Fix socket build on Windows

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
+# Binary
+*.[oa]
+
+# D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+ - linux
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+ - dmd-2.072.1
+
+env: 
+ matrix:
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+
+script:
+ - dub test --arch=$ARCH

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Tanya
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub Version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language that doesn't
+rely on the Garbage Collector.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages:
+
+* `async`: Event loop.
+* `container`: Queue, Vector, Singly linked list.
+* `crypto`: Work in progress TLS implementation.
+* `math`: Multiple precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocator, reference counting, helper functions).
+* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets.
+
+### Current status
+
+The library is currently under development, but some parts of it can already be
+used.
+
+Containers were newly reworked and the API won't change significantly, but will
+be only extended. The same is true for the `memory` package.
+
+`network` and `async` packages should be reviewed in the future and the API may
+change.
+
+`math` package contains an arbitrary precision integer implementation that has
+a stable API (that mostly consists of operator overloads), but still needs
+testing and work on its performance.
+
+I'm currently mostly working on `crypto` that is not a complete cryptographic
+suite, but contains (will contain) algorithm implementations required by TLS.
+
+### Other properties
+
+* Tanya is a native D library (only D and Assembler are tolerated).
+
+* It is important for me to document the code and attach at least a few unit
+tests where possible. So the documentation and usage examples can be found in
+the source code.
+
+* Tanya is mostly tested on a 64-bit Linux and some features are
+platform-dependant, but not because it is a Linux-only library. Therefore any
+help to bring better support for Windows and BSD systems would be accepted.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe. Thread-safity should be added later.
+
+* I'm working with the latest dmd version, but will be looking to support other
+D compilers and keep compatibility with the elder dmd versions in the future.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Since I'm mostly busy writing new code and implementing new features I would
+appreciate, if anyone uses the library. It would help me to improve the
+codebase and fix issues.
+
+Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.epoll;
+
+version (linux):
+
+public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+{
+	int epoll_create1(int flags);
+	int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+	int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
+class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+	protected int fd;
+	private epoll_event[] events;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+		{
+			throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+		}
+		super();
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, maxEvents);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Free loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
+		close(fd);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(watcher !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
+		epoll_event ev;
+
+		if (events == oldEvents)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (events && oldEvents)
+		{
+			op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
+		}
+		else if (events && !oldEvents)
+		{
+			op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
+		}
+
+		ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
+		ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
+				  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
+				  | EPOLLET;
+
+		return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		// Don't block
+		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+		auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+
+		if (eventCount < 0)
+		{
+			if (errno != EINTR)
+			{
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
+		{
+			auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+
+			if (io is null)
+			{
+				acceptConnections(connections[events[i].data.fd]);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
+			{
+				kill(io, null);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
+			{
+				auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					ptrdiff_t received;
+					do
+					{
+						received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
+						io.output += received;
+					}
+					while (received);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					kill(io, exception);
+				}
+				else if (io.output.length)
+				{
+					swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+			{
+				auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				transport.writeReady = true;
+				if (transport.input.length)
+				{
+					feed(transport);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @safe pure nothrow
+	{
+		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+	}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.iocp;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import core.sys.windows.windef;
+import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+
+class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+{
+	private OverlappedConnectedSocket socket_;
+
+	private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates new completion port transport.
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 */
+	this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(socket !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		socket_ = socket;
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	@property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket()
+	inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return socket_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+	{
+		immutable empty = input.length == 0;
+		input ~= data;
+		if (empty)
+		{
+			SocketState overlapped;
+			try
+			{
+				overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+				socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+class IOCPLoop : Loop
+{
+	protected HANDLE completionPort;
+
+	protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
+
+		completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+		if (!completionPort)
+		{
+			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+			                            "Creating completion port failed");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+								  EventMask oldEvents,
+								  EventMask events) @nogc
+	{
+		SocketState overlapped;
+		if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
+		{
+			auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
+			assert(socket !is null);
+
+			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
+									   completionPort,
+									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+									   0) !is completionPort)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+				socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
+			|| !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+		{
+			auto io = cast(IOWatcher) watcher;
+			assert(io !is null);
+
+			auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
+			assert(transport !is null);
+
+			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
+									   completionPort,
+									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+									   0) !is completionPort)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Begin to read
+			if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+					defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	override protected void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
+		ULONG_PTR key;
+		LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+
+		auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
+												&lpNumberOfBytes,
+												&key,
+												&overlap,
+												timeout);
+		if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+		{
+			return; // Timeout
+		}
+
+		auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
+		assert(overlapped !is null);
+		scope (failure)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+		}
+
+		switch (overlapped.event)
+		{
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
+				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(connection !is null);
+
+				auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
+				assert(listener !is null);
+
+				auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
+				auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPStreamTransport(socket);
+				auto io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport, connection.protocol);
+
+				connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+
+				reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+
+				swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+				listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
+				break;
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
+				auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(io !is null);
+				if (!io.active)
+				{
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
+					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+					return;
+				}
+
+				auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				int received;
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					// We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+					kill(io, exception);
+				}
+				else if (received > 0)
+				{
+					immutable full = io.output.free == received;
+
+					io.output += received;
+					// Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue
+					if (full)
+					{
+						transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+					}
+					swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+				}
+				break;
+			case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
+				auto io = cast(IOWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+				assert(io !is null);
+
+				auto transport = cast(IOCPStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
+				if (transport.input.length)
+				{
+					transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
+				}
+				break;
+			default:
+				assert(false, "Unknown event");
+		}
+	}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+
+version (OSX)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (iOS)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (TVOS)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (WatchOS)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (DragonFlyBSD)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+
+version (MacBSD):
+
+import core.stdc.stdint;    // intptr_t, uintptr_t
+import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
+
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
+{
+	*kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
+
+enum : short
+{
+	EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
+	EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
+	EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
+	EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
+	EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
+	EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
+	EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
+	EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
+	EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
+	EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
+	EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
+	EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
+}
+
+struct kevent_t
+{
+	uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+	short       filter; /* filter for event */
+	ushort       flags;
+	uint        fflags;
+	intptr_t      data;
+	void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+}
+
+enum
+{
+	/* actions */
+	EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
+	EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
+	EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
+	EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
+
+	/* flags */
+	EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
+	EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
+	EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
+	EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
+
+	EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
+	EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
+
+	/* returned values */
+	EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
+	EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
+}
+
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
+
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.sys.posix.sys.time;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+
+class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
+{
+	protected int fd;
+	private kevent_t[] events;
+	private kevent_t[] changes;
+	private size_t changeCount;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+	 */
+	override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents()
+	inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return cast(uint) events.length;
+	}
+
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
+
+		if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
+		{
+			throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+		}
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, 64);
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, 64);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Free loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(changes);
+		close(fd);
+	}
+
+	private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
+	{
+		if (changes.length <= changeCount)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, changeCount + maxEvents);
+		}
+		EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
+			   cast(ulong) socket,
+			   filter,
+			   flags,
+			   0U,
+			   0L,
+			   null);
+		++changeCount;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+	{
+		if (events != oldEvents)
+		{
+			if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
+			{
+				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
+			}
+			if (oldEvents & Event.write)
+			{
+				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
+			}
+		}
+		if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
+		{
+			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
+		}
+		if (events & Event.write)
+		{
+			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
+	{
+		timespec ts;
+		blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
+
+		if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, changes.length);
+		}
+
+		auto eventCount = kevent(fd, changes.ptr, cast(int) changeCount, events.ptr, maxEvents, &ts);
+		changeCount = 0;
+
+		if (eventCount < 0)
+		{
+			if (errno != EINTR)
+			{
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
+		{
+			assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
+
+			IOWatcher io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+			// If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
+			if (io is null)
+			{
+				acceptConnections(connections[events[i].ident]);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
+			{
+				kill(io, null);
+			}
+			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
+			{
+				auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				SocketException exception;
+				try
+				{
+					ptrdiff_t received;
+					do
+					{
+						received = transport.socket.receive(io.output[]);
+						io.output += received;
+					}
+					while (received);
+				}
+				catch (SocketException e)
+				{
+					exception = e;
+				}
+				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+				{
+					kill(io, exception);
+				}
+				else if (io.output.length)
+				{
+					swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+			{
+				auto transport = cast(SelectorStreamTransport) io.transport;
+				assert(transport !is null);
+
+				transport.writeReady = true;
+				if (transport.input.length)
+				{
+					feed(transport);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	{
+		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+	 * be handled by the event loop.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+	 *          transport is be destroyed then).
+	 */
+	protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport,
+	                             SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (!transport.writeReady)
+		{
+			set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.event.selector;
+
+version (Posix):
+
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
+import core.stdc.errno;
+
+/**
+ * Transport for stream sockets.
+ */
+class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
+{
+	private ConnectedSocket socket_;
+
+	/// Input buffer.
+	package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+
+	private SelectorLoop loop;
+
+	/// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
+	package bool writeReady;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	loop     = Event loop.
+	 * 	socket   = Socket.
+	 */
+	this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+	{
+		socket_ = socket;
+		this.loop = loop;
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Transport socket.
+	 */
+	inout(ConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return socket_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!data.length)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		// Try to write if the socket is write ready.
+		if (writeReady)
+		{
+			ptrdiff_t sent;
+			SocketException exception;
+			try
+			{
+				sent = socket.send(data);
+				if (sent == 0)
+				{
+					writeReady = false;
+				}
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				writeReady = false;
+				exception = e;
+			}
+			if (sent < data.length)
+			{
+				input ~= data[sent..$];
+				loop.feed(this, exception);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			input ~= data;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
+{
+	/// Pending connections.
+	protected ConnectionWatcher[] connections;
+
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		super();
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, maxEvents);
+	}
+
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (ref connection; connections)
+		{
+			// We want to free only IOWatchers. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
+			// user and should be freed by himself.
+			auto io = cast(IOWatcher) connection;
+			if (io !is null)
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.dispose(io);
+				connection = null;
+			}
+		}
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(connections);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+	 * be handled by the event loop.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
+	 */
+	protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport,
+	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+	{
+		while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
+				if (sent == 0)
+				{
+					transport.writeReady = false;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					transport.input += sent;
+				}
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				exception = e;
+				transport.writeReady = false;
+			}
+		}
+		if (exception !is null)
+		{
+			auto watcher = cast(IOWatcher) connections[transport.socket.handle];
+			assert(watcher !is null);
+
+			kill(watcher, exception);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Start watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+		}
+		connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
+
+		super.start(watcher);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Accept incoming connections.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
+	 */
+	package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(connection !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		while (true)
+		{
+			ConnectedSocket client;
+			try
+			{
+				client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
+			}
+			catch (SocketException e)
+			{
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+				break;
+			}
+			if (client is null)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+
+			IOWatcher io;
+			auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!SelectorStreamTransport(this, client);
+
+			if (connections.length > client.handle)
+			{
+				io = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client.handle];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, client.handle + maxEvents / 2);
+			}
+			if (io is null)
+			{
+				io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport,
+				                                      connection.protocol);
+				connections[client.handle] = io;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				io(transport, connection.protocol);
+			}
+
+			reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+			connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+		}
+
+		if (!connection.incoming.empty)
+		{
+			swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+		}
+	}
+}

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.iocp;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import core.sys.windows.windef;
+
+/**
+ * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)
+ * structure.
+ */
+class State
+{
+	/// For internal use by Windows API.
+	align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+
+	/// File/socket handle.
+	HANDLE handle;
+
+	/// For keeping events or event masks.
+	int event;
+}

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ *
+ * ---
+ * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
+ * import tanya.network.socket;
+ *
+ * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
+ * {
+ * 	private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *
+ * 	void received(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 		transport.write(data);
+ * 	}
+ *
+ * 	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 		this.transport = transport;
+ * 	}
+ *
+ * 	void disconnected(SocketException e = null) @nogc
+ * 	{
+ * 	}
+ * }
+ *
+ * void main()
+ * {
+ * 	auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *
+ * 	version (Windows)
+ * 	{
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 	}
+ * 	else
+ * 	{
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 		sock.blocking = false;
+ * 	}
+ *
+ * 	sock.bind(address);
+ * 	sock.listen(5);
+ *
+ * 	auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ * 	io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *
+ * 	defaultLoop.start(io);
+ * 	defaultLoop.run();
+ *
+ * 	sock.shutdown();
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
+ * }
+ * ---
+ */
+module tanya.async.loop;
+
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+version (DisableBackends)
+{
+}
+else version (linux)
+{
+	import tanya.async.event.epoll;
+	version = Epoll;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+	import tanya.async.event.iocp;
+	version = IOCP;
+}
+else version (OSX)
+{
+	version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (iOS)
+{
+	version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+	version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+	version = Kqueue;
+}
+else version (DragonFlyBSD)
+{
+	version = Kqueue;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Events.
+ */
+enum Event : uint
+{
+	none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
+	read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
+	write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
+	accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
+	error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
+}
+
+alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
+
+/**
+ * Event loop.
+ */
+abstract class Loop
+{
+	/// Pending watchers.
+	protected Queue!Watcher* pendings;
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	protected Queue!Watcher* swapPendings;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+	 */
+	protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents()
+	inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return 128U;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the loop.
+	 */
+	this() @nogc
+	{
+		pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(Queue!Watcher)(MmapPool.instance);
+		swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(Queue!Watcher)(MmapPool.instance);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees loop internals.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (w; *pendings)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(pendings);
+
+		foreach (w; *swapPendings)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(swapPendings);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts the loop.
+	 */
+	void run() @nogc
+	{
+		done_ = false;
+		do
+		{
+			poll();
+
+			// Invoke pendings
+			swapPendings.each!((ref p) @nogc => p.invoke());
+
+			swap(pendings, swapPendings);
+		}
+		while (!done_);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Break out of the loop.
+	 */
+	void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		done_ = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Start watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		watcher.active = true;
+		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Stop watching.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+	 */
+	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+	{
+		if (!watcher.active)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		watcher.active = false;
+
+		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+	 */
+	abstract protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+								  EventMask oldEvents,
+								  EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+	 */
+	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+	inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		// Don't block if we have to do.
+		return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
+	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
+	 */
+	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
+		assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		blockTime_ = blockTime;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+	 */
+	protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception) @nogc
+	{
+		watcher.socket.shutdown();
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(watcher.transport);
+		watcher.exception = exception;
+		swapPendings.insertBack(watcher);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the actual polling.
+	 */
+	abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
+
+	/// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
+	private bool done_;
+
+	/// Maximal block time.
+	protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown on errors in the event loop.
+ */
+class BadLoopException : Exception
+{
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
+	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+	 */
+	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
+	pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
+	{
+		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the event loop used by default. If an event loop wasn't set with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) will try to
+ * choose an event loop supported on the system.
+ *
+ * Returns: The default event loop.
+ */
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
+{
+	if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
+	{
+		return defaultLoop_;
+	}
+	version (Epoll)
+	{
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
+	}
+	else version (IOCP)
+	{
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
+	}
+	else version (Kqueue)
+	{
+		import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
+	}
+	return defaultLoop_;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the default event loop.
+ *
+ * This property makes it possible to implement your own backends or event
+ * loops, for example, if the system is not supported or if you want to
+ * extend the supported implementation. Just extend $(D_PSYMBOL Loop) and pass
+ * your implementation to this property.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	loop = The event loop.
+ */
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
+in
+{
+	assert(loop !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+	defaultLoop_ = loop;
+}
+
+private Loop defaultLoop_;

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.event;
+module tanya.async;
 
-public import tanya.event.loop;
-public import tanya.event.protocol;
-public import tanya.event.transport;
-public import tanya.event.watcher;
+public import tanya.async.loop;
+public import tanya.async.protocol;
+public import tanya.async.transport;
+public import tanya.async.watcher;

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -8,21 +8,21 @@
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.event.protocol;
+module tanya.async.protocol;
 
-import tanya.event.transport;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+import tanya.async.transport;
 
 /**
  * Common protocol interface.
  */
 interface Protocol
 {
-@nogc:
 	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	data = Read data.
 	 */
-	void received(ubyte[] data);
+	void received(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Called when a connection is made.
@@ -30,12 +30,16 @@ interface Protocol
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	transport = Protocol transport.
 	 */
-	void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
+	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Called when a connection is lost.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
+	 * 	            the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
 	 */
-	void disconnected();
+	void disconnected(SocketException exception = null) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.transport;
+
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+/**
+ * Base transport interface.
+ */
+interface Transport
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for read-only transports.
+ */
+interface ReadTransport : Transport
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interface for write-only transports.
+ */
+interface WriteTransport : Transport
+{
+	/**
+	 * Write some data to the transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	data = Data to send.
+	 */
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a bidirectional transport.
+ */
+interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a socket transport.
+ */
+interface SocketTransport : Transport
+{
+	@property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a connection-oriented socket transport.
+ */
+package interface StreamTransport : DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
+{
+}

