Queue: Leave only enqueue/dequeue/empty/opApply

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,7 @@
 # D
 .dub
 __test__*__
+__test__*__.core
+
+/docs/
+/docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+sudo: false
+
+os:
+ - linux
+
+language: d
+
+d:
+ - dmd-2.072.2
+ - dmd-2.071.2
+
+env: 
+ matrix:
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+
+script:
+ - dub test --arch=$ARCH

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,69 @@
-# tanya
+# Tanya
 
-tanya's mission is to provide a GC-free, general purpose library for D
-programming language for developing servers.
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+
+Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
+
+Its aim is to simplify the manual memory management in D and to provide a
+guarantee with @nogc attribute that there are no hidden allocations on the
+Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
+Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
+data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
+
+## Overview
+
+Tanya consists of the following packages:
+
+* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `container`: Queue, Vector, Singly linked list, buffers.
+* `crypto`: Work in progress TLS implementation.
+* `math`: Multiple precision integer and a set of functions.
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocator, reference counting,
+helper functions).
+* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets.
+
+### Supported compilers
+
+* dmd 2.072.2
+* dmd 2.071.2
+
+### Current status
+
+The library is currently under development, but some parts of it can already be
+used.
+
+`network` and `async` exist for quite some time and could be better tested than
+other components.
+
+Containers were newly reworked and the API won't change significantly, but will
+be only extended. The same is true for the `memory` package.
+
+`math` package contains an arbitrary precision integer implementation that has
+a stable API (that mostly consists of operator overloads), but still needs
+testing and work on its performance.
+
+I'm currently mostly working on `crypto` that is not a complete cryptographic
+suite, but contains (will contain) algorithm implementations required by TLS.
+
+### Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library.
+
+* Documentation and usage examples can be found in the source code.
+Online documentation will be published soon.
+
+* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+
+* The library isn't thread-safe. Thread-safity should be added later.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Since I'm mostly busy writing new code and implementing new features I would
+appreciate, if anyone uses the library. It would help me to improve the
+codebase and fix issues.
+
+Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+{
+	int epoll_create1(int flags);
+	int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+	int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+}
+
 class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
 	protected int fd;
@@ -34,20 +41,20 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 	/**
 	 * Initializes the loop.
 	 */
-    this()
+	this() @nogc
 	{
 		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
 		{
 			throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
 		}
 		super();
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!epoll_event(maxEvents);
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, maxEvents);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Free loop internals.
 	 */
-    ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
 		close(fd);
@@ -63,7 +70,9 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 	 *
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
 	 */
-    protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher, EventMask oldEvents, EventMask events)
+	protected override bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
+	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(watcher !is null);
@@ -97,7 +106,7 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 	/**
 	 * Does the actual polling.
 	 */
-    protected override void poll()
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
 	{
 		// Don't block
 		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
@@ -107,7 +116,7 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 		{
 			if (errno != EINTR)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
 			}
 			return;
 		}
@@ -150,7 +159,7 @@ class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 				}
 				else if (io.output.length)
 				{
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+					swapPendings.enqueue(io);
 				}
 			}
 			else if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 {
 	private OverlappedConnectedSocket socket_;
 
-    private WriteBuffer input;
+	private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates new completion port transport.
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	socket = Socket.
 	 */
-    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket)
+	this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(socket !is null);
@@ -45,15 +45,11 @@ class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 	body
 	{
 		socket_ = socket;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
 	}
 
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
-    }
-
-    @property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	@property inout(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket()
+	inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 		return socket_;
 	}
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ class IOCPStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	data = Data to send.
 	 */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
 	{
 		immutable empty = input.length == 0;
 		input ~= data;
@@ -94,14 +90,15 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 	/**
 	 * Initializes the loop.
 	 */
-    this()
+	this() @nogc
 	{
 		super();
 
 		completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
 		if (!completionPort)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException("Creating completion port failed");
+			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+			                            "Creating completion port failed");
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -117,7 +114,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 	 */
 	override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
 								  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+								  EventMask events) @nogc
 	{
 		SocketState overlapped;
 		if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
@@ -141,7 +138,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 			catch (SocketException e)
 			{
 				MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                theAllocator.dispose(e);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 				catch (SocketException e)
 				{
 					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    theAllocator.dispose(e);
+					defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
 					return false;
 				}
 			}
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 	/**
 	 * Does the actual polling.
 	 */
-    override protected void poll()
+	override protected void poll() @nogc
 	{
 		DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
 		ULONG_PTR key;
@@ -221,11 +218,11 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 				auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPStreamTransport(socket);
 				auto io = MmapPool.instance.make!IOWatcher(transport, connection.protocol);
 
-                connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+				connection.incoming.enqueue(io);
 
 				reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
 
-                swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+				swapPendings.enqueue(connection);
 				listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
 				break;
 			case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
@@ -267,7 +264,7 @@ class IOCPLoop : Loop
 					{
 						transport.socket.beginReceive(io.output[], overlapped);
 					}
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+					swapPendings.enqueue(io);
 				}
 				break;
 			case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -6,44 +6,49 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 
 version (OSX)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (TVOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (WatchOS)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (FreeBSD)
+{
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-    version = MissingKevent;
+	version = MacBSD;
 }
 
-version (MissingKevent)
-{
-    extern (C):
-    nothrow:
-    @nogc:
+version (MacBSD):
 
 import core.stdc.stdint;    // intptr_t, uintptr_t
 import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
 
+void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
+{
+	*kevp = kevent_t(args);
+}
+
 enum : short
 {
 	EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
@@ -60,11 +65,6 @@ version (MissingKevent)
 	EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
 }
 
-    extern(D) void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args)
-    {
-        *kevp = kevent_t(args);
-    }
-
 struct kevent_t
 {
 	uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
@@ -97,35 +97,10 @@ version (MissingKevent)
 	EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
 }
 
-    int kqueue();
-    int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
-               kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents,
-               const timespec *timeout);
-}
-
-version (OSX)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (FreeBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-    public import core.sys.freebsd.sys.event;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-
-version (MacBSD):
+extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
+extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
+                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
+                     nothrow @nogc;
 
 import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
@@ -151,12 +126,13 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
 	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
 	 */
-    override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	override protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents()
+	inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 		return cast(uint) events.length;
 	}
 
-    this()
+	this() @nogc
 	{
 		super();
 
@@ -164,21 +140,21 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 		{
 			throw MmapPool.instance.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
 		}
-        events = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
-        changes = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!kevent_t(64);
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(events, 64);
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(changes, 64);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Free loop internals.
 	 */
-    ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(events);
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(changes);
 		close(fd);
 	}
 
-    private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags)
+	private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
 	{
 		if (changes.length <= changeCount)
 		{
@@ -206,7 +182,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 	 */
 	override protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
 	                              EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events)
+	                              EventMask events) @nogc
 	{
 		if (events != oldEvents)
 		{
@@ -233,7 +209,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 	/**
 	 * Does the actual polling.
 	 */
-    protected override void poll()
+	protected override void poll() @nogc
 	{
 		timespec ts;
 		blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
@@ -250,7 +226,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 		{
 			if (errno != EINTR)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
 			}
 			return;
 		}
@@ -295,7 +271,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 				}
 				else if (io.output.length)
 				{
-                    swapPendings.insertBack(io);
+					swapPendings.enqueue(io);
 				}
 			}
 			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
@@ -316,7 +292,7 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 	 * Returns: The blocking time.
 	 */
 	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+	inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
 	{
 		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
 	}
@@ -333,7 +309,8 @@ class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
 	 *          transport is be destroyed then).
 	 */
-    protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+	protected override bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport,
+	                             SocketException exception = null) @nogc
 	{
 		if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
 		{

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 	private ConnectedSocket socket_;
 
 	/// Input buffer.
-    package WriteBuffer input;
+	package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
 	private SelectorLoop loop;
 
@@ -42,19 +42,11 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 	 * 	loop     = Event loop.
 	 * 	socket   = Socket.
 	 */
-    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket)
+	this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
 	{
 		socket_ = socket;
 		this.loop = loop;
-        input = MmapPool.instance.make!WriteBuffer();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Close the transport and deallocate the data buffers.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(input);
+		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -71,7 +63,7 @@ class SelectorStreamTransport : StreamTransport
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	data = Data to send.
 	 */
-    void write(ubyte[] data)
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
 	{
 		if (!data.length)
 		{
@@ -113,13 +105,13 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 	/// Pending connections.
 	protected ConnectionWatcher[] connections;
 
-    this()
+	this() @nogc
 	{
 		super();
-        connections = MmapPool.instance.makeArray!ConnectionWatcher(maxEvents);
+		MmapPool.instance.resizeArray(connections, maxEvents);
 	}
 
-    ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
 		foreach (ref connection; connections)
 		{
@@ -147,7 +139,8 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
 	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
 	 */
-    protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport, SocketException exception = null)
+	protected bool feed(SelectorStreamTransport transport,
+	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
 	{
 		while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
 		{
@@ -186,7 +179,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
 	 */
-    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+	override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
 	{
 		if (watcher.active)
 		{
@@ -208,7 +201,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
 	 */
-    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection)
+	package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(connection !is null);
@@ -224,7 +217,7 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 			}
 			catch (SocketException e)
 			{
-                theAllocator.dispose(e);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
 				break;
 			}
 			if (client is null)
@@ -255,12 +248,12 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 			}
 
 			reify(io, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-            connection.incoming.insertBack(io);
+			connection.incoming.enqueue(io);
 		}
 
 		if (!connection.incoming.empty)
 		{
-            swapPendings.insertBack(connection);
+			swapPendings.enqueue(connection);
 		}
 	}
 }

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -10,67 +10,72 @@
  *
  * ---
  * import tanya.async;
+ * import tanya.memory;
  * import tanya.network.socket;
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
  * 	private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *     void received(ubyte[] data)
+ * 	void received(ubyte[] data) @nogc
  * 	{
  * 		transport.write(data);
  * 	}
  *
- *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport)
+ * 	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
  * 	{
  * 		this.transport = transport;
  * 	}
  *
- *     void disconnected(SocketException e = null)
+ * 	void disconnected(SocketException e = null) @nogc
  * 	{
  * 	}
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *     auto address = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ * 	auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
  * 	version (Windows)
  * 	{
- *         auto sock = new OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
  * 	}
  * 	else
  * 	{
- *         auto sock = new StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
  * 		sock.blocking = false;
  * 	}
  *
  * 	sock.bind(address);
  * 	sock.listen(5);
  *
- *     auto io = new ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ * 	auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
  * 	io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
  * 	defaultLoop.start(io);
  * 	defaultLoop.run();
  *
  * 	sock.shutdown();
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 version (DisableBackends)
 {
@@ -126,15 +131,17 @@ alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
 abstract class Loop
 {
 	/// Pending watchers.
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher pendings;
+	protected Queue!Watcher* pendings;
 
