert(v2[0] == 286);
-		assert(v2[1] == 3);
-
-		theAllocator.dispose(v2);
-		theAllocator.dispose(v1);
-	}
-
-	/// Internal representation.
-	protected T[] vector;
-
-	/// The allocator.
-	protected IAllocator allocator;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	auto v = theAllocator.make!(Vector!int)(5, 15, 8);
-
-	assert(v.front == 5);
-	assert(v[1] == 15);
-	assert(v.back == 8);
-
-	theAllocator.dispose(v);
-}

source/tanya/crypto/des.d

@@ -1,607 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.des;
-
-import tanya.container.bit;
-import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/// Initial permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] ipTable = [58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                       60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
-                                       62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
-                                       64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
-                                       57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,  1,
-                                       59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                       61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
-                                       63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7];
-
-/// Final permutation table.
-private immutable ubyte[64] fpTable = [40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
-                                       39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
-                                       38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
-                                       37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
-                                       36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
-                                       35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
-                                       34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
-                                       33, 1, 41, 9,  49, 17, 57, 25];
-
-/// Key permutation table 1.
-private immutable ubyte[64] pc1Table = [57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
-                                        58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
-                                        59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
-                                        60, 52, 44, 36, 63, 55, 47, 39,
-                                        31, 23, 15, 7,  62, 54, 46, 38,
-                                        30, 22, 14, 6,  61, 53, 45, 37,
-                                        29, 21, 13, 5,  28, 20, 12, 4];
-
-/// Key permutation table 2.
-private immutable ubyte[48] pc2Table = [14, 17, 11, 24, 1,  5,  3,  28,
-                                        15, 6,  21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
-                                        26, 8,  16, 7,  27, 20, 13, 2,
-                                        41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
-                                        51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
-                                        34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32];
-
-/// Expansion table.
-private immutable ubyte[48] expansionTable = [32, 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  4,  5,
-                                              6,  7,  8,  9,  8,  9,  10, 11,
-                                              12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
-                                              16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21,
-                                              22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27,
-                                              28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1];
-
-/// Final input block permutation.
-private immutable ubyte[32] pTable = [16, 7,  20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
-                                      1,  15, 23, 26, 5,  18, 31, 10,
-                                      2,  8,  24, 14, 32, 27, 3,  9,
-                                      19, 13, 30, 6,  22, 11, 4, 25];
-
-/// The (in)famous S-boxes.
-private immutable ubyte[64][8] sBox = [[
-                                         14, 0,  4,  15, 13, 7,  1,  4,  2, 14,  15, 2, 11, 13, 8,  1,
-                                         3,  10, 10, 6,  6,  12, 12, 11, 5,  9,  9,  5, 0,  3,  7,  8,
-                                         4,  15, 1,  12, 14, 8,  8,  2,  13, 4,  6,  9, 2,  1,  11, 7,
-                                         15, 5,  12, 11, 9,  3,  7,  14, 3,  10, 10, 0, 5,  6,  0,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         15, 3,  1,  13, 8,  4,  14, 7,  6,  15, 11, 2,  3,  8,  4,  14,
-                                         9,  12, 7,  0,  2,  1,  13, 10, 12, 6,  0,  9,  5,  11, 10, 5,
-                                         0,  13, 14, 8,  7,  10, 11, 1,  10, 3,  4,  15, 13, 4,  1,  2,
-                                         5,  11, 8,  6,  12, 7,  6,  12, 9,  0,  3,  5,  2,  14, 15, 9,
-                                      ],[
-                                         10, 13, 0,  7,  9,  0,  14, 9,  6,  3,  3,  4,  15, 6,  5,  10,
-                                         1,  2,  13, 8,  12, 5,  7,  14, 11, 12, 4,  11, 2,  15, 8,  1,
-                                         13, 1,  6,  10, 4,  13, 9,  0,  8,  6,  15, 9,  3,  8,  0,  7,
-                                         11, 4,  1,  15, 2,  14, 12, 3,  5,  11, 10, 5,  14, 2,  7,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         7,  13, 13, 8,  14, 11, 3,  5,  0,  6,  6,  15, 9,  0,  10, 3,
-                                         1,  4,  2,  7,  8,  2,  5,  12, 11, 1,  12, 10, 4,  14, 15, 9,
-                                         10, 3,  6,  15, 9,  0,  0,  6,  12, 10, 11, 1,  7,  13, 13, 8,
-                                         15, 9,  1,  4,  3,  5,  14, 11, 5,  12, 2,  7,  8,  2,  4,  14,
-                                      ],[
-                                         2,  14, 12, 11, 4,  2,  1,  12, 7,  4,  10, 7,  11, 13, 6,  1,
-                                         8,  5,  5,  0,  3,  15, 15, 10, 13, 3,  0,  9,  14, 8,  9,  6,
-                                         4,  11, 2,  8,  1,  12, 11, 7,  10, 1,  13, 14, 7,  2,  8,  13,
-                                         15, 6,  9,  15, 12, 0,  5,  9,  6,  10, 3,  4,  0,  5,  14, 3,
-                                      ],[
-                                         12, 10, 1,  15, 10, 4,  15, 2,  9,  7,  2,  12, 6,  9,  8,  5,
-                                         0,  6,  13, 1,  3,  13, 4,  14, 14, 0,  7,  11, 5,  3,  11, 8,
-                                         9,  4,  14, 3,  15, 2,  5,  12, 2,  9,  8,  5,  12, 15, 3,  10,
-                                         7,  11, 0,  14, 4,  1,  10, 7,  1,  6,  13, 0,  11, 8,  6,  13,
-                                      ],[
-                                         4,  13, 11, 0,  2,  11, 14, 7,  15, 4,  0,  9,  8,  1,  13, 10,
-                                         3,  14, 12, 3,  9,  5,  7,  12, 5,  2,  10, 15, 6,  8,  1,  6,
-                                         1,  6,  4,  11, 11, 13, 13, 8,  12, 1,  3,  4,  7,  10, 14, 7,
-                                         10, 9,  15, 5,  6,  0,  8,  15, 0,  14, 5,  2,  9,  3,  2,  12,
-                                      ],[
-                                         13, 1,  2,  15, 8,  13, 4,  8,  6,  10, 15, 3,  11, 7,  1,  4,
-                                         10, 12, 9,  5,  3,  6,  14, 11, 5,  0,  0,  14, 12, 9,  7,  2,
-                                         7,  2,  11, 1,  4,  14, 1,  7,  9,  4,  12, 10, 14, 8,  2,  13,
-                                         0,  15, 6,  12, 10, 9,  13, 0,  15, 3,  3,  5,  5,  6,  8,  11,
-                                      ]];
-
-/**
- * Data Encryption Standard.
- *
- * Params:
- *     L = Number of keys.
- */
-class DES(ushort L = 1) : BlockCipher
-    if (L == 1)
-{
-    mixin FixedBlockSize!8;
-    mixin KeyLength!8;
-
-    private enum expansionBlockSize = 6;
-    private enum pc1KeyLength = 7;
-    private enum subkeyLength = 6;
-    private ubyte[] key_;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        key_ = key;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.encryption)(plain, cipher);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    nothrow
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        operateBlock!(Direction.decryption)(cipher, plain);
-    }
-
-    private void operateBlock(Direction D)(in ubyte[] source, ref ubyte[] target)
-    {
-        ubyte[blockSize_] ipBlock;
-        ubyte[expansionBlockSize] expansionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] substitutionBlock;
-        ubyte[4] pBoxTarget;
-        ubyte[pc1KeyLength] pc1Key;
-        ubyte[subkeyLength] subkey;
-
-        // Initial permutation
-        permute(source, ipBlock, ipTable, blockSize);
-
-        // Key schedule computation
-        permute(key_, pc1Key, pc1Table, pc1KeyLength);
-
-        // Feistel function
-        for (ubyte round; round < 16; ++round)
-        {
-            auto bitVector = BitVector(expansionBlock);
-            /* Expansion. This permutation only looks at the first 4 bytes (32
-               bits of ipBlock); 16 of these are repeated in expansion table.*/
-            permute(BitVector(ipBlock[4..$]), bitVector, expansionTable, 6);
-
-            // Key mixing
-            static if (D == Direction.encryption)
-            {
-                rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round <= 1 || round == 8 || round == 15))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateLeft(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-            permute(pc1Key, subkey, pc2Table, subkeyLength);
-            static if (D == Direction.decryption)
-            {
-                rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                if (!(round >= 14 || round == 7 || round == 0))
-                {
-                    // Rotate twice.
-                    rotateRight(pc1Key);
-                }
-            }
-
-            bitVector ^= subkey;
-
-            // Substitution; copy from updated expansion block to ciphertext block
-            substitutionBlock[0] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[0][(expansionBlock[0] & 0xfc ) >> 2] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[0] |= sBox[1][(expansionBlock[0] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[1] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[1] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[2][(expansionBlock[1] & 0x0f) << 2 | (expansionBlock[2] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[1] |= sBox[3][(expansionBlock[2] & 0x3f)];
-            substitutionBlock[2] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[4][(expansionBlock[3] & 0xfc) >> 2 ] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[2] |= sBox[5][(expansionBlock[3] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[4] & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            substitutionBlock[3] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[6][(expansionBlock[4] & 0x0F) << 2 | (expansionBlock[5] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
-            substitutionBlock[3] |= sBox[7][(expansionBlock[5] & 0x3f)];
-
-            // Permutation
-            bitVector = BitVector(substitutionBlock);
-            permute(bitVector, pBoxTarget, pTable, blockSize / 2);
-
-            // Swap the halves.
-            substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-            ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-
-            bitVector ^= pBoxTarget;
-            ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-        }
-
-        substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
-        ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
-        ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
-
-        // Final permutaion (undo initial permuation).
-        permute(ipBlock, target, fpTable, blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the left rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateLeft(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[0] & 0x80) >> 3;
-
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] << 1) | ((key[1] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] << 1) | ((key[2] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] << 1) | ((key[3] & 0x80) >> 7));
-
-        immutable carryRight = (key[3] & 0x08) >> 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] << 1) | ((key[4] & 0x80) >> 7)) & ~0x10) | carryLeft);
-
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] << 1) | ((key[5] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] << 1) | ((key[6] & 0x80) >> 7));
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] << 1) | carryRight);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Performs the right rotation operation on the key.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     key = The key to rotate.
-     */
-    private void rotateRight(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        immutable carryRight = (key[6] & 0x01) << 3;
-
-        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] >> 1) | ((key[5] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] >> 1) | ((key[4] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] >> 1) | ((key[3] & 0x01) << 7));
-
-        immutable carryLeft = (key[3] & 0x10) << 3;
-        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] >> 1) | ((key[2] & 0x01) << 7)) & ~0x08) | carryRight);
-
-        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] >> 1) | ((key[1] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] >> 1) | ((key[0] & 0x01) << 7));
-        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] >> 1) | carryLeft);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in ubyte[] source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        const sourceVector = const BitVector(source);
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(sourceVector, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
-
-        permute(source, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
-    }
-
-    private void permute(in BitVector source, ref BitVector target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        for (uint i; i < length * 8; ++i)
-        {
-            target[i] = source[permuteTable[i] - 1];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import std.typecons;
-
-    /* Test vectors for DES. Source:
-       "Validating the Correctness of Hardware 
-       Implementations of the NBS Data Encryption Standard"
-       NBS Special Publication 500-20, 1980. Appendix B */
-
-    // Initial and reverse Permutation and Expansion tests. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][64] desTestVectors1 = [
-        [0x95, 0xf8, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x00],
-        [0xdd, 0x7f, 0x12, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x56, 0x19],
-        [0x2e, 0x86, 0x53, 0x10, 0x4f, 0x38, 0x34, 0xea],
-        [0x4b, 0xd3, 0x88, 0xff, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x1d, 0x4f],
-        [0x20, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x14, 0x56],
-        [0x55, 0x57, 0x93, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x71, 0x38, 0xef],
-        [0x6c, 0xc5, 0xde, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x04, 0x51, 0x2f],
-        [0x0d, 0x9f, 0x27, 0x9b, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x72, 0x60],
-        [0xd9, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x71, 0xbd, 0x5a, 0x0a],
-        [0x42, 0x42, 0x50, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0x3d, 0xd9, 0x51],
-        [0xb8, 0x06, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xcd, 0x9a, 0x21, 0xe5],
-        [0xf1, 0x5d, 0x0f, 0x28, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xbd, 0x28],
-        [0xad, 0xd0, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0xeb, 0xa1],
-        [0xe6, 0xd5, 0xf8, 0x27, 0x52, 0xad, 0x63, 0xd1],
-        [0xec, 0xbf, 0xe3, 0xbd, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x1a, 0x5e],
-        [0xf3, 0x56, 0x83, 0x43, 0x79, 0xd1, 0x65, 0xcd],
-        [0x2b, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x03, 0x7f, 0xa9],
-        [0x88, 0x9d, 0xe0, 0x68, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0x0b, 0xe6],
-        [0xe1, 0x9e, 0x27, 0x5d, 0x84, 0x6a, 0x12, 0x98],
-        [0x32, 0x9a, 0x8e, 0xd5, 0x23, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xec],
-        [0xe7, 0xfc, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x57, 0xd2, 0x3c, 0x97],
-        [0x12, 0xa9, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x7f, 0xf2, 0xd6, 0x5d],
-        [0xa4, 0x84, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x38, 0xdc, 0x9c, 0x19],
-        [0xfb, 0xe0, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x1e, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x72],
-        [0x75, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x94, 0x07, 0x52, 0x13, 0x63],
-        [0x64, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x4c, 0x2f, 0xaf],
-        [0xf0, 0x2b, 0x26, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0x60],
-        [0x9d, 0x64, 0x55, 0x5a, 0x9a, 0x10, 0xb8, 0x52],
-        [0xd1, 0x06, 0xff, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x52, 0x55, 0xd7],
-        [0xe1, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x8c, 0x64, 0xa5],
-        [0xe4, 0x28, 0x58, 0x11, 0x86, 0xec, 0x8f, 0x46],
-        [0xae, 0xb5, 0xf5, 0xed, 0xe2, 0x2d, 0x1a, 0x36],
-        [0xe9, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x56, 0x8a, 0xec, 0x0c, 0x5c],
-        [0xdf, 0x98, 0xc8, 0x27, 0x6f, 0x54, 0xb0, 0x4b],
-        [0xb1, 0x60, 0xe4, 0x68, 0x0f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6f],
-        [0xfa, 0x07, 0x52, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0x9c, 0x4a, 0xb8],
-        [0xca, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x03, 0x6d, 0xbc, 0x85, 0x02],
