Marke SingletonByRef functions scope

Platform dependencies aren't supported according to the dub
documentation, that states: "this setting does not support platform
suffixes".

dub test with dub 1.34.0 produces a warning:

"dependencies-linux: Key is not a valid member of this section.
Did you mean: dependencies"

Then the build fails because it cannot find modules defined in the
dependency.

.gitignore

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 # Binary
 *.[oa]
 *.exe
+*.lib
 
 # D
 .dub
+dub.selections.json
+
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
-/tanya-test-*
-/dub_platform_probe-*
+tanya-*test-*
+/dub_platform_probe[_-]*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-
-language: d
-
-d:
-  - dmd-2.078.0
-  - dmd-2.077.1
-  - dmd-2.076.1
-
-env: 
-  matrix:
-    - ARCH=x86_64
-    - ARCH=x86
-
-addons:
-  apt:
-    packages:
-      - gcc-multilib
-
-before_script:
-  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.078.0)' ]; then
-      export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
-    fi
-
-script:
-  - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
-
-after_success:
-  - test "$UNITTEST" = "unittest-cov" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Contributor Code of Conduct
-
-This project adheres to No Code of Conduct.  We are all adults.  We accept anyone's contributions.  Nothing else matters.
-
-For more information please visit the [No Code of Conduct](https://github.com/domgetter/NCoC) homepage.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-
-# Contributing
-
-Tanya is a project in active development, therefore any help is appreciated. Thank you for considering contributing
-to it, feel welcome.
-These guidelines describe ways to get started.
-
-
-## Ways to get involved
-
-* **Reporting a problem**: [Report](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) bugs and usage problems you
-encounter.
-* **Fixing issues**: [The bug tracker](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) contains a list of issues you
-can work on.
-* **Documentation**: You can improve API documentation by correcting grammar errors, completing existing texts and
-writing new ones, or providing usage examples.
-* **Testing**: Test coverage is important for a library. Writing tests is not only helpful, but is also a great way
-to get a feel for how tanya works.
-* **Adding new features**: Tanya is a growing library. If you think some feature is missing, you can suggest
-and implement this.
-
-
-## Opening an issue
-
-If you have found a bug, an error, have some question, or suggestion,
-[Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues). I'll try to answer as soon as I can. There is also a
-list of open issues that mirror the current development process and progress. If you're looking for a challenge, just
-pick an issue you are interested in and start working on it. Fill free to comment on the issue to get more
-information.
-
-You can also look at the [milestones](https://github.com/Dlackware/gnome/milestones) to see what is planned for a
-specific release.
-
-
-## Contribution process
-
-### Creating a pull request
-
-I accept GitHub pull requests. Creating a pull request is like sending a patch with the suggested change.
-First you have to [fork](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/) the repository. Clone your fork locally
-with `git clone` and create a new branch where you want to work. For example:
-
-```shell
-git checkout -b bugfix-x
-```
-Commit your changes to your fork:
-
-```shell
-git commit -m "Fix X"
-git push -u origin bugfix-x
-```
-
-After that if you visit your fork on GitHub, GitHub will suggest to create pull request. Just follow the steps
-described on GitHub to finish the process. See
-[Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) for more information.
-
-Please ensure that your fork is even with the upstream (original) repository. If not, you have to rebase your branch
-on upstream/master before submitting the pull request. See [Syncing a fork](https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/) for a
-step-by-step guide.
-
-### Fixing a bug
-
-Add a unit test that demonstrates the bug along with a short description or link to the original bug.
-
-### Adding new features
-
-* Use Ddoc to document the feature.
-* Add some unit tests to prevent bugs.
-* [Documented D unit tests](https://dlang.org/spec/ddoc.html#using_ddoc_to_generate_examples) go into the documentation and can be used as an usage
-example. These tests should be readable and not complicated since they demonstrate how the feature is supposed to work.
-* More advanced tests should be put into a separate not documented unittest block.
-
-### Writing unit tests
-
-```d
-///
-unittest
-{
-    // A documented unit test has three slashes in front of it.
-}
-
-// Issue ##: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues/##.
-unittest
-{
-    // Not documented unit test may still have a description.
-}
-```
-
-### Style guide
-
-Make sure your changes follow [The D Style](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html) (including
-[Additional Requirements for Phobos](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html#phobos)).
-
-You can also use [dscanner](https://github.com/dlang-community/D-Scanner) to test the new code against the
-most guidlines. The root of this repository contains
-[dscanner.ini](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/dscanner.ini), configuration file with settings for an
-automatic style check. Just go to the top-level directory and issue (this assumes `dscanner` is installed in your
-system):
-
-```shell
-dscanner --styleCheck source
-```
-
-## Questions and suggestions
-
-* [Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues)
-* [Send an email](mailto:info@caraus.de)

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 # Tanya
 
-[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
-[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
-[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
 [![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
 [![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
+[![License: MPL 2.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MPL-2.0)
 
 Tanya is a general purpose library for D programming language.
 
@@ -15,23 +12,20 @@ Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
 Tanya provides data structures and utilities to facilitate painless systems
 programming in D.
 
-* [API Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
-* [Contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
-
+- [API Documentation](https://docs.caraus.tech/tanya)
 
 ## Overview
 
 Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 
 * `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
-* `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `bitmanip`: Bit manipulation.
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
-string, Hash set.
+string, Set, Hash table.
 * `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
 types.
-* `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
-* `exception`: Common exceptions and errors.
 * `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
+* `hash`: Hash algorithms.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
 * `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
 * `meta`: Template metaprogramming. This package contains utilities to acquire
@@ -39,9 +33,6 @@ type information at compile-time, to transform from one type to another. It has
 also different algorithms for iterating, searching and modifying template
 arguments.
 * `net`: URL-Parsing, network programming.
-* `network`: Socket implementation. `network` is currently under rework.
-After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
-`network` will be deprecated.
 * `os`: Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality.
 * `range`: Generic functions and templates for D ranges.
 * `test`: Test suite for unittest-blocks.
@@ -49,7 +40,10 @@ After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
 ones.
 
 
-## Basic usage
+## NogcD
+
+To achieve programming without the Garbage Collection tanya uses a subset of D:
+NogcD.
 