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.async.watcher;
+
+import std.functional;
+import std.exception;
+import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
+
+version (Windows)
+{
+	import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+	import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+	import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+	import core.sys.windows.windef;
+	import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
+ * your interest in some event. 
+ */
+abstract class Watcher
+{
+	/// Whether the watcher is active.
+	bool active;
+
+	/**
+	 * Invoke some action on event.
+	 */
+	void invoke() @nogc;
+}
+
+class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
+{
+	/// Watched socket.
+	private Socket socket_;
+
+	/// Protocol factory.
+	protected Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
+
+	package Queue!IOWatcher incoming;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	socket = Socket.
+	 */
+	this(Socket socket) @nogc
+	{
+		socket_ = socket;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	protected this() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+	}
+
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (w; incoming)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	P = Protocol should be used.
+	 */
+	void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+	{
+		this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 */
+	@property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		return socket_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: New protocol instance.
+	 */
+	@property Protocol protocol() @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return protocolFactory();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Invokes new connection callback.
+	 */
+	override void invoke() @nogc
+	{
+		foreach (io; incoming)
+		{
+			io.protocol.connected(cast(DuplexTransport) io.transport);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
+ * read from.
+ */
+class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
+{
+	/// If an exception was thrown the transport should be already invalid.
+	private union
+	{
+		StreamTransport transport_;
+		SocketException exception_;
+	}
+
+	private Protocol protocol_;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
+	 */
+	package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	protocol  = New instance of the application protocol.
+	 */
+	this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(transport !is null);
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		super();
+		transport_ = transport;
+		protocol_ = protocol;
+		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+		active = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the watcher.
+	 */
+	~this() @nogc
+	{
+		MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Assigns a transport.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	transport = Transport.
+	 * 	protocol  = Application protocol.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 */
+	IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
+	pure nothrow @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(transport !is null);
+		assert(protocol !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		transport_ = transport;
+		protocol_ = protocol;
+		active = true;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
+	 */
+	@property inout(StreamTransport) transport() inout pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		return transport_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets an exception occurred during a read/write operation.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	exception = Thrown exception.
+	 */
+	@property void exception(SocketException exception) pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		exception_ = exception;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+	 */
+	override @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		return protocol_;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Socket.
+	 */
+	override @property inout(Socket) socket() inout pure nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		return transport.socket;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
+	 */
+	override void invoke() @nogc
+	{
+		if (output.length)
+		{
+			protocol.received(output[0..$]);
+			output.clear();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			protocol.disconnected(exception_);
+			active = false;
+		}
+	}
+}

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -6,331 +6,362 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
+import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
-@nogc:
-
 version (unittest)
 {
-	private int fillBuffer(void* buffer,
+	private int fillBuffer(ubyte[] buffer,
 	                       in size_t size,
 	                       int start = 0,
-	                       int end = 10)
+	                       int end = 10) @nogc pure nothrow
 	in
 	{
 		assert(start < end);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		ubyte[] buf = cast(ubyte[]) buffer[0..size];
 		auto numberRead = end - start;
-
 		for (ubyte i; i < numberRead; ++i)
 		{
-			buf[i] = cast(ubyte) (start + i);
+			buffer[i] = cast(ubyte) (start + i);
 		}
 		return numberRead;
 	}
 }
 
 /**
- * Interface for implemeting input/output buffers.
- */
-interface Buffer
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
-	 */
-	@property size_t capacity() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Data size.
-	 */
-	@property size_t length() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Available space.
-	 */
-	@property size_t free() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Appends some data to the buffer.
+ * Self-expanding buffer, that can be used with functions returning the number
+ * of the read bytes.
+ *
+ * This buffer supports asynchronous reading. It means you can pass a new chunk
+ * to an asynchronous read function during you are working with already
+ * available data. But only one asynchronous call at a time is supported. Be
+ * sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL ReadBuffer.clear()) before you append the result
+ * of the pended asynchronous call.
  *
  * Params:
-	 * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+ * 	T = Buffer type.
  */
-	Buffer opOpAssign(string op)(void[] buffer)
-		if (op == "~");
-}
-
-/**
- * Buffer that can be used with C functions accepting void pointer and
- * returning the number of the read bytes.
- */
-class ReadBuffer : Buffer
+struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
+	if (isScalarType!T)
 {
-@nogc:
 	/// Internal buffer.
-	protected ubyte[] _buffer;
+	private T[] buffer_;
 
 	/// Filled buffer length.
-	protected size_t _length;
+	private size_t length_;
+
+	/// Start of available data.
+	private size_t start;
+
+	/// Last position returned with $(D_KEYWORD []).
+	private size_t ring;
 
 	/// Available space.
-	protected immutable size_t minAvailable;
+	private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
 	/// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-	protected immutable size_t blockSize;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
+	private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
 	invariant
 	{
-		assert(_length <= _buffer.length);
+		assert(length_ <= buffer_.length);
 		assert(blockSize > 0);
 		assert(minAvailable > 0);
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Creates a new read buffer.
+	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	size         = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
 	 * 	               will grow.
 	 * 	minAvailable = minimal size should be always  available to fill.
 	 * 	               So it will reallocate if $(D_INLINECODE 
-	 * 	               $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)
-	 * 	               ).
+	 * 	               $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
+	 * 	allocator    = Allocator.
 	 */
-	this(size_t size = 8192,
-	     size_t minAvailable = 1024,
-	     Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	this(in size_t size,
+	     in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+	     shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
 	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
+		this(allocator);
 		this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
 		this.blockSize = size;
-		resizeArray!ubyte(this.allocator, _buffer, size);
+		buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator_ is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		allocator_ = allocator;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Deallocates the internal buffer.
 	 */
-	~this()
+	~this() @trusted
 	{
-		finalize(allocator, _buffer);
+		allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
-		assert(b.capacity == 8192);
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
+		assert(b.capacity == 0);
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
 	 */
-	@property size_t capacity() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t capacity() const
 	{
-		return _buffer.length;
+		return buffer_.length;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Data size.
 	 */
-	@property size_t length() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t length() const
 	{
-		return _length;
+		return length_ - start;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias opDollar = length;
+
+	/**
+	 * Clears the buffer.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 */
+	void clear()
+	{
+		start = length_ = ring;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Available space.
 	 */
-	@property size_t free() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t free() const
 	{
-		return capacity - length;
+		return length > ring ? capacity - length : capacity - ring;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
-		void* buf;
+
+		assert(b.free == 0);
 
 		// Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-		assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
-		buf =  b.buffer;
-		numberRead = fillBuffer(buf, b.free, 0, 10);
-		b ~= buf[0..numberRead];
+		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+		b += numberRead;
 		assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
-		b[];
+		b.clear();
 		assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns a pointer to a chunk of the internal buffer. You can pass it to
-	 * a function that requires such a buffer.
-	 *
-	 * Set the buffer again after reading something into it. Append
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD ~=) a slice from the beginning of the buffer you got and
-	 * till the number of the read bytes. The data will be appended to the
-	 * existing buffer.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: A chunk of available buffer.
-	 */
-	@property void* buffer()
-	{
-		if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
-		{
-			resizeArray!ubyte(this.allocator, _buffer, capacity + blockSize);
-		}
-		return _buffer[_length..$].ptr;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Appends some data to the buffer. Use only the buffer you got
-	 * with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer)!
+	 * Appends some data to the buffer.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-	 * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+	 * 	length = Number of the bytes read.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-	ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(void[] buffer)
-		if (op == "~")
+	ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+		if (op == "+")
 	{
-		_length += buffer.length;
+		length_ += length;
+		ring = start;
 		return this;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
-		void* buf;
 		ubyte[] result;
 
 		// Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-		buf =  b.buffer;
-		numberRead = fillBuffer(buf, b.free, 0, 10);
-		b ~= buf[0..numberRead];
+		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+		b += numberRead;
 
-		result = b[];
+		result = b[0..$];
 		assert(result[0] == 0);
 		assert(result[1] == 1);
 		assert(result[9] == 9);
+		b.clear();
 
 		// It shouldn't overwrite, but append another 5 bytes to the buffer
-		buf =  b.buffer;
-		numberRead = fillBuffer(buf, b.free, 0, 10);
-		b ~= buf[0..numberRead];
+		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+		b += numberRead;
 
-		buf =  b.buffer;
-		numberRead = fillBuffer(buf, b.free, 20, 25);
-		b ~= buf[0..numberRead];
+		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 20, 25);
+		b += numberRead;
 
-		result = b[];
+		result = b[0..$];
 		assert(result[0] == 0);
 		assert(result[1] == 1);
 		assert(result[9] == 9);
 		assert(result[10] == 20);
 		assert(result[14] == 24);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns the buffer. The buffer is cleared after that. So you can get it
-	 * only one time.
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	start = Start position.
+	 * 	end   = End position.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: The buffer as array.
+	 * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
 	 */
-	@property ubyte[] opIndex()
+	T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
 	{
-		auto ret = _buffer[0.._length];
-		_length = 0;
+		return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a free chunk of the buffer.
+	 *
+	 * Add ($(D_KEYWORD +=)) the number of the read bytes after using it.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: A free chunk of the buffer.
+	 */
+	T[] opIndex()
+	{
+		if (start > 0)
+		{
+			auto ret = buffer_[0 .. start];
+			ring = 0;
 			return ret;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
+			{
+				void[] buf = buffer_;
+				immutable cap = capacity;
+				() @trusted {
+					allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+					buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+				}();
+				buffer_[cap .. $] = T.init;
+			}
+			ring = length_;
+			return buffer_[length_ .. $];
+		}
+	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
-		void* buf;
 		ubyte[] result;
 
 		// Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-		buf =  b.buffer;
-		numberRead = fillBuffer(buf, b.free, 0, 10);
-		b ~= buf[0..numberRead];
+		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+		b += numberRead;
 
 		assert(b.length == 10);
-		result = b[];
+		result = b[0..$];
 		assert(result[0] == 0);
 		assert(result[9] == 9);
+		b.clear();
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
 }
 
 /**
- * Circular, self-expanding buffer that can be used with C functions accepting
- * void pointer and returning the number of the read bytes.
+ * Circular, self-expanding buffer with overflow support. Can be used with
+ * functions returning the number of the transferred bytes.
  *
  * The buffer is optimized for situations where you read all the data from it
  * at once (without writing to it occasionally). It can become ineffective if
  * you permanently keep some data in the buffer and alternate writing and
  * reading, because it may allocate and move elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Buffer type.
  */
-class WriteBuffer : Buffer
+struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
+	if (isScalarType!T)
 {
-@nogc:
 	/// Internal buffer.
-	protected ubyte[] _buffer;
+	private T[] buffer_;
 
 	/// Buffer start position.
-	protected size_t start;
+	private size_t start;
 
 	/// Buffer ring area size. After this position begins buffer overflow area.
-	protected size_t ring;
+	private size_t ring;
 
 	/// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-	protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+	private immutable size_t blockSize;
 
 	/// The position of the free area in the buffer.
-	protected size_t position;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
+	private size_t position;
 
 	invariant
 	{
 		assert(blockSize > 0);
-		// position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
-		assert(position <= _buffer.length);
+		// Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
+		assert(position <= buffer_.length);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Params:
-	 *  size = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
-	 * 	       will grow.
+	 * 	size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
+	 * 	            grow.
+	 * 	allocator = Allocator.
 	 */
-	this(size_t size = 8192,
-	     Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+	in
+	{
+		assert(size > 0);
+	}
+	body
 	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
 		blockSize = size;
 		ring = size - 1;
-		resizeArray!ubyte(this.allocator, _buffer, size);
+		this(allocator);
+		buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+	}
+
+	@disable this();
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		allocator_ = allocator;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -338,26 +369,26 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	 */
 	~this()
 	{
-		finalize(allocator, _buffer);
+		allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
 	 */
-	@property size_t capacity() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t capacity() const
 	{
-		return _buffer.length;
+		return buffer_.length;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Note that $(D_PSYMBOL length) doesn't return the real length of the data,
-	 * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer)
-	 * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) and set $(D_PSYMBOL written)
+	 * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex)
+	 * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
 	 * until $(D_PSYMBOL length) returns 0.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Data size.
 	 */
-	@property size_t length() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t length() const
 	{
 		if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
 		{
@@ -369,34 +400,35 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		}
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias opDollar = length;
+
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator, 4);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
 		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.length == 3);
-		b.written = 2;
+		b += 2;
 		assert(b.length == 1);
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.length == 2);
-		b.written = 2;
+		b += 2;
 		assert(b.length == 2);
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.length == 5);
-		b.written = b.length;
+		b += b.length;
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Available space.
 	 */
-	@property size_t free() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t free() const
 	{
 		return capacity - length;
 	}
@@ -405,9 +437,9 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	 * Appends data to the buffer.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-	 * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+	 * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
 	 */
-	WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] buffer)
+	ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
 		if (op == "~")
 	{
 		size_t end, start;
@@ -422,7 +454,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 				end = afterRing;
 			}
 			start = end - position;
-			_buffer[position..end] = buffer[0..start];
+			buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
 			if (end == afterRing)
 			{
 				position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
@@ -442,7 +474,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 				end = this.start;
 			}
 			auto areaEnd = end - position + start;
-			_buffer[position..end] = buffer[start..areaEnd];
+			buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
 			position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - position;
 			start = areaEnd;
 		}
@@ -453,11 +485,14 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 			end = position + buffer.length - start;
 			if (end > capacity)
 			{
-				auto newSize = end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize;
-
-				resizeArray!ubyte(this.allocator, _buffer, newSize);
+				auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+				() @trusted {
+					void[] buf = buffer_;
+					allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
+					buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+				}();
 			}
-			_buffer[position..end] = buffer[start..$];
+			buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
 			position = end;
 			if (this.start == 0)
 			{
@@ -471,47 +506,50 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator, 4);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
 		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.capacity == 4);
-		assert(b._buffer[0] == 48 && b._buffer[1] == 23 && b._buffer[2] == 255);
+		assert(b.buffer_[0] == 48 && b.buffer_[1] == 23 && b.buffer_[2] == 255);
 
-		b.written = 2;
+		b += 2;
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.capacity == 4);
-		assert(b._buffer[0] == 23 && b._buffer[1] == 255
-		    && b._buffer[2] == 255 && b._buffer[3] == 48);
+		assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
+		    && b.buffer_[2] == 255 && b.buffer_[3] == 48);
 
-		b.written = 2;
+		b += 2;
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.capacity == 8);
-		assert(b._buffer[0] == 23 && b._buffer[1] == 255
-		    && b._buffer[2] == 48 && b._buffer[3] == 23 && b._buffer[4] == 255);
+		assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
+		    && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
+	}
 
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
-
-		b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator, 2);
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
+		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.start == 0);
 		assert(b.capacity == 4);
 		assert(b.ring == 3);
 		assert(b.position == 3);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Sets how many bytes were written. It will shrink the buffer
-	 * appropriately. Always set this property after calling
-	 * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+	 * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	length = Length of the written data.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-	@property void written(size_t length) @safe pure nothrow
+	ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+		if (op == "+")
 	in
 	{
 		assert(length <= this.length);
@@ -523,7 +561,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 
 		if (length <= 0)
 		{
-			return;
+			return this;
 		}
 		else if (position <= afterRing)
 		{
@@ -537,19 +575,21 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		{
 			auto overflow = position - afterRing;
 
-            if (overflow > length) {
-                _buffer[start.. start + length] = _buffer[afterRing.. afterRing + length];
-                _buffer[afterRing.. afterRing + length] = _buffer[afterRing + length ..position];
+			if (overflow > length)
+			{
+				immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
+				buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+				buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
 				position -= length;
 			}
 			else if (overflow == length)
 			{
-                _buffer[start.. start + overflow] = _buffer[afterRing..position];
+				buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
 				position -= overflow;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-                _buffer[start.. start + overflow] = _buffer[afterRing..position];
+				buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
 				position = overflow;
 			}
 			start += length;
@@ -568,74 +608,90 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		{
 			start = 0;
 		}
+		return this;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
 		ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.length == 6);
-		b.written = 2;
+		b += 2;
 		assert(b.length == 4);
-		b.written = 4;
+		b += 4;
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns a pointer to a buffer chunk with data. You can pass it to
-	 * a function that requires such a buffer.
+	 * Returns a chunk with data.
 	 *
-	 * After calling it, set $(D_PSYMBOL written) to the length could be
+	 * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
 	 * written.
 	 *
-	 * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
-	 * to call it (and set $(D_PSYMBOL written) several times until
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+	 * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
 	 * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
 	 * maximally 3 calls are required.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
 	 */
-	@property void* buffer() @safe pure nothrow
+	T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
 	{
+		immutable internStart = this.start + start;
+
 		if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
 		{
-			return _buffer[start.. ring + 1].ptr;
+			return buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			return _buffer[start..position].ptr;
+			return buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
 		}
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto b = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator, 6);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
 		ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
-		void* returnedBuf;
 
 		b ~= buf;
-		returnedBuf = b.buffer;
-		assert(returnedBuf[0..b.length] == buf[0..6]);
-		b.written = 2;
+		assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
+		b += 2;
 