-        [0x5e, 0x09, 0x05, 0x51, 0x7b, 0xb5, 0x9b, 0xcf],
-        [0x81, 0x4e, 0xeb, 0x3b, 0x91, 0xd9, 0x07, 0x26],
-        [0x4d, 0x49, 0xdb, 0x15, 0x32, 0x91, 0x9c, 0x9f],
-        [0x25, 0xeb, 0x5f, 0xc3, 0xf8, 0xcf, 0x06, 0x21],
-        [0xab, 0x6a, 0x20, 0xc0, 0x62, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x6f],
-        [0x79, 0xe9, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x2c, 0xca],
-        [0x86, 0x6e, 0xce, 0xdd, 0x80, 0x72, 0xbb, 0x0e],
-        [0x8b, 0x54, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x3e, 0x64, 0xa8],
-        [0xea, 0x51, 0xd3, 0x97, 0x55, 0x95, 0xb8, 0x6b],
-        [0xca, 0xff, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x45, 0x42, 0xde, 0x31],
-        [0x8d, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x90, 0x79, 0x6c],
-        [0x10, 0x29, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x88, 0x0e, 0xc2, 0xd0],
-        [0x5d, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x23, 0x63, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0xa9],
-        [0x1d, 0x1c, 0xa8, 0x53, 0xae, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x5f],
-        [0xce, 0x33, 0x23, 0x29, 0x24, 0x8f, 0x32, 0x28],
-        [0x84, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xab, 0xe2, 0x4f, 0xb9, 0x42],
-        [0xe6, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x80, 0x90, 0xca, 0x42, 0x07],
-        [0x48, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x99, 0x37, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x23],
-        [0xdd, 0x7c, 0x0b, 0xbd, 0x61, 0xfa, 0xfd, 0x54],
-        [0x2f, 0xbc, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x57, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0xc4],
-        [0xe0, 0x7c, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xe4, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x12],
-        [0x09, 0x53, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x8e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0xa1],
-        [0x5b, 0x71, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xce, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0xee],
-        [0xcc, 0x08, 0x3f, 0x1e, 0x6d, 0x9e, 0x85, 0xf6],
-        [0xd2, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x67, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xfe],
-        [0x06, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x22, 0xce, 0x92, 0x70, 0x8f],
-        [0x16, 0x6b, 0x40, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0xba, 0x4b, 0xd6],
-    ];
-
-    // Key Permutation test. Encrypt.
-    // Test of right-shifts. Decrypt.
-    ubyte[8][56] desTestVectors2 = [
-        [0x95, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x13, 0xda, 0xa9, 0x4d],
-        [0x0e, 0xec, 0x14, 0x87, 0xdd, 0x8c, 0x26, 0xd5],
-        [0x7a, 0xd1, 0x6f, 0xfb, 0x79, 0xc4, 0x59, 0x26],
-        [0xd3, 0x74, 0x62, 0x94, 0xca, 0x6a, 0x6c, 0xf3],
-        [0x80, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x3c, 0x1f, 0xd7, 0x61],
-        [0xc0, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xfe, 0xc9, 0x89, 0xd1, 0xfc],
-        [0x46, 0x15, 0xaa, 0x1d, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x2f, 0x10],
-        [0x20, 0x55, 0x12, 0x33, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x08, 0x58],
-        [0xdf, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xd6, 0x57, 0x73, 0x97, 0xc8],
-        [0x31, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x36, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x88, 0xc9],
-        [0xdf, 0xdd, 0x3c, 0xc6, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x16, 0x42],
-        [0x17, 0x8c, 0x83, 0xce, 0x2b, 0x39, 0x9d, 0x94],
-        [0x50, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x32, 0x4a, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x80],
-        [0xa8, 0x46, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0xbc, 0x18, 0xf0, 0x6d],
-        [0xa2, 0xdc, 0x9e, 0x92, 0xfd, 0x3c, 0xde, 0x92],
-        [0xca, 0xc0, 0x9f, 0x79, 0x7d, 0x03, 0x12, 0x87],
-        [0x90, 0xba, 0x68, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xae, 0xb5, 0x25],
-        [0xce, 0x7a, 0x24, 0xf3, 0x50, 0xe2, 0x80, 0xb6],
-        [0x88, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x87],
-        [0x25, 0x61, 0x02, 0x88, 0x92, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc2],
-        [0xc7, 0x15, 0x16, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x75, 0xd1, 0x70],
-        [0x51, 0x99, 0xc2, 0x9a, 0x52, 0xc9, 0xf0, 0x59],
-        [0xc2, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x71, 0xf2, 0x9f],
-        [0xee, 0x37, 0x14, 0x83, 0x71, 0x4c, 0x02, 0xea],
-        [0xa8, 0x1f, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x52, 0x2f],
-        [0x4f, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x92, 0xe1, 0x92, 0xdf, 0xed],
-        [0x1a, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x66, 0xa6, 0xdf, 0x92, 0xae],
-        [0xb3, 0xc1, 0xcc, 0x71, 0x5c, 0xb8, 0x79, 0xd8],
-        [0x19, 0xd0, 0x32, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xb0, 0xbd, 0x8b],
-        [0x3c, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x20, 0xdc],
-        [0xb7, 0x26, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x44, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf3],
-        [0x9d, 0xb7, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x3f, 0x54],
-        [0x81, 0x81, 0xb6, 0x5b, 0xab, 0xf4, 0xa9, 0x75],
-        [0x93, 0xc9, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x42, 0xea, 0xa2, 0x40],
-        [0x55, 0x70, 0x53, 0x08, 0x29, 0x70, 0x55, 0x92],
-        [0x86, 0x38, 0x80, 0x9e, 0x87, 0x87, 0x87, 0xa0],
-        [0x41, 0xb9, 0xa7, 0x9a, 0xf7, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0x08],
-        [0x7a, 0x9b, 0xe4, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x09, 0xa8, 0x92],
-        [0x29, 0x03, 0x8d, 0x56, 0xba, 0x6d, 0x27, 0x45],
-        [0x54, 0x95, 0xc6, 0xab, 0xf1, 0xe5, 0xdf, 0x51],
-        [0xae, 0x13, 0xdb, 0xd5, 0x61, 0x48, 0x89, 0x33],
-        [0x02, 0x4d, 0x1f, 0xfa, 0x89, 0x04, 0xe3, 0x89],
-        [0xd1, 0x39, 0x97, 0x12, 0xf9, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0x2e],
-        [0x14, 0xc1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0xc7, 0x9e],
-        [0x1d, 0xe5, 0x27, 0x9d, 0xae, 0x3b, 0xed, 0x6f],
-        [0xe9, 0x41, 0xa3, 0x3f, 0x85, 0x50, 0x13, 0x03],
-        [0xda, 0x99, 0xdb, 0xbc, 0x9a, 0x03, 0xf3, 0x79],
-        [0xb7, 0xfc, 0x92, 0xf9, 0x1d, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xe9],
-        [0xae, 0x8e, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0x4e, 0x85],
-        [0x9c, 0xc6, 0x2d, 0xf4, 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xed, 0x74],
-        [0xd8, 0x63, 0xdb, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0x9a, 0x91, 0xa0],
-        [0xa1, 0xab, 0x21, 0x90, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x91, 0xd7],
-        [0x08, 0x75, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x64, 0xc5, 0x70, 0xf7],
-        [0x5a, 0x59, 0x45, 0x28, 0xbe, 0xbe, 0xf1, 0xcc],
-        [0xfc, 0xdb, 0x32, 0x91, 0xde, 0x21, 0xf0, 0xc0],
-        [0x86, 0x9e, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0x9f, 0x26, 0x5a, 0x09],
-    ];
-
-    // Data permutation test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][2][32] desTestVectors3 = [
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x91, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x31], [0x88, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x4c, 0x97, 0xb4]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0x0c, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x83, 0xea, 0x48, 0xfd]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0x83, 0xbc, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0xa6, 0x57, 0x01, 0x83]],
-        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0xdf, 0x72, 0x5d, 0xca, 0xd9, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0xe9]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xe6, 0x52, 0xb5, 0x3b, 0x55, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaf, 0x52, 0x71, 0x20, 0xc4, 0x85, 0xcb, 0xb0]],
-        [[0x51, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0x0f, 0x04, 0xce, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xb9, 0x26, 0xd5]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xc9, 0xf0, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x74, 0x07, 0x90, 0x67]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x54, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0x7c, 0xfd, 0x82, 0xa5, 0x93, 0x25, 0x2b, 0x4e]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x94, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0xcb, 0x49, 0xa2, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x13, 0x63, 0xe3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0xb9, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x00, 0xb5, 0x88, 0xbe, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0x56]],
-        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x40, 0x6a, 0x9a, 0x6a, 0xb4, 0x33, 0x99, 0xae]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x6c, 0xb7, 0x73, 0x61, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x9a, 0xda]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x67, 0xfd, 0x21, 0xc1, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x70]],
-        [[0x91, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x95, 0x92, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x10, 0x43, 0x07, 0x87]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x98, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0xa6, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x68, 0xa3, 0x18, 0xdd, 0xd3]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x4d, 0x10, 0x21, 0x96, 0xc9, 0x14, 0xca, 0x16]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x2d, 0xfa, 0x9f, 0x45, 0x73, 0x59, 0x49, 0x65]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xb4, 0x66, 0x04, 0x81, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x07, 0x74]],
-        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x6e, 0x7e, 0x62, 0x21, 0xa4, 0xf3, 0x4e, 0x87]],
-        [[0x19, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaa, 0x85, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x43, 0x23, 0x31, 0x99]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01], [0x2e, 0x5a, 0x19, 0xdb, 0x4d, 0x19, 0x62, 0xd6]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x08, 0x01], [0x23, 0xa8, 0x66, 0xa8, 0x09, 0xd3, 0x08, 0x94]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xd8, 0x12, 0xd9, 0x61, 0xf0, 0x17, 0xd3, 0x20]],
-        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x0b], [0x05, 0x56, 0x05, 0x81, 0x6e, 0x58, 0x60, 0x8f]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xab, 0xd8, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0x1b, 0x77, 0x16, 0xf1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02], [0x53, 0x7a, 0xc9, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xa1, 0xe1]],
-        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x08], [0xae, 0xd0, 0xf6, 0xae, 0x3c, 0x25, 0xcd, 0xd8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x14, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x04], [0xb3, 0xe3, 0x5a, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x8d]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x04], [0x61, 0xc7, 0x9c, 0x71, 0x92, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0xf8]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x10, 0x02, 0x01], [0xe2, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x8f, 0x09, 0x95, 0x01, 0x3c]],
-        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x16, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x01], [0x1a, 0xea, 0xc3, 0x9a, 0x61, 0xf0, 0xa4, 0x64]],
-    ];
-
-    // S-Box test. Encrypt.
-    ubyte[8][3][19] desTestVectors4 = [
-        [[0x7c, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x45, 0x4a, 0x1a, 0x6e, 0x57], [0x01, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0xd0, 0x39, 0x77, 0x67, 0x42],
-        [0x69, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0x26, 0x93, 0x9b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x61, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x37, 0x6e], [0x5c, 0xd5, 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x3d, 0xef, 0x57, 0xda],
-        [0x7a, 0x38, 0x9d, 0x10, 0x35, 0x4b, 0xd2, 0x71]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x3e, 0x4a, 0x0b, 0x26, 0x86], [0x02, 0x48, 0xd4, 0x38, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x71, 0x72],
-        [0x86, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xca, 0xb4, 0x59, 0x9a]],
-        [[0x38, 0x49, 0x67, 0x4c, 0x26, 0x02, 0x31, 0x9e], [0x51, 0x45, 0x4b, 0x58, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x44, 0x0a],
-        [0x71, 0x78, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x01, 0xf1, 0x9b, 0x2a]],
-        [[0x04, 0xb9, 0x15, 0xba, 0x43, 0xfe, 0xb5, 0xb6], [0x42, 0xfd, 0x44, 0x30, 0x59, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xa2],
-        [0xaf, 0x37, 0xfb, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x40, 0x95]],
-        [[0x01, 0x13, 0xb9, 0x70, 0xfd, 0x34, 0xf2, 0xce], [0x05, 0x9b, 0x5e, 0x08, 0x51, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x3a],
-        [0x86, 0xa5, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x5b]],
-        [[0x01, 0x70, 0xf1, 0x75, 0x46, 0x8f, 0xb5, 0xe6], [0x07, 0x56, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0x77, 0x47, 0x61, 0xd2],
-        [0x0c, 0xd3, 0xda, 0x02, 0x00, 0x21, 0xdc, 0x09]],
-        [[0x43, 0x29, 0x7f, 0xad, 0x38, 0xe3, 0x73, 0xfe], [0x76, 0x25, 0x14, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x48, 0x6a],
-        [0xea, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x2c, 0xb7, 0xdb, 0x2b, 0x7a]],
-        [[0x07, 0xa7, 0x13, 0x70, 0x45, 0xda, 0x2a, 0x16], [0x3b, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x90, 0x49, 0x37, 0x28, 0x02],
-        [0xdf, 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x81, 0x5c, 0xaf, 0x1a, 0x0f]],
-        [[0x04, 0x68, 0x91, 0x04, 0xc2, 0xfd, 0x3b, 0x2f], [0x26, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x68, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x60, 0x9a],
-        [0x5c, 0x51, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0x48, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x88]],
-        [[0x37, 0xd0, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0x16, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x46], [0x16, 0x4d, 0x5e, 0x40, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x52, 0x32],
-        [0x0a, 0x2a, 0xee, 0xae, 0x3f, 0xf4, 0xab, 0x77]],
-        [[0x1f, 0x08, 0x26, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0xc2, 0x46, 0x5e], [0x6b, 0x05, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x75, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0xca],
-        [0xef, 0x1b, 0xf0, 0x3e, 0x5d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x5a]],
-        [[0x58, 0x40, 0x23, 0x64, 0x1a, 0xba, 0x61, 0x76], [0x00, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0xef, 0x09, 0x17, 0x60, 0x62],
-        [0x88, 0xbf, 0x0d, 0xb6, 0xd7, 0x0d, 0xee, 0x56]],
-        [[0x02, 0x58, 0x16, 0x16, 0x46, 0x29, 0xb0, 0x07], [0x48, 0x0d, 0x39, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x62, 0xf2],
-        [0xa1, 0xf9, 0x91, 0x55, 0x41, 0x02, 0x0b, 0x56]],
-        [[0x49, 0x79, 0x3e, 0xbc, 0x79, 0xb3, 0x25, 0x8f], [0x43, 0x75, 0x40, 0xc8, 0x69, 0x8f, 0x3c, 0xfa],
-        [0x6f, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xfd, 0x05, 0x56]],
-        [[0x4f, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x15, 0xab, 0x73, 0xa7], [0x07, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x77, 0x07, 0x52, 0x92],
-        [0x2f, 0x22, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0xab, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xac]],
-        [[0x49, 0xe9, 0x5d, 0x6d, 0x4c, 0xa2, 0x29, 0xbf], [0x02, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x77, 0x81, 0x17, 0xf1, 0x2a],
-        [0x5a, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x2c, 0xc2, 0x6c, 0xce, 0x4a]],
-        [[0x01, 0x83, 0x10, 0xdc, 0x40, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xd6], [0x1d, 0x9d, 0x5c, 0x50, 0x18, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xc2],
-        [0x5f, 0x4c, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x2e, 0x41]],
-        [[0x1c, 0x58, 0x7f, 0x1c, 0x13, 0x92, 0x4f, 0xef], [0x30, 0x55, 0x32, 0x28, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x29, 0x5a],
-        [0x63, 0xfa, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x34, 0xd9, 0xf7, 0x93]],
-    ];
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    auto des = scoped!(DES!1);
-    ubyte[8] key = [0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01];
-    ubyte[8] plain = [0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-    ubyte[8] cipher;
-
-    des.key = key;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..64)
-    {
-        if (i != 0)
-        {
-            plain[i / 8] = i % 8 ? plain[i / 8] >> 1 : 0x80;
-            if (i % 8 == 0)
-            {
-                plain[i / 8 - 1] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors1[i]);
-
-        // Inverse Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(cipher, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (ubyte i; 0..56)
-    {
-        key[i / 7] = i % 7 ? key[i / 7] >> 1 : 0x80;
-        if (i % 7 == 0 && i != 0)
-        {
-            key[i / 7 - 1] = 0x01;
-        }
-        des.key = key;
-
-        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == desTestVectors2[i]);
-
-        // Test of right-shifts in Decryption.
-        des.decrypt(desTestVectors2[i], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == plain);
-    }
-
-    // Data permutation test.
-    plain[0..$] = 0;
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors3)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[1]);
-    }
-
-    // S-Box test.
-    foreach (i; desTestVectors4)
-    {
-        des.key = i[0];
-        des.encrypt(i[1], cipher);
-        assert(cipher == i[2]);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/mode.d