 ### Allocators
 
@@ -113,7 +107,7 @@ catch (Exception e)
 }
 ```
 
-### Containers
+### Built-in array operations and containers
 
 Arrays are commonly used in programming. D's built-in arrays often rely on the
 GC. It is inconvenient to change their size, reserve memory for future use and
@@ -143,40 +137,50 @@ int i = arr[7]; // Access 8th element.
 There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
 
 
+### Immutability
+
+Immutability doesn't play nice with manual memory management since the
+allocated storage should be initialized (mutated) and then released (mutated).
+`immutable` is used only for non-local immutable declarations (that are
+evaluated at compile time), static immutable data, strings (`immutable(char)[]`,
+`immutable(wchar)[]` and `immutable(dchar)[]`).
+
+
+### Unsupported features
+
+The following features depend on GC and aren't supported:
+
+- `lazy` parameters (allocate a closure which is evaluated when then the
+parameter is used)
+
+- `synchronized` blocks
+
+
 ## Development
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-| DMD     | GCC            |
-|:-------:|:--------------:|
-| 2.078.0 | *gdc-5* branch |
-| 2.077.1 |                |
-| 2.076.1 |                |
-
-### Current status
-
-Following modules are under development:
-
-| Feature  | Branch    | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
-|----------|:---------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| BitArray | bitvector | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector) |
-| TLS      | crypto    | [![crypto](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=crypto)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![crypto](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/crypto?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/crypto)                |
-
-### Release management
-
-Deprecated features are removed after one release that includes these deprecations.
+| DMD     | GCC       |
+|:-------:|:---------:|
+| 2.100.0 | 12.1      |
 
 ## Further characteristics
 
-* Tanya is a native D library without any external dependencies.
+- Tanya is a native D library
 
-* Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
-is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
+- Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
+is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well
 
-* The library isn't thread-safe yet.
+- Tanya favours generic algorithms therefore there is no auto-decoding. Char
+arrays are handled as any other array type
+
+- The library isn't thread-safe yet
+
+- Complex numbers (`cfloat`, `cdouble`, `creal`, `ifloat`, `idouble`, `ireal`)
+aren't supported
 
 
 ## Feedback
 
 Any feedback about your experience with tanya would be greatly appreciated. Feel free to
-[contact me](mailto:info@caraus.de).
+[contact me](mailto:belka@caraus.de).

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-platform: x64
-os: Visual Studio 2015
-
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.0
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.0
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.076.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.076.1
-      arch: x86
-
-skip_tags: true
-
-install:
-  - ps: function SetUpDCompiler
-        {
-          $env:toolchain = "msvc";
-          $version = $env:DVersion;
-          Invoke-WebRequest "http://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$($version)/dmd.$($version).windows.7z" -OutFile "c:\dmd.7z";
-          echo "finished.";
-          pushd c:\\;
-          7z x dmd.7z > $null;
-          popd;
-        }
-  - ps: SetUpDCompiler
-
-before_build:
-  - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
-          $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";
-          $env:Darch = "x86";
-        }
-        elseif($env:arch -eq "x64"){
-          $env:compilersetupargs = "amd64";
-          $env:Darch = "x86_64";
-        }
-  - ps: $env:PATH += ";C:\dmd2\windows\bin;";
-  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall" %compilersetupargs%
-
-build_script:
-  - echo dummy build script - dont remove me
-
-test_script:
-  - echo %Darch%
-  - echo %PATH%
-  - 'dub --version'
-  - '%DC% --version'
-  - dub test -b unittest --arch=%Darch% --compiler=%DC%

arch/build.ninja

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-rule gas
-  command = gcc -c $in -o $out
-
-rule archive
-  command = ar rcs $out $in
-
-build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
-build log.o: gas x64/linux/math/log.S
-build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
-build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
-build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
-build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
-
-build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o log.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/concurrency/thread.S

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-	.globl thrd_current
-	.type thrd_current, @function
-
-thrd_current:
-	mov %fs:0, %rax
-	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/abs.S

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-
-// fabsf.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
-	mov $0x7fffffff, %eax
-	movq %rax, %xmm1
-	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
-	ret
-
-
-// fabs.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
-	mov $0x7fffffffffffffff, %rax
-	movq %rax, %xmm1
-	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
-	ret
-
-
-// fabsl.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
-
-// Load the parameter from the stack onto FP stack, execute 'fabs' instruction
-// The result is returned in ST0.
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe:
-	fldt 0x8(%rsp)
-	fabs
-	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/log.S

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-
-// logl.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe:
-	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
-	fldt 8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the FPU stack
-	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
-	ret
-
-
-// log.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd:
-	movsd %xmm0, -8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
-
-	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
-	fldl -8(%rsp) // Put a double onto the FPU stack
-	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
-
-	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
-	fstpl -8(%rsp)
-	movsd -8(%rsp), %xmm0
-
-	ret
-
-
-// logf.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf:
-	movss %xmm0, -4(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
-
-	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
-	flds -4(%rsp) // Put a float onto the FPU stack
-	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
-
-	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
-	fstps -4(%rsp)
-	movss -4(%rsp), %xmm0
-
-	ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-/*
- * cmpMemory.
- *
- * rdi - r1 length
- * rsi - r1 data.
- * rdx - r2 length.
- * rcx - r2 data.
- */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
-
-_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
-		// Compare the lengths
-		cmp %rdx, %rdi
-		jl  less
-		jg  greater
-
-		mov %rcx, %rdi
-
-		// Check if we're aligned
-		cmp $0x08, %rdx
-		jc aligned_1
-		test $0x07, %edi
-		jz aligned_8
-
-	naligned:
-		cmpsb
-		jl less
-		jg greater
-
-		dec %rdx
-		test $0x07, %edi
-		jnz naligned
-
-	aligned_8:
-		mov %rdx,  %rcx
-		shr $0x03, %rcx
-
-		repe cmpsq
-		jl less
-		jg greater
-
-		and $0x07, %edx
-		jz equal
-
-	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
-		mov %rdx, %rcx
-
-		repe cmpsb
-		jl less
-		jg greater
-
-	equal:
-		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
-		jmp end
-
-	greater:
-		mov $0x01, %rax
-		jmp end
-
-	less:
-		mov $-0x01, %rax
-
-	end:
-		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/copy.S

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-/*
- * copyMemory.
- *
- * rdi - source length
- * rsi - source data.
- * rdx - target length.
- * rcx - target data.
- */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
-
-_D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
-		mov %rdi, %rdx
-		mov %rcx, %rdi
-
-		cmp  $0x08, %rdx
-		jc aligned_1
-		test $0x07, %edi
-		jz aligned_8
-
-	naligned:
-		movsb
-		dec  %rdx
-		test $0x07, %edi
-		jnz naligned
-
-	aligned_8:
-		mov %rdx,  %rcx
-		shr $0x03, %rcx
-		rep movsq
-		and $0x07, %edx
-		jz end
-
-	aligned_1:
-		// Write the remaining bytes
-		mov %rdx, %rcx
-		rep movsb
-
-	end:
-		ret
-
-/*
- * moveMemory.
- *
- * rdi - source length
- * rsi - source data.
- * rdx - target length.
- * rcx - target data.
- */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
-
-_D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
-		mov %rdi, %rdx
-
-		lea -1(%rdx, %rsi), %rsi
-		lea -1(%rdx, %rcx), %rdi
-		mov %rdx, %rcx
-
-		std // Set the direction flag
-
-		rep movsb
-
-		cld // Clear the direction flag
-		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/fill.S

@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-	.text
-
-/*
- * fillMemory.
- *
- * rdi - length.
- * rsi - pointer.
- * rdx - value filled with a byte.
- */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv, @function
-
-_D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv:
-		// Check for zero length
-		test    %rdi, %rdi
-		jz end
-
-		mov     %rdi, %rax
-		mov     %rsi, %r8
-
-		movq    %rdx,  %xmm0
-		movlhps %xmm0, %xmm0
-
-		// Check if the pointer is aligned to a 16-byte boundary
-		and     $-0x10, %r8
-
-		// Compute the number of misaligned bytes
-		mov  %rsi, %r9
-		sub  %r8,  %r9
-
-		test %r9,  %r9
-		jz aligned
-
-		// Get the number of bytes to be written until we are aligned
-		mov $0x10, %rcx
-		sub %r9,   %rcx
-
-		mov %rsi,  %r8
-
-	naligned:
-		mov %dl, (%r8) // Write a byte
-
-		// Advance the pointer. Decrease the total number of bytes
-		// and the misaligned ones
-		inc %r8
-		dec %rcx
-		dec %rax
-
-		// Checks if we are aligned
-		test %rcx, %rcx
-		jnz naligned
-
-	aligned:
-		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jz end
-
-		// Write 1 byte at a time
-		cmp $8, %rax
-		jl aligned_1
-
-		// Write 8 bytes at a time
-		cmp $16, %rax
-		jl aligned_8
-
-		// Write 16 bytes at a time
-		cmp $32, %rax
-		jl aligned_16
-
-		// Write 32 bytes at a time
-		cmp $64, %rax
-		jl aligned_32
-
-	aligned_64:
-		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
-		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
-		movdqa %xmm0, 32(%r8)
-		movdqa %xmm0, 48(%r8)
-
-		add $64, %r8
-		sub $64, %rax
-
-		cmp $64, %rax
-		jge aligned_64
-
-		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jz end
-
-		// Write 1 byte at a time
-		cmp $8, %rax
-		jl aligned_1
-
-		// Write 8 bytes at a time
-		cmp $16, %rax
-		jl aligned_8
-
-		// Write 16 bytes at a time
-		cmp $32, %rax
-		jl aligned_16
-
-	aligned_32:
-		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
-		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
-
-		add $32, %r8
-		sub $32, %rax
-
-		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jz end
-
-		// Write 1 byte at a time
-		cmp $8, %rax
-		jl aligned_1
-
-		// Write 8 bytes at a time
-		cmp $16, %rax
-		jl aligned_8
-
-	aligned_16:
-		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
-
-		add $16, %r8
-		sub $16, %rax
-
-		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jz end
-
-		// Write 1 byte at a time
-		cmp $8, %rax
-		jl aligned_1
-
-	aligned_8:
-		mov %rdx, (%r8)
-
-		add $8, %r8
-		sub $8, %rax
-
-		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jz end
-
-	aligned_1:
-		mov %dl, (%r8)
-
-		inc %r8
-		dec %rax
-
-		test %rax, %rax
-		jnz aligned_1
-
-	end:
-		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-/*
-The kernel uses the following registers:
-%rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %r8, %r9, %r10
-
-The number of the syscall is passed in %rax.
-
-A syscall clobbers:
-%rax, %rcx, %r11
-
-The returned value is placed in %rax.
-*/
-	.text
-
-	.globl syscall1
-	.type syscall1, @function
-
-syscall1:
-	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
-
-	syscall
-
-	ret
-
-
-	.globl syscall2
-	.type syscall2, @function
-
-syscall2:
-	// Store registers.
-	movq %rdi, %r8
-
-	movq %rdx, %rax // Syscall number.
-
-	// Syscall arguments.
-	movq %rsi, %rdi
-	movq %r8, %rsi
-
-	syscall
-
-	// Restore registers.
-	movq %rdi, %rsi
-	movq %r8, %rdi
-
-	ret
-
-
-	.globl syscall3
-	.type syscall3, @function
-
-syscall3:
-	// Store registers.
-	movq %rdi, %r8
-
-	movq %rcx, %rax // Syscall number.
-
-	// Syscall arguments.
-	movq %rdx, %rdi
-	movq %r8, %rdx
-
-	syscall
-
-	// Restore registers.
-	movq %r8, %rdi
-
-	ret

codecov.yml

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-ignore:
-  - "source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d"
-  - "source/tanya/async/iocp.d"

dscanner.ini

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ if_else_same_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for some problems with constructors
 constructor_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for unused variables and function parameters
-unused_variable_check="disabled"
+unused_variable_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for unused labels
 unused_label_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for duplicate attributes

dub.json

@@ -1,14 +1,29 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, metaprogramming, memory management, utilities",
+	"description": "@nogc library. Containers, networking, metaprogramming, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
-	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
+	"copyright": "© Eugene Wissner <belka@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [
 		"Eugene Wissner"
 	],
 
 	"targetType": "library",
 
+	"dependencies": {
+		"tanya:meta": "*",
+		"tanya:os": "*",
+		"tanya:middle": "*",
+		"tanya:test": "*",
+		"mir-linux-kernel": "~>1.0.0"
+	},
+
+	"subPackages": [
+		"./meta",
+		"./os",
+		"./middle",
+		"./test"
+	],
+
 	"configurations": [
 		{
 			"name": "library",
@@ -23,10 +38,39 @@
 		{
 			"name": "native",
 			"targetType": "library",
-			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64-gdc"],
-			"preBuildCommands": ["ninja -C arch"],
-			"lflags": ["arch/tanya.a"],
+			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64"],
 			"versions": ["TanyaNative"]
+		},
+		{