-		returnedBuf = b.buffer;
-		assert(returnedBuf[0..b.length] == buf[2..6]);
+		assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[2 .. 6]);
 
 		b ~= buf;
-		returnedBuf = b.buffer;
-		assert(returnedBuf[0..b.length] == buf[2..6]);
-		b.written = b.length;
+		assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[2 .. 6]);
+		b += b.length;
 
-		returnedBuf = b.buffer;
-		assert(returnedBuf[0..b.length] == buf[0..6]);
-		b.written = b.length;
+		assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
+		b += b.length;
+	}
 
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, b);
+	/**
+	 * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
+	 * written.
+	 *
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+	 * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
+	 * maximally 3 calls are required.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
+	 */
+	T[] opIndex()
+	{
+		return opSlice(0, length);
 	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
 }

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */  
+module tanya.container.entry;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	package struct ConstEqualsStruct
+	{
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that) const
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	package struct MutableEqualsStruct
+	{
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	package struct NoEqualsStruct
+	{
+	}
+}
+
+package struct Entry(T)
+{
+	/// Item content.
+	T content;
+
+	/// Next item.
+	Entry* next;
+}

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -10,49 +10,51 @@
  */  
 module tanya.container.list;
 
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Singly linked list.
+ * Singly-linked list.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class SList(T)
+struct SList(T)
 {
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-        reset();
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the list.
 	 */
 	~this()
+	{
+		clear();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all contents from the list.
+	 */
+	void clear()
 	{
 		while (!empty)
 		{
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
-            {
-                finalize(allocator, front);
-            }
 			popFront();
 		}
 	}
 
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		SList!int l;
+
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.clear();
+		assert(l.empty);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Returns: First element.
 	 */
-	@property ref T front()
+	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
@@ -68,64 +70,39 @@ class SList(T)
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
 	 */
-	@property void front(T x)
+	void insertFront(ref T x)
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+		auto temp = allocator.make!(Entry!T);
 		
 		temp.content = x;
 		temp.next = first.next;
 		first.next = temp;
 	}
 
-	///
-	unittest
+	/// Ditto.
+	void insertFront(T x)
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		l.front = values[0];
-		assert(l.front == values[0]);
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.front == values[1]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
+		insertFront(x);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element at the beginning.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
-	{
-		front = x;
-		return this;
-	}
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias insert = insertFront;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
+		SList!int l;
 
-		assert(l.empty);
-
-		l ~= value;
-
-		assert(l.front == value);
-		assert(!l.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		assert(l.front == 8);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		assert(l.front == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the list is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
 		return first.next is null;
 	}
@@ -135,7 +112,7 @@ class SList(T)
 	 *
 	 * Returns: The first element.
 	 */
-	T popFront()
+	void popFront()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
@@ -143,96 +120,60 @@ class SList(T)
 	body
 	{
 		auto n = first.next.next;
-		auto content = first.next.content;
 
-		finalize(allocator, first.next);
+		allocator.dispose(first.next);
 		first.next = n;
-
-        return content;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.front == values[1]);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		assert(l.front == 9);
 		l.popFront();
-		assert(l.front == values[0]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
+		assert(l.front == 8);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns the current item from the list and removes from the list.
+	 * Removes $(D_PARAM howMany) elements from the list.
+	 *
+	 * Unlike $(D_PSYMBOL popFront()), this method doesn't fail, if it could not
+	 * remove $(D_PARAM howMany) elements. Instead, if $(D_PARAM howMany) is
+	 * greater than the list length, all elements are removed.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = The item should be removed.
+	 * 	howMany = How many elements should be removed.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: Removed item.
+	 * Returns: The number of elements removed.
 	 */
-	T remove()
-	in
+	size_t removeFront(in size_t howMany = 1)
 	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
+		size_t i;
+		for (; i < howMany && !empty; ++i)
 		{
-		auto temp = position.next.next;
-		auto content = position.next.content;
-
-		finalize(allocator, position.next);
-		position.next = temp;
-
-		return content;
+			popFront();
 		}
+		return i;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias remove = removeFront;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [8, 5, 4];
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		assert(l.remove() == 5);
-		l.front = values[2];
-		assert(l.remove() == 4);
-		assert(l.remove() == 8);
-		assert(l.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
-	}
-
-    /**
-     * Resets the current position.
-     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) reset()
-    {
-        position = &first;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 5];
-
-		l.current = values[0];
-		l.current = values[1];
-		assert(l.current == 5);
-		l.advance();
-		assert(l.current == 8);
-		l.reset();
-		assert(l.current == 5);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
+		l.insertFront(8);
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.insertFront(4);
+		assert(l.removeFront(0) == 0);
+		assert(l.removeFront(2) == 2);
+		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 1);
+		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 0);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -241,165 +182,85 @@ class SList(T)
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
 	 */
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 		size_t i;
 
-		for (position = first.next; position; position = position.next, ++i)
+		for (auto pos = first.next; pos; pos = pos.next, ++i)
 		{
-			result = dg(i, position.content);
+			result = dg(i, pos.content);
 
 			if (result != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
 		}
-		reset();
-
 		return result;
 	}
 
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [5, 4, 9];
-
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		l.front = values[2];
-		foreach (i, e; l)
-		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e == values[2]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e == values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e == values[0]);
-		}
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
-	}
-
 	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 
-		for (position = first.next; position; position = position.next)
+		for (auto pos = first.next; pos; pos = pos.next)
 		{
-			result = dg(position.content);
+			result = dg(pos.content);
 
 			if (result != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
 		}
-		reset();
-
 		return result;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[3] values = [5, 4, 9];
-		size_t i;
+		SList!int l;
 
-		l.front = values[0];
-		l.front = values[1];
-		l.front = values[2];
-		foreach (e; l)
+		l.insertFront(5);
+		l.insertFront(4);
+		l.insertFront(9);
+		foreach (i, e; l)
 		{
-			assert(i != 0 || e == values[2]);
-			assert(i != 1 || e == values[1]);
-			assert(i != 2 || e == values[0]);
-			++i;
+			assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
 		}
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the current position is the end position.
-	 */
-	@property bool end() const
-	{
-		return empty || position.next.next is null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Moves to the next element and returns it.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: The element on the next position.
-	 */
-	T advance()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!end);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		position = position.next;
-		return position.content;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Element on the current position.
-	 */
-	@property ref T current()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!empty);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		return position.next.content;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element at the current position.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 */
-	@property void current(T x)
-	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
-		
-		temp.content = x;
-		temp.next = position.next;
-		position.next = temp;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * List entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// List item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
 	}
 
 	/// 0th element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+	private Entry!T first;
 
-	/// Current position in the list.
-	protected Entry* position;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
-}
-
-interface Stuff
-{
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto l = make!(SList!Stuff)(defaultAllocator);
+	SList!int l;
+	size_t i;
 
-	finalize(defaultAllocator, l);
+	l.insertFront(5);
+	l.insertFront(4);
+	l.insertFront(9);
+	foreach (e; l)
+	{
+		assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+		assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+		assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
+		++i;
+	}
+	assert(i == 3);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	interface Stuff
+	{
+	}
+	static assert(is(SList!Stuff));
 }

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -10,47 +10,187 @@
  */  
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
 	 */
 	~this()
 	{
-		foreach (e; this)
+		clear();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
+	 */
+	void clear()
 	{
-            static if (isFinalizable!T)
+		while (!empty)
 		{
-                finalize(allocator, e);
+			popFront();
 		}
 	}
+
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		Queue!int q;
+
+		assert(q.empty);
+		q.insertBack(8);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		q.clear();
+		assert(q.empty);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
+	 * to count the elements.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
+	 */
+	size_t length() const
+	{
+		size_t len;
+		for (const(Entry!T)* i = first.next; i !is null; i = i.next)
+		{
+			++len;
+		}
+		return len;
+	}
+
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		Queue!int q;
+
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+		q.insertBack(5);
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.insertBack(4);
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		assert(q.length == 3);
+
+		q.popFront();
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.popFront();
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.popFront();
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+	}
+
+	version (D_Ddoc)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Compares two queues. Checks if all elements of the both queues are equal.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: Whether $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that) are equal.
+		 */
+		int opEquals(ref typeof(this) that);
+
+		/// Ditto.
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that);
+	}
+	else static if (!hasMember!(T, "opEquals")
+	             || (functionAttributes!(T.opEquals) & FunctionAttribute.const_))
+	{
+		bool opEquals(in ref typeof(this) that) const
+		{
+			const(Entry!T)* i = first.next;
+			const(Entry!T)* j = that.first.next;
+			while (i !is null && j !is null)
+			{
+				if (i.content != j.content)
+				{
+					return false;
+				}
+				i = i.next;
+				j = j.next;
+			}
+			return i is null && j is null;
+		}
+
+		/// Ditto.
+		bool opEquals(in typeof(this) that) const
+		{
+			return opEquals(that);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Compares two queues. Checks if all elements of the both queues are equal.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
+		 */
+		bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+		{
+			Entry!T* i = first.next;
+			Entry!T* j = that.first.next;
+			while (i !is null && j !is null)
+			{
+				if (i.content != j.content)
+				{
+					return false;
+				}
+				i = i.next;
+				j = j.next;
+			}
+			return i is null && j is null;
+		}
+
+		/// Ditto.
+		bool opEquals(typeof(this) that)
+		{
+			return opEquals(that);
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		Queue!int q1, q2;
+
+		q1.insertBack(5);
+		q1.insertBack(4);
+		q2.insertBack(5);
+		assert(q1 != q2);
+		q2.insertBack(4);
+		assert(q1 == q2);
+
+		q2.popFront();
+		assert(q1 != q2);
+
+		q1.popFront();
+		assert(q1 == q2);
+
+		q1.popFront();
+		q2.popFront();
+		assert(q1 == q2);
+	}
+
+	private unittest
+	{
+		static assert(is(Queue!ConstEqualsStruct));
+		static assert(is(Queue!MutableEqualsStruct));
+		static assert(is(Queue!NoEqualsStruct));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: First element.
 	 */
-	@property ref T front()
+	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
@@ -65,12 +205,10 @@ class Queue(T)
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-	typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
+	void insertBack(ref T x)
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+		auto temp = allocator.make!(Entry!T);
 		
 		temp.content = x;
 
@@ -83,60 +221,33 @@ class Queue(T)
 			rear.next = temp;
 			rear = rear.next;
 		}
-
-		return this;
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	void insertBack(T x)
+	{
+		insertBack(x);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
 	alias insert = insertBack;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
-
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Inserts a new element.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	x = New element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-	 */
-	typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-		if (Op == "~")
-	{
-		return insertBack(x);
-	}
-
-	///
-	unittest
-	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int value = 5;
+		Queue!int q;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
-
-		q ~= value;
-
-		assert(q.front == value);
-		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
+		q.insertBack(8);
+		assert(q.front == 8);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		assert(q.front == 8);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
 		return first.next is null;
 	}
@@ -144,76 +255,145 @@ class Queue(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 		int value = 7;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
 		q.insertBack(value);
 		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Move position to the next element.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 * Move the position to the next element.
 	 */
-	typeof(this) popFront()
+	void popFront()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
+		assert(allocator !is null);
 	}
 	body
 	{
 		auto n = first.next.next;
 
-		finalize(allocator, first.next);
+		dispose(allocator, first.next);
 		first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
-		int[2] values = [8, 9];
+		Queue!int q;
 
-		q.insertBack(values[0]);
-		q.insertBack(values[1]);
-		assert(q.front is values[0]);
+		q.insertBack(8);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		assert(q.front == 8);
 		q.popFront();
-		assert(q.front is values[1]);
-
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
+		assert(q.front == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Queue entry.
+	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
+	 * dequeued.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
 	 */
-	protected struct Entry
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
+		int result;
 
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
+		for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
+		{
+			if ((result = dg(i, front)) != 0)
+			{
+				return result;
+			}
+			popFront();
+		}
+		return result;
 	}
 
-	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+	/// Ditto.
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
+	{
+		int result;
 
-	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
-
-	private Allocator allocator;
+		while (!empty)
+		{
+			if ((result = dg(front)) != 0)
+			{
+				return result;
+			}
+			popFront();
+		}
+		return result;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-	auto q = make!(Queue!int)(defaultAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 
-	finalize(defaultAllocator, q);
+		size_t j;
+		q.insertBack(5);
+		q.insertBack(4);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		foreach (i, e; q)
+		{
+			assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
+			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+			++j;
+		}
+		assert(j == 3);
+		assert(q.empty);
+
+		j = 0;
+		q.insertBack(5);
+		q.insertBack(4);
+		q.insertBack(9);
+		foreach (e; q)
+		{
+			assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
+			assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
+			assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
+			++j;
+		}
+		assert(j == 3);
+		assert(q.empty);
+	}
+
+	/// The first element of the list.
+	private Entry!T first;
+
+	/// The last element of the list.
+	private Entry!T* rear;
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	Queue!int q;
+
+	q.insertBack(5);
+	assert(!q.empty);
+
+	q.insertBack(4);
+	assert(q.front == 5);
+
+	q.insertBack(9);
+	assert(q.front == 5);
+
+	q.popFront();
+	assert(q.front == 4);
+
+	foreach (i, ref e; q)
+	{
+		assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
+		assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
+	}
+	assert(q.empty);
 }