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Block cipher modes of operation.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.mode;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.typecons;
-
-/**
- * Supported padding mode.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-enum PaddingMode
-{
-    zero,
-    pkcs7,
-    ansiX923,
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL PaddingMode)
- */
-ubyte[] pad(ref ubyte[] input,
-            in PaddingMode mode,
-            in ushort blockSize,
-            IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
-    assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
-    assert(input.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
-    immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
-    immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
-
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-            if (needed)
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-                input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
-            }
-            break;
-        case ansiX923:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
-            input[$ - 1] = needed;
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        assert(input[63] == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-            else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-        }
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.ansiX923, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 64);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input.length == 128);
-        for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
-        {
-            if (i < 40)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == i);
-            }
-            else if (i == 63)
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 14);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(input[i] == 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- *     mode      = Padding mode.
- *     blockSize = Block size.
- *  allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
- *
- * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- *     $(D_PSYMBOL pad)
- */
-ref ubyte[] unpad(ref ubyte[] input,
-                  in PaddingMode mode,
-                  in ushort blockSize,
-                  IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-in
-{
-    assert(input.length != 0);
-    assert(input.length % 64 == 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
-    {
-        case zero:
-            break;
-        case pkcs7:
-        case ansiX923:
-            immutable last = input[$ - 1];
-
-            allocator.shrinkArray(input, last ? last : blockSize);
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    { // Zeros
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        pad(inputDup, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-
-    }
-    { // PKCS#7
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-    { // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-        {
-            input[i] = i;
-            inputDup[i] = i;
-        }
-
-        pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
-        assert(input == inputDup);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/crypto/symmetric.d