+			"name": "unittest",
+			"versions": ["TanyaPhobos"],
+			"importPaths": [
+				"./source",
+				"./tests"
+			],
+			"sourcePaths": [
+				"./source",
+				"./tests"
+			]
+		},
+		{
+			"name": "unittest-native",
+			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64"],
+			"versions": ["TanyaNative"],
+			"importPaths": [
+				"./source",
+				"./tests"
+			],
+			"sourcePaths": [
+				"./source",
+				"./tests"
+			]
 		}
-	]
+	],
+
+	"dflags-dmd": ["-dip1000"],
+
+	"libs-windows": ["advapi32"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_mscoff": ["iphlpapi"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_64": ["iphlpapi"]
 }

meta/dub.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+	"name": "meta",
+	"description": "Template metaprogramming",
+	"targetType": "library",
+
+	"sourcePaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"importPaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"dflags-dmd": ["-dip1000"]
+}

meta/tanya/meta/metafunction.d

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
  * It contains different algorithms for iterating, searching and modifying
  * template arguments.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/metafunction.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/meta/tanya/meta/metafunction.d,
  *                 tanya/meta/metafunction.d)
  */
 module tanya.meta.metafunction;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ import tanya.meta.transform;
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isLess).
  */
 template Min(alias pred, Args...)
-if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
+if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
 {
     static if (Args.length == 1)
     {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isLess).
  */
 template Max(alias pred, Args...)
-if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
+if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
 {
     static if (Args.length == 1)
     {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
 }
 
 /**
- * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple)s with $(D_PARAM f).
+ * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Pack)s with $(D_PARAM f).
  *
  * Given $(D_PARAM f) and tuples t1, t2, ..., tk, where tk[i] denotes the
  * $(I i)-th element of the tuple $(I k)-th tuple, $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
  * f(tk[0], tk[1], ... tk[i]),
  * ---
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Tuples)
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Packs)
  * and applies $(D_PARAM f) to them, then it takes the second
  * ones and does the same, and so on.
  *
@@ -140,16 +140,17 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && isTemplate!pred)
  *
  * Params:
  *  f      = Some template that can be applied to the elements of
- *           $(D_PARAM Tuples).
- *  Tuples = $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) instances.
+ *           $(D_PARAM Packs).
+ *  Packs  = $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) instances.
  *
  * Returns: A sequence, whose $(I i)-th element contains the $(I i)-th element
- *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Tuples).
+ *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Packs).
  */
-template ZipWith(alias f, Tuples...)
-if (Tuples.length > 0
- && isTemplate!f
- && allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Tuples))
+template ZipWith(alias f, Packs...)
+if (Packs.length > 0
+ && __traits(isTemplate, f)
+ && (allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Pack), Packs)
+ || allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Packs)))
 {
     private template GetIth(size_t i, Args...)
     {
@@ -164,43 +165,37 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
     }
     private template Iterate(size_t i, Args...)
     {
-        alias Tuple = GetIth!(i, Args);
+        alias Pack = GetIth!(i, Args);
 
-        static if (Tuple.length < Tuples.length)
+        static if (Pack.length < Packs.length)
         {
             alias Iterate = AliasSeq!();
         }
         else
         {
-            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Tuple,
-                                      Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
+            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Pack, Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
         }
     }
-    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Tuples);
+    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Packs);
 }
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
-                             Tuple!(1, 2),
-                             Tuple!(5, 6),
-                             Tuple!(9, 10));
+    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2), Pack!(5, 6), Pack!(9, 10));
     static assert(Result1 == AliasSeq!(1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 10));
 
-    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
-                             Tuple!(1, 2, 3),
-                             Tuple!(4, 5));
+    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2, 3), Pack!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result2 == AliasSeq!(1, 4, 2, 5));
 
-    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Tuple!(), Tuple!(4, 5));
+    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(), Pack!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result3.length == 0);
 }
 
 /**
  * Holds a typed sequence of template parameters.
  *
- * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) doesn't unpack
+ * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) doesn't unpack
  * its template parameters automatically. Consider:
  *
  * ---
@@ -215,7 +210,7 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  * Using $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) template `A` gets 4 parameters instead of 2,
  * because $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) is just an alias for its template parameters.
  *
- * With $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) it is possible to pass distinguishable
+ * With $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) it is possible to pass distinguishable
  * sequences of parameters to a template. So:
  *
  * ---
@@ -224,29 +219,31 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  *  static assert(Args.length == 2);
  * }
  *
- * alias BInstance = B!(Tuple!(int, uint), Tuple!(float, double));
+ * alias BInstance = B!(Pack!(int, uint), Pack!(float, double));
  * ---
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Pack).
  *
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
  */
-template Tuple(Args...)
+struct Pack(Args...)
 {
     /// Elements in this tuple as $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
     alias Seq = Args;
 
     /// The length of the tuple.
     enum size_t length = Args.length;
+
+    alias Seq this;
 }
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias A = Tuple!(short);
-    alias B = Tuple!(3, 8, 9);
-    alias C = Tuple!(A, B);
+    alias A = Pack!short;
+    alias B = Pack!(3, 8, 9);
+    alias C = Pack!(A, B);
 
     static assert(C.length == 2);
 
@@ -255,7 +252,7 @@ template Tuple(Args...)
     static assert(B.length == 3);
     static assert(B.Seq == AliasSeq!(3, 8, 9));
 
-    alias D = Tuple!();
+    alias D = Pack!();
     static assert(D.length == 0);
     static assert(is(D.Seq == AliasSeq!()));
 }
@@ -263,20 +260,22 @@ template Tuple(Args...)
 /**
  * Unordered sequence of unique aliases.
  *
- * $(D_PARAM Args) can contain duplicates, but they will be filteredout, so
+ * $(D_PARAM Args) can contain duplicates, but they will be filtered out, so
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Set) contains only unique items. $(D_PSYMBOL isEqual) is used
  * for determining if two items are equal.
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
  */
-template Set(Args...)
+struct Set(Args...)
 {
     /// Elements in this set as $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
     alias Seq = NoDuplicates!Args;
 
     /// The length of the set.
     enum size_t length = Seq.length;
+
+    alias Seq this;
 }
 
 ///
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ if (isInstanceOf!(Set, S1) && isInstanceOf!(Set, S2))
  *          to $(D_INLINECODE Args[1]), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
 template isLessEqual(alias cmp, Args...)
-if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
+if (Args.length == 2 && __traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     private enum result = cmp!(Args[1], Args[0]);
     static if (is(typeof(result) == bool))
@@ -491,7 +490,7 @@ if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
  *          equal to $(D_INLINECODE Args[1]), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
 template isGreaterEqual(alias cmp, Args...)
-if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
+if (Args.length == 2 && __traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     private enum result = cmp!Args;
     static if (is(typeof(result) == bool))
@@ -538,7 +537,7 @@ if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
  *          $(D_INLINECODE Args[1]), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
 template isLess(alias cmp, Args...)
-if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
+if (Args.length == 2 && __traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     private enum result = cmp!Args;
     static if (is(typeof(result) == bool))
@@ -585,7 +584,7 @@ if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
  *          $(D_INLINECODE Args[1]), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
 template isGreater(alias cmp, Args...)
-if (Args.length == 2 && isTemplate!cmp)
+if (Args.length == 2 && __traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     private enum result = cmp!Args;
     static if (is(typeof(result) == bool))
@@ -633,7 +632,7 @@ if (Args.length == 2)
 {
     static if ((is(typeof(Args[0] == Args[1])) && (Args[0] == Args[1]))
             || (isTypeTuple!Args && is(Args[0] == Args[1]))
-            || isSame!Args)
+            || __traits(isSame, Args[0], Args[1]))
     {
         enum bool isEqual = true;
     }
@@ -682,7 +681,7 @@ if (Args.length == 2)
 }
 
 /**
- * Instantiates the template $(D_PARAM T) with $(D_PARAM ARGS).
+ * Instantiates the template $(D_PARAM T) with $(D_PARAM Args).
  *
  * Params:
  *  T    = Template.
@@ -799,22 +798,7 @@ alias AliasSeq(Args...) = Args;
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if all the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy
  *          $(D_PARAM F), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-template allSatisfy(alias F, L...)
-if (isTemplate!F)
-{
-    static if (L.length == 0)
-    {
-        enum bool allSatisfy = true;
-    }
-    else static if (F!(L[0]))
-    {
-        enum bool allSatisfy = allSatisfy!(F, L[1 .. $]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        enum bool allSatisfy = false;
-    }
-}
+enum bool allSatisfy(alias F, L...) = Filter!(templateNot!F, L).length == 0;
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -837,22 +821,7 @@ if (isTemplate!F)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if any of the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy
  *          $(D_PARAM F), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-template anySatisfy(alias F, L...)
-if (isTemplate!F)
-{
-    static if (L.length == 0)
-    {
-        enum bool anySatisfy = false;
-    }
-    else static if (F!(L[0]))
-    {
-        enum bool anySatisfy = true;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        enum bool anySatisfy = anySatisfy!(F, L[1 .. $]);
-    }
-}
+enum bool anySatisfy(alias F, L...) = Filter!(F, L).length != 0;
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -862,22 +831,19 @@ if (isTemplate!F)
     static assert(!anySatisfy!(isSigned, uint, ushort, ulong));
 }
 
-private template indexOf(ptrdiff_t i, Args...)
-if (Args.length > 0)
+private template indexOf(Args...)
 {
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    static foreach (i, Arg; Args[1 .. $])
+    {
+        static if (!is(typeof(indexOf) == ptrdiff_t) && isEqual!(Args[0], Arg))
+        {
+            enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = i;
+        }
+    }
+    static if (!is(typeof(indexOf) == ptrdiff_t))
     {
         enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = -1;
     }
-    else static if (isEqual!(Args[0 .. 2]))
-    {
-        enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = i;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = indexOf!(i + 1,
-                                          AliasSeq!(Args[0], Args[2 .. $]));
-    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -892,13 +858,13 @@ if (Args.length > 0)
  */
 template staticIndexOf(T, L...)
 {
-    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L));
+    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(T, L);
 }
 
 /// ditto
 template staticIndexOf(alias T, L...)
 {
-    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L));
+    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(T, L);
 }
 
 ///
@@ -921,16 +887,10 @@ template staticIndexOf(alias T, L...)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) can be found in $(D_PARAM L),
  *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-template canFind(T, L...)
-{
-    enum bool canFind = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L)) != -1;
-}
+enum bool canFind(T, L...) = staticIndexOf!(T, L) != -1;
 
 /// ditto
-template canFind(alias T, L...)
-{
-    enum bool canFind = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L)) != -1;
-}
+enum bool canFind(alias T, L...) = staticIndexOf!(T, L) != -1;
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -941,6 +901,32 @@ template canFind(alias T, L...)
     static assert(canFind!(3, () {}, uint, 5, 3));
 }
 
+/*
+ * Tests whether $(D_PARAM T) is a template.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL isTemplate) isn't $(D_KEYWORD true) for template instances,
+ * since the latter already represent some type. Only not instantiated
+ * templates, i.e. that accept some template parameters, are considered
+ * templates.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A symbol.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) is a template,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+private enum bool isTemplate(alias T) = __traits(isTemplate, T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct S(T)