-    protected PendingQueue!Watcher swapPendings;
+	/// Ditto.
+	protected Queue!Watcher* swapPendings;
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
 	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
 	 */
-    protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents() inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	protected @property inout(uint) maxEvents()
+	inout const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 		return 128U;
 	}
@@ -142,25 +149,34 @@ abstract class Loop
 	/**
 	 * Initializes the loop.
 	 */
-    this()
+	this() @nogc
 	{
-        pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
-        swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!Watcher);
+		pendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(Queue!Watcher)(MmapPool.instance);
+		swapPendings = MmapPool.instance.make!(Queue!Watcher)(MmapPool.instance);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Frees loop internals.
 	 */
-    ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
+		foreach (w; *pendings)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(pendings);
+
+		foreach (w; *swapPendings)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(swapPendings);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Starts the loop.
 	 */
-    void run()
+	void run() @nogc
 	{
 		done_ = false;
 		do
@@ -168,8 +184,10 @@ abstract class Loop
 			poll();
 
 			// Invoke pendings
-            swapPendings.each!((ref p) => p.invoke());
-
+			foreach (ref w; *swapPendings)
+			{
+				w.invoke();
+			}
 			swap(pendings, swapPendings);
 		}
 		while (!done_);
@@ -178,7 +196,7 @@ abstract class Loop
 	/**
 	 * Break out of the loop.
 	 */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow
+	void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		done_ = true;
 	}
@@ -189,7 +207,7 @@ abstract class Loop
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
 	 */
-    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
 	{
 		if (watcher.active)
 		{
@@ -205,7 +223,7 @@ abstract class Loop
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
 	 */
-    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher)
+	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
 	{
 		if (!watcher.active)
 		{
@@ -228,13 +246,13 @@ abstract class Loop
 	 */
 	abstract protected bool reify(ConnectionWatcher watcher,
 								  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events);
+								  EventMask events) @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: The blocking time.
 	 */
 	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+	inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		// Don't block if we have to do.
 		return swapPendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
@@ -247,7 +265,7 @@ abstract class Loop
 	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
 	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
 	 */
-    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow
+	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
@@ -261,19 +279,19 @@ abstract class Loop
 	/**
 	 * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
 	 */
-    protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception)
+	protected void kill(IOWatcher watcher, SocketException exception) @nogc
 	{
 		watcher.socket.shutdown();
-        theAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher.socket);
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(watcher.transport);
 		watcher.exception = exception;
-        swapPendings.insertBack(watcher);
+		swapPendings.enqueue(watcher);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Does the actual polling.
 	 */
-    abstract protected void poll();
+	abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
 
 	/// Whether the event loop should be stopped.
 	private bool done_;
@@ -287,7 +305,6 @@ abstract class Loop
  */
 class BadLoopException : Exception
 {
-@nogc:
 	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
@@ -295,7 +312,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
 	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
 	 */
 	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-    pure @safe nothrow const
+	pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
 	{
 		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
 	}
@@ -308,7 +325,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  *
  * Returns: The default event loop.
  */
-@property Loop defaultLoop()
+@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
 {
 	if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
 	{
@@ -341,7 +358,7 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  * Params:
  * 	loop = The event loop.
  */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop)
+@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
 in
 {
 	assert(loop !is null);
@@ -352,132 +369,3 @@ body
 }
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
-
-/**
- * Queue.
- *
- * Params:
- *     T = Content type.
- */
-class PendingQueue(T)
-{
-    /**
-     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-     */
-    this()
-    {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        foreach (e; this)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: First element.
-     */
-    @property ref T front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return first.next.content;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) insertBack(T x)
-    {
-        Entry* temp = MmapPool.instance.make!Entry;
-        
-        temp.content = x;
-
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            first.next = rear = temp;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            rear.next = temp;
-            rear = rear.next;
-        }
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    alias insert = insertBack;
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     x = New element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) opOpAssign(string Op)(ref T x)
-        if (Op == "~")
-    {
-        return insertBack(x);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-     */
-    @property bool empty() const @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return first.next is null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Move position to the next element.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    typeof(this) popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        auto n = first.next.next;
-
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(first.next);
-        first.next = n;
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Queue entry.
-     */
-    protected struct Entry
-    {
-        /// Queue item content.
-        T content;
-
-        /// Next list item.
-        Entry* next;
-    }
-
-    /// The first element of the list.
-    protected Entry first;
-
-    /// The last element of the list.
-    protected Entry* rear;
-}

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ interface Protocol
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	data = Read data.
 	 */
-    void received(ubyte[] data);
+	void received(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Called when a connection is made.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ interface Protocol
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	transport = Protocol transport.
 	 */
-    void connected(DuplexTransport transport);
+	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
 	/**
 	 * Called when a connection is lost.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ interface Protocol
 	 * 	exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
 	 * 	            the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
 	 */
-    void disconnected(SocketException exception = null);
+	void disconnected(SocketException exception = null) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	data = Data to send.
 	 */
-    void write(ubyte[] data);
+	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
+import std.functional;
+import std.exception;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
+import tanya.container.queue;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import std.functional;
-import std.exception;
 
 version (Windows)
 {
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ abstract class Watcher
 	/**
 	 * Invoke some action on event.
 	 */
-    void invoke();
+	void invoke() @nogc;
 }
 
 class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
@@ -50,37 +51,39 @@ class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
 	private Socket socket_;
 
 	/// Protocol factory.
-    protected Protocol delegate() protocolFactory;
+	protected Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
 
-    package PendingQueue!IOWatcher incoming;
+	package Queue!IOWatcher incoming;
 
 	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	socket = Socket.
 	 */
-    this(Socket socket)
+	this(Socket socket) @nogc
 	{
 		socket_ = socket;
-        incoming = MmapPool.instance.make!(PendingQueue!IOWatcher);
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    protected this()
+	protected this() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 	}
 
-    ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(incoming);
+		foreach (w; incoming)
+		{
+			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+		}
 	}
 
-    /*
+	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	P = Protocol should be used.
 	 */
-    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)()
+	void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
 	{
-        this.protocolFactory = () => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+		this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
 	/**
 	 * Returns: New protocol instance.
 	 */
-    @property Protocol protocol()
+	@property Protocol protocol() @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ class ConnectionWatcher : Watcher
 	/**
 	 * Invokes new connection callback.
 	 */
-    override void invoke()
+	override void invoke() @nogc
 	{
 		foreach (io; incoming)
 		{
@@ -134,14 +137,14 @@ class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Underlying output buffer.
 	 */
-    package ReadBuffer output;
+	package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
 
 	/**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	transport = Transport.
 	 * 	protocol  = New instance of the application protocol.
 	 */
-    this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
+	this(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(transport !is null);
@@ -152,16 +155,15 @@ class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
 		super();
 		transport_ = transport;
 		protocol_ = protocol;
-        output = MmapPool.instance.make!ReadBuffer();
+		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
 		active = true;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Destroys the watcher.
 	 */
-    protected ~this()
+	~this() @nogc
 	{
-        MmapPool.instance.dispose(output);
 		MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
 	}
 
@@ -174,7 +176,8 @@ class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
 	 *
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-    IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @nogc
+	IOWatcher opCall(StreamTransport transport, Protocol protocol)
+	pure nothrow @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(transport !is null);
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ class IOWatcher : ConnectionWatcher
 	/**
 	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
 	 */
-    override void invoke()
+	override void invoke() @nogc
 	{
 		if (output.length)
 		{

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
  */  
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
+import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 version (unittest)
@@ -33,51 +34,6 @@ version (unittest)
 	}
 }
 
-/**
- * Interface for implemeting input/output buffers.
- */
-interface Buffer
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
-     */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data size.
-     */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Available space.
-     */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *     start = Start position.
-     *     end   = End position.
-     *
-     * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(start <= end);
-        assert(end <= length);
-    }
-
-    /**
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Data chunk.
-     */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex();
-}
-
 /**
  * Self-expanding buffer, that can be used with functions returning the number
  * of the read bytes.
@@ -87,26 +43,30 @@ interface Buffer
  * available data. But only one asynchronous call at a time is supported. Be
  * sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL ReadBuffer.clear()) before you append the result
  * of the pended asynchronous call.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Buffer type.
  */
-class ReadBuffer : Buffer
+struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
+	if (isScalarType!T)
 {
 	/// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+	private T[] buffer_;
 
 	/// Filled buffer length.
-    protected size_t length_;
+	private size_t length_;
 
 	/// Start of available data.
-    protected size_t start;
+	private size_t start;
 
 	/// Last position returned with $(D_KEYWORD []).
-    protected size_t ring;
+	private size_t ring;
 
 	/// Available space.
-    protected immutable size_t minAvailable;
+	private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
 	/// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+	private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
 	invariant
 	{
@@ -123,39 +83,50 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	 * 	               will grow.
 	 * 	minAvailable = minimal size should be always  available to fill.
 	 * 	               So it will reallocate if $(D_INLINECODE 
-     *                    $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)
-     *                    ).
+	 * 	               $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
+	 * 	allocator    = Allocator.
 	 */
-    this(size_t size = 8192,
-         size_t minAvailable = 1024)
+	this(in size_t size,
+	     in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+	     shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
 	{
+		this(allocator);
 		this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
 		this.blockSize = size;
-        theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+		buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator_ is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		allocator_ = allocator;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Deallocates the internal buffer.
 	 */
-    ~this()
+	~this() @trusted
 	{
-        theAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+		allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
-        assert(b.capacity == 8192);
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
+		assert(b.capacity == 0);
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
 	 */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t capacity() const
 	{
 		return buffer_.length;
 	}
@@ -163,26 +134,28 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Data size.
 	 */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t length() const
 	{
 		return length_ - start;
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias opDollar = length;
+
 	/**
 	 * Clears the buffer.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-    ReadBuffer clear() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	void clear()
 	{
 		start = length_ = ring;
-        return this;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Available space.
 	 */
-    @property size_t free() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	@property size_t free() const
 	{
 		return length > ring ? capacity - length : capacity - ring;
 	}
@@ -190,19 +163,17 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
 
-        // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
+		assert(b.free == 0);
 
+		// Fills the buffer with values 0..10
 		numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
 		b += numberRead;
 		assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
 		b.clear();
 		assert(b.free == b.blockSize);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -213,7 +184,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	 *
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-    ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
+	ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
 		if (op == "+")
 	{
 		length_ += length;
@@ -224,7 +195,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
 		ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -251,16 +222,6 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 		assert(result[9] == 9);
 		assert(result[10] == 20);
 		assert(result[14] == 24);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Length of available data.
-     */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -270,7 +231,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
 	 */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
 	{
 		return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
 	}
@@ -282,7 +243,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A free chunk of the buffer.
 	 */
-    ubyte[] opIndex()
+	T[] opIndex()
 	{
 		if (start > 0)
 		{
@@ -294,7 +255,13 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 		{
 			if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
 			{
-                theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, capacity + blockSize);
+				void[] buf = buffer_;
+				immutable cap = capacity;
+				() @trusted {
+					allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+					buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+				}();
+				buffer_[cap .. $] = T.init;
 			}
 			ring = length_;
 			return buffer_[length_ .. $];
@@ -304,7 +271,7 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!ReadBuffer;
+		ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
 		size_t numberRead;
 		ubyte[] result;
 