@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Interfaces for implementing secret key algorithms.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-
-/**
- * Implemented by secret key algorithms.
- */
-interface SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Minimum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximum key length.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /// Cipher direction.
-    protected enum Direction : ushort
-    {
-        encryption,
-        decryption,
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     key = Key.
-     */
-    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
-        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Implemented by block ciphers.
- */
-interface BlockCipher : SymmetricCipher
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Block size.
-     */
-    @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Encrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
-     */
-    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decrypts a block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
-     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
-     */
-    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
-        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by algorithms with fixed block size.
- *
- * Params:
- *     N = Block size.
- */
-mixin template FixedBlockSize(uint N)
-    if (N != 0)
-{
-    private enum uint blockSize_ = N;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Fixed block size.
-     */
-    final @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return blockSize_;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mixed in by symmetric algorithms.
- * If $(D_PARAM Min) equals $(D_PARAM Max) fixed key length is assumed.
- *
- * Params:
- *     Min = Minimum key length.
- *     Max = Maximum key length.
- */
-mixin template KeyLength(uint Min, uint Max = Min)
-    if (Min != 0 && Max != 0)
-{
-    static if (Min == Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint keyLength_ = Min;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return keyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else static if (Min < Max)
-    {
-        private enum uint minKeyLength_ = Min;
-        private enum uint maxKeyLength_ = Max;
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Minimum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return minKeyLength_;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns: Maximum key length.
-         */
-        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return maxKeyLength_;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static assert(false, "Max should be larger or equal to Min");
-    }
-}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -3,55 +3,63 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
+ */
 module tanya.math;
 
+import std.traits;
 public import tanya.math.mp;
+public import tanya.math.random;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
-	import std.algorithm.iteration;
+    import std.algorithm.iteration;
 }
 
 /**
  * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
  *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
  * Params:
- * 	x = Base.
+ *  I = Base type.
- * 	y = Exponent.
+ *  G = Exponent type.
- * 	z = Divisor.
+ *  H = Divisor type:
+ *  x = Base.
+ *  y = Exponent.
+ *  z = Divisor.
  *
  * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
  *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
  */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+    if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
 in
 {
-	assert(z > 0);
+    assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
 }
 body
 {
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
+    G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+    H result;
 
-	if (y == 0)
+    if (y == 0)
-	{
+    {
-		return 1 % z;
+        return 1 % z;
-	}
+    }
-	else if (y == 1)
+    else if (y == 1)
-	{
+    {
-		return x % z;
+        return x % z;
-	}
+    }
     do
     {
-        auto bit = y & mask;
+        immutable bit = y & mask;
         if (!result && bit)
         {
             result = x;
@@ -64,15 +72,54 @@ body
             result *= x;
         }
         result %= z;
-
     }
     while (mask >>= 1);
 
-	return result;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
+    if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+    assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+    size_t i;
+    auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
+    bool firstBit;
+
+    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
+    {
+        i = y.size;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = 1;
+    }
+    while (i < y.size)
+    {
+        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
+        {
+            if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+            {
+                result *= tmp1;
+                result %= z;
+            }
+            auto tmp2 = tmp1;
+            tmp1 *= tmp2;
+            tmp1 %= z;
+        }
+        ++i;
+    }
+    return result;
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 {
     assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
     assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
@@ -85,28 +132,70 @@ unittest
     assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
 }
 