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(isTemplate!S);
+    static assert(!isTemplate!(S!int));
+}
+
 /**
  * Combines multiple templates with logical AND. So $(D_PSYMBOL templateAnd)
  * evaluates to $(D_INLINECODE Preds[0] && Preds[1] && Preds[2]) and so on.
@@ -1045,7 +1031,7 @@ if (allSatisfy!(isTemplate, Preds))
  * Returns: Negated $(D_PARAM pred).
  */
 template templateNot(alias pred)
-if (isTemplate!pred)
+if (__traits(isTemplate, pred))
 {
     enum bool templateNot(T...) = !pred!T;
 }
@@ -1079,7 +1065,7 @@ if (isTemplate!pred)
  *          if not.
  */
 template isSorted(alias cmp, L...)
-if (isTemplate!cmp)
+if (__traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     static if (L.length <= 1)
     {
@@ -1104,30 +1090,6 @@ if (isTemplate!cmp)
     static assert(!isSorted!(cmp, long, byte, ubyte, short, uint));
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    enum cmp(int x, int y) = x - y;
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8));
-    static assert(!isSorted!(cmp, 32, 2, 2, 4, 8));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 32, 32));
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    enum cmp(int x, int y) = x < y;
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8));
-    static assert(!isSorted!(cmp, 32, 2, 2, 4, 8));
-    static assert(isSorted!(cmp, 32, 32));
-}
-
 /**
  * Params:
  *  T    = A template.
@@ -1355,7 +1317,7 @@ template Reverse(L...)
  * Returns: Elements $(D_PARAM T) after applying $(D_PARAM F) to them.
  */
 template Map(alias F, T...)
-if (isTemplate!F)
+if (__traits(isTemplate, F))
 {
     static if (T.length == 0)
     {
@@ -1397,7 +1359,7 @@ if (isTemplate!F)
  * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_sort, Merge sort).
  */
 template Sort(alias cmp, L...)
-if (isTemplate!cmp)
+if (__traits(isTemplate, cmp))
 {
     private template merge(size_t A, size_t B)
     {
@@ -1616,6 +1578,7 @@ template EraseAll(alias T, L...)
  *          $(D_PARAM pred).
  */
 template Filter(alias pred, L...)
+if (__traits(isTemplate, pred))
 {
     static if (L.length == 0)
     {
@@ -1634,7 +1597,8 @@ template Filter(alias pred, L...)
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static assert(is(Filter!(isIntegral, real, int, bool, uint) == AliasSeq!(int, uint)));
+    alias Given = AliasSeq!(real, int, bool, uint);
+    static assert(is(Filter!(isIntegral, Given) == AliasSeq!(int, uint)));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1661,8 +1625,8 @@ template NoDuplicates(L...)
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias Types = AliasSeq!(int, uint, int, short, short, uint);
-    static assert(is(NoDuplicates!Types == AliasSeq!(int, uint, short)));
+    alias Given = AliasSeq!(int, uint, int, short, short, uint);
+    static assert(is(NoDuplicates!Given == AliasSeq!(int, uint, short)));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1775,3 +1739,62 @@ if (T.length == 2)
     static assert(is(Select!(true, int, float) == int));
     static assert(is(Select!(false, int, float) == float));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Attaches a numeric index to each element from $(D_PARAM Args).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL EnumerateFrom) returns a sequence of tuples ($(D_PSYMBOL Pack)s)
+ * consisting of the index of each element and the element itself.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  start = Enumeration initial value.
+ *  Args  = Enumerated sequence.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Enumerate).
+ */
+template EnumerateFrom(size_t start, Args...)
+{
+    static if (Args.length == 0)
+    {
+        alias EnumerateFrom = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias EnumerateFrom = AliasSeq!(Pack!(start, Args[0]), EnumerateFrom!(start + 1, Args[1 .. $]));
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(EnumerateFrom!(0, int, uint, bool).length == 3);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    alias Expected = AliasSeq!(Pack!(cast(size_t) 0, int),
+                               Pack!(cast(size_t) 1, uint));
+    static assert(is(EnumerateFrom!(0, int, uint) == Expected));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attaches a numeric index to each element from $(D_PARAM Args).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL EnumerateFrom) returns a sequence of tuples ($(D_PSYMBOL Pack)s)
+ * consisting of the index of each element and the element itself.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args  = Enumerated sequence.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL EnumerateFrom).
+ */
+alias Enumerate(Args...) = EnumerateFrom!(0, Args);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    alias Expected = AliasSeq!(Pack!(cast(size_t) 0, int),
+                               Pack!(cast(size_t) 1, uint));
+    static assert(is(Enumerate!(int, uint) == Expected));
+}

meta/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
  * to transform from one type to another. It has also different algorithms for
  * iterating, searching and modifying template arguments.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/package.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/meta/tanya/meta/package.d,
  *                 tanya/meta/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.meta;

meta/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@
  * types. They take some type as argument and return a different type after
  * perfoming the specified transformation.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/transform.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/meta/tanya/meta/transform.d,
  *                 tanya/meta/transform.d)
  */
 module tanya.meta.transform;
 
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
@@ -42,14 +43,14 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
  */
 template Unqual(T)
 {
-    static if (is(T U == const U)
+    static if (is(T U == shared const U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout const U)
+            || is(T U == inout const U)
+            || is(T U == const U)
             || is(T U == immutable U)
             || is(T U == inout U)
-            || is(T U == inout const U)
-            || is(T U == shared U)
-            || is(T U == shared const U)
-            || is(T U == shared inout U)
-            || is(T U == shared inout const U))
+            || is(T U == shared U))
     {
         alias Unqual = U;
     }
@@ -137,8 +138,6 @@ template OriginalType(T)
  *  To   = Target type.
  *
  * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the constness of $(D_PARAM From).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyTypeQualifiers).
  */
 template CopyConstness(From, To)
 {
@@ -184,187 +183,6 @@ template CopyConstness(From, To)
     static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, const char) == immutable char));
 }
 
-/**
- * Copies type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
- *
- * Type qualifiers copied are:
- * $(UL
- *  $(LI const)
- *  $(LI immutable)
- *  $(LI inout)
- *  $(LI shared)
- * )
- * and combinations of these.
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyConstness).
- */
-template CopyTypeQualifiers(From, To)
-{
-    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = immutable To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == const T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = const To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == shared T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == shared const T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared const To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == inout T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == shared inout T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == inout const T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout const To;
-    }
-    else static if (is(From T == shared inout const T))
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout const To;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = To;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(int, char) == char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(const int, char) == const char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout int, char) == inout char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
-
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared int, char) == shared char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared const int, char) == shared const char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout int, char) == shared inout char));
-    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout const int, char) == shared inout const char));
-}
-
-/**
- * Evaluates to the unsigned counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
- * If $(D_PARAM T) is already unsigned, $(D_INLINECODE Unsigned!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = A type.
- *
- * Returns: Unsigned counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSigned).
- */
-template Unsigned(T)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
-    static if (is(UnqualedType == byte))
-    {
-        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ubyte);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == short))
-    {
-        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ushort);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == int))
-    {
-        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, uint);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == long))
-    {
-        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ulong);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Unsigned = T;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!byte == ubyte));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!short == ushort));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!int == uint));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!long == ulong));
-
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!(const byte) == const ubyte));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared byte) == shared ubyte));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared const byte) == shared const ubyte));
-
-    static assert(!is(Unsigned!float));
-    static assert(is(Unsigned!ubyte == ubyte));
-}
-
-/**
- * Evaluates to the signed counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
- * If $(D_PARAM T) is already signed, $(D_INLINECODE Signed!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = A type.
- *
- * Returns: Signed counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isUnsigned).
- */
-template Signed(T)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
-    static if (is(UnqualedType == ubyte))
-    {
-        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, byte);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ushort))
-    {
-        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, short);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == uint))
-    {
-        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, int);
-    }
-    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ulong))
-    {
-        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, long);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Signed = T;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Signed!ubyte == byte));
-    static assert(is(Signed!ushort == short));
-    static assert(is(Signed!uint == int));
-    static assert(is(Signed!ulong == long));
-
-    static assert(is(Signed!(const ubyte) == const byte));
-    static assert(is(Signed!(shared ubyte) == shared byte));
-    static assert(is(Signed!(shared const ubyte) == shared const byte));
-
-    static assert(!is(Signed!float));
-    static assert(is(Signed!byte == byte));
-}
-
 /**
  * Retrieves the target type `U` of a pointer `U*`.
  *
@@ -444,37 +262,6 @@ template ValueType(T)
     static assert(!is(ValueType!(int[15])));
 }
 
-/**
- * Params:
- *  T = Scalar type.
- *
- * Returns: The type $(D_PARAM T) will promote to.
- *
- * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
- *                   Integer Promotions).
- */
-template Promoted(T)
-if (isScalarType!T)
-{
-    alias Promoted = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, typeof(T.init + T.init));
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Promoted!bool == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!byte == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!short == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!ushort == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!char == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!wchar == int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!dchar == uint));
-
-    static assert(is(Promoted!(const bool) == const int));
-    static assert(is(Promoted!(shared bool) == shared int));
-}
-
 /**
  * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
  *
@@ -603,86 +390,6 @@ alias SharedInoutConstOf(T) = shared(inout const T);
     static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!int == shared inout const int));
 }
 
-/**
- * Returns a template with one argument which applies all qualifiers of
- * $(D_PARAM T) on its argument if instantiated.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = A type.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
- */
-template QualifierOf(T)
-{
-    static if (is(T U == const U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = ConstOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == immutable U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = ImmutableOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == inout U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = InoutOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == inout const U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = InoutConstOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == shared U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = SharedOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == shared const U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = SharedConstOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == shared inout U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutOf;
-    }
-    else static if (is(T U == shared inout const U))