source/tanya/crypto/bit.d

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.crypto.bit;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper that allows bit manipulation on $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array.
+ */
+struct BitVector
+{
+    protected ubyte[] vector;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *     array = Array should be manipulated on.
+     */
+    this(inout(ubyte[]) array) inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(array.length <= size_t.max / 8);
+        assert(array !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        vector = array;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
+        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
+
+        assert(bits[] is array1);
+        assert(bits[] !is array2);
+
+        bits = BitVector(array2);
+        assert(bits[] is array2);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Number of bits in the vector.
+     */
+    @property inout(size_t) length() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return vector.length * 8;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    inout(size_t) opDollar() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return vector.length * 8;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        assert(bits.length == 24);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *     bit = Bit position.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit on position $(D_PARAM bit) is set,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if not set.
+     */
+    inout(bool) opIndex(size_t bit) inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (vector[bit / 8] & (0x80 >> (bit % 8))) != 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        assert(!bits[0]);
+        assert(bits[1]);
+        assert(bits[7]);
+        assert(!bits[8]);
+        assert(!bits[11]);
+        assert(bits[12]);
+        assert(bits[20]);
+        assert(bits[23]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Underlying array.
+     */
+    inout(ubyte[]) opIndex() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return vector;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        assert(bits[] is arr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *     value = $(D_KEYWORD true) if the bit should be set,
+     *             $(D_KEYWORD false) if cleared.
+     *     bit   = Bit position.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
+     */
+    bool opIndexAssign(bool value, size_t bit) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(bit / 8 <= vector.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        if (value)
+        {
+            vector[bit / 8] |= (0x80 >> (bit % 8));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            vector[bit / 8] &= ~(0x80 >> (bit % 8));
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        bits[5] = bits[6] = true;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 71);
+
+        bits[14] = true;
+        bits[15] = false;
+        assert(bits[][1] == 14);
+
+        bits[16] = bits[23] = false;
+        assert(bits[][2] == 44);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies bits from $(D_PARAM vector) into this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector).
+     *
+     * The array that should be assigned, can be smaller (but not larger) than
+     * the underlying array of this $(D_PSYMBOL BitVector), leading zeros will
+     * be added in this case to the left.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     vector = $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array not larger than
+     *              `$(D_PSYMBOL length) / 8`.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    BitVector opAssign(ubyte[] vector) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(vector.length <= this.vector.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        immutable delta = this.vector.length - vector.length;
+        if (delta > 0)
+        {
+            this.vector[0..delta] = 0;
+        }
+        this.vector[delta..$] = vector[0..$];
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        ubyte[5] array1 = [234, 3, 252, 10, 18];
+        ubyte[3] array2 = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
+
+        bits = array2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][2] == 65);
+        assert(bits[][3] == 13);
+        assert(bits[][4] == 173);
+
+        bits = array2[0..2];
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][3] == 65);
+        assert(bits[][4] == 13);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Support for bitwise operations.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     that = Another bit vector.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(BitVector that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
+    {
+        return opOpAssign(op)(that.vector);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        if ((op == "^") || (op == "|") || (op == "&"))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(that.length <= vector.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        for (int i = cast(int) vector.length - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+        {
+            mixin("vector[i] " ~  op ~ "= " ~ "that[i];");
+        }
+        immutable delta = vector.length - that.length;
+        if (delta)
+        {
+            static if (op == "&")
+            {
+                vector[0..delta] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] array1 = [65, 13, 173];
+        ubyte[3] array2 = [0b01010010, 0b10111110, 0b10111110];
+        auto bits = BitVector(array1);
+
+        bits |= array2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010011);
+        assert(bits[][1] == 0b10111111);
+        assert(bits[][2] == 0b10111111);
+
+        bits &= array2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == array2[0]);
+        assert(bits[][1] == array2[1]);
+        assert(bits[][2] == array2[2]);
+
+        bits ^= array2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][1] == 0);
+        assert(bits[][2] == 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Support for shift operations.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     n = Number of bits.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    BitVector opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t n) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        if ((op == "<<") || (op == ">>"))
+
+    {
+        if (n >= length)
+        {
+            vector[0..$] = 0;
+        }
+        else if (n != 0)
+        {
+            immutable bit = n % 8, step = n / 8;
+            immutable delta = 8 - bit;
+            size_t i, j;
+
+            static if (op == "<<")
+            {
+                for (j = step; j < vector.length - 1; ++i)
+                {
+                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] << bit)
+                              | vector[++j] >> delta);
+                }
+                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] << bit);
+                vector[$ - step ..$] = 0;
+            }
+            else static if (op == ">>")
+            {
+                for (i = vector.length - 1, j = i - step; j > 0; --i)
+                {
+                    vector[i] = cast(ubyte)((vector[j] >> bit)
+                              | vector[--j] << delta);
+                }
+                vector[i] = cast(ubyte)(vector[j] >> bit);
+                vector[0..step] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        ubyte[4] arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        bits <<= 0;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
+            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
+
+        bits <<= 2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11111011 && bits[][1] == 0b11001001
+            && bits[][2] == 0b01001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001100);
+
+        bits <<= 4;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
+            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b11000000);
+
+        bits <<= 8;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10010100 && bits[][1] == 0b10010100
+            && bits[][2] == 0b11000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        bits <<= 7;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01001010 && bits[][1] == 0b01100000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        bits <<= 25;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
+        bits <<= 24;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b01010101 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
+        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
+        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
+        bits <<= 12;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b11001111 && bits[][1] == 0b11110101
+            && bits[][2] == 0b01010000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        bits <<= 100;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        arr = [0b10111110, 0b11110010, 0b01010010, 0b01010011];
+        bits >>= 0;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110 && bits[][1] == 0b11110010
+            && bits[][2] == 0b01010010 && bits[][3] == 0b01010011);
+
+        bits >>= 2;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00101111 && bits[][1] == 0b10111100
+            && bits[][2] == 0b10010100 && bits[][3] == 0b10010100);
+
+        bits >>= 4;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000010 && bits[][1] == 0b11111011
+            && bits[][2] == 0b11001001 && bits[][3] == 0b01001001);
+
+        bits >>= 8;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000010
+            && bits[][2] == 0b11111011 && bits[][3] == 0b11001001);
+
+        bits >>= 7;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000101 && bits[][3] == 0b11110111);
+
+        bits >>= 25;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+
+        arr = [0b00110011, 0b11001100, 0b11111111, 0b01010101];
+        bits >>= 24;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00110011);
+
+        arr[1] = 0b11001100;
+        arr[2] = 0b11111111;
+        arr[3] = 0b01010101;
+        bits >>= 12;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00001100 && bits[][3] == 0b11001111);
+
+        bits >>= 100;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b00000000 && bits[][1] == 0b00000000
+            && bits[][2] == 0b00000000 && bits[][3] == 0b00000000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Negates all bits.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    BitVector opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        if (op == "~")
+    {
+        foreach (ref b; vector)
+        {
+            b = ~b;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        // [01000001, 00001101, 10101101]
+        ubyte[3] arr = [65, 13, 173];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+
+        ~bits;
+        assert(bits[][0] == 0b10111110);
+        assert(bits[][1] == 0b11110010);
+        assert(bits[][2] == 0b01010010);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates through all bits.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) delegate.
+     *
+     * Returns: By $(D_PARAM dg) returned value.
+     */
+    int opApply(int delegate(size_t, bool) dg)
+    {
+        int result;
+        foreach (i, ref v; vector)
+        {
+            foreach (c; 0..8)
+            {
+                result = dg(i * 8 + c, (v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
+                if (result)
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    int opApply(int delegate(bool) dg)
+    {
+        int result;
+        foreach (ref v; vector)
+        {
+            foreach (c; 0..8)
+            {
+                result = dg((v & (0x80 >> c)) != 0);
+                if (result)
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        ubyte[2] arr = [0b01000001, 0b00001101];
+        auto bits = BitVector(arr);
+        size_t c;
+
+        foreach (i, v; bits)
+        {
+            assert(i == c);
+            if (i == 1 || i == 7 || i == 15 || i == 13 || i == 12)
+            {
+                assert(v);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                assert(!v);
+            }
+            ++c;
+        }
+        assert(c == 16);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/crypto/des.d