+///
+unittest
+{
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+    assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+    assert(pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
 /**
  * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
  *
  * Params:
- * 	x = The number should be checked.
+ *  x = The number should be checked.
  *
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
  *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
 bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
 {
-	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
+    return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+    uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
                       74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
-	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+                      74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+                      593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
+                      593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
 
-	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+    known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Value type.
+ *  x = Value.
+ *
+ * Returns: The absolute value of a number.
+ */
+I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+{
+    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+{
+    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return x;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I abs(I)(const I x)
+    if (isIntegral!I)
+{
+    return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
 }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.math.random;
+
+import std.digest.sha;
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
+enum blockSize = 64;
+
+/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
+enum maxGather = 128;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
+ */
+class EntropyException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = Message to output.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
+ */
+abstract class EntropySource
+{
+    /// Amount of already generated entropy.
+    protected ushort size_;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+     */
+    @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+     */
+    @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
+     */
+    @property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
+     *         already set value.
+     */
+    @property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        size_ = size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Poll the entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+     *           to fill the buffer).
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     */
+    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
+}
+
+version (linux)
+{
+    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
+
+    /**
+     * Uses getrandom system call.
+     */
+    class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
+    {
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+         */
+        override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
+        {
+            return 32;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+         */
+        override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Poll the entropy source.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+         *           to fill the buffer).
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         */
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
+        out (length)
+        {
+            assert(length <= maxGather);
+        }
+        body
+        {
+            // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
+            auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
+            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+
+            if (length >= 0)
+            {
+                ret = cast(ubyte) length;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pseudorandom number generator.
+ * ---
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
+ *
+ * ubyte[blockSize] output;
+ *
+ * output = entropy.random;
+ *
+ * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
+ * ---
+ */
+class Entropy
+{
+    /// Entropy sources.
+    protected EntropySource[] sources;
+
+    private ubyte sourceCount_;
+
+    private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+    /// Entropy accumulator.
+    protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
+     *  allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
+     *               system.
+     */
+    this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        allocator.resize(sources, maxSources);
+
+        version (linux)
+        {
+            this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
+     */
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        return sourceCount_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an entropy source.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  source = Entropy source.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
+     *
+     * See_Also:
+     *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
+     */
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
+        if (Op == "~")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Generated random sequence.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
+     *         registered or it failed.
+     */
+    @property ubyte[blockSize] random()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        bool haveStrong;
+        ushort done;
+        ubyte[blockSize] output;
+
+        do
+        {
+            ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
+
+            // Run through our entropy sources
+            for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+            {
+                auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
+
+                if (!outputLength.isNull)
+                {
+                    if (outputLength > 0)
+                    {
+                        update(i, buffer, outputLength);
+                        sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
+                    }
+                    if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    else if (sources[i].strong)
+                    {
+                        haveStrong = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                done = 257;
+            }
+        }
+        while (++done < 256);
+
+        if (!haveStrong)
+        {
+            throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
+        }
+
+        output = accumulator.finish();
+
+        // Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
+        accumulator.start();
+
+        // Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
+        output = sha512Of(output);
+
+        for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+        {
+            sources[i].size = 0;
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update entropy accumulator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
+     *  data     = Data got from the entropy source.
+     *  length   = Length of the received data.
+     */
+    protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
+                          ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
+                          ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        ubyte[2] header;
+
+        if (length > blockSize)
+        {
+            data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
+            length = blockSize;
+        }
+
+        header[0] = sourceId;
+        header[1] = length;
+
+        accumulator.put(header);
+        accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,180 +3,65 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-import std.experimental.allocator;
-import std.traits;
-import std.typecons;
-
 /**
  * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
  */
-abstract class Allocator : IAllocator
+interface Allocator
 {
     /**
-     * Not supported.
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
      */
-    bool deallocateAll() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    @property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
 
     /**
-     * Not supported.
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-     *
-     * Returns $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
-     */
-    Ternary empty() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     b = Memory block.
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     * 
+     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    Ternary owns(void[] b) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
 
     /**
-     * Not supported.
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     p      = Pointer to a memory block.
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-     *     result = Full block allocated.
      *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    Ternary resolveInternalPointer(void* p, ref void[] result)
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
-    const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
 
     /**
-     * Params:
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-     *     size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *
-     * Returns: The good allocation size that guarantees zero internal
-     *          fragmentation.
-     */
-    size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s)
-    {
-        auto rem = s % alignment;
-        return rem ? s + alignment - rem : s;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
-     * 
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD null).
-     *
-     */
-    void[] allocateAll() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
-     * 
-     * Params:
-     *     b = Block to be expanded.
-     *     s = New size.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
-     */
-    bool expand(ref void[] b, size_t s) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     n = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *     a = Alignment.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
      *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] alignedAllocate(size_t n, uint a) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
-    {
-        return null;
-    }
 
     /**
-     * Not supported.
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
      *
      * Params:
-     *     n = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *     a = Alignment.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
      *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t size, uint alignment)
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
-    const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
 }
-
-/**
- * Params:
- *     T         = Element type of the array being created.
- *     allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
- *     array     = A reference to the array being changed.
- *     length    = New array length.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
- *          not be reallocated. In the latter
- */
-bool resizeArray(T)(IAllocator allocator,
-                    ref T[] array,
-                    in size_t length)
-{
-    void[] buf = array;
-
-    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-    array = cast(T[]) buf;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    int[] p;
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
-    assert(p.length == 20);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
-    assert(p.length == 30);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
-    assert(p.length == 10);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
-    assert(p is null);
-}
-
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
-                           || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.mallocator;
+
+import core.stdc.stdlib;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper for malloc/realloc/free from the C standard library.
+ */
+final class Mallocator : Allocator
+{
+    /**
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *
+     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     */
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (!size)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
+
+        return p is null ? null : p[psize .. psize + size];
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
+
+        assert(p.length == 20);
+
+        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p !is null)
+        {
+            free(p.ptr - psize);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
+
+        p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(10);
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reallocating in place isn't supported.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (size == 0)
+        {
+            if (deallocate(p))
+            {
+                p = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (p is null)
+        {
+            p = allocate(size);
+            return p is null ? false : true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
+
+            if (r !is null)
+            {
+                p = r[psize .. psize + size];
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20));
+        assert(p.length == 20);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 30));
+        assert(p.length == 30);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10));
+        assert(p.length == 10);
+
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, 0));
+        assert(p is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return cast(uint) max(double.alignof, real.alignof);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+     */
+    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
+    {
+        if (instance_ is null)
+        {
+            immutable size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
+            void* p = malloc(size);
+
+            if (p !is null)
+            {
+                p[psize .. size] = typeid(Mallocator).initializer[];
+                instance_ = cast(shared Mallocator) p[psize .. size].ptr;
+            }
+        }
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        assert(instance is instance);
+    }
+
+    private enum psize = 8;
+
+    private shared static Mallocator instance_;
+}

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
+import core.stdc.string;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import core.atomic;
-import core.exception;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 }
 
 /**
- * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 4 KB for example).
+ * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 64 KB for example).
  * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
  * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
  * enough free blocks in the available regions.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |  R   |  B  |         |  B  |            ||   R  |  B  |                  |
@@ -46,32 +46,22 @@ else version (Windows)
  * |  O   |  K  |         |  K  |           prev  O  |  K  |                  |
  * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
- * --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- *
- * TODO:
- *     $(UL
- *         $(LI Thread safety (core.atomic.cas))
- *         $(LI If two neighbour blocks are free, they can be merged)
- *         $(LI Reallocation shoud check if there is enough free space in the
- *              next block instead of always moving the memory)
- *         $(LI Make 64 KB regions mininmal region size on Linux)
- *     )
  */
-class MmapPool : Allocator
+final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
-    @disable this();
+    invariant
-
-    shared static this()
     {
-        version (Posix)
+        for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
         {
-            pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+            auto block = cast(Block) (cast(void*) *r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
-        }
+            do
-        else version (Windows)
+            {
-        {
+                assert(block.prev is null || block.prev.next is block);
-            SYSTEM_INFO si;
+                assert(block.next is null || block.next.prev is block);
-            GetSystemInfo(&si);
+                assert(block.region is *r);
-            pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+            }
+            while ((block = block.next) !is null);
         }
     }
 
@@ -79,11 +69,11 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
      *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size, TypeInfo ti = null) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (!size)
         {
@@ -97,11 +87,11 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
             data = initializeRegion(dataSize);
         }
 