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutConstOf;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias QualifierOf(T) = T;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    alias MutableOf = QualifierOf!int;
-    static assert(is(MutableOf!uint == uint));
-
-    alias ConstOf = QualifierOf!(const int);
-    static assert(is(ConstOf!uint == const uint));
-
-    alias InoutOf = QualifierOf!(inout int);
-    static assert(is(InoutOf!uint == inout uint));
-
-    alias InoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(inout const int);
-    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!uint == inout const uint));
-
-    alias ImmutableOf = QualifierOf!(immutable int);
-    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!uint == immutable uint));
-
-    alias SharedOf = QualifierOf!(shared int);
-    static assert(is(SharedOf!uint == shared uint));
-
-    alias SharedConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared const int);
-    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!uint == shared const uint));
-
-    alias SharedInoutOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout int);
-    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!uint == shared inout uint));
-
-    alias SharedInoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout const int);
-    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!uint == shared inout const uint));
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines the type of $(D_PARAM T). If $(D_PARAM T) is already a type,
  * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) aliases itself to $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -701,7 +408,7 @@ alias TypeOf(T) = T;
 
 /// ditto
 template TypeOf(alias T)
-if (isExpressions!T || isTemplate!T)
+if (isExpressions!T || __traits(isTemplate, T))
 {
     alias TypeOf = typeof(T);
 }
@@ -717,3 +424,81 @@ if (isExpressions!T || isTemplate!T)
     static assert(is(TypeOf!true == bool));
     static assert(!is(TypeOf!(tanya.meta)));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Finds the type with the smallest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If
+ * several types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: The smallest type.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Largest).
+ */
+template Smallest(Args...)
+if (Args.length >= 1)
+{
+    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
+
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Args[0];
+    }
+    else static if (Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof < Args[0].sizeof)
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Args[0];
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(int, ushort, uint, short) == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(short) == short));
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[5]));
+    static assert(!is(Smallest!(short, 5)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the type with the largest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If several
+ * types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: The largest type.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Smallest).
+ */
+template Largest(Args...)
+if (Args.length >= 1)
+{
+    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
+
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias Largest = Args[0];
+    }
+    else static if (Largest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof > Args[0].sizeof)
+    {
+        alias Largest = Largest!(Args[1 .. $]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Largest = Args[0];
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Largest!(int, short, uint) == int));
+    static assert(is(Largest!(short) == short));
+    static assert(is(Largest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[8]));
+    static assert(!is(Largest!(short, 5)));
+}

middle/dub.json

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+	"name": "middle",
+	"description": "Runtime, middle-level utilities",
+	"targetType": "library",
+
+	"dependencies": {
+		"tanya:meta": "*",
+		"tanya:os": "*"
+	},
+
+	"dependencies-linux": {
+		"mir-linux-kernel": "~>1.0.0"
+	},
+
+	"sourcePaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"importPaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"dflags-dmd": ["-dip1000"]
+}

middle/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,25 +3,85 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Dynamic memory management.
+ * This module contains the interface for implementing custom allocators.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Allocators are classes encapsulating memory allocation strategy. This allows
+ * to decouple memory management from the algorithms and the data. 
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/package.d,
- *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
  */
-module tanya.memory;
+module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.conv;
-import tanya.exception;
-public import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+/**
+ * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
+ */
+interface Allocator
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns: Alignment offered.
+     */
+    @property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
+     *
+     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
+     */
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocates a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
+     */
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
+     */
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
+     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
+     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
+     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
+     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+}
+
+package template GetPureInstance(T : Allocator)
+{
+    alias GetPureInstance = shared(T) function()
+                            pure nothrow @nogc;
+}
 
 /**
  * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
@@ -40,12 +100,12 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
      */
-    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.allocator_ = allocator;
     }
@@ -58,12 +118,12 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         if (allocator_ is null)
         {
@@ -73,12 +133,12 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         if (allocator_ is null)
         {
@@ -88,19 +148,23 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
     }
 }
 
-// From druntime
-extern (C)
-private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) pure nothrow @nogc;
-
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-shared static this() nothrow @nogc
-{
-    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
-}
-
-private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
+private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() @nogc nothrow
 {
+    if (allocator is null)
+    {
+        version (TanyaNative)
+        {
+            import tanya.memory.mmappool : MmapPool;
+            defaultAllocator = MmapPool.instance;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            import tanya.memory.mallocator : Mallocator;
+            defaultAllocator = Mallocator.instance;
+        }
+    }
     return allocator;
 }
 
@@ -109,12 +173,12 @@ private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
  *
  * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
  */
-@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 out (allocator)
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     return (cast(GetPureInstance!Allocator) &getAllocatorInstance)();
 }
@@ -127,68 +191,16 @@ body
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
  */
-@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) @nogc nothrow @safe
 in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     .allocator = allocator;
 }
 
-/**
- * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
- * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * There is a difference between the `.sizeof`-property and
- * $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize) if $(D_PARAM T) is a class or an interface.
- * `T.sizeof` is constant on the given architecture then and is the same as
- * `size_t.sizeof` and `ptrdiff_t.sizeof`. This is because classes and
- * interfaces are reference types and `.sizeof` returns the size of the
- * reference which is the same as the size of a pointer. $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize)
- * returns the size of the instance itself.
- *
- * The size of a dynamic array is `size_t.sizeof * 2` since a dynamic array
- * stores its length and a data pointer. The size of the static arrays is
- * calculated differently since they are value types. It is the array length
- * multiplied by the element size.
- *
- * `stateSize!void` is `1` since $(D_KEYWORD void) is mostly used as a synonym
- * for $(D_KEYWORD byte)/$(D_KEYWORD ubyte) in `void*`.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = Object type.
- *
- * Returns: Size of an instance of type $(D_PARAM T).
- */
-template stateSize(T)
-{
-    static if (isPolymorphicType!T)
-    {
-        enum size_t stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        enum size_t stateSize = T.sizeof;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(stateSize!int == 4);
-    static assert(stateSize!bool == 1);
-    static assert(stateSize!(int[]) == (size_t.sizeof * 2)); 
-    static assert(stateSize!(short[3]) == 6); 
-
-    static struct Empty
-    {
-    }
-    static assert(stateSize!Empty == 1);
-    static assert(stateSize!void == 1);
-}
-
 /**
  * Params:
  *  size      = Raw size.
@@ -202,71 +214,190 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
 }
 
-/*
- * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
- * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
- * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
- * only in the data structures that can ensure that the array is
- * allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the same allocator.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Element type of the array being created.
- *  allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
- *  array     = A reference to the array being changed.
- *  length    = New array length.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM array).
+/**
+ * Error thrown if memory allocation fails.
  */
-package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
-                             auto ref T[] array,
-                             const size_t length) @trusted
+final class OutOfMemoryError : Error
 {
-    if (length == 0)
+    /**
+     * Constructs new error.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg = "Out of memory",
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
-        if (allocator.deallocate(array))
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
 
-    void[] buf = array;
-    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
+    /// ditto
+    this(string msg,
+         Throwable next,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+{
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
+    p = null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new class instance of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Class type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (is(T == class))
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
     {
         onOutOfMemoryError();
     }
-    // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
-    array = cast(T[]) buf;
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
 
-    return array;
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
 }
 
-private unittest
+/**
+ * Constructs a value object of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * pointer to the new object.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Object type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T* make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!isPolymorphicType!T && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
 {
-    int[] p;
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
 
-    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 20);
-    assert(p.length == 20);
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int* i = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
 
-    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 30);
-    assert(p.length == 30);
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  E         = Array element type.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  n         = Array size.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && n <= size_t.max / E.sizeof)
+ */
+T make(T : E[], E)(shared Allocator allocator, size_t n)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(n <= size_t.max / E.sizeof);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto ret = allocator.resize!E(null, n);
 
-    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 10);
-    assert(p.length == 10);
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!E)
+    {
+        for (auto range = ret; range.length != 0; range = range[1 .. $])
+        {
+            emplace!E(cast(void[]) range[0 .. 1], E.init);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret[] = E.init;
+    }
 
-    p = defaultAllocator.resize(p, 0);
-    assert(p is null);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[] i = defaultAllocator.make!(int[])(2);
+    assert(i.length == 2);
+    assert(i[0] == int.init && i[1] == int.init);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
 }
 
 /*
  * Destroys the object.
  * Returns the memory should be freed.
  */
-package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
+package void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
 {
+    if (p is null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
     static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
     {
         destroy(*p);
@@ -274,8 +405,8 @@ package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
     return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
 }
 
-package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
-    if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+package void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
+if (isPolymorphicType!T)
 {
     if (p is null)
     {
@@ -329,173 +460,70 @@ package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
     return support;
 }
 