@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.crypto.des;
+
+import tanya.crypto.bit;
+import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
+
+/// Initial permutation table.
+private immutable ubyte[64] ipTable = [58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
+                                       60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
+                                       62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
+                                       64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
+                                       57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,  1,
+                                       59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
+                                       61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
+                                       63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7];
+
+/// Final permutation table.
+private immutable ubyte[64] fpTable = [40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
+                                       39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
+                                       38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
+                                       37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
+                                       36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
+                                       35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
+                                       34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
+                                       33, 1, 41, 9,  49, 17, 57, 25];
+
+/// Key permutation table 1.
+private immutable ubyte[64] pc1Table = [57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
+                                        58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
+                                        59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
+                                        60, 52, 44, 36, 63, 55, 47, 39,
+                                        31, 23, 15, 7,  62, 54, 46, 38,
+                                        30, 22, 14, 6,  61, 53, 45, 37,
+                                        29, 21, 13, 5,  28, 20, 12, 4];
+
+/// Key permutation table 2.
+private immutable ubyte[48] pc2Table = [14, 17, 11, 24, 1,  5,  3,  28,
+                                        15, 6,  21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
+                                        26, 8,  16, 7,  27, 20, 13, 2,
+                                        41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
+                                        51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
+                                        34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32];
+
+/// Expansion table.
+private immutable ubyte[48] expansionTable = [32, 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  4,  5,
+                                              6,  7,  8,  9,  8,  9,  10, 11,
+                                              12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
+                                              16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21,
+                                              22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27,
+                                              28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1];
+
+/// Final input block permutation.
+private immutable ubyte[32] pTable = [16, 7,  20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
+                                      1,  15, 23, 26, 5,  18, 31, 10,
+                                      2,  8,  24, 14, 32, 27, 3,  9,
+                                      19, 13, 30, 6,  22, 11, 4, 25];
+
+/// The (in)famous S-boxes.
+private immutable ubyte[64][8] sBox = [[
+                                         14, 0,  4,  15, 13, 7,  1,  4,  2, 14,  15, 2, 11, 13, 8,  1,
+                                         3,  10, 10, 6,  6,  12, 12, 11, 5,  9,  9,  5, 0,  3,  7,  8,
+                                         4,  15, 1,  12, 14, 8,  8,  2,  13, 4,  6,  9, 2,  1,  11, 7,
+                                         15, 5,  12, 11, 9,  3,  7,  14, 3,  10, 10, 0, 5,  6,  0,  13,
+                                      ],[
+                                         15, 3,  1,  13, 8,  4,  14, 7,  6,  15, 11, 2,  3,  8,  4,  14,
+                                         9,  12, 7,  0,  2,  1,  13, 10, 12, 6,  0,  9,  5,  11, 10, 5,
+                                         0,  13, 14, 8,  7,  10, 11, 1,  10, 3,  4,  15, 13, 4,  1,  2,
+                                         5,  11, 8,  6,  12, 7,  6,  12, 9,  0,  3,  5,  2,  14, 15, 9,
+                                      ],[
+                                         10, 13, 0,  7,  9,  0,  14, 9,  6,  3,  3,  4,  15, 6,  5,  10,
+                                         1,  2,  13, 8,  12, 5,  7,  14, 11, 12, 4,  11, 2,  15, 8,  1,
+                                         13, 1,  6,  10, 4,  13, 9,  0,  8,  6,  15, 9,  3,  8,  0,  7,
+                                         11, 4,  1,  15, 2,  14, 12, 3,  5,  11, 10, 5,  14, 2,  7,  12,
+                                      ],[
+                                         7,  13, 13, 8,  14, 11, 3,  5,  0,  6,  6,  15, 9,  0,  10, 3,
+                                         1,  4,  2,  7,  8,  2,  5,  12, 11, 1,  12, 10, 4,  14, 15, 9,
+                                         10, 3,  6,  15, 9,  0,  0,  6,  12, 10, 11, 1,  7,  13, 13, 8,
+                                         15, 9,  1,  4,  3,  5,  14, 11, 5,  12, 2,  7,  8,  2,  4,  14,
+                                      ],[
+                                         2,  14, 12, 11, 4,  2,  1,  12, 7,  4,  10, 7,  11, 13, 6,  1,
+                                         8,  5,  5,  0,  3,  15, 15, 10, 13, 3,  0,  9,  14, 8,  9,  6,
+                                         4,  11, 2,  8,  1,  12, 11, 7,  10, 1,  13, 14, 7,  2,  8,  13,
+                                         15, 6,  9,  15, 12, 0,  5,  9,  6,  10, 3,  4,  0,  5,  14, 3,
+                                      ],[
+                                         12, 10, 1,  15, 10, 4,  15, 2,  9,  7,  2,  12, 6,  9,  8,  5,
+                                         0,  6,  13, 1,  3,  13, 4,  14, 14, 0,  7,  11, 5,  3,  11, 8,
+                                         9,  4,  14, 3,  15, 2,  5,  12, 2,  9,  8,  5,  12, 15, 3,  10,
+                                         7,  11, 0,  14, 4,  1,  10, 7,  1,  6,  13, 0,  11, 8,  6,  13,
+                                      ],[
+                                         4,  13, 11, 0,  2,  11, 14, 7,  15, 4,  0,  9,  8,  1,  13, 10,
+                                         3,  14, 12, 3,  9,  5,  7,  12, 5,  2,  10, 15, 6,  8,  1,  6,
+                                         1,  6,  4,  11, 11, 13, 13, 8,  12, 1,  3,  4,  7,  10, 14, 7,
+                                         10, 9,  15, 5,  6,  0,  8,  15, 0,  14, 5,  2,  9,  3,  2,  12,
+                                      ],[
+                                         13, 1,  2,  15, 8,  13, 4,  8,  6,  10, 15, 3,  11, 7,  1,  4,
+                                         10, 12, 9,  5,  3,  6,  14, 11, 5,  0,  0,  14, 12, 9,  7,  2,
+                                         7,  2,  11, 1,  4,  14, 1,  7,  9,  4,  12, 10, 14, 8,  2,  13,
+                                         0,  15, 6,  12, 10, 9,  13, 0,  15, 3,  3,  5,  5,  6,  8,  11,
+                                      ]];
+
+/**
+ * Data Encryption Standard.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *     L = Number of keys.
+ */
+class DES(ushort L = 1) : BlockCipher
+    if (L == 1)
+{
+    mixin FixedBlockSize!8;
+    mixin KeyLength!8;
+
+    private enum expansionBlockSize = 6;
+    private enum pc1KeyLength = 7;
+    private enum subkeyLength = 6;
+    private ubyte[] key_;
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *     key = Key.
+     */
+    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
+        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        key_ = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encrypts a block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
+     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
+     */
+    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
+    nothrow
+    in
+    {
+        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
+        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        operateBlock!(Direction.encryption)(plain, cipher);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrypts a block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
+     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
+     */
+    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
+    nothrow
+    in
+    {
+        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
+        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        operateBlock!(Direction.decryption)(cipher, plain);
+    }
+
+    private void operateBlock(Direction D)(in ubyte[] source, ref ubyte[] target)
+    {
+        ubyte[blockSize_] ipBlock;
+        ubyte[expansionBlockSize] expansionBlock;
+        ubyte[4] substitutionBlock;
+        ubyte[4] pBoxTarget;
+        ubyte[pc1KeyLength] pc1Key;
+        ubyte[subkeyLength] subkey;
+
+        // Initial permutation
+        permute(source, ipBlock, ipTable, blockSize);
+
+        // Key schedule computation
+        permute(key_, pc1Key, pc1Table, pc1KeyLength);
+
+        // Feistel function
+        for (ubyte round; round < 16; ++round)
+        {
+            auto bitVector = BitVector(expansionBlock);
+            /* Expansion. This permutation only looks at the first 4 bytes (32
+               bits of ipBlock); 16 of these are repeated in expansion table.*/
+            permute(BitVector(ipBlock[4..$]), bitVector, expansionTable, 6);
+
+            // Key mixing
+            static if (D == Direction.encryption)
+            {
+                rotateLeft(pc1Key);
+                if (!(round <= 1 || round == 8 || round == 15))
+                {
+                    // Rotate twice.
+                    rotateLeft(pc1Key);
+                }
+            }
+            permute(pc1Key, subkey, pc2Table, subkeyLength);
+            static if (D == Direction.decryption)
+            {
+                rotateRight(pc1Key);
+                if (!(round >= 14 || round == 7 || round == 0))
+                {
+                    // Rotate twice.
+                    rotateRight(pc1Key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            bitVector ^= subkey;
+
+            // Substitution; copy from updated expansion block to ciphertext block
+            substitutionBlock[0] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[0][(expansionBlock[0] & 0xfc ) >> 2] << 4);
+            substitutionBlock[0] |= sBox[1][(expansionBlock[0] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[1] & 0xf0) >> 4];
+            substitutionBlock[1] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[2][(expansionBlock[1] & 0x0f) << 2 | (expansionBlock[2] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
+            substitutionBlock[1] |= sBox[3][(expansionBlock[2] & 0x3f)];
+            substitutionBlock[2] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[4][(expansionBlock[3] & 0xfc) >> 2 ] << 4);
+            substitutionBlock[2] |= sBox[5][(expansionBlock[3] & 0x03) << 4 | (expansionBlock[4] & 0xf0) >> 4];
+            substitutionBlock[3] = cast(ubyte) (sBox[6][(expansionBlock[4] & 0x0F) << 2 | (expansionBlock[5] & 0xc0) >> 6] << 4);
+            substitutionBlock[3] |= sBox[7][(expansionBlock[5] & 0x3f)];
+
+            // Permutation
+            bitVector = BitVector(substitutionBlock);
+            permute(bitVector, pBoxTarget, pTable, blockSize / 2);
+
+            // Swap the halves.
+            substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
+            ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
+
+            bitVector ^= pBoxTarget;
+            ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
+        }
+
+        substitutionBlock = ipBlock[0..4];
+        ipBlock[0..4] = ipBlock[4..$];
+        ipBlock[4..$] = substitutionBlock;
+
+        // Final permutaion (undo initial permuation).
+        permute(ipBlock, target, fpTable, blockSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs the left rotation operation on the key.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     key = The key to rotate.
+     */
+    private void rotateLeft(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        immutable carryLeft = (key[0] & 0x80) >> 3;
+
+        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] << 1) | ((key[1] & 0x80) >> 7));
+        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] << 1) | ((key[2] & 0x80) >> 7));
+        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] << 1) | ((key[3] & 0x80) >> 7));
+
+        immutable carryRight = (key[3] & 0x08) >> 3;
+        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] << 1) | ((key[4] & 0x80) >> 7)) & ~0x10) | carryLeft);
+
+        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] << 1) | ((key[5] & 0x80) >> 7));
+        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] << 1) | ((key[6] & 0x80) >> 7));
+        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] << 1) | carryRight);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs the right rotation operation on the key.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *     key = The key to rotate.
+     */
+    private void rotateRight(ref ubyte[7] key) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        immutable carryRight = (key[6] & 0x01) << 3;
+
+        key[6] = cast(ubyte) ((key[6] >> 1) | ((key[5] & 0x01) << 7));
+        key[5] = cast(ubyte) ((key[5] >> 1) | ((key[4] & 0x01) << 7));
+        key[4] = cast(ubyte) ((key[4] >> 1) | ((key[3] & 0x01) << 7));
+
+        immutable carryLeft = (key[3] & 0x10) << 3;
+        key[3] = cast(ubyte) ((((key[3] >> 1) | ((key[2] & 0x01) << 7)) & ~0x08) | carryRight);
+
+        key[2] = cast(ubyte) ((key[2] >> 1) | ((key[1] & 0x01) << 7));
+        key[1] = cast(ubyte) ((key[1] >> 1) | ((key[0] & 0x01) << 7));
+        key[0] = cast(ubyte) ((key[0] >> 1) | carryLeft);
+    }
+
+    private void permute(in ubyte[] source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        const sourceVector = const BitVector(source);
+        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
+
+        permute(sourceVector, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
+    }
+
+    private void permute(in BitVector source, ubyte[] target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        auto targetVector = BitVector(target);
+
+        permute(source, targetVector, permuteTable, length);
+    }
+
+    private void permute(in BitVector source, ref BitVector target, immutable(ubyte[]) permuteTable, size_t length)
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        for (uint i; i < length * 8; ++i)
+        {
+            target[i] = source[permuteTable[i] - 1];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import std.typecons;
+
+    /* Test vectors for DES. Source:
+       "Validating the Correctness of Hardware 
+       Implementations of the NBS Data Encryption Standard"
+       NBS Special Publication 500-20, 1980. Appendix B */
+
+    // Initial and reverse Permutation and Expansion tests. Encrypt.
+    ubyte[8][64] desTestVectors1 = [
+        [0x95, 0xf8, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x00],
+        [0xdd, 0x7f, 0x12, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x56, 0x19],
+        [0x2e, 0x86, 0x53, 0x10, 0x4f, 0x38, 0x34, 0xea],
+        [0x4b, 0xd3, 0x88, 0xff, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x1d, 0x4f],
+        [0x20, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x14, 0x56],
+        [0x55, 0x57, 0x93, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x71, 0x38, 0xef],
+        [0x6c, 0xc5, 0xde, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x04, 0x51, 0x2f],
+        [0x0d, 0x9f, 0x27, 0x9b, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x72, 0x60],
+        [0xd9, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x71, 0xbd, 0x5a, 0x0a],
+        [0x42, 0x42, 0x50, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0x3d, 0xd9, 0x51],
+        [0xb8, 0x06, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xcd, 0x9a, 0x21, 0xe5],
+        [0xf1, 0x5d, 0x0f, 0x28, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xbd, 0x28],
+        [0xad, 0xd0, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0xeb, 0xa1],
+        [0xe6, 0xd5, 0xf8, 0x27, 0x52, 0xad, 0x63, 0xd1],
+        [0xec, 0xbf, 0xe3, 0xbd, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x1a, 0x5e],
+        [0xf3, 0x56, 0x83, 0x43, 0x79, 0xd1, 0x65, 0xcd],
+        [0x2b, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x03, 0x7f, 0xa9],
+        [0x88, 0x9d, 0xe0, 0x68, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0x0b, 0xe6],
+        [0xe1, 0x9e, 0x27, 0x5d, 0x84, 0x6a, 0x12, 0x98],
+        [0x32, 0x9a, 0x8e, 0xd5, 0x23, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xec],
+        [0xe7, 0xfc, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x57, 0xd2, 0x3c, 0x97],
+        [0x12, 0xa9, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x7f, 0xf2, 0xd6, 0x5d],
+        [0xa4, 0x84, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x38, 0xdc, 0x9c, 0x19],
+        [0xfb, 0xe0, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x1e, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x72],
+        [0x75, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x94, 0x07, 0x52, 0x13, 0x63],
+        [0x64, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x4c, 0x2f, 0xaf],
+        [0xf0, 0x2b, 0x26, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0x60],
+        [0x9d, 0x64, 0x55, 0x5a, 0x9a, 0x10, 0xb8, 0x52],
+        [0xd1, 0x06, 0xff, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x52, 0x55, 0xd7],
+        [0xe1, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x8c, 0x64, 0xa5],
+        [0xe4, 0x28, 0x58, 0x11, 0x86, 0xec, 0x8f, 0x46],
+        [0xae, 0xb5, 0xf5, 0xed, 0xe2, 0x2d, 0x1a, 0x36],
+        [0xe9, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x56, 0x8a, 0xec, 0x0c, 0x5c],
+        [0xdf, 0x98, 0xc8, 0x27, 0x6f, 0x54, 0xb0, 0x4b],
+        [0xb1, 0x60, 0xe4, 0x68, 0x0f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6f],
+        [0xfa, 0x07, 0x52, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0x9c, 0x4a, 0xb8],
+        [0xca, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x03, 0x6d, 0xbc, 0x85, 0x02],
+        [0x5e, 0x09, 0x05, 0x51, 0x7b, 0xb5, 0x9b, 0xcf],
+        [0x81, 0x4e, 0xeb, 0x3b, 0x91, 0xd9, 0x07, 0x26],
+        [0x4d, 0x49, 0xdb, 0x15, 0x32, 0x91, 0x9c, 0x9f],
+        [0x25, 0xeb, 0x5f, 0xc3, 0xf8, 0xcf, 0x06, 0x21],
+        [0xab, 0x6a, 0x20, 0xc0, 0x62, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x6f],
+        [0x79, 0xe9, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x2c, 0xca],
+        [0x86, 0x6e, 0xce, 0xdd, 0x80, 0x72, 0xbb, 0x0e],
+        [0x8b, 0x54, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x3e, 0x64, 0xa8],
+        [0xea, 0x51, 0xd3, 0x97, 0x55, 0x95, 0xb8, 0x6b],
+        [0xca, 0xff, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x45, 0x42, 0xde, 0x31],
+        [0x8d, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x90, 0x79, 0x6c],
+        [0x10, 0x29, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x88, 0x0e, 0xc2, 0xd0],
+        [0x5d, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x23, 0x63, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0xa9],
+        [0x1d, 0x1c, 0xa8, 0x53, 0xae, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x5f],
+        [0xce, 0x33, 0x23, 0x29, 0x24, 0x8f, 0x32, 0x28],
+        [0x84, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xab, 0xe2, 0x4f, 0xb9, 0x42],
+        [0xe6, 0x43, 0xd7, 0x80, 0x90, 0xca, 0x42, 0x07],
+        [0x48, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x99, 0x37, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x23],
+        [0xdd, 0x7c, 0x0b, 0xbd, 0x61, 0xfa, 0xfd, 0x54],
+        [0x2f, 0xbc, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x57, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0xc4],
+        [0xe0, 0x7c, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xe4, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x12],
+        [0x09, 0x53, 0xe2, 0x25, 0x8e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0xa1],
+        [0x5b, 0x71, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xce, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0xee],
+        [0xcc, 0x08, 0x3f, 0x1e, 0x6d, 0x9e, 0x85, 0xf6],
+        [0xd2, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x67, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xfe],
+        [0x06, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x22, 0xce, 0x92, 0x70, 0x8f],
+        [0x16, 0x6b, 0x40, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0xba, 0x4b, 0xd6],
+    ];
+
+    // Key Permutation test. Encrypt.
+    // Test of right-shifts. Decrypt.
+    ubyte[8][56] desTestVectors2 = [
+        [0x95, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x13, 0xda, 0xa9, 0x4d],
+        [0x0e, 0xec, 0x14, 0x87, 0xdd, 0x8c, 0x26, 0xd5],
+        [0x7a, 0xd1, 0x6f, 0xfb, 0x79, 0xc4, 0x59, 0x26],
+        [0xd3, 0x74, 0x62, 0x94, 0xca, 0x6a, 0x6c, 0xf3],
+        [0x80, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x3c, 0x1f, 0xd7, 0x61],
+        [0xc0, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xfe, 0xc9, 0x89, 0xd1, 0xfc],
+        [0x46, 0x15, 0xaa, 0x1d, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x2f, 0x10],
+        [0x20, 0x55, 0x12, 0x33, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x08, 0x58],
+        [0xdf, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xd6, 0x57, 0x73, 0x97, 0xc8],
+        [0x31, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x36, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x88, 0xc9],
+        [0xdf, 0xdd, 0x3c, 0xc6, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x16, 0x42],
+        [0x17, 0x8c, 0x83, 0xce, 0x2b, 0x39, 0x9d, 0x94],
+        [0x50, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x32, 0x4a, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x80],
+        [0xa8, 0x46, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0xbc, 0x18, 0xf0, 0x6d],
+        [0xa2, 0xdc, 0x9e, 0x92, 0xfd, 0x3c, 0xde, 0x92],
+        [0xca, 0xc0, 0x9f, 0x79, 0x7d, 0x03, 0x12, 0x87],
+        [0x90, 0xba, 0x68, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xae, 0xb5, 0x25],
+        [0xce, 0x7a, 0x24, 0xf3, 0x50, 0xe2, 0x80, 0xb6],
+        [0x88, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x87],
+        [0x25, 0x61, 0x02, 0x88, 0x92, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc2],
+        [0xc7, 0x15, 0x16, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x75, 0xd1, 0x70],
+        [0x51, 0x99, 0xc2, 0x9a, 0x52, 0xc9, 0xf0, 0x59],
+        [0xc2, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x71, 0xf2, 0x9f],
+        [0xee, 0x37, 0x14, 0x83, 0x71, 0x4c, 0x02, 0xea],
+        [0xa8, 0x1f, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x52, 0x2f],
+        [0x4f, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x92, 0xe1, 0x92, 0xdf, 0xed],
+        [0x1a, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x66, 0xa6, 0xdf, 0x92, 0xae],
+        [0xb3, 0xc1, 0xcc, 0x71, 0x5c, 0xb8, 0x79, 0xd8],
+        [0x19, 0xd0, 0x32, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xb0, 0xbd, 0x8b],
+        [0x3c, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x20, 0xdc],
+        [0xb7, 0x26, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x44, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf3],
+        [0x9d, 0xb7, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x3f, 0x54],
+        [0x81, 0x81, 0xb6, 0x5b, 0xab, 0xf4, 0xa9, 0x75],
+        [0x93, 0xc9, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x42, 0xea, 0xa2, 0x40],
+        [0x55, 0x70, 0x53, 0x08, 0x29, 0x70, 0x55, 0x92],
+        [0x86, 0x38, 0x80, 0x9e, 0x87, 0x87, 0x87, 0xa0],
+        [0x41, 0xb9, 0xa7, 0x9a, 0xf7, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0x08],
+        [0x7a, 0x9b, 0xe4, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x09, 0xa8, 0x92],
+        [0x29, 0x03, 0x8d, 0x56, 0xba, 0x6d, 0x27, 0x45],
+        [0x54, 0x95, 0xc6, 0xab, 0xf1, 0xe5, 0xdf, 0x51],
+        [0xae, 0x13, 0xdb, 0xd5, 0x61, 0x48, 0x89, 0x33],
+        [0x02, 0x4d, 0x1f, 0xfa, 0x89, 0x04, 0xe3, 0x89],
+        [0xd1, 0x39, 0x97, 0x12, 0xf9, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0x2e],
+        [0x14, 0xc1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0xc7, 0x9e],
+        [0x1d, 0xe5, 0x27, 0x9d, 0xae, 0x3b, 0xed, 0x6f],
+        [0xe9, 0x41, 0xa3, 0x3f, 0x85, 0x50, 0x13, 0x03],
+        [0xda, 0x99, 0xdb, 0xbc, 0x9a, 0x03, 0xf3, 0x79],
+        [0xb7, 0xfc, 0x92, 0xf9, 0x1d, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xe9],
+        [0xae, 0x8e, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0x4e, 0x85],
+        [0x9c, 0xc6, 0x2d, 0xf4, 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xed, 0x74],
+        [0xd8, 0x63, 0xdb, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0x9a, 0x91, 0xa0],
+        [0xa1, 0xab, 0x21, 0x90, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x91, 0xd7],
+        [0x08, 0x75, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x64, 0xc5, 0x70, 0xf7],
+        [0x5a, 0x59, 0x45, 0x28, 0xbe, 0xbe, 0xf1, 0xcc],
+        [0xfc, 0xdb, 0x32, 0x91, 0xde, 0x21, 0xf0, 0xc0],
+        [0x86, 0x9e, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0x9f, 0x26, 0x5a, 0x09],
+    ];
+
+    // Data permutation test. Encrypt.
+    ubyte[8][2][32] desTestVectors3 = [
+        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x91, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x31], [0x88, 0xd5, 0x5e, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x4c, 0x97, 0xb4]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0x0c, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x83, 0xea, 0x48, 0xfd]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x10, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0x83, 0xbc, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0xa6, 0x57, 0x01, 0x83]],
+        [[0x10, 0x46, 0x10, 0x34, 0x89, 0x98, 0x80, 0x20], [0xdf, 0x72, 0x5d, 0xca, 0xd9, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0xe9]],
+        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xe6, 0x52, 0xb5, 0x3b, 0x55, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xb0]],
+        [[0x10, 0x86, 0x91, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaf, 0x52, 0x71, 0x20, 0xc4, 0x85, 0xcb, 0xb0]],
+        [[0x51, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x58, 0x01, 0x01], [0x0f, 0x04, 0xce, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xb9, 0x26, 0xd5]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x19, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xc9, 0xf0, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x74, 0x07, 0x90, 0x67]],
+        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x54, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0x7c, 0xfd, 0x82, 0xa5, 0x93, 0x25, 0x2b, 0x4e]],
+        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x94, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x01], [0xcb, 0x49, 0xa2, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x13, 0x63, 0xe3]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0xb9, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x00, 0xb5, 0x88, 0xbe, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0x56]],
+        [[0x31, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x08, 0x01, 0x40], [0x40, 0x6a, 0x9a, 0x6a, 0xb4, 0x33, 0x99, 0xae]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x6c, 0xb7, 0x73, 0x61, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x9a, 0xda]],
+        [[0x91, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x89, 0x98, 0x01, 0x01], [0x67, 0xfd, 0x21, 0xc1, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x70]],
+        [[0x91, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x89, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x95, 0x92, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x10, 0x43, 0x07, 0x87]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x15, 0x98, 0x98, 0x01, 0x20], [0xa6, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x68, 0xa3, 0x18, 0xdd, 0xd3]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0x4d, 0x10, 0x21, 0x96, 0xc9, 0x14, 0xca, 0x16]],
+        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x2d, 0xfa, 0x9f, 0x45, 0x73, 0x59, 0x49, 0x65]],
+        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x91, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xb4, 0x66, 0x04, 0x81, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x07, 0x74]],
+        [[0x01, 0x07, 0x94, 0x04, 0x91, 0x19, 0x04, 0x01], [0x6e, 0x7e, 0x62, 0x21, 0xa4, 0xf3, 0x4e, 0x87]],
+        [[0x19, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x01], [0xaa, 0x85, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x43, 0x23, 0x31, 0x99]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01], [0x2e, 0x5a, 0x19, 0xdb, 0x4d, 0x19, 0x62, 0xd6]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x19, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x08, 0x01], [0x23, 0xa8, 0x66, 0xa8, 0x09, 0xd3, 0x08, 0x94]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x92, 0x10, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xd8, 0x12, 0xd9, 0x61, 0xf0, 0x17, 0xd3, 0x20]],
+        [[0x10, 0x07, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x0b], [0x05, 0x56, 0x05, 0x81, 0x6e, 0x58, 0x60, 0x8f]],
+        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x01], [0xab, 0xd8, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0x1b, 0x77, 0x16, 0xf1]],
+        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02], [0x53, 0x7a, 0xc9, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xa1, 0xe1]],
+        [[0x10, 0x04, 0x80, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x08], [0xae, 0xd0, 0xf6, 0xae, 0x3c, 0x25, 0xcd, 0xd8]],
+        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x14, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x04], [0xb3, 0xe3, 0x5a, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x8d]],
+        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x04], [0x61, 0xc7, 0x9c, 0x71, 0x92, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0xf8]],
+        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x15, 0x98, 0x10, 0x02, 0x01], [0xe2, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x8f, 0x09, 0x95, 0x01, 0x3c]],
+        [[0x10, 0x02, 0x91, 0x16, 0x98, 0x10, 0x01, 0x01], [0x1a, 0xea, 0xc3, 0x9a, 0x61, 0xf0, 0xa4, 0x64]],
+    ];
+
+    // S-Box test. Encrypt.
+    ubyte[8][3][19] desTestVectors4 = [
+        [[0x7c, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x45, 0x4a, 0x1a, 0x6e, 0x57], [0x01, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0xd0, 0x39, 0x77, 0x67, 0x42],
+        [0x69, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0x26, 0x93, 0x9b]],
+        [[0x01, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x61, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x37, 0x6e], [0x5c, 0xd5, 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x3d, 0xef, 0x57, 0xda],
+        [0x7a, 0x38, 0x9d, 0x10, 0x35, 0x4b, 0xd2, 0x71]],
+        [[0x07, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x3e, 0x4a, 0x0b, 0x26, 0x86], [0x02, 0x48, 0xd4, 0x38, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x71, 0x72],
+        [0x86, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xca, 0xb4, 0x59, 0x9a]],
+        [[0x38, 0x49, 0x67, 0x4c, 0x26, 0x02, 0x31, 0x9e], [0x51, 0x45, 0x4b, 0x58, 0x2d, 0xdf, 0x44, 0x0a],
+        [0x71, 0x78, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x01, 0xf1, 0x9b, 0x2a]],
+        [[0x04, 0xb9, 0x15, 0xba, 0x43, 0xfe, 0xb5, 0xb6], [0x42, 0xfd, 0x44, 0x30, 0x59, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xa2],
+        [0xaf, 0x37, 0xfb, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x40, 0x95]],
+        [[0x01, 0x13, 0xb9, 0x70, 0xfd, 0x34, 0xf2, 0xce], [0x05, 0x9b, 0x5e, 0x08, 0x51, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x3a],
+        [0x86, 0xa5, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x5b]],
+        [[0x01, 0x70, 0xf1, 0x75, 0x46, 0x8f, 0xb5, 0xe6], [0x07, 0x56, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0x77, 0x47, 0x61, 0xd2],
+        [0x0c, 0xd3, 0xda, 0x02, 0x00, 0x21, 0xdc, 0x09]],
+        [[0x43, 0x29, 0x7f, 0xad, 0x38, 0xe3, 0x73, 0xfe], [0x76, 0x25, 0x14, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x48, 0x6a],
+        [0xea, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x2c, 0xb7, 0xdb, 0x2b, 0x7a]],
+        [[0x07, 0xa7, 0x13, 0x70, 0x45, 0xda, 0x2a, 0x16], [0x3b, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x90, 0x49, 0x37, 0x28, 0x02],
+        [0xdf, 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x81, 0x5c, 0xaf, 0x1a, 0x0f]],
+        [[0x04, 0x68, 0x91, 0x04, 0xc2, 0xfd, 0x3b, 0x2f], [0x26, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x68, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x60, 0x9a],
+        [0x5c, 0x51, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0x48, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x88]],
+        [[0x37, 0xd0, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0x16, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x46], [0x16, 0x4d, 0x5e, 0x40, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x52, 0x32],
+        [0x0a, 0x2a, 0xee, 0xae, 0x3f, 0xf4, 0xab, 0x77]],
+        [[0x1f, 0x08, 0x26, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0xc2, 0x46, 0x5e], [0x6b, 0x05, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x75, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0xca],
+        [0xef, 0x1b, 0xf0, 0x3e, 0x5d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x5a]],
+        [[0x58, 0x40, 0x23, 0x64, 0x1a, 0xba, 0x61, 0x76], [0x00, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0xef, 0x09, 0x17, 0x60, 0x62],
+        [0x88, 0xbf, 0x0d, 0xb6, 0xd7, 0x0d, 0xee, 0x56]],
+        [[0x02, 0x58, 0x16, 0x16, 0x46, 0x29, 0xb0, 0x07], [0x48, 0x0d, 0x39, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x62, 0xf2],
+        [0xa1, 0xf9, 0x91, 0x55, 0x41, 0x02, 0x0b, 0x56]],
+        [[0x49, 0x79, 0x3e, 0xbc, 0x79, 0xb3, 0x25, 0x8f], [0x43, 0x75, 0x40, 0xc8, 0x69, 0x8f, 0x3c, 0xfa],
+        [0x6f, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xfd, 0x05, 0x56]],
+        [[0x4f, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x15, 0xab, 0x73, 0xa7], [0x07, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x77, 0x07, 0x52, 0x92],
+        [0x2f, 0x22, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0xab, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xac]],
+        [[0x49, 0xe9, 0x5d, 0x6d, 0x4c, 0xa2, 0x29, 0xbf], [0x02, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x77, 0x81, 0x17, 0xf1, 0x2a],
+        [0x5a, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x2c, 0xc2, 0x6c, 0xce, 0x4a]],
+        [[0x01, 0x83, 0x10, 0xdc, 0x40, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xd6], [0x1d, 0x9d, 0x5c, 0x50, 0x18, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xc2],
+        [0x5f, 0x4c, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x2e, 0x41]],
+        [[0x1c, 0x58, 0x7f, 0x1c, 0x13, 0x92, 0x4f, 0xef], [0x30, 0x55, 0x32, 0x28, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x29, 0x5a],
+        [0x63, 0xfa, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x34, 0xd9, 0xf7, 0x93]],
+    ];
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto des = scoped!(DES!1);
+    ubyte[8] key = [0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01];
+    ubyte[8] plain = [0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
+    ubyte[8] cipher;
+
+    des.key = key;
+    foreach (ubyte i; 0..64)
+    {
+        if (i != 0)
+        {
+            plain[i / 8] = i % 8 ? plain[i / 8] >> 1 : 0x80;
+            if (i % 8 == 0)
+            {
+                plain[i / 8 - 1] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
+        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
+        assert(cipher == desTestVectors1[i]);
+
+        // Inverse Permutation and Expansion test.
+        des.encrypt(cipher, cipher);
+        assert(cipher == plain);
+    }
+
+    plain[0..$] = 0;
+    foreach (ubyte i; 0..56)
+    {
+        key[i / 7] = i % 7 ? key[i / 7] >> 1 : 0x80;
+        if (i % 7 == 0 && i != 0)
+        {
+            key[i / 7 - 1] = 0x01;
+        }
+        des.key = key;
+
+        // Initial Permutation and Expansion test.
+        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
+        assert(cipher == desTestVectors2[i]);
+
+        // Test of right-shifts in Decryption.
+        des.decrypt(desTestVectors2[i], cipher);
+        assert(cipher == plain);
+    }
+
+    // Data permutation test.
+    plain[0..$] = 0;
+    foreach (i; desTestVectors3)
+    {
+        des.key = i[0];
+        des.encrypt(plain, cipher);
+        assert(cipher == i[1]);
+    }
+
+    // S-Box test.
+    foreach (i; desTestVectors4)
+    {
+        des.key = i[0];
+        des.encrypt(i[1], cipher);
+        assert(cipher == i[2]);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/crypto/mode.d