@@ -318,54 +285,83 @@ class ReadBuffer : Buffer
 		assert(result[9] == 9);
 		b.clear();
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
 }
 
 /**
  * Circular, self-expanding buffer with overflow support. Can be used with
- * functions returning returning the number of the transferred bytes.
+ * functions returning the number of the transferred bytes.
  *
  * The buffer is optimized for situations where you read all the data from it
  * at once (without writing to it occasionally). It can become ineffective if
  * you permanently keep some data in the buffer and alternate writing and
  * reading, because it may allocate and move elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Buffer type.
  */
-class WriteBuffer : Buffer
+struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
+	if (isScalarType!T)
 {
 	/// Internal buffer.
-    protected ubyte[] buffer_;
+	private T[] buffer_;
 
 	/// Buffer start position.
-    protected size_t start;
+	private size_t start;
 
 	/// Buffer ring area size. After this position begins buffer overflow area.
-    protected size_t ring;
+	private size_t ring;
 
 	/// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    protected immutable size_t blockSize;
+	private immutable size_t blockSize;
 
 	/// The position of the free area in the buffer.
-    protected size_t position;
+	private size_t position;
 
 	invariant
 	{
 		assert(blockSize > 0);
-        // position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
+		// Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
 		assert(position <= buffer_.length);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Params:
-     *  size = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer
-     *            will grow.
+	 * 	size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
+	 * 	            grow.
+	 * 	allocator = Allocator.
 	 */
-    this(size_t size = 8192)
+	this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+	in
+	{
+		assert(size > 0);
+	}
+	body
 	{
 		blockSize = size;
 		ring = size - 1;
-        theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, size);
+		this(allocator);
+		buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+	}
+
+	@disable this();
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		allocator_ = allocator;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -373,26 +369,26 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	 */
 	~this()
 	{
-        theAllocator.dispose(buffer_);
+		allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: The size of the internal buffer.
 	 */
-    @property size_t capacity() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t capacity() const
 	{
 		return buffer_.length;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Note that $(D_PSYMBOL length) doesn't return the real length of the data,
-     * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer)
-     * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
+	 * but only the array length that will be returned with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex)
+	 * next time. Be sure to call $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) and set $(D_KEYWORD +=)
 	 * until $(D_PSYMBOL length) returns 0.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Data size.
 	 */
-    @property size_t length() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t length() const
 	{
 		if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
 		{
@@ -404,18 +400,13 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		}
 	}
 
-    /**
-    * Returns: Length of available data.
-    */
-    @property size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return length;
-    }
+	/// Ditto.
+	alias opDollar = length;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
 		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
@@ -432,14 +423,12 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		assert(b.length == 5);
 		b += b.length;
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: Available space.
 	 */
-    @property size_t free() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	@property size_t free() const
 	{
 		return capacity - length;
 	}
@@ -448,9 +437,9 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	 * Appends data to the buffer.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-     *     buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+	 * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
 	 */
-    WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(ubyte[] buffer)
+	ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
 		if (op == "~")
 	{
 		size_t end, start;
@@ -496,9 +485,12 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 			end = position + buffer.length - start;
 			if (end > capacity)
 			{
-                auto newSize = end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize;
-
-                theAllocator.resizeArray!ubyte(buffer_, newSize);
+				auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+				() @trusted {
+					void[] buf = buffer_;
+					allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
+					buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+				}();
 			}
 			buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
 			position = end;
@@ -514,7 +506,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(4);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
 		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
@@ -532,31 +524,31 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		assert(b.capacity == 8);
 		assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
 		    && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
+	}
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
-
-        b = make!WriteBuffer(theAllocator, 2);
+	///
+	unittest
+	{
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
+		ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
 
 		b ~= buf;
 		assert(b.start == 0);
 		assert(b.capacity == 4);
 		assert(b.ring == 3);
 		assert(b.position == 3);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Sets how many bytes were written. It will shrink the buffer
-     * appropriately. Always set this property after calling
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer).
+	 * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	length = Length of the written data.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-    @property WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
 		if (op == "+")
 	in
 	{
@@ -583,9 +575,11 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		{
 			auto overflow = position - afterRing;
 
-            if (overflow > length) {
-                buffer_[start.. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length];
-                buffer_[afterRing.. afterRing + length] = buffer_[afterRing + length ..position];
+			if (overflow > length)
+			{
+				immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
+				buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+				buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
 				position -= length;
 			}
 			else if (overflow == length)
@@ -620,7 +614,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer;
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
 		ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
 		b ~= buf;
@@ -629,8 +623,6 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 		assert(b.length == 4);
 		b += 4;
 		assert(b.length == 0);
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -639,14 +631,14 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	 * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
 	 * written.
 	 *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+	 * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
 	 * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
 	 * maximally 3 calls are required.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
 	 */
-    @property ubyte[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
 	{
 		immutable internStart = this.start + start;
 
@@ -663,7 +655,7 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-        auto b = theAllocator.make!WriteBuffer(6);
+		auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
 		ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
 
 		b ~= buf;
@@ -678,23 +670,28 @@ class WriteBuffer : Buffer
 
 		assert(b[0 .. $] == buf[0 .. 6]);
 		b += b.length;
-
-        theAllocator.dispose(b);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * After calling it, set $(D_KEYWORD +=) to the length could be
 	 * written.
 	 *
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL buffer) may return only part of the data. You may need
-     * to call it (and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex) may return only part of the data. You may need
+	 * to call it and set $(D_KEYWORD +=) several times until
 	 * $(D_PSYMBOL length) is 0. If all the data can be written,
 	 * maximally 3 calls are required.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
 	 */
-    @property ubyte[] opIndex() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	T[] opIndex()
 	{
 		return opSlice(0, length);
 	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
 }

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */  
+module tanya.container.entry;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	package struct ConstEqualsStruct
+	{
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that) const @nogc
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	package struct MutableEqualsStruct
+	{
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	package struct NoEqualsStruct
+	{
+	}
+}
+
+package struct Entry(T)
+{
+	/// Item content.
+	T content;
+
+	/// Next item.
+	Entry* next;
+}

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -10,28 +10,17 @@
  */  
 module tanya.container.list;
 
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Singly linked list.
+ * Singly-linked list.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class SList(T)
+struct SList(T)
 {
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the list.
 	 */
@@ -41,7 +30,7 @@ class SList(T)
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Remove all contents from the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
+	 * Removes all contents from the list.
 	 */
 	void clear()
 	{
@@ -54,14 +43,12 @@ class SList(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+		SList!int l;
 
 		l.insertFront(8);
 		l.insertFront(5);
 		l.clear();
 		assert(l.empty);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, l);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -83,35 +70,39 @@ class SList(T)
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
 	 */
-	void insertFront(T x)
+	void insertFront(ref T x)
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
+		auto temp = allocator.make!(Entry!T);
 		
 		temp.content = x;
 		temp.next = first.next;
 		first.next = temp;
 	}
 
+	/// Ditto.
+	void insertFront(T x)
+	{
+		insertFront(x);
+	}
+
 	/// Ditto.
 	alias insert = insertFront;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+		SList!int l;
 
 		l.insertFront(8);
 		assert(l.front == 8);
 		l.insertFront(9);
 		assert(l.front == 9);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, l);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the list is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() inout const
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
 		return first.next is null;
 	}
@@ -121,7 +112,7 @@ class SList(T)
 	 *
 	 * Returns: The first element.
 	 */
-	T popFront()
+	void popFront()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
@@ -129,26 +120,21 @@ class SList(T)
 	body
 	{
 		auto n = first.next.next;
-		auto content = first.next.content;
 
-		dispose(allocator, first.next);
+		allocator.dispose(first.next);
 		first.next = n;
-
-		return content;
 	}
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+		SList!int l;
 
 		l.insertFront(8);
 		l.insertFront(9);
 		assert(l.front == 9);
 		l.popFront();
 		assert(l.front == 8);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, l);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -179,7 +165,7 @@ class SList(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+		SList!int l;
 
 		l.insertFront(8);
 		l.insertFront(5);
@@ -188,8 +174,6 @@ class SList(T)
 		assert(l.removeFront(2) == 2);
 		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 1);
 		assert(l.removeFront(3) == 0);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, l);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -235,7 +219,7 @@ class SList(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+		SList!int l;
 
 		l.insertFront(5);
 		l.insertFront(4);
@@ -246,32 +230,18 @@ class SList(T)
 			assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
 			assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
 		}
-		dispose(theAllocator, l);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * List entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// List item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
 	}
 
 	/// 0th element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+	private Entry!T first;
 
-	/// Allocator.
-	protected IAllocator allocator;
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto l = make!(SList!int)(theAllocator);
+	SList!int l;
 	size_t i;
 
 	l.insertFront(5);
@@ -285,8 +255,6 @@ unittest
 		++i;
 	}
 	assert(i == 3);
-
-	dispose(theAllocator, l);
 }
 
 private unittest
@@ -294,8 +262,5 @@ private unittest
 	interface Stuff
 	{
 	}
-
-	auto l = make!(SList!Stuff)(theAllocator);
-
-	dispose(theAllocator, l);
+	static assert(is(SList!Stuff));
 }

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
  */  
 module tanya.container;
 
-public import tanya.container.bit;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
 public import tanya.container.list;
 public import tanya.container.vector;

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -6,68 +6,153 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
+import std.traits;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
- * Queue.
+ * FIFO queue.
  *
  * Params:
  * 	T = Content type.
  */
-class Queue(T)
+struct Queue(T)
 {
-	/**
-	 * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Queue).
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used for the element
-	 * 	            allocations.
-	 */
-	this(IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
-	{
-		this.allocator = allocator;
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
 	 */
 	~this()
 	{
-		clear();
+		while (!empty)
+		{
+			dequeue();
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Removes all elements from the queue.
 	 */
+	deprecated
 	void clear()
 	{
 		while (!empty)
 		{
-			popFront();
+			dequeue();
 		}
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
+	 * to count the elements.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
+	 */
+	size_t length() const
+	{
+		size_t len;
+		for (const(Entry!T)* i = first.next; i !is null; i = i.next)
+		{
+			++len;
+		}
+		return len;
+	}
+
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+		Queue!int q;
 
-		assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(8);
-		q.insertBack(9);
-		q.clear();
-		assert(q.empty);
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+		q.enqueue(5);
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.enqueue(4);
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.length == 3);
 