-        return data is null ? null : data[0..size];
+        return data is null ? null : data[0 .. size];
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
@@ -115,16 +105,16 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      * into two blocks if the block is too large.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     size = Minimum size the block should have.
+     *  size = Minimum size the block should have (aligned).
      *
      * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
      */
-    private void* findBlock(size_t size) @nogc nothrow
+    private void* findBlock(in ref size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
     {
         Block block1;
         RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
         {
-            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + regionEntrySize);
+            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
             do
             {
                 if (block1.free && block1.size >= size)
@@ -138,53 +128,55 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         {
             return null;
         }
-        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment + blockEntrySize)
+        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment_ + BlockEntry.sizeof)
         { // Split the block if needed
-            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize + size);
+            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof + size);
             block2.prev = block1;
-            if (block1.next is null)
+            block2.next = block1.next;
+            block2.free = true;
+            block2.size = block1.size - BlockEntry.sizeof - size;
+            block2.region = block1.region;
+
+            if (block1.next !is null)
             {
-                block2.next = null;
+                block1.next.prev = block2;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                block2.next = block1.next.next;
             }
             block1.next = block2;
-
-            block1.free = false;
-            block2.free = true;
-
-            block2.size = block1.size - blockEntrySize - size;
             block1.size = size;
+        }
+        block1.free = false;
+        block1.region.blocks = block1.region.blocks + 1;
 
-            block2.region = block1.region;
+        return cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
+    }
-        }
+
-        else
+    // Merge block with the next one.
+    private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
+        if (block.next.next !is null)
         {
-            block1.free = false;
+            block.next.next.prev = block;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
         }
-        return cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize;
+        block.next = block.next.next;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deallocates a memory block.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (p is null)
+        if (p.ptr is null)
         {
             return true;
         }
 
-        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - blockEntrySize);
+        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
         if (block.region.blocks <= 1)
         {
             if (block.region.prev !is null)
@@ -208,58 +200,164 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
                 return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
             }
         }
+        // Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
+        if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
+        {
+            mergeNext(block);
+        }
+        if (block.prev !is null && block.prev.free)
+        {
+            block.prev.size = block.prev.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.size;
+            if (block.next !is null)
+            {
+                block.next.prev = block.prev;
+            }
+            block.prev.next = block.next;
+        }
         else
         {
             block.free = true;
-            atomicOp!"-="(block.region.blocks, 1);
-            return true;
         }
+        block.region.blocks = block.region.blocks - 1;
+        return true;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
         assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        if (p is null || size == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (size <= p.length)
+        {
+            // Leave the block as is.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        Block block1 = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
+
+        if (block1.size >= size)
+        {
+            // Enough space in the current block. Can happen because of the alignment.
+            p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+            return true;
+        }
+        immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+        immutable delta = dataSize - addAlignment(p.length);
+
+        if (block1.next is null
+         || !block1.next.free
+         || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
+        {
+            // It is the last block in the region or the next block is too small or not
+            // free.
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (block1.next.size >= delta + alignment_)
+        {
+            // Move size from block2 to block1.
+            block1.next.size = block1.next.size - delta;
+            block1.size = block1.size + delta;
+
+            auto block2 = cast(Block) (p.ptr + dataSize);
+            if (block1.next.next !is null)
+            {
+                block1.next.next.prev = block2;
+            }
+            // block1.next and block2 can overlap.
+            memmove(cast(void*) block2, cast(void*) block1.next, BlockEntry.sizeof);
+            block1.next = block2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // The next block has enough space, but is too small for further
+            // allocations. Merge it with the current block.
+            mergeNext(block1);
+        }
+
+        p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(!MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 5));
+        assert(p is null);
+
+        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+        auto orig = p.ptr;
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 4));
+        assert(p.length == 4);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
+        assert(p.length == 2);
+        assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *     size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
     {
-        void[] reallocP;
+        if (size == 0)
-
+        {
-        if (size == p.length)
+            if (deallocate(p))
+            {
+                p = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (reallocateInPlace(p, size))
         {
             return true;
         }
-        else if (size > 0)
+        // Can't reallocate in place, allocate a new block,
+        // copy and delete the previous one.
+        void[] reallocP = allocate(size);
+        if (reallocP is null)
         {
-            reallocP = allocate(size);
+            return false;
-            if (reallocP is null)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
         }
-
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            if (size > p.length)
+            memcpy(reallocP.ptr, p.ptr, min(p.length, size));
-            {
-                reallocP[0..p.length] = p[0..$];
-            }
-            else if (size > 0)
-            {
-                reallocP[0..size] = p[0..size];
-            }
             deallocate(p);
         }
         p = reallocP;
@@ -268,7 +366,7 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
@@ -301,18 +399,34 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
      */
-    static @property ref MmapPool instance() @nogc @trusted nothrow
+    static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
+            // Get system dependend page size.
+            version (Posix)
+            {
+                pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+                if (pageSize < 65536)
+                {
+                    pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
+                }
+            }
+            else version (Windows)
+            {
+                SYSTEM_INFO si;
+                GetSystemInfo(&si);
+                pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+            }
+
             immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, MmapPool));
 
             Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
             void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
             if (data !is null)
             {
-                data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(MmapPool).initializer[];
+                memcpy(data, typeid(MmapPool).initializer.ptr, instanceSize);
-                instance_ = cast(MmapPool) data;
+                instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
             }
         }
@@ -320,25 +434,25 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+    nothrow unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Initializes a region for one element.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     size = Aligned size of the first data block in the region.
+     *  size = Aligned size of the first data block in the region.
-     *     head = Region list head.
+     *  head = Region list head.
      *
      * Returns: A pointer to the data.
      */
-    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size,
+    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size, ref Region head)
-                                          ref Region head) @nogc nothrow
+    nothrow @nogc
     {
         immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
-        
+
         version (Posix)
         {
             void* p = mmap(null,
@@ -349,10 +463,6 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
                            0);
             if (p is MAP_FAILED)
             {
-                if (errno == ENOMEM)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
                 return null;
             }
         }
@@ -364,10 +474,6 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
                                    PAGE_READWRITE);
             if (p is null)
             {
-                if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
                 return null;
             }
         }
@@ -386,13 +492,13 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         head = region;
 
         // Initialize the data block
-        void* memoryPointer = p + regionEntrySize;
+        void* memoryPointer = p + RegionEntry.sizeof;
         Block block1 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
         block1.size = size;
         block1.free = false;
 
         // It is what we want to return
-        void* data = memoryPointer + blockEntrySize;
+        void* data = memoryPointer + BlockEntry.sizeof;
 
         // Free block after data
         memoryPointer = data + size;
@@ -400,28 +506,26 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         block1.prev = block2.next = null;
         block1.next = block2;
         block2.prev = block1;
-        block2.size = regionSize - size - regionEntrySize - blockEntrySize * 2;
+        block2.size = regionSize - size - RegionEntry.sizeof - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
         block2.free = true;
         block1.region = block2.region = region;
 
         return data;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
-    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) @nogc nothrow
     {
         return initializeRegion(size, head);
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Params:
-     *     x = Space to be aligned.
+     *  x = Space to be aligned.
      *
      * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    pragma(inline)
     private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     out (result)
     {
         assert(result > 0);
@@ -431,34 +535,35 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Params:
-     *     x = Required space.
+     *  x = Required space.
      *
      * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
      */
-    pragma(inline)
     private static immutable(size_t) calculateRegionSize(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    nothrow @safe @nogc
     out (result)
     {
         assert(result > 0);
     }
     body
     {
-        x += regionEntrySize + blockEntrySize * 2;
+        x += RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
         return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
     }
 
-    @property uint alignment() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    /**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return alignment_;
     }
     private enum alignment_ = 8;
 
-    private static MmapPool instance_;
+    private shared static MmapPool instance_;
-
+    private shared static size_t pageSize;
-    private shared static immutable size_t pageSize;
 
     private shared struct RegionEntry
     {
@@ -468,18 +573,73 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
         size_t size;
     }
     private alias Region = shared RegionEntry*;
-    private enum regionEntrySize = 32;
-
     private shared Region head;
 
     private shared struct BlockEntry
     {
         Block prev;
         Block next;
-        bool free;
-        size_t size;
         Region region;
+        size_t size;
+        bool free;
     }
     private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
-    private enum blockEntrySize = 40;
+}
+
+// A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
+// segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
+unittest
+{
+    auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto e = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto c = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    auto f = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(c);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(50);
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(a, 64);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+
+    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    auto tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+
+    auto h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+
+    h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
+    h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
+
+    auto rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 9);
+
+    rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
+    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
+    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 17);
+
+    tmp2[$ - 1] = 0;
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(tmp1);
+
+    b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(d);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(e);
+    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(f);
 }