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Block cipher modes of operation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.crypto.mode;
+
+import tanya.memory;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+import std.typecons;
+
+/**
+ * Supported padding mode.
+ *
+ * See_Also:
+ * 	$(D_PSYMBOL pad)
+ */
+enum PaddingMode
+{
+	zero,
+	pkcs7,
+	ansiX923,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ * 	input     = Sequence that should be padded.
+ * 	mode      = Padding mode.
+ * 	blockSize = Block size.
+ * 	allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
+ *
+ * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
+ *
+ * See_Also:
+ * 	$(D_PSYMBOL PaddingMode)
+ */
+ubyte[] pad(ref ubyte[] input,
+            in PaddingMode mode,
+            in ushort blockSize,
+            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+in
+{
+	assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
+	assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
+	assert(input.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+	immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
+	immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
+	immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
+
+	final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
+	{
+		case zero:
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + needed);
+			break;
+		case pkcs7:
+			if (needed)
+			{
+				allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + needed);
+				input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + blockSize);
+			}
+			break;
+		case ansiX923:
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + (needed ? needed : blockSize));
+			input[$ - 1] = needed;
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return input;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	{ // Zeros
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 64);
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 64);
+		assert(input[63] == 0);
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+	}
+	{ // PKCS#7
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
+		{
+			input[i] = i;
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 64);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
+		{
+			if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 0);
+			}
+			else if (i >= 50)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 14);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == i);
+			}
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 128);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
+		{
+			if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 0);
+			}
+			else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 14);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == i);
+			}
+		}
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+	}
+	{ // ANSI X.923
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
+		{
+			input[i] = i;
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.ansiX923, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 64);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
+		{
+			if (i < 40)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == i);
+			}
+			else if (i == 63)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 14);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 0);
+			}
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		assert(input.length == 128);
+		for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
+		{
+			if (i < 40)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == i);
+			}
+			else if (i == 63)
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 14);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				assert(input[i] == 0);
+			}
+		}
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ * 	input     = Sequence that should be padded.
+ * 	mode      = Padding mode.
+ * 	blockSize = Block size.
+ * 	allocator = Allocator was used to allocate $(D_PARAM input).
+ *
+ * Returns: The function modifies the initial array and returns it.
+ *
+ * See_Also:
+ * 	$(D_PSYMBOL pad)
+ */
+ref ubyte[] unpad(ref ubyte[] input,
+                  in PaddingMode mode,
+                  in ushort blockSize,
+                  shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+in
+{
+	assert(input.length != 0);
+	assert(input.length % 64 == 0);
+}
+body
+{
+	final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
+	{
+		case zero:
+			break;
+		case pkcs7:
+		case ansiX923:
+			immutable last = input[$ - 1];
+
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length - (last ? last : blockSize));
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return input;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	{ // Zeros
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
+		pad(inputDup, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
+
+		unpad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
+		assert(input == inputDup);
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+
+	}
+	{ // PKCS#7
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
+		{
+			input[i] = i;
+			inputDup[i] = i;
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		assert(input == inputDup);
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+	}
+	{ // ANSI X.923
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
+		{
+			input[i] = i;
+			inputDup[i] = i;
+		}
+
+		pad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
+		assert(input == inputDup);
+
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+	}
+}

source/tanya/crypto/package.d

@@ -8,19 +8,9 @@
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.event.config;
+module tanya.crypto;
 
-package version (DisableBackends)
-{
-}
-else
-{
-	version (linux)
-	{
-		enum UseEpoll = true;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		enum UseEpoll = false;
-	}
-}
+public import tanya.crypto.bit;
+public import tanya.crypto.des;
+public import tanya.crypto.mode;
+public import tanya.crypto.symmetric;

source/tanya/crypto/padding.d

@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.crypto.padding;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.typecons;
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Supported padding mode.
- *
- * See_Also:
- * 	$(D_PSYMBOL applyPadding)
- */
-enum Mode
-{
-	zero,
-	pkcs7,
-	ansiX923,
-}
-
-/**
- * Params:
- * 	allocator = Allocator that should be used if the block should be extended
- * 	            or a new block should be added.
- * 	input     = Sequence that should be padded.
- * 	mode      = Padding mode.
- * 	blockSize = Block size.
- *
- * Returns: The functions modifies the initial array and returns it.
- *
- * See_Also:
- * 	$(D_PSYMBOL Mode)
- */
-ubyte[] applyPadding(ref ubyte[] input,
-                     in Mode mode,
-                     in ushort blockSize,
-                     Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-in
-{
-	assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
-	assert(blockSize % 64 == 0);
-	assert(input.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-	immutable rest = cast(ubyte) input.length % blockSize;
-	immutable size_t lastBlock = input.length - (rest > 0 ? rest : blockSize);
-	immutable needed = cast(ubyte) (rest > 0 ? blockSize - rest : 0);
-
-	final switch (mode) with (Mode)
-	{
-		case zero:
-			allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-			break;
-		case pkcs7:
-			if (needed)
-			{
-				allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
-				input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
-			}
-			break;
-		case ansiX923:
-			allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
-			input[$ - 1] = needed;
-			break;
-	}
-
-	return input;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	{ // Zeros
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.zero, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.zero, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		assert(input[63] == 0);
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-	{ // PKCS#7
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-		{
-			input[i] = i;
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i >= 40 && i < 50)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-			else if (i >= 50)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 128);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 128; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i >= 64 || (i >= 40 && i < 50))
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-			else if (i >= 50 && i < 64)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-		}
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-	{ // ANSI X.923
-		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
-		{
-			input[i] = i;
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.ansiX923, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 64);
-		for (ubyte i; i < 64; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i < 40)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-			else if (i == 63)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-		}
-
-		applyPadding(input, Mode.pkcs7, 64);
-		assert(input.length == 128);
-		for (ubyte i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
-		{
-			if (i < 40)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == i);
-			}
-			else if (i == 63)
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 14);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				assert(input[i] == 0);
-			}
-		}
-
-		defaultAllocator.finalize(input);
-	}
-}

source/tanya/crypto/symmetric.d

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Interfaces for implementing secret key algorithms.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.crypto.symmetric;
+
+/**
+ * Implemented by secret key algorithms.
+ */
+interface SymmetricCipher
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns: Key length.
+     */
+    @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Minimum key length.
+     */
+    @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Maximum key length.
+     */
+    @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /// Cipher direction.
+    protected enum Direction : ushort
+    {
+        encryption,
+        decryption,
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *     key = Key.
+     */
+    @property void key(ubyte[] key) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(key.length >= minKeyLength);
+        assert(key.length <= maxKeyLength);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Implemented by block ciphers.
+ */
+interface BlockCipher : SymmetricCipher
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns: Block size.
+     */
+    @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Encrypts a block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *    plain  = Plain text, input.
+     *    cipher = Cipher text, output.
+     */
+    void encrypt(in ubyte[] plain, ubyte[] cipher)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
+        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrypts a block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *    cipher = Cipher text, input.
+     *    plain  = Plain text, output.
+     */
+    void decrypt(in ubyte[] cipher, ubyte[] plain)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(plain.length == blockSize);
+        assert(cipher.length == blockSize);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mixed in by algorithms with fixed block size.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *     N = Block size.
+ */
+mixin template FixedBlockSize(uint N)
+    if (N != 0)
+{
+    private enum uint blockSize_ = N;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Fixed block size.
+     */
+    final @property inout(uint) blockSize() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return blockSize_;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mixed in by symmetric algorithms.
+ * If $(D_PARAM Min) equals $(D_PARAM Max) fixed key length is assumed.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *     Min = Minimum key length.
+ *     Max = Maximum key length.
+ */
+mixin template KeyLength(uint Min, uint Max = Min)
+    if (Min != 0 && Max != 0)
+{
+    static if (Min == Max)
+    {
+        private enum uint keyLength_ = Min;
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Key length.
+         */
+        final @property inout(uint) keyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return keyLength_;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum key length.
+         */
+        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return keyLength_;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Maximum key length.
+         */
+        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return keyLength_;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (Min < Max)
+    {
+        private enum uint minKeyLength_ = Min;
+        private enum uint maxKeyLength_ = Max;
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum key length.
+         */
+        final @property inout(uint) minKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return minKeyLength_;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Maximum key length.
+         */
+        final @property inout(uint) maxKeyLength() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return maxKeyLength_;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Max should be larger or equal to Min");
+    }
+}

source/tanya/enums.d

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Generic enum templates.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.enums;
+
+import std.traits;
+
+/**
+ * Initializer list.
+ *
+ * Generates a static array with elements from $(D_PARAM args). All elements
+ * should have the same type. It can be used in constructors which accept a
+ * list of the elements of the same type in the situations where variadic
+ * functions and templates can't be used.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	Args = Argument type.
+ * 	args = Arguments.
+ */
+enum IL(Args...)(Args args)
+	if (Args.length > 0)
+{
+	alias BaseType = typeof(args[0]);
+
+	BaseType[args.length] result;
+
+	foreach (i, a; args)
+	{
+		static assert(isImplicitlyConvertible!(typeof(a), BaseType));
+		result[i] = a;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	static assert(IL(1, 5, 8).length == 3);
+	static assert(IL(1, 5, 8).sizeof == 3 * int.sizeof);
+}

source/tanya/event/internal/epoll.d

@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.internal.epoll;
-
-import tanya.event.config;
-
-static if (UseEpoll):
-
-public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import tanya.event.internal.selector;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.event.watcher;
-import tanya.event.loop;
-import tanya.container.list;
-import tanya.memory;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.fcntl;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-
-@nogc:
-
-extern (C) nothrow
-{ // TODO: Make a pull request for Phobos to mark this extern functions as @nogc.
-    int epoll_create1(int __flags);
-    int epoll_ctl(int __epfd, int __op, int __fd, epoll_event *__event);
-    int epoll_wait(int __epfd, epoll_event *__events, int __maxevents, int __timeout);
-	int accept4(int, sockaddr*, socklen_t*, int flags);
-}
-
-private enum maxEvents = 128;
-
-class EpollLoop : Loop
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
-	this()
-	{
-		super();
-
-		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		epollEvents = makeArray!epoll_event(defaultAllocator, maxEvents).ptr;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, epollEvents);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	socket    = Socket.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
-	protected override bool modify(int socket, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
-	{
-		int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-		epoll_event ev;
-
-		if (events == oldEvents)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		if (events && oldEvents)
-		{
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-		}
-		else if (events && !oldEvents)
-		{
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-		}
-
-		ev.data.fd = socket;
-		ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-		          | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-		          | EPOLLET;
-
-		return epoll_ctl(fd, op, socket, &ev) == 0;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Accept incoming connections.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Protocol factory.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	protected override void acceptConnection(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                                         int socket)
-	{
-		sockaddr_in client_addr;
-		socklen_t client_len = client_addr.sizeof;
-		int client = accept4(socket,
-		                     cast(sockaddr *)&client_addr,
-		                     &client_len,
-		                     O_NONBLOCK);
-		while (client >= 0)
-		{
-			auto transport = make!SocketTransport(defaultAllocator, this, client);
-			IOWatcher connection;
-
-			if (connections.length > client)
-			{
-				connection = cast(IOWatcher) connections[client];
-				// If it is a ConnectionWatcher
-				if (connection is null && connections[client] !is null)
-				{
-					finalize(defaultAllocator, connections[client]);
-					connections[client] = null;
-				}
-			}
-			if (connection !is null)
-			{
-				connection(protocolFactory, transport);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				connections[client] = make!IOWatcher(defaultAllocator,
-				                                     protocolFactory,
-				                                     transport);
-			}
-
-			modify(client, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-
-			swapPendings.insertBack(connections[client]);
-
-			client = accept4(socket,
-			                 cast(sockaddr *)&client_addr,
-			                 &client_len,
-			                 O_NONBLOCK);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
-	protected override void poll()
-	{
-		// Don't block
-		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-		auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, epollEvents, maxEvents, timeout);
-
-		if (eventCount < 0)
-		{
-			if (errno != EINTR)
-			{
-				throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator);
-			}
-
-			return;
-		}
-
-		for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-		{
-			epoll_event *ev = epollEvents + i;
-			auto connection = cast(IOWatcher) connections[ev.data.fd];
-
-			if (connection is null)
-			{
-				swapPendings.insertBack(connections[ev.data.fd]);
-//				acceptConnection(connections[ev.data.fd].protocol,
-//				                 connections[ev.data.fd].socket);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				auto transport = cast(SocketTransport) connection.transport;
-				assert(transport !is null);
-
-				if (ev.events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
-				{
-					try
-					{
-						while (!transport.receive())
-						{
-						}
-						swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-					}
-					catch (TransportException e)
-					{
-						swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
-						finalize(defaultAllocator, e);
-					}
-				}
-				else if (ev.events & (EPOLLOUT | EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
-				{
-					transport.writeReady = true;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
-	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-	}
-
-	private int fd;
-	private epoll_event* epollEvents;
-}