-		theAllocator.dispose(q);
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 2);
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 1);
+		q.dequeue();
+		assert(q.length == 0);
+	}
+
+	version (D_Ddoc)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Compares two queues. Checks if all elements of the both queues are equal.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: Whether $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that) are equal.
+		 */
+		deprecated
+		int opEquals(ref typeof(this) that);
+
+		/// Ditto.
+		deprecated
+		int opEquals(typeof(this) that);
+	}
+	else static if (!hasMember!(T, "opEquals")
+	             || (functionAttributes!(T.opEquals) & FunctionAttribute.const_))
+	{
+		deprecated
+		bool opEquals(in ref typeof(this) that) const
+		{
+			const(Entry!T)* i = first.next;
+			const(Entry!T)* j = that.first.next;
+			while (i !is null && j !is null)
+			{
+				if (i.content != j.content)
+				{
+					return false;
+				}
+				i = i.next;
+				j = j.next;
+			}
+			return i is null && j is null;
+		}
+
+		deprecated
+		bool opEquals(in typeof(this) that) const
+		{
+			return opEquals(that);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		deprecated
+		bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+		{
+			Entry!T* i = first.next;
+			Entry!T* j = that.first.next;
+			while (i !is null && j !is null)
+			{
+				if (i.content != j.content)
+				{
+					return false;
+				}
+				i = i.next;
+				j = j.next;
+			}
+			return i is null && j is null;
+		}
+
+		deprecated
+		bool opEquals(typeof(this) that)
+		{
+			return opEquals(that);
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: First element.
 	 */
+	deprecated("Use dequeue instead.")
 	@property ref inout(T) front() inout
 	in
 	{
@@ -83,13 +168,12 @@ class Queue(T)
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = New element.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
 	 */
-	void insertBack(T x)
+	ref typeof(this) enqueue(ref T x)
 	{
-		Entry* temp = make!Entry(allocator);
-		
-		temp.content = x;
-
+		auto temp = allocator.make!(Entry!T)(x);
 		if (empty)
 		{
 			first.next = rear = temp;
@@ -99,29 +183,36 @@ class Queue(T)
 			rear.next = temp;
 			rear = rear.next;
 		}
+		return this;
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-	alias insert = insertBack;
+	ref typeof(this) enqueue(T x)
+	{
+		return enqueue(x);
+	}
+
+	deprecated("Use enqueue instead.")
+	alias insert = enqueue;
+
+	deprecated("Use enqueue instead.")
+	alias insertBack = enqueue;
 
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(8);
-		assert(q.front == 8);
-		q.insertBack(9);
-		assert(q.front == 8);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+		q.enqueue(8).enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
 	 */
-	@property bool empty() inout const
+	@property bool empty() const
 	{
 		return first.next is null;
 	}
@@ -129,79 +220,82 @@ class Queue(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 		int value = 7;
 
 		assert(q.empty);
-		q.insertBack(value);
+		q.enqueue(value);
 		assert(!q.empty);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Move the position to the next element.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Dequeued element.
 	 */
-	void popFront()
+	T dequeue()
 	in
 	{
 		assert(!empty);
+		assert(allocator !is null);
 	}
 	body
 	{
 		auto n = first.next.next;
+		T ret = move(first.next.content);
 
 		dispose(allocator, first.next);
 		first.next = n;
+		return ret;
 	}
 
+	deprecated("Use dequeue instead.")
+	alias popFront = dequeue;
+
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = make!(Queue!int)(theAllocator);
+		Queue!int q;
 
-		q.insertBack(8);
-		q.insertBack(9);
-		assert(q.front == 8);
-		q.popFront();
-		assert(q.front == 9);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
+		q.enqueue(8).enqueue(9);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
+		assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
+	 * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
+	 * dequeued.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
 	 */
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 
 		for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
 		{
-			if ((result = dg(i, front)) != 0)
+			auto e = dequeue();
+			if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
-			popFront();
 		}
 		return result;
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
+	int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
 	{
 		int result;
 
 		while (!empty)
 		{
-			if ((result = dg(front)) != 0)
+			auto e = dequeue();
+			if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
 			{
 				return result;
 			}
-			popFront();
 		}
 		return result;
 	}
@@ -209,12 +303,10 @@ class Queue(T)
 	///
 	unittest
 	{
-		auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+		Queue!int q;
 
 		size_t j;
-		q.insertBack(5);
-		q.insertBack(4);
-		q.insertBack(9);
+		q.enqueue(5).enqueue(4).enqueue(9);
 		foreach (i, e; q)
 		{
 			assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
@@ -226,9 +318,7 @@ class Queue(T)
 		assert(q.empty);
 
 		j = 0;
-		q.insertBack(5);
-		q.insertBack(4);
-		q.insertBack(9);
+		q.enqueue(5).enqueue(4).enqueue(9);
 		foreach (e; q)
 		{
 			assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
@@ -238,48 +328,28 @@ class Queue(T)
 		}
 		assert(j == 3);
 		assert(q.empty);
-
-		dispose(theAllocator, q);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Queue entry.
-	 */
-	protected struct Entry
-	{
-		/// Queue item content.
-		T content;
-
-		/// Next list item.
-		Entry* next;
 	}
 
 	/// The first element of the list.
-	protected Entry first;
+	private Entry!T first;
 
 	/// The last element of the list.
-	protected Entry* rear;
+	private Entry!T* rear;
 
-	/// The allocator.
-	protected IAllocator allocator;
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
 ///
 unittest
 {
-	auto q = theAllocator.make!(Queue!int);
+	Queue!int q;
 
-	q.insertBack(5);
+	q.enqueue(5);
 	assert(!q.empty);
 
-	q.insertBack(4);
-	assert(q.front == 5);
+	q.enqueue(4).enqueue(9);
 
-	q.insertBack(9);
-	assert(q.front == 5);
-
-	q.popFront();
-	assert(q.front == 4);
+	assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
 
 	foreach (i, ref e; q)
 	{
@@ -287,6 +357,4 @@ unittest
 		assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
 	}
 	assert(q.empty);
-
-	theAllocator.dispose(q);
 }

source/tanya/crypto/bit.d

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
-module tanya.container.bit;
+module tanya.crypto.bit;
 
 /**
  * Wrapper that allows bit manipulation on $(D_KEYWORD ubyte[]) array.

source/tanya/crypto/des.d

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.crypto.des;
 
-import tanya.container.bit;
+import tanya.crypto.bit;
 import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
 
 /// Initial permutation table.

source/tanya/crypto/mode.d

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ enum PaddingMode
 ubyte[] pad(ref ubyte[] input,
             in PaddingMode mode,
             in ushort blockSize,
-            IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
+            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
 in
 {
 	assert(blockSize > 0 && blockSize <= 256);
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ body
 	final switch (mode) with (PaddingMode)
 	{
 		case zero:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + needed);
 			break;
 		case pkcs7:
 			if (needed)
 			{
-                allocator.expandArray(input, needed);
+				allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + needed);
 				input[input.length - needed ..$].each!((ref e) => e = needed);
 			}
 			else
 			{
-                allocator.expandArray(input, blockSize);
+				allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + blockSize);
 			}
 			break;
 		case ansiX923:
-            allocator.expandArray(input, needed ? needed : blockSize);
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length + (needed ? needed : blockSize));
 			input[$ - 1] = needed;
 			break;
 	}
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ body
 unittest
 {
 	{ // Zeros
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 
 		pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
 		assert(input.length == 64);
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ unittest
 		assert(input.length == 64);
 		assert(input[63] == 0);
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
 	}
 	{ // PKCS#7
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
 		{
 			input[i] = i;
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@ unittest
 			}
 		}
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
 	}
 	{ // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
 		{
 			input[i] = i;
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ unittest
 			}
 		}
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ unittest
 ref ubyte[] unpad(ref ubyte[] input,
                   in PaddingMode mode,
                   in ushort blockSize,
-                  IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
+                  shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
 in
 {
 	assert(input.length != 0);
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ body
 		case ansiX923:
 			immutable last = input[$ - 1];
 
-            allocator.shrinkArray(input, last ? last : blockSize);
+			allocator.resizeArray(input, input.length - (last ? last : blockSize));
 			break;
 	}
 
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ body
 unittest
 {
 	{ // Zeros
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 
 		pad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
 		pad(inputDup, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
@@ -240,13 +240,13 @@ unittest
 		unpad(input, PaddingMode.zero, 64);
 		assert(input == inputDup);
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
 
 	}
 	{ // PKCS#7
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
 		{
 			input[i] = i;
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ unittest
 		unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
 		assert(input == inputDup);
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
 	}
 	{ // ANSI X.923
-        auto input = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
-        auto inputDup = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto input = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
+		auto inputDup = defaultAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(50);
 		for (ubyte i; i < 40; ++i)
 		{
 			input[i] = i;
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ unittest
 		unpad(input, PaddingMode.pkcs7, 64);
 		assert(input == inputDup);
 
-        theAllocator.dispose(input);
-        theAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(input);
+		defaultAllocator.dispose(inputDup);
 	}
 }

source/tanya/crypto/package.d

@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.crypto;
 
-public
-{
-    import tanya.crypto.des;
-    import tanya.crypto.mode;
-    import tanya.crypto.symmetric;
-}
+public import tanya.crypto.bit;
+public import tanya.crypto.des;
+public import tanya.crypto.mode;
+public import tanya.crypto.symmetric;

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
  */  
 module tanya.math;
 
+import std.traits;
 public import tanya.math.mp;
+public import tanya.math.random;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -20,26 +22,32 @@ version (unittest)
 /**
  * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
  *
+ * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
+ * is used to allocate the result.
+ *
  * Params:
+ * 	I = Base type.
+ * 	G = Exponent type.
+ * 	H = Divisor type:
  * 	x = Base.
  * 	y = Exponent.
  * 	z = Divisor.
  *
  * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
  *          by $(D_PARAM z).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
  */
-ulong pow(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
+	if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
 in
 {
-	assert(z > 0);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-	assert(result >= 0);
+	assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
 }
 body
 {
-    ulong mask = ulong.max / 2 + 1, result;
+	G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
+	H result;
 
 	if (y == 0)
 	{
@@ -51,7 +59,7 @@ body
 	}
 	do
 	{
-        auto bit = y & mask;
+		immutable bit = y & mask;
 		if (!result && bit)
 		{
 			result = x;
@@ -64,15 +72,53 @@ body
 			result *= x;
 		}
 		result %= z;
-
 	}
 	while (mask >>= 1);
 
 	return result;
 }
 
+/// Ditto.
+I pow(I)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref I y, in auto ref I z)
+	if (is(I == Integer))
+in
+{
+	assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
+}
+body
+{
+	size_t i = y.length;
+	auto tmp2 = Integer(x.allocator), tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+	Integer result = Integer(x.allocator);
+
+	if (x.length == 0 && i != 0)
+	{
+		i = 0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		result = 1;
+	}
+	while (i)
+	{
+		--i;
+		for (ubyte mask = 0x01; mask; mask <<= 1)
+		{
+			if (y.rep[i] & mask)
+			{
+				result *= tmp1;
+				result %= z;
+			}
+			tmp2 = tmp1;
+			tmp1 *= tmp2;
+			tmp1 %= z;
+		}
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
 ///
-unittest
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 {
 	assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
 	assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
@@ -85,6 +131,20 @@ unittest
 	assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
 }
 