-package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
+package void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
 {
-    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
-    {
-        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
-    }
+    destroyAllImpl!(T[], T)(p);
     return p;
 }
 
 /**
- * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
- * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
- * allocator.
+ * Allocates $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) in a static storage and throws it.
  *
  * Params:
- *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
- *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
- *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ *  msg = Custom error message.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError).
  */
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+void onOutOfMemoryError(string msg = "Out of memory")
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 {
-    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
-    p = null;
+    static ubyte[stateSize!OutOfMemoryError] memory;
+    alias PureType = OutOfMemoryError function(string) @nogc nothrow pure;
+    throw (cast(PureType) () => emplace!OutOfMemoryError(memory))(msg);
 }
 
-private unittest
+// From druntime
+extern (C)
+private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) @nogc nothrow pure;
+
+/*
+ * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
+ * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
+ * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
+ * only in the data structures that can ensure that the array is
+ * allocated/rellocated/deallocated with the same allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Element type of the array being created.
+ *  allocator = The allocator used for getting memory.
+ *  array     = A reference to the array being changed.
+ *  length    = New array length.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
+                             auto ref T[] array,
+                             const size_t length) @trusted
 {
-    struct S
+    if (length == 0)
     {
-        ~this()
+        if (allocator.deallocate(array))
         {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
         }
     }
-    auto p = cast(S[]) defaultAllocator.allocate(S.sizeof);
 
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
-}
-
-// Works with interfaces.
-private pure unittest
-{
-    interface I
-    {
-    }
-    class C : I
-    {
-    }
-    auto c = defaultAllocator.make!C();
-    I i = c;
-
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new class instance of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
- * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Class type.
- *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
- * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
- */
-T make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
-if (is(T == class))
-in
-{
-    assert(allocator !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
-    if (mem is null)
+    void[] buf = array;
+    if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
     {
         onOutOfMemoryError();
     }
-    scope (failure)
-    {
-        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
-    }
+    // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
+    array = cast(T[]) buf;
 
-    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a value object of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
- * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
- * pointer to the new object.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Object type.
- *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
- * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
- */
-T* make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
-if (!is(T == interface)
- && !is(T == class)
- && !isAssociativeArray!T
- && !isArray!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(allocator !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
-    if (mem is null)
-    {
-        onOutOfMemoryError();
-    }
-    scope (failure)
-    {
-        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
-    }
-    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    int* i = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
-    assert(*i == 5);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Array type.
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  n         = Array size.
- *
- * Returns: Newly created array.
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
- *                           && n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
- */
-T make(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t n)
-if (isArray!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(allocator !is null);
-    assert(n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto ret = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, n);
-    ret.uninitializedFill(ElementType!T.init);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    int[] i = defaultAllocator.make!(int[])(2);
-    assert(i.length == 2);
-    assert(i[0] == int.init && i[1] == int.init);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+    return array;
 }

middle/tanya/memory/lifetime.d

@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Lifetime management functions, types and related exceptions.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2019-2020.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/lifetime.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/lifetime.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.lifetime;
+
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+package(tanya) void destroyAllImpl(R, E)(R p)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!E)
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; p)
+        {
+            destroy(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM memory) with the
+ * given arguments.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a $(D_KEYWORD class), emplace returns a class reference
+ * of type $(D_PARAM T), otherwise a pointer to the constructed object is
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class inside another class, $(D_PARAM outer)
+ * should be an instance of the outer class.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM args) are arguments for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T). If
+ * $(D_PARAM T) isn't an aggregate type and doesn't have a constructor,
+ * $(D_PARAM memory) can be initialized to `args[0]` if `Args.length == 1`,
+ * `Args[0]` should be implicitly convertible to $(D_PARAM T) then.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Constructed type.
+ *  U     = Type of the outer class if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  Args  = Types of the constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor
+ *          or the type of the initial value.
+ *  outer = Outer class instance if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  args  = Constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor or the
+ *          initial value.
+ *
+ * Returns: New instance of type $(D_PARAM T) constructed in $(D_PARAM memory).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `memory.length == stateSize!T`.
+ * Postcondition: $(D_PARAM memory) and the result point to the same memory.
+ */
+T emplace(T, U, Args...)(void[] memory, U outer, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAbstractClass!T && isInnerClass!T && is(typeof(T.outer) == U))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}
+do
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy;
+
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    result.outer = outer;
+
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (is(T == class) && !isAbstractClass!T && !isInnerClass!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length == stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}
+do
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy;
+
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    class C
+    {
+        int i = 5;
+        class Inner
+        {
+            int i;
+
+            this(int param) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                this.i = param;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ubyte[stateSize!C] memory1;
+    ubyte[stateSize!(C.Inner)] memory2;
+
+    auto c = emplace!C(memory1);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+
+    auto inner = emplace!(C.Inner)(memory2, c, 8);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+    assert(inner.i == 8);
+    assert(inner.outer is c);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAggregateType!T && (Args.length <= 1))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        *result = T(args[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+private void initializeOne(T)(ref void[] memory, ref T* result) @trusted
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy, fill;
+
+    static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    else static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083 // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
+        && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+    {
+        memory.ptr[0 .. T.sizeof].fill!0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static immutable T init = T.init;
+        copy((&init)[0 .. 1], memory);
+    }
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+
+    static if (Args.length == 0)
+    {
+        static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
+                      "Default constructor is disabled");
+        initializeOne(memory, result);
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        initializeOne(memory, result);
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    else static if (Args.length == 1 && is(typeof({ T t = args[0]; })))
+    {
+        import tanya.memory.op : copy;
+
+        ((ref arg) @trusted =>
+            copy((cast(void*) &arg)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory))(args[0]);
+        static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T)
+        {
+            result.__postblit();
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof({ T t = T(args); })))
+    {
+        auto init = T(args);
+        (() @trusted => moveEmplace(init, *result))();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false,
+                      "Unable to construct value with the given arguments");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] memory;
+
+    auto i = emplace!int(memory);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i) == int*));
+    assert(*i == 0);
+
+    i = emplace!int(memory, 5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int i;
+        @disable this();
+        @disable this(this);
+        this(int i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.i = i;
+        }
+    }
+    auto s = emplace!S(memory, 8);
+    static assert(is(typeof(s) == S*));
+    assert(s.i == 8);
+}
+
+private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
+{
+    static if (is(T == U[S], U, size_t S))
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; value)
+        {
+            deinitialize!zero(e);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        import tanya.memory.op : copy, fill;
+
+        static if (isNested!T)
+        {
+            // Don't override the context pointer.
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof - (void*).sizeof;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof;
+        }
+        static if (zero)
+        {
+            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. No postblits or destructors are
+ * called. If the $(D_PARAM target) should be destroyed before, use
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) must be different objects.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL move),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateCopyConstructor),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateDestructor).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `&source !is &target`.
+ */
+void moveEmplace(T)(ref T source, ref T target) @system
+in
+{
+    assert(&source !is &target, "Source and target must be different");
+}
+do
+{
+    static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
+    {
+        import tanya.memory.op : copy;
+
+        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
+
+        static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083) // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
+            {
+                deinitialize!(__traits(isZeroInit, T))(source);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
+                {
+                    deinitialize!true(source);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    deinitialize!false(source);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        target = source;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    moveEmplace(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. $(D_PARAM target) is destroyed before
+ * the new value is assigned. If $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized and
+ * therefore shouldn't be destroyed, $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace) can be used.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM target) isn't specified, $(D_PSYMBOL move) returns the source
+ * as rvalue without calling its copy constructor or destructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) are the same object,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move) does nothing.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace).
+ */
+void move(T)(ref T source, ref T target)
+{
+    if ((() @trusted => &source is &target)())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        target.__xdtor();
+    }
+    (() @trusted => moveEmplace(source, target))();
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T move(T)(ref T source) @trusted
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        T target = void;
+        moveEmplace(source, target);
+        return target;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return source;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    move(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+    assert(move(target).member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    move(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+    assert(move(x2) == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exchanges the values of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL swap) moves the contents of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b)