source/tanya/event/internal/selector.d

@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.internal.selector;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.event.loop;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.netinet.in_;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-
-/**
- * Transport for stream sockets.
- */
-class SocketTransport : DuplexTransport
-{
-@nogc:
-	private int socket_ = -1;
-
-	private Protocol protocol_;
-
-	/// Input buffer.
-	private WriteBuffer input_;
-
-	/// Output buffer.
-	private ReadBuffer output_;
-
-	private Loop loop;
-
-	private bool disconnected_;
-
-	package bool writeReady;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	loop     = Event loop.
-	 * 	socket   = Socket.
-	 * 	protocol = Protocol.
-	 */
-	this(Loop loop, int socket, Protocol protocol = null)
-	{
-		socket_ = socket;
-		protocol_ = protocol;
-		this.loop = loop;
-		input_ = make!WriteBuffer(defaultAllocator);
-		output_ = make!ReadBuffer(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		close(socket);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, input_);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, output_);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, protocol_);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport socket.
-	 */
-	int socket() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return socket_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Protocol.
-	 */
-	@property Protocol protocol() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return protocol_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 *  Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the remote peer closed the connection,
-	 *           $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) disconnected() const @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return disconnected_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		protocol_ = protocol;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol) protocol() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return protocol_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
-	 */
-	void write(ubyte[] data)
-	{
-		// If the buffer wasn't empty the transport should be already there.
-		if (!input.length && data.length)
-		{
-			loop.feed(this);
-		}
-		input ~= data;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Input buffer.
-	 */
-	@property WriteBuffer input() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return input_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Output buffer.
-	 */
-	@property ReadBuffer output() @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return output_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Read data from the socket. Returns $(D_KEYWORD true) if the reading
-	 * is completed. In the case that the peer closed the connection, returns
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD true) aswell.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reading is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool receive()
-	{
-		auto readCount = recv(socket, output.buffer, output.free, 0);
-
-		if (readCount > 0)
-		{
-			output_ ~= output.buffer[0..readCount];
-			return false;
-		}
-		else if (readCount == 0)
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			return true;
-		}
-		else if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			throw make!TransportException(defaultAllocator,
-			                              "Read from the socket failed.");
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether the writing is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool send()
-	{
-		auto sentCount = core.sys.posix.netinet.in_.send(socket,
-		                                                 input.buffer,
-		                                                 input.length,
-		                                                 0);
-
-		input.written = sentCount;
-		if (input.length == 0)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-		else if (sentCount >= 0)
-		{
-			loop.feed(this);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-		else if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
-		{
-			writeReady = false;
-			loop.feed(this);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			disconnected_ = true;
-			loop.feed(this);
-			throw make!TransportException(defaultAllocator,
-			                              "Write to the socket failed.");
-		}
-	}
-}

source/tanya/event/loop.d

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.loop;
-
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.container.queue;
-import tanya.container.vector;
-import tanya.event.config;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.event.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import core.thread;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.typecons;
-
-static if (UseEpoll)
-{
-    import tanya.event.internal.epoll;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Events.
- */
-enum Event : uint
-{
-	none   = 0x00, /// No events.
-	read   = 0x01, /// Non-blocking read call.
-	write  = 0x02, /// Non-blocking write call.
-	accept = 0x04, /// Connection made.
-}
-
-alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
-
-/**
- * Event loop.
- */
-abstract class Loop
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Pending watchers.
-	protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
-
-	protected Queue!Watcher swapPendings;
-
-	/// Pending connections.
-	protected Vector!ConnectionWatcher connections;
-
-	/**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
-	this()
-	{
-		connections = make!(Vector!ConnectionWatcher)(defaultAllocator);
-		pendings = make!(Queue!Watcher)(defaultAllocator);
-		swapPendings = make!(Queue!Watcher)(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, connections);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, pendings);
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, swapPendings);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Starts the loop.
-	 */
-    void run()
-    {
-		done_ = false;
-		do
-		{
-			poll();
-
-			// Invoke pendings
-			swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
-
-			swap(pendings, swapPendings);
-		}
-		while (!done_);
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Break out of the loop.
-	 */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-		done_ = true;
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Start watching.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
-	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-	{
-		if (watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = true;
-		watcher.accept = &acceptConnection;
-		connections[watcher.socket] = watcher;
-
-		modify(watcher.socket, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Stop watching.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
-	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
-	{
-		if (!watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = false;
-
-		modify(watcher.socket, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
-	 * had happened for the specified watcher.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Affected transport.
-	 */
-	void feed(DuplexTransport transport)
-	{
-		pendings.insertBack(connections[transport.socket]);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	socket    = Socket.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
-	protected bool modify(int socket, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events);
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
-	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		// Don't block if we have to do.
-		return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
-	 */
-	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
-		assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		blockTime_ = blockTime;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
-	protected void poll();
-
-	/**
-	 * Accept incoming connections.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Protocol factory.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	protected void acceptConnection(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                                int socket);
-
-	/// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
-    private bool done_;
-
-	/// Maximal block time.
-	protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown on errors in the event loop.
- */
-class BadLoopException : Exception
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-	pure @safe nothrow const
-	{
-		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the event loop used by default. If an event loop wasn't set with
- * $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) before, $(D_PSYMBOL getDefaultLoop()) will try to
- * choose an event loop supported on the system.
- *
- * Returns: The default event loop.
- */
-Loop getDefaultLoop()
-{
-    if (_defaultLoop !is null)
-    {
-		return _defaultLoop;
-	}
-
-	static if (UseEpoll)
-	{
-		_defaultLoop = make!EpollLoop(defaultAllocator);
-	}
-
-    return _defaultLoop;
-}
-
-/**
- * Sets the default event loop.
- *
- * This property makes it possible to implement your own backends or event
- * loops, for example, if the system is not supported or if you want to
- * extend the supported implementation. Just extend $(D_PSYMBOL Loop) and pass
- * your implementation to this property.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	loop = The event loop.
- */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
-in
-{
-	assert(loop !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-	_defaultLoop = loop;
-}
-
-private Loop _defaultLoop;

source/tanya/event/transport.d

@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.transport;
-
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown on read/write errors.
- */
-class TransportException : Exception
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
-	this(string msg,
-	     string file = __FILE__,
-	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const
-	{
-		super(msg, file, line, next);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Base transport interface.
- */
-interface Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Protocol.
-	 */
-	@property Protocol protocol() @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the peer closed the connection,
-	 *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-	 */
-	@property immutable(bool) disconnected() const @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(protocol !is null, "protocolConnected cannot be unset.");
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol) protocol() inout @safe pure nothrow;
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport socket.
-	 */
-	int socket() const @safe pure nothrow;
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for read-only transports.
- */
-interface ReadTransport : Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
-	 */
-	@property ReadBuffer output();
-
-	/**
-	 * Reads data into the buffer.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reading is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool receive()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(!disconnected);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for write-only transports.
- */
-interface WriteTransport : Transport
-{
-@nogc:
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Underlying input buffer.
-	 */
-	@property WriteBuffer input();
-
-	/**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
-	 */
-	void write(ubyte[] data);
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Whether the writing is completed.
-	 *
-	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL TransportException) if a read error is occured.
-	 */
-	bool send()
-	in
-	{
-		assert(input.length);
-		assert(!disconnected);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Represents a bidirectional transport.
- */
-abstract class DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
-{
-}

source/tanya/event/watcher.d

@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.event.watcher;
-
-import tanya.event.protocol;
-import tanya.event.transport;
-import tanya.memory;
-import std.functional;
-
-/**
- * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
- * your interest in some event. 
- */
-abstract class Watcher
-{
-@nogc:
-    /// Whether the watcher is active.
-    bool active;
-
-	/**
-	 * Invoke some action on event.
-	 */
-	void invoke();
-}
-
-class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// Watched file descriptor.
-    private int socket_;
-
-	/// Protocol factory.
-	protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
-
-	/// Callback.
-	package void delegate(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                      int socket) accept;
-
-	invariant
-	{
-		assert(socket_ >= 0, "Called with negative file descriptor.");
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning a new $(D_PSYMBOL Protocol) instance.
-	 * 	socket          = Socket.
-	 */
-	this(Protocol function() @nogc protocolFactory, int socket)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = toDelegate(protocolFactory);
-		socket_ = socket;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory, int socket)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-		socket_ = socket;
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	protected this(Protocol function() @nogc protocolFactory)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = toDelegate(protocolFactory);
-	}
-
-	/// Ditto.
-	protected this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory)
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
-	@property inout(int) socket() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return socket_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol factory.
-	 */
-	@property inout(Protocol delegate() @nogc) protocol() inout
-	{
-		return protocolFactory;
-	}
-
-	override void invoke()
-	{
-		accept(protocol, socket);
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * Contains a pending watcher with the invoked events or a transport can be
- * read from.
- */
-class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
-{
-@nogc:
-	/// References a watcher or a transport.
-	DuplexTransport transport_;
-
-	/**
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning application specific protocol.
-	 * 	transport       = Transport.
-	 */
-	this(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-		 DuplexTransport transport)
-	in
-	{
-		assert(transport !is null);
-		assert(protocolFactory !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		super(protocolFactory);
-		this.transport_ = transport;
-	}
-
-	~this()
-	{
-		finalize(defaultAllocator, transport_);
-	}
-
-    /**
-     * Assigns a transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-	 * 	protocolFactory = Function returning application specific protocol.
-	 * 	transport       = Transport.
-     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-	IOWatcher opCall(Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory,
-	                 DuplexTransport transport) @safe pure nothrow
-	in
-	{
-		assert(transport !is null);
-		assert(protocolFactory !is null);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		this.protocolFactory = protocolFactory;
-        this.transport_ = transport;
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Transport used by this watcher.
-	 */
-	@property inout(DuplexTransport) transport() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return transport_;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
-	override @property inout(int) socket() inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
-		return transport.socket;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
-	 *
-	 * Finalizes the transport on disconnect.
-	 */
-	override void invoke()
-	{
-		if (transport.protocol is null)
-		{
-			transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
-			transport.protocol.connected(transport);
-		}
-		else if (transport.disconnected)
-		{
-			transport.protocol.disconnected();
-			finalize(defaultAllocator, transport_);
-			protocolFactory = null;
-		}
-		else if (transport.output.length)
-		{
-			transport.protocol.received(transport.output[]);
-		}
-		else if (transport.input.length)
-		{
-			try
-			{
-				transport.send();
-			}
-			catch (TransportException e)
-			{
-				finalize(defaultAllocator, e);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}

source/tanya/math.d

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */  
-module tanya.container.math;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-	import std.algorithm.iteration;
-}
-
-@nogc:
-
-/**
- * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = Base.
- * 	y = Exponent.
- * 	z = Divisor.
- *
- * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
- *          by $(D_PARAM z).
- */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @safe nothrow pure
-in
-{
-	assert(z > 0);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
-
-	if (y == 0)
-	{
-		return 1 % z;
-	}
-	else if (y == 1)
-	{
-		return x % z;
-	}
-    do
-    {
-        auto bit = y & mask;
-        if (!result && bit)
-        {
-            result = x;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        result *= result;
-        if (bit)
-        {
-            result *= x;
-        }
-        result %= z;
-
-    }
-    while (mask >>= 1);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
-    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
-    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
-    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
-    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
-    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
-    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
- *
- * Params:
- * 	x = The number should be checked.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @safe nothrow pure
-{
-	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
-	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
-	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
-
-	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
-}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */  
+module tanya.math;
+
+import std.traits;
+public import tanya.math.mp;
+public import tanya.math.random;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	import std.algorithm.iteration;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	I = Base type.
+ * 	G = Exponent type.
+ * 	H = Divisor type:
+ * 	x = Base.
+ * 	y = Exponent.
+ * 	z = Divisor.
+ *
+ * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
+ *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
+ */
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+	if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+in
+{
+	assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+	G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+	H result;
+
+	if (y == 0)
+	{
+		return 1 % z;
+	}
+	else if (y == 1)
+	{
+		return x % z;
+	}
+	do
+	{
+		immutable bit = y & mask;
+		if (!result && bit)
+		{
+			result = x;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		result *= result;
+		if (bit)
+		{
+			result *= x;
+		}
+		result %= z;
+	}
+	while (mask >>= 1);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+I pow(I)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref I y, in auto ref I z)
+	if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+	assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+	size_t i = y.length;
+	auto tmp2 = Integer(x.allocator), tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+	Integer result = Integer(x.allocator);
+
+	if (x.length == 0 && i != 0)
+	{
+		i = 0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		result = 1;
+	}
+	while (i)
+	{
+		--i;
+		for (ubyte mask = 0x01; mask; mask <<= 1)
+		{
+			if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+			{
+				result *= tmp1;
+				result %= z;
+			}
+			tmp2 = tmp1;
+			tmp1 *= tmp2;
+			tmp1 %= z;
+		}
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+	assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
+	assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
+	assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
+	assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
+	assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
+	assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
+	assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
+	assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
+	assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	x = The number should be checked.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+{
+	return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+	                  74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
+	                  74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+	                  593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+	                  593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
+
+	known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+}

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
-module tanya.random;
+module tanya.math.random;
 
-import tanya.memory;
 import std.digest.sha;
 import std.typecons;
-
-@nogc:
+import tanya.memory;
 
 /// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
 enum blockSize = 64;
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ enum maxGather = 128;
  */
 class EntropyException : Exception
 {
-@nogc:
 	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	msg  = Message to output.
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class EntropyException : Exception
 	this(string msg,
 	     string file = __FILE__,
 	     size_t line = __LINE__,
-	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const
+	     Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
 	{
 		super(msg, file, line, next);
 	}
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ class EntropyException : Exception
  */
 abstract class EntropySource
 {
-@nogc:
 	/// Amount of already generated entropy.
 	protected ushort size_;
 
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ version (linux)
 	 */
 	class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
 	{
-	@nogc:
 		/**
 		 * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
 		 */
@@ -153,7 +150,7 @@ version (linux)
 /**
  * Pseudorandom number generator.
  * ---
- * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy;
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
  *
  * ubyte[blockSize] output;
  *
@@ -164,13 +161,12 @@ version (linux)
  */
 class Entropy
 {
-@nogc:
 	/// Entropy sources.
 	protected EntropySource[] sources;
 
 	private ubyte sourceCount_;
 
-	private Allocator allocator;
+	private shared Allocator allocator;
 
 	/// Entropy accumulator.
 	protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
@@ -181,7 +177,7 @@ class Entropy
 	 * 	allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
 	 * 	             system.
 	 */
-	this(size_t maxSources = 20, Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
 	in
 	{
 		assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -11,22 +11,24 @@
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /**
- * This interface should be similar to $(D_PSYMBOL
- * std.experimental.allocator.IAllocator), but usable in
- * $(D_KEYWORD @nogc)-code.
+ * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
  */
 interface Allocator
 {
-@nogc:
 	/**
-	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM s) bytes of memory.
+	 * Returns: Alignment.
+	 */
+	@property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-	 * 	s = Amount of memory to allocate.
+	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
 	 */
-    void[] allocate(size_t s) @safe;
+	void[] allocate(size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Deallocates a memory block.
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ interface Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
 	 */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @safe;
+	bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
@@ -45,14 +47,70 @@ interface Allocator
 	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
 	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
 	 */
-	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t s) @safe;
+	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+}
 
 /**
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: An $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
  */
-	static @property Allocator instance() @safe;
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
+{
+	/// Allocator.
+	protected shared Allocator allocator_;
+
+	/**
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used.
+	 */
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+	 * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Used allocator.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
+	 */
+	protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (allocator)
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return allocator_;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	@property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+	out (allocator)
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			return defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+	}
 }