+///
+unittest
+{
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
+	assert(cast(long) pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
+}
+
 /**
  * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
  *

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -3,16 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Random number generator.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */  
-module tanya.random;
+module tanya.math.random;
 
-import tanya.memory;
 import std.digest.sha;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory;
 
 /// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
 enum blockSize = 64;
@@ -148,13 +150,13 @@ version (linux)
 /**
  * Pseudorandom number generator.
  * ---
- * auto entropy = theAllocator.make!Entropy;
+ * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
  *
  * ubyte[blockSize] output;
  *
  * output = entropy.random;
  *
- * theAllocator.finalize(entropy);
+ * defaultAllocator.finalize(entropy);
  * ---
  */
 class Entropy
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ class Entropy
 
 	private ubyte sourceCount_;
 
-	private IAllocator allocator;
+	private shared Allocator allocator;
 
 	/// Entropy accumulator.
 	protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ class Entropy
 	 * 	allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
 	 * 	             system.
 	 */
-	this(size_t maxSources = 20, IAllocator allocator = theAllocator)
+	this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
 	in
 	{
 		assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -10,173 +10,118 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-import std.experimental.allocator;
-import std.traits;
-import std.typecons;
-
 /**
  * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
  */
-abstract class Allocator : IAllocator
+interface Allocator
 {
 	/**
-     * Not supported.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+	 * Returns: Alignment offered.
 	 */
-    bool deallocateAll() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+	@property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 
 	/**
-     * Not supported.
+	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
 	 *
-     * Returns $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
-     */
-    Ternary empty() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     b = Memory block.
-     * 
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
-     */
-    Ternary owns(void[] b) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     p      = Pointer to a memory block.
-     *     result = Full block allocated.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Ternary.unknown).
-     */
-    Ternary resolveInternalPointer(void* p, ref void[] result)
-    const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return Ternary.unknown;
-    }
-
-    /**
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
 	 *
-     * Returns: The good allocation size that guarantees zero internal
-     *          fragmentation.
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
 	 */
-    size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s)
-    {
-        auto rem = s % alignment;
-        return rem ? s + alignment - rem : s;
-    }
+	void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 
 	/**
-     * Not supported.
-     * 
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD null).
-     *
-     */
-    void[] allocateAll() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
+	 * Deallocates a memory block.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-     *     b = Block to be expanded.
-     *     s = New size.
+	 * 	p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
 	 *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
+	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
 	 */
-    bool expand(ref void[] b, size_t s) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return false;
+	bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
+	 */
+	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+
+	/**
+	 * Expands a memory block in place.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+	 */
+	bool expand(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
-     * Not supported.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     n = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *     a = Alignment.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD null).
+ * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
+ * allocators. It provides a protected member, constructor and a read-only property,
+ * that checks if an allocator was already set and sets it to the default
+ * one, if not (useful for structs which don't have a default constructor).
  */
-    void[] alignedAllocate(size_t n, uint a) const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 {
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Not supported.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *     n = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *     a = Alignment.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
-     */
-    bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t size, uint alignment)
-    const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
+	/// Allocator.
+	protected shared Allocator allocator_;
 
 	/**
 	 * Params:
- *     T         = Element type of the array being created.
- *     allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
- *     array     = A reference to the array being changed.
- *     length    = New array length.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
- *          not be reallocated. In the latter
+	 * 	allocator = The allocator should be used.
 	 */
-bool resizeArray(T)(IAllocator allocator,
-                    ref T[] array,
-                    in size_t length)
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
 	{
-    void[] buf = array;
-
-    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
-    {
-        return false;
+		assert(allocator !is null);
 	}
-    array = cast(T[]) buf;
-
-    return true;
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
 	}
 
-///
-unittest
+	/**
+	 * This property checks if the allocator was set in the constructor
+	 * and sets it to the default one, if not.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: Used allocator.
+	 *
+	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
+	 */
+	protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+	out (allocator)
 	{
-    int[] p;
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
-    assert(p.length == 20);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
-    assert(p.length == 30);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
-    assert(p.length == 10);
-
-    theAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
-    assert(p is null);
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			allocator_ = defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return allocator_;
 	}
 
-enum bool isFinalizable(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface)
-                           || hasElaborateDestructor!T || isDynamicArray!T;
+	/// Ditto.
+	@property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+	out (allocator)
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		if (allocator_ is null)
+		{
+			return defaultAllocator;
+		}
+		return cast(shared Allocator) allocator_;
+	}
+}

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
+import core.stdc.string;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import core.atomic;
-import core.exception;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 }
 
 /**
- * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 4 KB for example).
+ * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 64 KB for example).
  * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
  * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
  * enough free blocks in the available regions.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
- * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |  R   |  B  |         |  B  |            ||   R  |  B  |                  |
@@ -46,44 +46,19 @@ else version (Windows)
  * |  O   |  K  |         |  K  |           prev  O  |  K  |                  |
  * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
- * --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
- *
- * TODO:
- *     $(UL
- *         $(LI Thread safety (core.atomic.cas))
- *         $(LI If two neighbour blocks are free, they can be merged)
- *         $(LI Reallocation shoud check if there is enough free space in the
- *              next block instead of always moving the memory)
- *         $(LI Make 64 KB regions mininmal region size on Linux)
- *     )
+ * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  */
-class MmapPool : Allocator
+final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
-    @disable this();
-
-    shared static this()
-    {
-        version (Posix)
-        {
-            pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-        }
-        else version (Windows)
-        {
-            SYSTEM_INFO si;
-            GetSystemInfo(&si);
-            pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
-        }
-    }
-
 	/**
 	 * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	size = Amount of memory to allocate.
 	 *
-     * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
+	 * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
 	 */
-    void[] allocate(size_t size, TypeInfo ti = null) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+	void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		if (!size)
 		{
@@ -101,7 +76,7 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	}
 
 	///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
@@ -115,16 +90,16 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	 * into two blocks if the block is too large.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
-     *     size = Minimum size the block should have.
+	 * 	size = Minimum size the block should have (aligned).
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
 	 */
-    private void* findBlock(size_t size) @nogc nothrow
+	private void* findBlock(in ref size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		Block block1;
 		RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
 		{
-            block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + regionEntrySize);
+			block1 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
 			do
 			{
 				if (block1.free && block1.size >= size)
@@ -138,35 +113,37 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 		{
 			return null;
 		}
-        else if (block1.size >= size + alignment + blockEntrySize)
+		else if (block1.size >= size + alignment_ + BlockEntry.sizeof)
 		{ // Split the block if needed
-            Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize + size);
+			Block block2 = cast(Block) (cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof + size);
 			block2.prev = block1;
-            if (block1.next is null)
+			block2.next = block1.next;
+			block2.free = true;
+			block2.size = block1.size - BlockEntry.sizeof - size;
+			block2.region = block1.region;
+
+			if (block1.next !is null)
 			{
-                block2.next = null;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                block2.next = block1.next.next;
+				block1.next.prev = block2;
 			}
 			block1.next = block2;
-
-            block1.free = false;
-            block2.free = true;
-
-            block2.size = block1.size - blockEntrySize - size;
 			block1.size = size;
-
-            block2.region = block1.region;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
 		}
-        else
-        {
 		block1.free = false;
-            atomicOp!"+="(block1.region.blocks, 1);
+		block1.region.blocks = block1.region.blocks + 1;
+
+		return cast(void*) block1 + BlockEntry.sizeof;
 	}
-        return cast(void*) block1 + blockEntrySize;
+
+	// Merge block with the next one.
+	private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	{
+		block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
+		if (block.next.next !is null)
+		{
+			block.next.next.prev = block;
+		}
+		block.next = block.next.next;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -177,14 +154,14 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
 	 */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+	bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		if (p is null)
 		{
 			return true;
 		}
 
-        Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - blockEntrySize);
+		Block block = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
 		if (block.region.blocks <= 1)
 		{
 			if (block.region.prev !is null)
@@ -208,22 +185,129 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 				return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
 			}
 		}
+		// Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
+		if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
+		{
+			mergeNext(block);
+		}
+		if (block.prev !is null && block.prev.free)
+		{
+			block.prev.size = block.prev.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.size;
+			if (block.next !is null)
+			{
+				block.next.prev = block.prev;
+			}
+			block.prev.next = block.next;
+		}
 		else
 		{
 			block.free = true;
-            atomicOp!"-="(block.region.blocks, 1);
-            return true;
 		}
+		block.region.blocks = block.region.blocks - 1;
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
 		assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Expands a memory block in place.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+	 * 	size = Size of the reallocated block.
+	 *
+	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+	 */
+	bool expand(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+	{
+		if (size <= p.length)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (p is null)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		Block block1 = cast(Block) (p.ptr - BlockEntry.sizeof);
+
+		if (block1.size >= size)
+		{
+			// Enough space in the current block. Can happen because of the alignment.
+			p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+			return true;
+		}
+		immutable dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+		immutable delta = dataSize - p.length;
+
+		if (block1.next is null
+		 || !block1.next.free
+		 || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
+		{
+			// It is the last block in the region or the next block is too small or not
+			// free.
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (block1.next.size >= delta + alignment_)
+		{
+			// We should move the start position of the next block. The order may be
+			// important because the old block and the new one can overlap.
+			auto block2 = cast(Block) (p.ptr + dataSize);
+			block2.size = block1.next.size - delta;
+			block2.free = true;
+			block2.region = block1.region;
+			block2.next = block1.next.next;
+			block2.prev = block1;
+
+			block1.size = block1.size + delta;
+
+			if (block1.next.next !is null)
+			{
+				block1.next.next.prev = block2;
+			}
+			block1.next = block2;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// The next block has enough space, but is too small for further
+			// allocations. Merge it with the current block.
+			mergeNext(block1);
+		}
+
+		p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	///
+	nothrow unittest
+	{
+		void[] p;
+		assert(!MmapPool.instance.expand(p, 5));
+		assert(p is null);
+
+		p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
+		auto orig = p.ptr;
+
+		assert(MmapPool.instance.expand(p, 2));
+		assert(p.length == 2);
+		assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+		assert(MmapPool.instance.expand(p, 4));
+		assert(p.length == 4);
+		assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+		assert(MmapPool.instance.expand(p, 2));
+		assert(p.length == 4);
+		assert(p.ptr == orig);
+
+		MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
 	 *
@@ -233,33 +317,36 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
 	 */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) @nogc @trusted nothrow
+	bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
 	{
-        void[] reallocP;
-
-        if (size == p.length)
+		if (size == 0)
+		{
+			if (deallocate(p))
+			{
+				p = null;
+				return true;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+		else if (size <= p.length)
+		{
+			// Leave the block as is.
+			p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
+			return true;
+		}
+		else if (expand(p, size))
 		{
 			return true;
 		}
-        else if (size > 0)
-        {
-            reallocP = allocate(size);
+		// Can't extend, allocate a new block, copy and delete the previous.
+		void[] reallocP = allocate(size);
 		if (reallocP is null)
 		{
 			return false;
 		}
-        }
-
 		if (p !is null)
 		{
-            if (size > p.length)
-            {
-                reallocP[0..p.length] = p[0..$];
-            }
-            else if (size > 0)
-            {
-                reallocP[0..size] = p[0..size];
-            }
+			memcpy(reallocP.ptr, p.ptr, min(p.length, size));
 			deallocate(p);
 		}
 		p = reallocP;
@@ -268,7 +355,7 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	}
 