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,12 +3,307 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+public import std.experimental.allocator : make;
+import std.traits;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
-public import std.experimental.allocator;
+
+/**
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
+ */
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
+{
+    /// Allocator.
+    protected shared Allocator allocator_;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  allocator = The allocator should be used.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
+     */
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+     * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+     *
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return allocator_;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (allocator_ is null)
+        {
+            return defaultAllocator;
+        }
+        return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+    }
+}
+
+// From druntime
+private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+
+shared Allocator allocator;
+
+shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
+{
+    import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
+}
+
+@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+out (allocator)
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    return allocator;
+}
+
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    .allocator = allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Object type.
+ */
+template stateSize(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+    {
+        enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  size      = Raw size.
+ *  alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(const size_t size, const size_t alignment = 8)
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+    return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
+ * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
+ * only in the data structures that can ensure that the array is
+ * allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ *  allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ *  array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ *  length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
+                             auto ref T[] array,
+                             const size_t length) @trusted
+{
+    if (length == 0)
+    {
+        if (allocator.deallocate(array))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void[] buf = array;
+    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+    }
+    // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+    array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    int[] p;
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 20);
+    assert(p.length == 20);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 30);
+    assert(p.length == 30);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 10);
+    assert(p.length == 10);
+
+    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 0);
+    assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Destroys the object.
+ * Returns the memory should be freed.
+ */
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        destroy(*p);
+    }
+    return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
+}
+
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
+    if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+{
+    if (p is null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+    static if (is(T == interface))
+    {
+        version(Windows)
+        {
+            import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
+            static assert(!is(T : IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+                                           ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+        }
+        auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias ob = p;
+    }
+    auto ptr = cast(void*) ob;
+    auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+
+    auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+    if (!*ppv)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+    auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+    scope (exit)
+    {
+        *ppv = null;
+    }
+
+    auto c = *pc;
+    do
+    {
+        // Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+        // shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
+        if (c.destructor)
+        {
+            (cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+        }
+    }
+    while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+
+    if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
+    {
+        _d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
+    }
+    return support;
+}
+
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
+    {
+        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+{
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
+    p = null;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    struct S
+    {
+        ~this()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    auto p = cast(S[]) defaultAllocator.allocate(S.sizeof);
+
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
+}

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.types;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.range;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+private template Payload(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface) || isArray!T)
+    {
+        alias Payload = T;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Payload = T*;
+    }
+}
+
+final class RefCountedStore(T)
+{
+    T payload;
+    size_t counter = 1;
+
+    size_t opUnary(string op)()
+        if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(counter > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+    }
+
+    int opCmp(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        if (this.counter > counter)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (this.counter < counter)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int opEquals(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        return this.counter == counter;
+    }
+}
+
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                                shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+    allocator.dispose(storage);
+}
+
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                               shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
+    auto ptr2 = finalize(storage.payload);
+    allocator.deallocate(ptr1.ptr[0 .. ptr1.length + ptr2.length]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+    private alias Storage = RefCountedStore!(Payload!T);
+
+    private Storage storage;
+    private void function(Storage storage,
+                          shared Allocator allocator) @nogc deleter;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+        assert(storage is null || deleter !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this()(auto ref Payload!T value,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+        this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+
+        move(value, this.storage.payload);
+        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
+        {
+            value = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases the reference counter by one.
+     */
+    this(this)
+    {
+        if (count != 0)
+        {
+            ++this.storage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+     *
+     * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.storage !is null && !(this.storage.counter && --this.storage))
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+     *
+     * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+     * it will be destroyed.
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload!T.init;
+        }
+        move(rhs, this.storage.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+        this.storage = null;
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.deleter, rhs.deleter);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE cound > 0).
+     */
+    Payload!T get() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return storage.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *storage.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     *          storage.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return storage !is null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+     *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+     *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+     */
+    @property size_t count() const
+    {
+        return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+    auto val = rc.get;
+
+    *val = 8;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    val = null;
+    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    *rc = 9;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    private class A
+    {
+        uint *destroyed;
+
+        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+        {
+            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+        }
+
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            ++(*destroyed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct B
+    {
+        int prop;
+        @disable this();
+        this(int param1) @nogc
+        {
+            prop = param1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    uint destroyed;
+    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+    assert(destroyed == 0);
+    {
+        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+        void func(RefCounted!A rc)
+        {
+            assert(rc.count == 2);
+        }
+        func(rc);
+
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc)
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = null;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+        assert(rc.count == 0);
+    }
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc)
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(4);
+        assert(*rc == 4);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+    const storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+    const size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    rc.storage = emplace!((RefCounted!T.Storage))(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+    static if (is(T == class))
+    {
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+    }
+    rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(Payload!T);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+    if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return RefCounted!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param)
+    {
+        if (param.count == 2)
+        {
+            func(param);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            assert(param.count == 3);
+        }
+    }
+    func(rc);
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    struct E
+    {
+    }
+    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+        assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+        assert(rc.count);
+    }
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
+    assert(rc.length == 5);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Value type.
+ */
+struct Scoped(T)
+{
+    private Payload!T payload;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(payload is null || allocator_ !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this()(auto ref Payload!T value,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+
+        move(value, this.payload);
+        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
+        {
+            value = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) is noncopyable.
+     */
+    @disable this(this);
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.payload !is null)
+        {
+            allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized this $(D_PARAM Scoped) and takes ownership over
+     * $(D_PARAM rhs).
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        move(rhs, this.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.payload, rhs.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    Payload!T get() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref T opUnary(string op)()
+            if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto s = Scoped!int(p, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(p is null);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto s = Scoped!F(defaultAllocator.make!F(), defaultAllocator);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+Scoped!T scoped(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, shared Allocator, A)(args);
+    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+Scoped!T scoped(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+    if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!B(5))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!(int[])(5))));
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = null;
+    assert(s is null);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(4);
+    assert(*s == 4);
+}

source/tanya/network/inet.d

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Internet utilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.network.inet;
+
+import std.math;
+import std.range.primitives;
+import std.traits;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
+ *
+ * The range is bidirectional. The byte order is always big-endian.
+ *
+ * It can accept any unsigned integral type but the value should fit
+ * in $(D_PARAM L) bytes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  L = Desired range length.
+ */
+struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
+    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+{
+    static if (L > uint.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ulong;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ushort.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = uint;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ubyte.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ushort;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ubyte;
+    }
+
+    private StorageType value;
+    private size_t size = L;
+
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.size <= L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new range.
+     *
+     * $(D_PARAM T) can be any unsigned type but $(D_PARAM value) cannot be
+     * larger than the maximum can be stored in $(D_PARAM L) bytes. Otherwise
+     * an assertion failure will be caused.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  T      = Value type.
+     *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     */
+    this(T)(const T value)
+        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value = value & StorageType.max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte back() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.value & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte front() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value >>= 8;
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Copy of this range.
+     */
+    typeof(this) save() const
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether the range is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Byte length.
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.size;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
+    assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0xae);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.back == 0xe2);
+
+    networkOrder.popBack();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.empty);
+}
+
+// Static.
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+
+            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
+ * $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * The byte order of $(D_PARAM r) is assumed to be big-endian. The length
+ * cannot be larger than $(D_INLINECODE T.sizeof). Otherwise an assertion
+ * failure will be caused.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Desired return type.
+ *  R     = Range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Integral representation of $(D_PARAM range) with the host byte
+ *          order.
+ */
+T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
+    if (isInputRange!R
+     && !isInfinite!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+     && isUnsigned!T)
+{
+    T ret;
+    ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
+
+    for (; !range.empty && range.front == 0; pos -= 8, range.popFront())
+    {
+    }
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        assert(pos != 0);
+        pos -= 8;
+        ret |= (cast(T) range.front) << pos;
+    }
+
+    return ret >> pos;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const value = 0xae34e2u;
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+    assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.crypto;
+module tanya.network;
 
-public
+public import tanya.network.inet;
-{
+public import tanya.network.socket;
-    import tanya.crypto.des;
+public import tanya.network.url;
-    import tanya.crypto.mode;
-    import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-}

source/tanya/network/url.d

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * URL parser.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.network.url;
 
@@ -630,32 +632,31 @@ static this()
 /**
  * A Unique Resource Locator.
  */
-struct URL(U = string)
+struct URL
-    if (isSomeString!U)
 {
     /** The URL scheme. */
-    U scheme;
+    const(char)[] scheme;
 
     /** The username. */
-    U user;
+    const(char)[] user;
 
     /** The password. */
-    U pass;
+    const(char)[] pass;
 
     /** The hostname. */
-    U host;
+    const(char)[] host;
 
     /** The port number. */
     ushort port;
 
     /** The path. */
-    U path;
+    const(char)[] path;
 
     /** The query string. */
-    U query;
+    const(char)[] query;
 
     /** The anchor. */
-    U fragment;
+    const(char)[] fragment;
 
     /**
      * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
@@ -666,7 +667,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
      *
      * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
      */
-    this(U source)
+    this(in char[] source)
     {
         auto value = source;
         ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = value.length, start;
@@ -702,7 +703,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
                     {
                         if (!parsePort(value[pos..$]))
                         {
-                            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Failed to parse port");
+                            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Failed to parse port");
                         }
                     }
                     goto ParsePath;
@@ -751,7 +752,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
         else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(value[pos..$]))
         {
             // An URL shouldn't begin with a port number
-            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
         }
         else
         {
@@ -808,8 +809,8 @@ struct URL(U = string)
                     {
                         pass = null;
                     }
-					throw make!URIException(theAllocator,
+                    throw make!URIException(defaultAllocator,
-					                        "Restricted characters in user information");
+                                            "Restricted characters in user information");
                 }
             }
             if (user is null)
@@ -844,7 +845,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
                         {
                             pass = null;
                         }
-                        throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
+                        throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -866,7 +867,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
             {
                 pass = null;
             }
-            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
         }
 
         host = value[start..pos];
@@ -948,13 +949,13 @@ struct URL(U = string)
      * Attempts to parse and set the port.
      *
      * Params:
-     *     port = String beginning with a colon followed by the port number and
+     *  port = String beginning with a colon followed by the port number and
-     *            an optional path (query string and/or fragment), like:
+     *         an optional path (query string and/or fragment), like:
-     *            `:12345/some_path` or `:12345`.
+     *         `:12345/some_path` or `:12345`.
      *
      * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
      */
-    private bool parsePort(U port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private bool parsePort(in char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         ptrdiff_t i = 1;
         float lPort = 0;
@@ -984,14 +985,14 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 ///
 unittest
 {
-    auto u = URL!()("example.org");
+    auto u = URL("example.org");
     assert(u.path == "example.org"); 
 