+ * without calling its postblits or destructors.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  a = The first object.
+ *  b = The second object.
+ */
+void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
+{
+    T tmp = void;
+    moveEmplace(a, tmp);
+    moveEmplace(b, a);
+    moveEmplace(tmp, b);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int a = 3, b = 5;
+    swap(a, b);
+    assert(a == 5);
+    assert(b == 3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Forwards its argument list preserving $(D_KEYWORD ref) and $(D_KEYWORD out)
+ * storage classes.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL forward) accepts a list of variables or literals. It returns an
+ * argument list of the same length that can be for example passed to a
+ * function accepting the arguments of this type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  args = Argument list.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM args) with their original storage classes.
+ */
+template forward(args...)
+{
+    static if (args.length == 0)
+    {
+        alias forward = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else static if (__traits(isRef, args[0]) || __traits(isOut, args[0]))
+    {
+        static if (args.length == 1)
+        {
+            alias forward = args[0];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(args[0], forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @property auto forwardOne()
+        {
+            return move(args[0]);
+        }
+        static if (args.length == 1)
+        {
+            alias forward = forwardOne;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(forwardOne, forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof((ref int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({
+        void f(int i, ref int j, out int k)
+        {
+            f(forward!(i, j, k));
+        }
+    })));
+}

middle/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -3,19 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Allocator based on $(D_PSYMBOL malloc), $(D_PSYMBOL realloc) and $(D_PSYMBOL free).
+ * Allocator based on $(D_PSYMBOL malloc), $(D_PSYMBOL realloc) and
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL free).
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
  *                 tanya/memory/mallocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mallocator;
 
-version (TanyaPhobos):
-
 import core.stdc.stdlib;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
@@ -26,11 +25,11 @@ import tanya.memory.allocator;
 final class Mallocator : Allocator
 {
     private alias MallocType = extern (C) void* function(size_t)
-                               pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                               @nogc nothrow pure @system;
     private alias FreeType = extern (C) void function(void*)
-                             pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                             @nogc nothrow pure @system;
     private alias ReallocType = extern (C) void* function(void*, size_t)
-                                pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                                @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
         assert(p.length == 20);
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p !is null)
         {
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
@@ -98,14 +97,15 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
-    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
+        cast(void) size;
         return false;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 8));
@@ -120,7 +120,8 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
 
@@ -166,30 +167,15 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(p is null);
     }
 
-    // Fails with false.
-    private @nogc nothrow unittest
-    {
-        void[] p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
-        void[] oldP = p;
-        assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, size_t.max - Mallocator.psize * 2));
-        assert(oldP is p);
-        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Returns: The alignment offered.
      */
-    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property uint alignment() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         return (void*).alignof;
     }
 
-    private nothrow @nogc unittest
-    {
-        assert(Mallocator.instance.alignment == (void*).alignof);
-    }
-
-    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
+    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() @nogc nothrow @system
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
@@ -210,13 +196,13 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
      */
-    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         return (cast(GetPureInstance!Mallocator) &instantiate)();
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }

middle/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -2,87 +2,49 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
- * Native allocator for Posix and Windows.
+/*
+ * Native allocator.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/mmappool.d,
  *                 tanya/memory/mmappool.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import core.sys.linux.sys.mman;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.os.error;
 
-version (Posix)
+version (Windows)
 {
-    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman : MAP_ANON,
-                                     MAP_FAILED,
-                                     MAP_PRIVATE,
-                                     PROT_READ,
-                                     PROT_WRITE;
-    import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+    import core.sys.windows.basetsd : SIZE_T;
+    import core.sys.windows.windef : BOOL, DWORD;
+    import core.sys.windows.winnt : MEM_COMMIT, MEM_RELEASE, PAGE_READWRITE, PVOID;
 
-    extern(C)
-    private void* mmap(void* addr,
-                       size_t len,
-                       int prot,
-                       int flags,
-                       int fd,
-                       off_t offset) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    extern (Windows)
+    private PVOID VirtualAlloc(PVOID, SIZE_T, DWORD, DWORD)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
-    extern(C)
-    private int munmap(void* addr, size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
-    {
-        void* p = mmap(null,
-                       len,
-                       PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                       MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
-                       -1,
-                       0);
-        return p is MAP_FAILED ? null : p;
-    }
-
-    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc
-    {
-        return munmap(cast(void*) addr, len) == 0;
-    }
+    extern (Windows)
+    private BOOL VirtualFree(shared PVOID, SIZE_T, DWORD)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 }
-else version (Windows)
+else
 {
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetSystemInfo, SYSTEM_INFO;
+    extern(C) pragma(mangle, "mmap")
+    private void* mapMemory(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
-    extern(Windows)
-    private void* VirtualAlloc(void*, size_t, uint, uint)
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    extern(Windows)
-    private int VirtualFree(void* addr, size_t len, uint)
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
-    {
-        return VirtualAlloc(null,
-                            len,
-                            0x00001000, // MEM_COMMIT
-                            0x04); // PAGE_READWRITE
-    }
-
-    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc
-    {
-        return VirtualFree(cast(void*) addr, 0, 0x8000) == 0;
-    }
+    extern(C) pragma(mangle, "munmap")
+    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, size_t length)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 }
 
-/**
+/*
  * This allocator allocates memory in regions (multiple of 64 KB for example).
  * Each region is then splitted in blocks. So it doesn't request the memory
  * from the operating system on each call, but only if there are no large
@@ -110,7 +72,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
     version (none)
     {
-        pure nothrow @nogc invariant
+        @nogc nothrow pure @system invariant
         {
             for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
             {
@@ -126,7 +88,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         }
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
      * Params:
@@ -134,7 +96,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -155,35 +117,6 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return data is null ? null : data[0 .. size];
     }
 
-    ///
-    nothrow unittest
-    {
-        auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
-        assert(p);
-        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
-
-        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(0);
-        assert(p.length == 0);
-    }
-
-    // Issue 245: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/245.
-    private @nogc unittest
-    {
-        // allocate() check.
-        size_t tooMuchMemory = size_t.max
-                             - MmapPool.alignment_
-                             - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2
-                             - RegionEntry.sizeof
-                             - MmapPool.instance.pageSize;
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
-
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(size_t.max) is null);
-
-        // initializeRegion() check.
-        tooMuchMemory = size_t.max - MmapPool.alignment_;
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
-    }
-
     /*
      * Search for a block large enough to keep $(D_PARAM size) and split it
      * into two blocks if the block is too large.
@@ -193,7 +126,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
      */
-    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         Block block1;
         RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
@@ -235,7 +169,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     // Merge block with the next one.
-    private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private void mergeNext(Block block) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
         if (block.next.next !is null)
@@ -245,7 +179,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         block.next = block.next.next;
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Deallocates a memory block.
      *
      * Params:
@@ -253,7 +187,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p.ptr is null)
         {
@@ -275,7 +209,10 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
             }
-            return unmapMemory(block.region, block.region.size);
+            version (Windows)
+                return VirtualFree(block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) != 0;
+            else
+                return unmapMemory(block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
         }
         // Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
         if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
@@ -299,15 +236,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    ///
-    nothrow unittest
-    {
-        auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
-
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p));
-    }
-
-    /**
+    /*
      * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
      * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
      * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
@@ -319,8 +248,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
-    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p is null || size == 0)
         {
@@ -383,32 +312,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    ///
-    nothrow unittest
-    {
-        void[] p;
-        assert(!MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 5));
-        assert(p is null);
-
-        p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-        auto orig = p.ptr;
-
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
-        assert(p.length == 2);
-        assert(p.ptr == orig);
-
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 4));
-        assert(p.length == 4);
-        assert(p.ptr == orig);
-
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 2));
-        assert(p.length == 2);
-        assert(p.ptr == orig);
-
-        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
-    }
-
-    /**
+    /*
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
      *
      * Params:
@@ -417,7 +321,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -441,7 +346,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         }
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            copy(p[0 .. min(p.length, size)], reallocP);
+            copy(p[0 .. p.length < size ? p.length : size], reallocP);
             deallocate(p);
         }
         p = reallocP;
@@ -449,87 +354,35 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    ///
-    nothrow unittest
-    {
-        void[] p;
-        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
-        (cast(int[]) p)[7] = 123;
-
-        assert(p.length == 40);
-
-        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
-
-        assert(p.length == 32);
-        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 20 * int.sizeof);
-        (cast(int[]) p)[15] = 8;
-
-        assert(p.length == 80);
-        assert((cast(int[]) p)[15] == 8);
-        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-        MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 8 * int.sizeof);
-
-        assert(p.length == 32);
-        assert((cast(int[]) p)[7] == 123);
-
-        MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
-    }
-
-    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
+    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() @nogc nothrow @system
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