 	///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		void[] p;
 		MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
@@ -301,18 +388,34 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
 	 */
-    static @property ref MmapPool instance() @nogc @trusted nothrow
+	static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		if (instance_ is null)
 		{
+			// Get system dependend page size.
+			version (Posix)
+			{
+				pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+				if (pageSize < 65536)
+				{
+					pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
+				}
+			}
+			else version (Windows)
+			{
+				SYSTEM_INFO si;
+				GetSystemInfo(&si);
+				pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+			}
+
 			immutable instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize, MmapPool));
 
 			Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
 			void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
 			if (data !is null)
 			{
-                data[0..instanceSize] = typeid(MmapPool).initializer[];
-                instance_ = cast(MmapPool) data;
+				memcpy(data, typeid(MmapPool).initializer.ptr, instanceSize);
+				instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
 				instance_.head = head;
 			}
 		}
@@ -320,12 +423,12 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	}
 
 	///
-    @nogc @safe nothrow unittest
+	nothrow unittest
 	{
 		assert(instance is instance);
 	}
 
-    /**
+	/*
 	 * Initializes a region for one element.
 	 *
 	 * Params:
@@ -334,8 +437,8 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 	 *
 	 * Returns: A pointer to the data.
 	 */
-    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size,
-                                          ref Region head) @nogc nothrow
+	private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size, ref Region head)
+	nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		immutable regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
 		
@@ -349,10 +452,6 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 			               0);
 			if (p is MAP_FAILED)
 			{
-                if (errno == ENOMEM)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
 				return null;
 			}
 		}
@@ -364,10 +463,6 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 			                       PAGE_READWRITE);
 			if (p is null)
 			{
-                if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY)
-                {
-                    onOutOfMemoryError();
-                }
 				return null;
 			}
 		}
@@ -386,13 +481,13 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 		head = region;
 
 		// Initialize the data block
-        void* memoryPointer = p + regionEntrySize;
+		void* memoryPointer = p + RegionEntry.sizeof;
 		Block block1 = cast(Block) memoryPointer;
 		block1.size = size;
 		block1.free = false;
 
 		// It is what we want to return
-        void* data = memoryPointer + blockEntrySize;
+		void* data = memoryPointer + BlockEntry.sizeof;
 
 		// Free block after data
 		memoryPointer = data + size;
@@ -400,28 +495,26 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 		block1.prev = block2.next = null;
 		block1.next = block2;
 		block2.prev = block1;
-        block2.size = regionSize - size - regionEntrySize - blockEntrySize * 2;
+		block2.size = regionSize - size - RegionEntry.sizeof - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
 		block2.free = true;
 		block1.region = block2.region = region;
 
 		return data;
 	}
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) @nogc nothrow
+	private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
 	{
 		return initializeRegion(size, head);
 	}
 
-    /**
+	/*
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = Space to be aligned.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
 	 */
-    pragma(inline)
 	private static immutable(size_t) addAlignment(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	out (result)
 	{
 		assert(result > 0);
@@ -431,34 +524,35 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 		return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
 	}
 
-    /**
+	/*
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	x = Required space.
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
 	 */
-    pragma(inline)
 	private static immutable(size_t) calculateRegionSize(size_t x)
-    @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	nothrow @safe @nogc
 	out (result)
 	{
 		assert(result > 0);
 	}
 	body
 	{
-        x += regionEntrySize + blockEntrySize * 2;
+		x += RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
 		return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
 	}
 
-    @property uint alignment() const @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Alignment offered.
+	 */
+	@property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 		return alignment_;
 	}
 	private enum alignment_ = 8;
 
-    private static MmapPool instance_;
-
-    private shared static immutable size_t pageSize;
+	private shared static MmapPool instance_;
+	private shared static size_t pageSize;
 
 	private shared struct RegionEntry
 	{
@@ -468,18 +562,15 @@ class MmapPool : Allocator
 		size_t size;
 	}
 	private alias Region = shared RegionEntry*;
-    private enum regionEntrySize = 32;
-
 	private shared Region head;
 
 	private shared struct BlockEntry
 	{
 		Block prev;
 		Block next;
-        bool free;
-        size_t size;
 		Region region;
+		size_t size;
+		bool free;
 	}
 	private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
-    private enum blockEntrySize = 40;
 }

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -10,5 +10,225 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
+import core.exception;
+public import std.experimental.allocator : make, makeArray;
+import std.traits;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
-public import std.experimental.allocator;
+public import tanya.memory.types;
+
+// From druntime
+private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+
+shared Allocator allocator;
+
+shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
+{
+	import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+	allocator = MmapPool.instance;
+}
+
+@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+	return allocator;
+}
+
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+	.allocator = allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
+ * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Object type.
+ */
+template stateSize(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ * 	size      = Raw size.
+ * 	alignment = Alignment.
+ *
+ * Returns: Aligned size.
+ */
+size_t alignedSize(in size_t size, in size_t alignment = 8) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+{
+	return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * throws $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) if $(D_PARAM Throws) is set. The new
+ * allocated part of the array is initialized only if $(D_PARAM Init) 
+ * is set. This function can be trusted only in the data structures that
+ * can ensure that the array is allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the
+ * same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ * 	Init      = If should be initialized.
+ * 	Throws    = If $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) should be throwsn.
+ * 	allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ * 	array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ * 	length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) upon success, $(D_KEYWORD false) if memory could
+ *          not be reallocated. In the latter
+ */
+package(tanya) bool resize(T,
+                           bool Init = true,
+                           bool Throws = true)
+                          (shared Allocator allocator,
+                           ref T[] array,
+                           in size_t length) @trusted
+{
+	void[] buf = array;
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		immutable oldLength = array.length;
+	}
+	if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+	{
+		static if (Throws)
+		{
+			onOutOfMemoryError;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	// Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+	array = cast(T[]) buf;
+
+	static if (Init)
+	{
+		if (oldLength < length)
+		{
+			array[oldLength .. $] = T.init;
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+package(tanya) alias resizeArray = resize;
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	int[] p;
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 20);
+	assert(p.length == 20);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 30);
+	assert(p.length == 30);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 10);
+	assert(p.length == 10);
+
+	defaultAllocator.resizeArray(p, 0);
+	assert(p is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ * 	allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ * 	p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T* p)
+{
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+	{
+		destroy(*p);
+	}
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate((cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof]); }();
+	p = null;
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+	if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+{
+	if (p is null)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+	static if (is(T == interface))
+	{
+		version(Windows)
+		{
+			import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
+			static assert(!is(T: IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+										 ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+		}
+		auto ob = cast(Object) p;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		alias ob = p;
+	}
+	auto ptr = cast(void *) ob;
+
+	auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
+	scope (success)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(support); }();
+		p = null;
+	}
+
+	auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
+	if (!*ppv)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+	auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
+	scope (exit)
+	{
+		*ppv = null;
+	}
+
+	auto c = *pc;
+	do
+	{
+		// Assume the destructor is @nogc. Leave it nothrow since the destructor
+		// shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
+		if (c.destructor)
+		{
+			(cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+		}
+	}
+	while ((c = c.base) !is null);
+
+	if (ppv[1]) // if monitor is not null
+	{
+		_d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
+	}
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T[] array)
+{
+	static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(array[0])))
+	{
+	foreach (ref e; array)
+	{
+	    destroy(e);
+	}
+	}
+	() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(array); }();
+	array = null;
+}

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.types;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+	static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		private alias Payload = T*;
+	}
+
+	private class Storage
+	{
+		private Payload payload;
+		private size_t counter = 1;
+
+		private final size_t opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+			if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+		in
+		{
+			assert(counter > 0);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+		}
+
+		private final int opCmp(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			if (this.counter > counter)
+			{
+				return 1;
+			}
+			else if (this.counter < counter)
+			{
+				return -1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private final int opEquals(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		{
+			return this.counter == counter;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final class RefCountedStorage : Storage
+	{
+		private shared Allocator allocator;
+
+		this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+		in
+		{
+			assert(allocator !is null);
+		}
+		body
+		{
+			this.allocator = allocator;
+		}
+
+		~this() nothrow @nogc
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(payload);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Storage storage;
+
+	invariant
+	{
+		assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+	 * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+	 * 	allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+	 * 	            allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+	 *
+	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+	 */
+	this(Payload value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+	{
+		this(allocator);
+		storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		move(value, storage.payload);
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	this(shared Allocator allocator)
+	in
+	{
+		assert(allocator !is null);
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		this.allocator_ = allocator;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases the reference counter by one.
+	 */
+	this(this)
+	{
+		if (count != 0)
+		{
+			++storage;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+	 *
+	 * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+	 */
+	~this()
+	{
+		if (storage !is null && !(storage.counter && --storage))
+		{
+			allocator_.dispose(storage);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+	 *
+	 * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+	 * it will be destroyed.
+	 *
+	 * To reset the $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+	 *
+	 * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+	 * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+	 * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+	 *
+	 * Params:
+	 * 	rhs = $(D_KEYWORD this).
+	 */
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload rhs)
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		move(rhs, storage.payload);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+	{
+		if (storage is null)
+		{
+			return this;
+		}
+		else if (storage > 1)
+		{
+			--storage;
+			storage = null;
+		}
+		else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
+		{
+			// Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+			assert(storage.counter != 0);
+			allocator.dispose(storage);
+			return this;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/// Ditto.
+	ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+	{
+		swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+		swap(storage, rhs.storage);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+	 */
+	inout(Payload) get() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	in
+	{
+		assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		return storage.payload;
+	}
+
+	static if (isPointer!Payload)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Params:
+		 * 	op = Operation. 
+		 *
+		 * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+		 * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+		 *
+		 * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+		 */
+		ref T opUnary(string op)()
+			if (op == "*")
+		{
+			return *storage.payload;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+	 *          storage.
+	 */
+	@property bool isInitialized() const
+	{
+		return storage !is null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+	 *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+	 *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+	 */
+	@property size_t count() const
+	{
+		return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
+	}
+
+	mixin DefaultAllocator;
+	alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+	auto val = rc.get;
+
+	*val = 8;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	val = null;
+	assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+	*rc = 9;
+	assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+	private class A
+	{
+		uint *destroyed;
+
+		this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+		{
+			this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+		}
+
+		~this() @nogc
+		{
+			++(*destroyed);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private struct B
+	{
+		int prop;
+		@disable this();
+		this(int param1) @nogc
+		{
+			prop = param1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	uint destroyed;
+	auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+	assert(destroyed == 0);
+	{
+		auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+		void func(RefCounted!A rc)
+		{
+			assert(rc.count == 2);
+		}
+		func(rc);
+
+		assert(rc.count == 1);
+	}
+	assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+	RefCounted!int rc;
+	assert(rc.count == 0);
+	rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+	static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ * 	A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 	allocator = Allocator.
+ * 	args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+	if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+         && !isArray!T && !isAssociativeArray!T)
+{
+	auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+	immutable storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+	immutable size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+	auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+	if (mem is null)
+	{
+		onOutOfMemoryError();
+	}
+	scope (failure)
+	{
+		() @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+	}
+	rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+	static if (is(T == class))
+	{
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+		rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+	void func(RefCounted!int param)
+	{
+		if (param.count == 2)
+		{
+			func(param);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			assert(param.count == 3);
+		}
+	}
+	func(rc);
+
+	assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+	struct E
+	{
+	}
+	auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+	static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+	static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+	static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+		assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
+	}
+	{
+		auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+		assert(rc.count);
+	}
+}