-    u = URL!()("relative/path");
+    u = URL("relative/path");
     assert(u.path == "relative/path"); 
 
     // Host and scheme
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org");
+    u = URL("https://example.org");
     assert(u.scheme == "https");
     assert(u.host == "example.org");
     assert(u.path is null);
@@ -999,7 +1000,7 @@ unittest
     assert(u.fragment is null);
 
     // With user and port and path
-    u = URL!()("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
+    u = URL("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
     assert(u.scheme == "https");
     assert(u.host == "example.org");
     assert(u.path == "/foo/bar");
@@ -1009,7 +1010,7 @@ unittest
     assert(u.fragment is null);
 
     // With query string
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org/?login=true");
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=true");
     assert(u.scheme == "https");
     assert(u.host == "example.org");
     assert(u.path == "/");
@@ -1017,14 +1018,14 @@ unittest
     assert(u.fragment is null);
 
     // With query string and fragment
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
     assert(u.scheme == "https");
     assert(u.host == "example.org");
     assert(u.path == "/");
     assert(u.query == "login=false");
     assert(u.fragment == "label");
 
-    u = URL!()("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
+    u = URL("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
     assert(u.scheme == "redis");
     assert(u.user == "root");
     assert(u.pass == "password");
@@ -1043,7 +1044,7 @@ private unittest
         {
             try
             {
-                URL!()(t[0]);
+                URL(t[0]);
                 assert(0);
             }
             catch (URIException e)
@@ -1053,7 +1054,7 @@ private unittest
         }
         else
         {
-            auto u = URL!()(t[0]);
+            auto u = URL(t[0]);
             assert("scheme" in t[1] ? u.scheme == t[1]["scheme"] : u.scheme is null,
                    t[0]);
             assert("user" in t[1] ? u.user == t[1]["user"] : u.user is null, t[0]);
@@ -1094,37 +1095,36 @@ enum Component : string
  * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
  *
  * Params:
- *     T      = $(D_SYMBOL Component) member or $(D_KEYWORD null) for a
+ *  T      = $(D_SYMBOL Component) member or $(D_KEYWORD null) for a
- *              struct with all components.
+ *           struct with all components.
- *     source = The string containing the URL.
+ *  source = The string containing the URL.
  *
  * Returns: Requested URL components.
  */
-URL parseURL(U)(in U source)
+URL parseURL(typeof(null) T)(in char[] source)
-    if (isSomeString!U)
 {
-    return URL!U(source);
+    return URL(source);
 }
 
-/** ditto */
+/// Ditto.
-string parseURL(string T, U)(in U source)
+const(char)[] parseURL(immutable(char)[] T)(in char[] source)
-    if ((T == "scheme"
+    if (T == "scheme"
-      || T =="host"
+     || T == "host"
-      || T == "user"
+     || T == "user"
-      || T == "pass"
+     || T == "pass"
-      || T == "path"
+     || T == "path"
-      || T == "query"
+     || T == "query"
-      || T == "fragment") && isSomeString!U)
+     || T == "fragment")
 {
-    auto ret = URL!U(source);
+    auto ret = URL(source);
     return mixin("ret." ~ T);
 }
 
-/** ditto */
+/// Ditto.
-ushort parseURL(string T, U)(in U source)
+ushort parseURL(immutable(char)[] T)(in char[] source)
-    if (T == "port" && isSomeString!U)
+    if (T == "port")
 {
-    auto ret = URL!U(source);
+    auto ret = URL(source);
     return ret.port;
 }
 
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ private unittest
         else
         {
             ushort port = parseURL!(Component.port)(t[0]);
-            string component = parseURL!(Component.scheme)(t[0]);
+            auto component = parseURL!(Component.scheme)(t[0]);
             assert("scheme" in t[1] ? component == t[1]["scheme"] : component is null,
                    t[0]);
             component = parseURL!(Component.user)(t[0]);

source/tanya/random.d

@@ -1,318 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.random;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.digest.sha;
-import std.typecons;
-
-/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
-enum blockSize = 64;
-
-/// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
-enum maxGather = 128;
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown if random number generating fails.
- */
-class EntropyException : Exception
-{
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string msg,
-	     string file = __FILE__,
-	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
-	{
-		super(msg, file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for implementing entropy sources.
- */
-abstract class EntropySource
-{
-	/// Amount of already generated entropy.
-	protected ushort size_;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
-	 */
-	@property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return size_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
-	 * 	       already set value.
-	 */
-	@property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		size_ = size;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Poll the entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-	 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-	 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-	 */
-	Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
-}
-
-version (linux)
-{
-	extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Uses getrandom system call.
-	 */
-	class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
-	{
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return 32;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
-		 */
-		override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		/**
-		 * Poll the entropy source.
-		 *
-		 * Params:
-		 * 	output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
-		 * 	         to fill the buffer).
-		 *
-		 * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-		 *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
-		 */
-		override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
-		out (length)
-		{
-			assert(length <= maxGather);
-		}
-		body
-		{
-			// int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
-			auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
-			Nullable!ubyte ret;
-
-			if (length >= 0)
-			{
-				ret = cast(ubyte) length;
-			}
-			return ret;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Pseudorandom number generator.
- * ---
- * auto entropy = theAllocator.make!Entropy;
- *
- * ubyte[blockSize] output;
- *
- * output = entropy.random;
- *
- * theAllocator.finalize(entropy);
- * ---
- */
-class Entropy
-{
-	/// Entropy sources.
-	protected EntropySource[] sources;
-
-	private ubyte sourceCount_;
-
-	private IAllocator allocator;
-
-	/// Entropy accumulator.
-	protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
-	 * 	allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
-	 * 	             system.
-	 */
-	this(size_t maxSources = 20, IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
-		assert(allocator !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		allocator.resizeArray(sources, maxSources);
-
-		version (linux)
-		{
-			this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return sourceCount_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Add an entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	source = Entropy source.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-	 *
-	 * See_Also:
-	 * 	$(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
-	 */
-	Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
-		if (Op == "~")
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Generated random sequence.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
-	 *         registered or it failed.
-	 */
-	@property ubyte[blockSize] random()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		bool haveStrong;
-		ushort done;
-		ubyte[blockSize] output;
-
-		do
-		{
-			ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
-
-			// Run through our entropy sources
-			for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-			{
-				auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
-
-				if (!outputLength.isNull)
-				{
-					if (outputLength > 0)
-					{
-						update(i, buffer, outputLength);
-						sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
-					}
-					if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
-					{
-						continue;
-					}
-					else if (sources[i].strong)
-					{
-						haveStrong = true;
-					}
-				}
-				done = 257;
-			}
-		}
-		while (++done < 256);
-
-		if (!haveStrong)
-		{
-			throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
-		}
-
-		output = accumulator.finish();
-
-		// Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
-		accumulator.start();
-
-		// Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
-		output = sha512Of(output);
-
-		for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-		{
-			sources[i].size = 0;
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Update entropy accumulator.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
-	 * 	data     = Data got from the entropy source.
-	 * 	length   = Length of the received data.
-	 */
-	protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
-	                      ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-	                      ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		ubyte[2] header;
-
-		if (length > blockSize)
-		{
-			data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
-			length = blockSize;
-		}
-
-		header[0] = sourceId;
-		header[1] = length;
-
-		accumulator.put(header);
-		accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
-	}
-}

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type constructors.
+ *
+ * This module contains templates that allow to build new types from the
+ * available ones.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.typecons;
+
+import std.meta;
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.
+ *
+ * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
+ * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
+ * If you want the object be accessible only by its index (`0` or `1`),
+ * just skip the name.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Specs = Field types and names.
+ */
+template Pair(Specs...)
+{
+    template parseSpecs(int fieldCount, Specs...)
+    {
+        static if (Specs.length == 0)
+        {
+            alias parseSpecs = AliasSeq!();
+        }
+        else static if (is(Specs[0]) && fieldCount < 2)
+        {
+            static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false, "Invalid argument: " ~ Specs[0].stringof);
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Pair
+    {
+        /// Field types.
+        alias Types = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
+
+        static assert(Types.length == 2, "Invalid argument count.");
+
+        // Create field aliases.
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[1] ~ " = expand[0];");
+        }
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[2]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[2] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+        else static if (is(typeof(Specs[3]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[3] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+
+        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
+        Types expand;
+
+        alias expand this;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, 5)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int, "second")));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int, "second")));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!("first", int, "second", int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, int, int)));
+
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, "first")));
+}