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -8,27 +8,32 @@
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.memory.ullocator;
+module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import core.atomic;
+import core.exception;
 
-@nogc:
-
-version (Posix):
-
+version (Posix)
+{
+	import core.stdc.errno;
 	import core.sys.posix.sys.mman;
 	import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+	import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+	import core.sys.windows.windows;
+}
 
 /**
- * Allocator for Posix systems with mmap/munmap support.
- *
  * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 4 KB for example).
  * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
  * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
- * enought free blocks in the available regions.
+ * enough free blocks in the available regions.
  * Deallocation works in the same way. Deallocation doesn't immediately
  * gives the memory back to the operating system, but marks the appropriate
- * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complet
+ * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -43,15 +48,22 @@ import core.sys.posix.unistd;
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
  */
-class Ullocator : Allocator
+final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
 @nogc:
-	@disable this();
-
-	shared static this() @safe nothrow
+	shared static this()
+	{
+		version (Posix)
 		{
 			pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
 		}
+		else version (Windows)
+		{
+			SYSTEM_INFO si;
+			GetSystemInfo(&si);
+			pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+		}
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
@@ -59,10 +71,14 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
 	 */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size) @trusted nothrow
+	void[] allocate(size_t size) shared nothrow
 	{
+		if (!size)
+		{
+			return null;
+		}
 		immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
 
 		void* data = findBlock(dataSize);
@@ -75,13 +91,13 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	}
 
 	///
-	unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
-		auto p = Ullocator.instance.allocate(20);
+		auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
 		assert(p);
 
-		Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+		MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -93,7 +109,7 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
 	 */
-	private void* findBlock(size_t size) nothrow
+	private void* findBlock(size_t size) shared nothrow
 	{
 		Block block1;
 		RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
@@ -133,12 +149,12 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 			block1.size = size;
 
 			block2.region = block1.region;
-			++block1.region.blocks;
+			atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			block1.free = false;
-			++block1.region.blocks;
+			atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
 		}
 		return cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize;
 	}
@@ -151,7 +167,7 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
 	 */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @trusted nothrow
+	bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow
 	{
 		if (p is null)
 		{
@@ -173,22 +189,29 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 			{
 				block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
 			}
-			return munmap(block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
+			version (Posix)
+			{
+				return munmap(cast(void*) block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
+			}
+			version (Windows)
+			{
+				return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
+			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			block.free = true;
-			--block.region.blocks;
+			atomicOp!"-="(block.region.blocks, 1);
 			return true;
 		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
-		auto p = Ullocator.instance.allocate(20);
+		auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
-		assert(Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p));
+		assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -200,18 +223,22 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
 	 */
-	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) @trusted nothrow
+	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared nothrow
 	{
+		void[] reallocP;
+
 		if (size == p.length)
 		{
 			return true;
 		}
-
-		auto reallocP = allocate(size);
+		else if (size > 0)
+		{
+			reallocP = allocate(size);
 			if (reallocP is null)
 			{
 				return false;
 			}
+		}
 
 		if (p !is null)
 		{
@@ -219,7 +246,7 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 			{
 				reallocP[0..p.length] = p[0..$];
 			}
-			else
+			else if (size > 0)
 			{
 				reallocP[0..size] = p[0..size];
 			}
@@ -231,61 +258,59 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	}
 
 	///
-	unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		void[] p;
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
+		MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
 		(cast(int[]) p)[7] = 123;
 
 		assert(p.length == 40);
 
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
+		MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
 
 		assert(p.length == 32);
 		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
 
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 20 * int.sizeof);
+		MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 20 * int.sizeof);
 		(cast(int[]) p)[15] = 8;
 
 		assert(p.length == 80);
 		assert((cast(int[]) p)[15] == 8);
 		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
 
-		Ullocator.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
+		MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
 
 		assert(p.length == 32);
 		assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
 
-		Ullocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+		MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Static allocator instance and initializer.
 	 *
-	 * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+	 * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
 	 */
-	static @property Ullocator instance() @trusted nothrow
+	static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() nothrow
 	{
 		if (instance_ is null)
 		{
-			immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, Ullocator));
+			immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, MmapPool));
 
 			Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
 			void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
-
-			if (data is null)
+			if (data !is null)
 			{
-				return null;
-			}
-			data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(Ullocator).initializer[];
-			instance_ = cast(Ullocator) data;
+				data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(MmapPool).initializer[];
+				instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
 				instance_.head = head;
 			}
+		}
 		return instance_;
 	}
 
 	///
-	unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		assert(instance is instance);
 	}
@@ -299,11 +324,13 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A pointer to the data.
 	 */
-	pragma(inline)
 	private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size,
 										  ref Region head) nothrow
 	{
 		immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
+		
+		version (Posix)
+		{
 			void* p = mmap(null,
 						   regionSize,
 						   PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
@@ -312,8 +339,28 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 						   0);
 			if (p is MAP_FAILED)
 			{
+				if (errno == ENOMEM)
+				{
+					onOutOfMemoryError();
+				}
 				return null;
 			}
+		}
+		else version (Windows)
+		{
+			void* p = VirtualAlloc(null,
+								   regionSize,
+								   MEM_COMMIT,
+								   PAGE_READWRITE);
+			if (p is null)
+			{
+				if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY)
+				{
+					onOutOfMemoryError();
+				}
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
 
 		Region region = cast(Region) p;
 		region.blocks = 1;
@@ -351,7 +398,7 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-	private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) nothrow
+	private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared nothrow
 	{
 		return initializeRegion(size, head);
 	}
@@ -363,14 +410,15 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 	 * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
 	 */
 	pragma(inline)
-	private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x) @safe pure nothrow
+	private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x)
+	@safe pure nothrow
 	out (result)
 	{
 		assert(result > 0);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-		return (x - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+		return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -392,32 +440,36 @@ class Ullocator : Allocator
 		return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
 	}
 
-	enum alignment = 8;
+	@property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe
+	{
+		return alignment_;
+	}
+	private enum alignment_ = 8;
 
-	private static Ullocator instance_;
+	private static shared MmapPool instance_;
 
-	private shared static immutable long pageSize;
+	private shared static immutable size_t pageSize;
 
-	private struct RegionEntry
+	private shared struct RegionEntry
 	{
 		Region prev;
 		Region next;
 		uint blocks;
-		ulong size;
+		size_t size;
 	}
-	private alias Region = RegionEntry*;
+	private alias Region = shared RegionEntry*;
 	private enum regionEntrySize = 32;
 
-	private Region head;
+	private shared Region head;
 
-	private struct BlockEntry
+	private shared struct BlockEntry
 	{
 		Block prev;
 		Block next;
 		bool free;
-		ulong size;
+		size_t size;
 		Region region;
 	}
-	private alias Block = BlockEntry*;
+	private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
 	private enum blockEntrySize = 40;
 }

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -10,198 +10,225 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-public import tanya.memory.allocator;
-public import std.experimental.allocator : make, makeArray, expandArray, shrinkArray, IAllocator;
-import core.atomic;
-import core.stdc.stdlib;
+import core.exception;
+public import std.experimental.allocator : make, makeArray;
 import std.traits;
+public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+public import tanya.memory.types;
 
-version (Windows)
+// From druntime
+private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+
+shared Allocator allocator;
+
+shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
 {
-	import core.sys.windows.windows;
-}
-else version (Posix)
-{
-	public import tanya.memory.ullocator;
-	import core.sys.posix.pthread;
+	import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+	allocator = MmapPool.instance;
 }
 
-@nogc:
-
-version (Windows)
+@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
 {
-	package alias Mutex = CRITICAL_SECTION;
-	package alias destroyMutex = DeleteCriticalSection;
-}
-else version (Posix)
-{
-	package alias Mutex = pthread_mutex_t;
-    package void destroyMutex(pthread_mutex_t* mtx)
-    {
-        pthread_mutex_destroy(mtx) && assert(0);
-	}
+	return allocator;
 }
 
-@property void defaultAllocator(Allocator allocator) @safe nothrow
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
 {
-	_defaultAllocator = allocator;
-}
-
-@property Allocator defaultAllocator() @safe nothrow
-{
-	return _defaultAllocator;
-}
-
-static this() @safe nothrow
-{
-	defaultAllocator = Ullocator.instance;
-}
-
-package struct Monitor
-{
-	Object.Monitor impl; // for user-level monitors
-	void delegate(Object) @nogc[] devt; // for internal monitors
-	size_t refs; // reference count
-	version (Posix)
-	{
-		Mutex mtx;
-	}
-}
-
-package @property ref shared(Monitor*) monitor(Object h) pure nothrow
-{
-    return *cast(shared Monitor**)&h.__monitor;
+	.allocator = allocator;
 }
 
 /**
- * Destroys and then deallocates (using $(D_PARAM allocator)) the class
- * object referred to by a $(D_KEYWORD class) or $(D_KEYWORD interface)
- * reference. It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with
- * the same allocator.
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
  *
  * Params:
- * 	A         = The type of the allocator used for the ojbect allocation.
- * 	T         = The type of the object that should be destroyed.
- * 	allocator = The allocator used for the object allocation.
- * 	p         = The object should be destroyed.
+ * 	T = Object type.
  */
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T p)
+template stateSize(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ * 	size      = Raw size.
+ * 	alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(in size_t size, in size_t alignment = 8) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+	return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * throws $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) if $(D_PARAM Throws) is set. The new
+ * allocated part of the array is initialized only if $(D_PARAM Init) 
+ * is set. This function can be trusted only in the data structures that
+ * can ensure that the array is allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the
+ * same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ *      Init      = If should be initialized.
+ *      Throws    = If $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) should be throwsn.
+ * 	allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ * 	array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ * 	length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
+ *          not be reallocated. In the latter
+ */
+package(tanya) bool resize(T,
+                           bool Init = true,
+                           bool Throws = true)
+                          (shared Allocator allocator,
+                           ref T[] array,
+                           in size_t length) @trusted
+{
+	void[] buf = array;
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		immutable oldLength = array.length;
+	}
+	if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+	{
+		static if (Throws)
+		{
+			onOutOfMemoryError;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	// Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+	array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		if (oldLength < length)
+		{
+			array[oldLength .. $] = T.init;
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+package(tanya) alias resizeArray = resize;
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	int[] p;
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
+	assert(p.length == 20);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
+	assert(p.length == 30);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
+	assert(p.length == 10);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
+	assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ * 	allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ * 	p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T* p)
+{
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+	{
+		destroy(*p);
+	}
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate((cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof]); }();
+	p = null;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
 	if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
 {
+	if (p is null)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
 	static if (is(T == interface))
 	{
+		version(Windows)
+		{
+			import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
+			static assert(!is(T: IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+										 ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+		}
 		auto ob = cast(Object) p;
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		alias ob = p;
 	}
-	auto pp = cast(void*) ob;
-	auto ppv = cast(void**) pp;
-	if (!pp || !*ppv)
+	auto ptr = cast(void *) ob;
+
+	auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+	scope (success)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(support); }();
+		p = null;
+	}
+
+	auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+	if (!*ppv)
 	{
 		return;
 	}
-	auto support = (cast(void*) ob)[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
 	auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+	scope (exit)
+	{
+		*ppv = null;
+	}
+
 	auto c = *pc;
 	do
 	{
+		// Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+		// shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
 		if (c.destructor)
 		{
-			(cast(void function(Object)) c.destructor)(ob);
+			(cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
 		}
-	} while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+	}
+	while ((c = c.base) !is null);
 
-	// Take care of monitors for synchronized blocks
-	if (ppv[1])
+	if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
 	{
-		shared(Monitor)* m = atomicLoad!(MemoryOrder.acq)(ob.monitor);
-		if (m !is null)
-		{
-			auto mc = cast(Monitor*) m;
-			if (!atomicOp!("-=")(m.refs, cast(size_t) 1))
-			{
-				foreach (v; mc.devt)
-				{
-					if (v)
-					{
-						v(ob);
+		_d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
 	}
 }
-				if (mc.devt.ptr)
-				{
-					free(mc.devt.ptr);
-				}
-				destroyMutex(&mc.mtx);
-				free(mc);
-				atomicStore!(MemoryOrder.rel)(ob.monitor, null);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	*ppv = null;
-
-	allocator.deallocate(support);
-	p = null;
-}
 
 /// Ditto.
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T *p)
-	if (is(T == struct))
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T[] array)
 {
-    if (p is null)
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(array[0])))
 	{
-		return;
-	}
-	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+	foreach (ref e; array)
 	{
-		*p.__xdtor();
-	}
-	allocator.deallocate((cast(void*)p)[0 .. T.sizeof]);
-	p = null;
-}
-
-/// Ditto.
-void finalize(A, T)(auto ref A allocator, ref T[] p)
-{
-	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
-	{
-		foreach (ref e; p)
-		{
-			finalize(allocator, e);
+	    destroy(e);
 	}
 	}
-	allocator.deallocate(p);
-	p = null;
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(array); }();
+	array = null;
 }
-
-bool resizeArray(T, A)(auto ref A allocator, ref T[] array, in size_t length)
-@trusted
-{
-	if (length == array.length)
-	{
-		return true;
-	}
-	if (array is null && length > 0)
-	{
-		array = makeArray!T(allocator, length);
-		return array !is null;
-	}
-	if (length == 0)
-	{
-		finalize(allocator, array);
-		return true;
-	}
-	void[] buf = array;
-	if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-	{
-		return false;
-	}
-	array = cast(T[]) buf;
-	return true;
-}
-
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
-                          || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;
-
-private Allocator _defaultAllocator;

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.types;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T*;
+	}
+
+	private class Storage
+	{
+		private Payload payload;
+		private size_t counter = 1;
+
+		private final size_t opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+			if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+		in
+		{
+			assert(counter > 0);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+		}
+
+		private final int opCmp(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			if (this.counter > counter)
+			{
+				return 1;
+			}
+			else if (this.counter < counter)
+			{
+				return -1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private final int opEquals(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			return this.counter == counter;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final class RefCountedStorage : Storage
+	{
+		private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+		this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		in
+		{
+			assert(allocator !is null);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			this.allocator = allocator;
+		}
+
+		~this() nothrow @nogc
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(payload);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Storage storage;
+
+	invariant
+	{
+		assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+	 * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+	 * 	allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+	 * 	            allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+	 */
+	this(Payload value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	{
+		this(allocator);
+		storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		move(value, storage.payload);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases the reference counter by one.
+	 */
+	this(this)
+	{
+		if (count != 0)
+		{
+			++storage;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+	 *
+	 * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+	 */
+	~this()
+	{
+		if (storage !is null && !(storage.counter && --storage))
+		{
+			allocator_.dispose(storage);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+	 *
+	 * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+	 * it will be destroyed.
+	 *
+	 * To reset the $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+	 *
+	 * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+	 * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	rhs = $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 */
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload rhs)
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		move(rhs, storage.payload);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			return this;
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = null;
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			return this;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+	{
+		swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+		swap(storage, rhs.storage);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+	 */
+	inout(Payload) get() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return storage.payload;
+	}
+
+	static if (isPointer!Payload)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Params:
+		 * 	op = Operation. 
+		 *
+		 * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+		 * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+		 */
+		ref T opUnary(string op)()
+			if (op == "*")
+		{
+			return *storage.payload;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+	 *          storage.
+	 */
+	@property bool isInitialized() const
+	{
+		return storage !is null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+	 *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+	 *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+	 */
+	@property size_t count() const
+	{
+		return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
+	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+	alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+	auto val = rc.get;
+
+	*val = 8;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	val = null;
+	assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	*rc = 9;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	class A
+	{
+		uint *destroyed;
+
+		this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+		{
+			this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+		}
+
+		~this() @nogc
+		{
+			++(*destroyed);
+		}
+	}
+
+	struct B
+	{
+		int prop;
+		@disable this();
+		this(int param1) @nogc
+		{
+			prop = param1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	uint destroyed;
+	auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+	assert(destroyed == 0);
+	{
+		auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+		void func(RefCounted!A rc)
+		{
+			assert(rc.count == 2);
+		}
+		func(rc);
+
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+	}
+	assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+	RefCounted!int rc;
+	assert(rc.count == 0);
+	rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T    = Type of the constructed object.
+ * 	A    = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 	args = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+	if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+         && !isArray!T && !isAssociativeArray!T)
+{
+	auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+	immutable storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+	immutable size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+	auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+	if (mem is null)
+	{
+		onOutOfMemoryError();
+	}
+	scope (failure)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+	}
+	rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+	static if (is(T == class))
+	{
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+	void func(RefCounted!int param)
+	{
+		if (param.count == 2)
+		{
+			func(param);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			assert(param.count == 3);
+		}
+	}
+	func(rc);
+
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+	struct E
+	{
+	}
+	auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+	static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+		assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
+	}
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+		assert(rc.count);
+	}
+}