source/tanya/meta/gen.d

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Templates that generate values.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.gen;
+
+import std.traits;
+
+/**
+ * Initializer list.
+ *
+ * Generates a static array with elements from $(D_PARAM args). All elements
+ * should have the same type. It can be used in constructors which accept a
+ * list of the elements of the same type in the situations where variadic
+ * functions and templates can't be used.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ * 	Args = Argument type.
+ * 	args = Arguments.
+ */
+enum IL(Args...)(Args args)
+	if (Args.length > 0)
+{
+	alias BaseType = typeof(args[0]);
+
+	BaseType[args.length] result;
+
+	foreach (i, a; args)
+	{
+		static assert(isImplicitlyConvertible!(typeof(a), BaseType));
+		result[i] = a;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+	static assert(IL(1, 5, 8).length == 3);
+	static assert(IL(1, 5, 8).sizeof == 3 * int.sizeof);
+}

source/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Metaprogramming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.meta;
+
+public import tanya.meta.gen;

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:belka@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  */
 module tanya.network.socket;
 
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
-public import std.socket : AddressException, socket_t, Linger, SocketOptionLevel,
-                           SocketType, AddressFamily, AddressInfo,
-                           SocketOption;
+public import std.socket : socket_t, Linger, SocketOptionLevel, SocketOption,
+                           SocketType, AddressFamily, AddressInfo;
 import std.traits;
 import std.typecons;
 
@@ -154,6 +153,23 @@ else version (Windows)
 		            DWORD lpFlags,
 		            LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
 		            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
+		int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
+		             uint dwIoControlCode,
+		             void* lpvInBuffer,
+		             uint cbInBuffer,
+		             void* lpvOutBuffer,
+		             uint cbOutBuffer,
+		             uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
+		             LPWSAOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
+		             LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
+		alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = BOOL function(SOCKET,
+		                                    SOCKET,
+		                                    PVOID,
+		                                    DWORD,
+		                                    DWORD,
+		                                    DWORD,
+		                                    LPDWORD,
+		                                    LPOVERLAPPED);
 	}
 	alias WSASocket = WSASocketW;
 
@@ -213,7 +229,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *     handle   = Socket handle.
 		 *     af       = Address family.
 		 */
-        this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af)
+		this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc
 		{
 			super(handle, af);
 		}
@@ -233,7 +249,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 */
 		bool beginReceive(ubyte[] buffer,
 						  SocketState overlapped,
-                          Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @trusted
+						  Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
 		{
 			auto receiveFlags = cast(DWORD) flags;
 
@@ -252,7 +268,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 
 			if (result == SOCKET_ERROR && !wouldHaveBlocked)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
 			}
 			return result == 0;
 		}
@@ -267,7 +283,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *
 		 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
 		 */
-        int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @trusted
+		int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
 		out (count)
 		{
 			assert(count >= 0);
@@ -282,7 +298,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 			if (result == FALSE && !wouldHaveBlocked)
 			{
 				disconnected_ = true;
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
 			}
 			if (lpNumber == 0)
 			{
@@ -306,7 +322,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 */
 		bool beginSend(ubyte[] buffer,
 					   SocketState overlapped,
-                       Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @trusted
+					   Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
 		{
 			overlapped.handle = cast(HANDLE) handle_;
 			overlapped.event = OverlappedSocketEvent.write;
@@ -324,7 +340,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 			if (result == SOCKET_ERROR && !wouldHaveBlocked)
 			{
 				disconnected_ = true;
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to send");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to send");
 			}
 			return result == 0;
 		}
@@ -339,7 +355,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *
 		 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
 		*/
-        int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @trusted
+		int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
 		out (count)
 		{
 			assert(count >= 0);
@@ -354,7 +370,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 			if (result == FALSE && !wouldHaveBlocked)
 			{
 				disconnected_ = true;
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
 			}
 			return lpNumber;
 		}
@@ -373,7 +389,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *
 		 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on errors.
 		 */
-        this(AddressFamily af) @trusted
+		this(AddressFamily af) @nogc @trusted
 		{
 			super(af);
 			scope (failure)
@@ -396,7 +412,8 @@ else version (Windows)
 								   NULL);
 			if (!result == SOCKET_ERROR)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to retrieve an accept extension function pointer");
+				throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
+				                           "Unable to retrieve an accept extension function pointer");
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -411,12 +428,12 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *
 		 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on accept errors.
 		 */
-        bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @trusted
+		bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
 		{
 			auto socket = cast(socket_t) socket(addressFamily, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 			if (socket == socket_t.init)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to create socket");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to create socket");
 			}
 			scope (failure)
 			{
@@ -425,8 +442,10 @@ else version (Windows)
 			DWORD dwBytes;
 			overlapped.handle = cast(HANDLE) socket;
 			overlapped.event = OverlappedSocketEvent.accept;
-            overlapped.buffer.len = (sockaddr_in.sizeof + 16) * 2;
-            overlapped.buffer.buf = theAllocator.makeArray!char(overlapped.buffer.len).ptr;
+
+			immutable len = (sockaddr_in.sizeof + 16) * 2;
+			overlapped.buffer.len = len;
+			overlapped.buffer.buf = cast(char*) defaultAllocator.allocate(len).ptr;
 
 			// We don't want to get any data now, but only start to accept the connections
 			BOOL result = acceptExtension(handle_,
@@ -439,7 +458,7 @@ else version (Windows)
 										  &overlapped.overlapped);
 			if (result == FALSE && !wouldHaveBlocked)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to accept socket connection");
+				throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to accept socket connection");
 			}
 			return result == TRUE;
 		}
@@ -455,17 +474,18 @@ else version (Windows)
 		 *
 		 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
 		 */
-        OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped) @trusted
+		OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
 		{
 			scope (exit)
 			{
-                theAllocator.dispose(overlapped.buffer.buf[0..overlapped.buffer.len]);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(overlapped.buffer.buf[0..overlapped.buffer.len]);
 			}
-            auto socket = theAllocator.make!OverlappedConnectedSocket(cast(socket_t) overlapped.handle,
+			auto socket = make!OverlappedConnectedSocket(defaultAllocator,
+			                                             cast(socket_t) overlapped.handle,
 			                                             addressFamily);
 			scope (failure)
 			{
-                theAllocator.dispose(socket);
+				defaultAllocator.dispose(socket);
 			}
 			socket.setOption(SocketOptionLevel.SOCKET,
 			                 cast(SocketOption) SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT,
@@ -663,7 +683,7 @@ abstract class Socket
 	/// Address family.
 	protected AddressFamily family;
 
-    private @property void handle(socket_t handle)
+	private @property void handle(socket_t handle) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(handle != socket_t.init);
@@ -693,7 +713,7 @@ abstract class Socket
 	 * 	handle   = Socket.
 	 * 	af       = Address family.
 	 */
-    this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af)
+	this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc
 	in
 	{
 		assert(handle != socket_t.init);
@@ -728,7 +748,9 @@ abstract class Socket
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on error.
 	 */
-    protected int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, void[] result) const @trusted
+	protected int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level,
+	                        SocketOption option,
+	                        void[] result) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		auto length = cast(socklen_t) result.length;
 		if (getsockopt(handle_,
@@ -737,25 +759,31 @@ abstract class Socket
 					   result.ptr,
 					   &length) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to get socket option");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to get socket option");
 		}
 		return length;
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, out size_t result) const @trusted
+	int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level,
+	              SocketOption option,
+	              out size_t result) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		return getOption(level, option, (&result)[0..1]);
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, out Linger result) const @trusted
+	int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level,
+	              SocketOption option,
+                  out Linger result) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		return getOption(level, option, (&result.clinger)[0..1]);
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, out Duration result) const @trusted
+	int getOption(SocketOptionLevel level,
+	              SocketOption option,
+	              out Duration result) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		// WinSock returns the timeout values as a milliseconds DWORD,
 		// while Linux and BSD return a timeval struct.
@@ -784,12 +812,13 @@ abstract class Socket
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	level  = Protocol level at that the option exists.
 	 * 	option = Option.
-     *     result = Option value.
+	 * 	value  = Option value.
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on error.
 	 */
-    protected void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, void[] value)
-    const @trusted
+	protected void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level,
+			                 SocketOption option,
+	                         void[] value) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		if (setsockopt(handle_,
 					   cast(int)level,
@@ -797,24 +826,27 @@ abstract class Socket
 					   value.ptr,
 					   cast(uint) value.length) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to set socket option");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to set socket option");
 		}
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, size_t value) const @trusted
+	void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, size_t value)
+	const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		setOption(level, option, (&value)[0..1]);
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, Linger value) const @trusted
+	void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, Linger value)
+	const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		setOption(level, option, (&value.clinger)[0..1]);
 	}
 
 	/// Ditto.
-    void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, Duration value) const @trusted
+	void setOption(SocketOptionLevel level, SocketOption option, Duration value)
+	const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		version (Posix)
 		{
@@ -852,7 +884,7 @@ abstract class Socket
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	yes = Socket's blocking flag.
 	 */
-    @property void blocking(bool yes)
+	@property void blocking(bool yes) @nogc
 	{
 		version (Posix)
 		{
@@ -865,7 +897,8 @@ abstract class Socket
 			}
 			if (fl == SOCKET_ERROR)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to set socket blocking");
+				throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
+				                           "Unable to set socket blocking");
 			}
 		}
 		else version (Windows)
@@ -873,7 +906,8 @@ abstract class Socket
 			uint num = !yes;
 			if (ioctlsocket(handle_, FIONBIO, &num) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 			{
-                throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to set socket blocking");
+				throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
+				                           "Unable to set socket blocking");
 			}
 			blocking_ = yes;
 		}
@@ -938,11 +972,11 @@ abstract class Socket
 	 * 	backlog = Request of how many pending incoming connections are 
 	 * 	          queued until $(D_PSYMBOL accept)ed.
 	 */
-    void listen(int backlog) const @trusted
+	void listen(int backlog) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		if (.listen(handle_, backlog) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to listen on socket");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to listen on socket");
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -987,12 +1021,12 @@ class StreamSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 * Params:
 	 * 	af       = Address family.
 	 */
-    this(AddressFamily af) @trusted
+	this(AddressFamily af) @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		auto handle = cast(socket_t) socket(af, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 		if (handle == socket_t.init)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to create socket");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to create socket");
 		}
 		super(handle, af);
 	}
@@ -1005,11 +1039,11 @@ class StreamSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to bind.
 	 */
-    void bind(Address address) @trusted const
+	void bind(Address address) const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		if (.bind(handle_, address.name, address.length) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to bind socket");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to bind socket");
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1024,7 +1058,7 @@ class StreamSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
 	 */
-    ConnectedSocket accept() @trusted
+	ConnectedSocket accept() @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		socket_t sock;
 
@@ -1048,10 +1082,11 @@ class StreamSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 			{
 				return null;
 			}
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to accept socket connection");
+			throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
+			                           "Unable to accept socket connection");
 		}
 
-        auto newSocket = theAllocator.make!ConnectedSocket(sock, addressFamily);
+		auto newSocket = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectedSocket(sock, addressFamily);
 
 		version (linux)
 		{ // Blocking mode already set
@@ -1066,7 +1101,7 @@ class StreamSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 				}
 				catch (SocketException e)
 				{
-                    theAllocator.dispose(newSocket);
+					defaultAllocator.dispose(newSocket);
 					throw e;
 				}
 			}
@@ -1106,7 +1141,7 @@ class ConnectedSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 * 	handle   = Socket.
 	 * 	af       = Address family.
 	 */
-    this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af)
+	this(socket_t handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc
 	{
 		super(handle, af);
 	}
@@ -1142,7 +1177,7 @@ class ConnectedSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
 	 */
-    ptrdiff_t receive(ubyte[] buf, Flags flags = Flag.none) @trusted
+	ptrdiff_t receive(ubyte[] buf, Flags flags = Flag.none) @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		ptrdiff_t ret;
 		if (!buf.length)
@@ -1162,7 +1197,7 @@ class ConnectedSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 				return 0;
 			}
 			disconnected_ = true;
-            throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to receive");
 		}
 		return ret;
 	}
@@ -1180,7 +1215,8 @@ class ConnectedSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to send.
 	 */
-    ptrdiff_t send(const(ubyte)[] buf, Flags flags = Flag.none) const @trusted
+	ptrdiff_t send(const(ubyte)[] buf, Flags flags = Flag.none)
+	const @trusted @nogc
 	{
 		int sendFlags = cast(int) flags;
 		ptrdiff_t sent;
@@ -1199,7 +1235,7 @@ class ConnectedSocket : Socket, ConnectionOrientedSocket
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
-        throw theAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to send");
+		throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Unable to send");
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1238,22 +1274,23 @@ class InternetAddress : Address
 		anyPort = 0,
 	}
 
-    this(in string host, ushort port = anyPort)
+	this(in string host, ushort port = anyPort) @nogc
 	{
 		if (getaddrinfoPointer is null || freeaddrinfoPointer is null)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!AddressException("Address info lookup is not available on this system");
+			throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
+			                           "Address info lookup is not available on this system");
 		}
 		addrinfo* ai_res;
 		port_ = port;
 
 		// Make C-string from host.
-        char[] node = theAllocator.makeArray!char(host.length + 1);
+		auto node = cast(char[]) allocator.allocate(host.length + 1);
 		node[0.. $ - 1] = host;
 		node[$ - 1] = '\0';
 		scope (exit)
 		{
-            theAllocator.dispose(node);
+			allocator.deallocate(node);
 		}
 
 		// Convert port to a C-string.
@@ -1278,7 +1315,7 @@ class InternetAddress : Address
 		auto ret = getaddrinfoPointer(node.ptr, servicePointer, null, &ai_res);
 		if (ret)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!AddressException("Address info lookup failed");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Address info lookup failed");
 		}
 		scope (exit)
 		{
@@ -1292,7 +1329,7 @@ class InternetAddress : Address
 		}
 		if (ai_res.ai_family != AddressFamily.INET && ai_res.ai_family != AddressFamily.INET6)
 		{
-            throw theAllocator.make!AddressException("Wrong address family");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!SocketException("Wrong address family");
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1352,7 +1389,8 @@ bool wouldHaveBlocked() nothrow @trusted @nogc
 	}
 	else version (Windows)
 	{
-        return WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING || WSAGetLastError() == EWOULDBLOCK
+		return WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING
+		    || WSAGetLastError() == EWOULDBLOCK
 		    || WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE;
 	}
 }

source/tanya/network/url.d

@@ -630,32 +630,31 @@ static this()
 /**
  * A Unique Resource Locator.
  */
-struct URL(U = string)
-    if (isSomeString!U)
+struct URL
 {
 	/** The URL scheme. */
-    U scheme;
+	const(char)[] scheme;
 
 	/** The username. */
-    U user;
+	const(char)[] user;
 
 	/** The password. */
-    U pass;
+	const(char)[] pass;
 
 	/** The hostname. */
-    U host;
+	const(char)[] host;
 
 	/** The port number. */
 	ushort port;
 
 	/** The path. */
-    U path;
+	const(char)[] path;
 
 	/** The query string. */
-    U query;
+	const(char)[] query;
 
 	/** The anchor. */
-    U fragment;
+	const(char)[] fragment;
 
 	/**
 	 * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
@@ -666,7 +665,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 	 *
 	 * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
 	 */
-    this(U source)
+	this(in char[] source)
 	{
 		auto value = source;
 		ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = value.length, start;
@@ -702,7 +701,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 					{
 						if (!parsePort(value[pos..$]))
 						{
-                            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Failed to parse port");
+							throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Failed to parse port");
 						}
 					}
 					goto ParsePath;
@@ -751,7 +750,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 		else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(value[pos..$]))
 		{
 			// An URL shouldn't begin with a port number
-            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -808,7 +807,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 					{
 						pass = null;
 					}
-					throw make!URIException(theAllocator,
+					throw make!URIException(defaultAllocator,
 											"Restricted characters in user information");
 				}
 			}
@@ -844,7 +843,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 						{
 							pass = null;
 						}
-                        throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
+						throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
 					}
 					break;
 				}
@@ -866,7 +865,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 			{
 				pass = null;
 			}
-            throw theAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
+			throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
 		}
 
 		host = value[start..pos];
@@ -954,7 +953,7 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 	 *
 	 * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
 	 */
-    private bool parsePort(U port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+	private bool parsePort(in char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
 	{
 		ptrdiff_t i = 1;
 		float lPort = 0;
@@ -984,14 +983,14 @@ struct URL(U = string)
 ///
 unittest
 {
-    auto u = URL!()("example.org");
+	auto u = URL("example.org");
 	assert(u.path == "example.org"); 
 
-    u = URL!()("relative/path");
+	u = URL("relative/path");
 	assert(u.path == "relative/path"); 
 
 	// Host and scheme
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org");
+	u = URL("https://example.org");
 	assert(u.scheme == "https");
 	assert(u.host == "example.org");
 	assert(u.path is null);
@@ -999,7 +998,7 @@ unittest
 	assert(u.fragment is null);
 
 	// With user and port and path
-    u = URL!()("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
+	u = URL("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
 	assert(u.scheme == "https");
 	assert(u.host == "example.org");
 	assert(u.path == "/foo/bar");
@@ -1009,7 +1008,7 @@ unittest
 	assert(u.fragment is null);
 
 	// With query string
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org/?login=true");
+	u = URL("https://example.org/?login=true");
 	assert(u.scheme == "https");
 	assert(u.host == "example.org");
 	assert(u.path == "/");
@@ -1017,14 +1016,14 @@ unittest
 	assert(u.fragment is null);
 
 	// With query string and fragment
-    u = URL!()("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
+	u = URL("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
 	assert(u.scheme == "https");
 	assert(u.host == "example.org");
 	assert(u.path == "/");
 	assert(u.query == "login=false");
 	assert(u.fragment == "label");
 
-    u = URL!()("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
+	u = URL("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
 	assert(u.scheme == "redis");
 	assert(u.user == "root");
 	assert(u.pass == "password");
@@ -1043,7 +1042,7 @@ private unittest
 		{
 			try
 			{
-                URL!()(t[0]);
+				URL(t[0]);
 				assert(0);
 			}
 			catch (URIException e)
@@ -1053,7 +1052,7 @@ private unittest
 		}
 		else
 		{
-            auto u = URL!()(t[0]);
+			auto u = URL(t[0]);
 			assert("scheme" in t[1] ? u.scheme == t[1]["scheme"] : u.scheme is null,
 			       t[0]);
 			assert("user" in t[1] ? u.user == t[1]["user"] : u.user is null, t[0]);
@@ -1100,31 +1099,30 @@ enum Component : string
  *
  * Returns: Requested URL components.
  */
-URL parseURL(U)(in U source)
-    if (isSomeString!U)
+URL parseURL(typeof(null) T)(in char[] source)
 {
-    return URL!U(source);
+	return URL(source);
 }
 
-/** ditto */
-string parseURL(string T, U)(in U source)
-    if ((T == "scheme"
+/// Ditto.
+const(char)[] parseURL(immutable(char)[] T)(in char[] source)
+	if (T == "scheme"
 	 || T =="host"
 	 || T == "user"
 	 || T == "pass"
 	 || T == "path"
 	 || T == "query"
-      || T == "fragment") && isSomeString!U)
+	 || T == "fragment")
 {
-    auto ret = URL!U(source);
+	auto ret = URL(source);
 	return mixin("ret." ~ T);
 }
 
-/** ditto */
-ushort parseURL(string T, U)(in U source)
-    if (T == "port" && isSomeString!U)
+/// Ditto.
+ushort parseURL(immutable(char)[] T)(in char[] source)
+	if (T == "port")
 {
-    auto ret = URL!U(source);
+	auto ret = URL(source);
 	return ret.port;
 }
 
@@ -1158,7 +1156,7 @@ private unittest
 		else
 		{
 			ushort port = parseURL!(Component.port)(t[0]);
-            string component = parseURL!(Component.scheme)(t[0]);
+			auto component = parseURL!(Component.scheme)(t[0]);
 			assert("scheme" in t[1] ? component == t[1]["scheme"] : component is null,
 				   t[0]);
 			component = parseURL!(Component.user)(t[0]);