-            // Get system dependend page size.
-            version (Posix)
-            {
-                size_t pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-                if (pageSize < 65536)
-                {
-                    pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
-                }
-            }
-            else version (Windows)
-            {
-                SYSTEM_INFO si;
-                GetSystemInfo(&si);
-                size_t pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
-            }
-
             const instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize,
                                               MmapPool));
 
             Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
-            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head, pageSize);
+            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
             if (data !is null)
             {
                 copy(typeid(MmapPool).initializer, data[0 .. instanceSize]);
                 instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
-                instance_.pageSize = pageSize;
             }
         }
         return instance_;
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Static allocator instance and initializer.
      *
      * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
      */
-    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         return (cast(GetPureInstance!MmapPool) &instantiate)();
     }
 
-    ///
-    nothrow unittest
-    {
-        assert(instance is instance);
-    }
-
     /*
      * Initializes a region for one element.
      *
@@ -539,21 +392,37 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: A pointer to the data.
      */
-    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size,
-                                          ref Region head,
-                                          const size_t pageSize)
-    pure nothrow @nogc
+    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size, ref Region head)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
-        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size, pageSize);
+        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
         if (regionSize < size)
         {
             return null;
         }
-
-        void* p = mapMemory(regionSize);
-        if (p is null)
+        version (Windows)
         {
-            return null;
+            void* p = VirtualAlloc(null,
+                    regionSize,
+                    MEM_COMMIT,
+                    PAGE_READWRITE);
+            if (p is null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            void* p = mapMemory(null,
+                    regionSize,
+                    PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                    MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+                    -1,
+                    0);
+            if (cast(ptrdiff_t) p == -1)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
         }
 
         Region region = cast(Region) p;
@@ -591,9 +460,10 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return data;
     }
 
-    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
-        return initializeRegion(size, this.head, this.pageSize);
+        return initializeRegion(size, this.head);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -602,43 +472,38 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
     }
 
     /*
      * Params:
-     *  x        = Required space.
-     *  pageSize = Page size.
+     *  x = Required space.
      *
      * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
      */
-    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x,
-                                              ref const size_t pageSize)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return (x + RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2)
              / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
     }
 
-    /**
+    /*
      * Returns: Alignment offered.
      */
-    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property uint alignment() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         return alignment_;
     }
 
-    private nothrow @nogc unittest
-    {
-        assert(MmapPool.instance.alignment == MmapPool.alignment_);
-    }
-
     private enum uint alignment_ = 8;
 
     private shared static MmapPool instance_;
-    private shared size_t pageSize;
+
+    // Page size.
+    enum size_t pageSize = 65536;
 
     private shared struct RegionEntry
     {
@@ -661,60 +526,19 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     private alias Block = shared BlockEntry*;
 }
 
-// A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
-// segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-    auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-    auto b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-    auto e = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-    auto c = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-    auto f = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
+    // allocate() check.
+    size_t tooMuchMemory = size_t.max
+        - MmapPool.alignment_
+        - MmapPool.BlockEntry.sizeof * 2
+        - MmapPool.RegionEntry.sizeof
+        - MmapPool.pageSize;
+    assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
 
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(c);
+    assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(size_t.max) is null);
 
-    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(50);
-    MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(a, 64);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
-
-    a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-    auto tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-    auto h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-    auto tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-
-    auto h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
-    tmp1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
-
-    h2 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(2);
-    h1 = MmapPool.instance.allocate(1);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h2);
-
-    auto rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
-    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
-    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
-
-    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 9);
-
-    rep = cast(void[]) tmp2;
-    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(rep, tmp1.length);
-    tmp2 = cast(ubyte[]) rep;
-    MmapPool.instance.reallocate(tmp1, 17);
-
-    tmp2[$ - 1] = 0;
-
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(tmp1);
-
-    b = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
-
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(h1);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(a);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(b);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(d);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(e);
-    MmapPool.instance.deallocate(f);
+    // initializeRegion() check.
+    tooMuchMemory = size_t.max - MmapPool.alignment_;
+    assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
 }

middle/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -5,32 +5,16 @@
 /**
  * Set of operations on memory blocks.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/op.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/op.d,
  *                 tanya/memory/op.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.op;
 
-version (TanyaNative)
-{
-    extern private void fillMemory(void[], size_t) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    extern private void copyMemory(const void[], void[])
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
-    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-}
-else
-{
-    import core.stdc.string;
-}
+import core.stdc.string;
 
 private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;
 
@@ -58,16 +42,9 @@ in
     assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
     assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
-    version (TanyaNative)
-    {
-        copyMemory(source, target);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        memcpy(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
-    }
+    memcpy(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
 }
 
 ///
@@ -76,27 +53,7 @@ body
     ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
     ubyte[9] target;
     source.copy(target);
-    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    {
-        ubyte[0] source, target;
-        source.copy(target);
-    }
-    {
-        ubyte[1] source = [1];
-        ubyte[1] target;
-        source.copy(target);
-        assert(target[0] == 1);
-    }
-    {
-        ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
-        ubyte[8] target;
-        source.copy(target);
-        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
-    }
+    assert(equal(source, target));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -126,16 +83,9 @@ in
 {
     assert(memory.length == 0 || memory.ptr !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
-    version (TanyaNative)
-    {
-        fillMemory(memory, filledBytes!c);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        memset(memory.ptr, c, memory.length);
-    }
+    memset(memory.ptr, c, memory.length);
 }
 
 ///
@@ -149,31 +99,6 @@ body
     }
 }
 
-// Stress test. Checks that `fill` can handle unaligned pointers and different
-// lengths.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[192] memory;
-
-    foreach (j; 0 .. 192)
-    {
-        foreach (ubyte i, ref ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
-        {
-            v = i;
-        }
-        fill(memory[j .. $]);
-        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
-        {
-            assert(v == 0);
-        }
-        fill!1(memory[j .. $]);
-        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
-        {
-            assert(v == 1);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Copies starting from the end of $(D_PARAM source) into the end of
  * $(D_PARAM target).
@@ -203,16 +128,9 @@ in
     assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
     assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
-    version (TanyaNative)
-    {
-        moveMemory(source, target);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        memmove(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
-    }
+    memmove(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
 }
 
 ///
@@ -222,85 +140,7 @@ body
     ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
 
     copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
-    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[9] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i' ];
-    ubyte[9] r2;
-
-    copyBackward(r1, r2);
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2).
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a positive integer if
- * $(D_INLINECODE r1.length > r2.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
- * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be greater than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a negative integer if
- * $(D_INLINECODE r2.length > r1.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
- * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be less than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
- *
- * `0` is returned otherwise.
- *
- * Returns: Positive integer if $(D_INLINECODE r1 > r2),
- *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
- *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
- */
-int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
-in
-{
-    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
-    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-    version (TanyaNative)
-    {
-        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        if (r1.length > r2.length)
-        {
-            return 1;
-        }
-        return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
-    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[16] r1 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-    ubyte[16] r2 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+    assert(equal(expected, mem));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -315,13 +155,13 @@ body
  *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
  *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
  */
-inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, ubyte needle)
 @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 in
 {
     assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     auto length = haystack.length;
     const size_t needleWord = size_t.max * needle;
@@ -336,19 +176,19 @@ body
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
-        length--;
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
     }
 
     // Check if some of the words has the needle
     auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
     while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
     {
-        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        if ((((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
         {
             break;
         }
-        words++;
+        ++words;
         length -= size_t.sizeof;
     }
 
@@ -360,8 +200,8 @@ body
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
-        length--;
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
     }
 
     return haystack[$ .. $];
@@ -372,14 +212,119 @@ body
 {
     const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
 
-    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'a'), haystack[]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'b'), haystack[1 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'c'), haystack[2 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'd'), haystack[3 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'e'), haystack[4 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'f'), haystack[5 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'h'), haystack[8 .. $]));
     assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
 
     assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Looks for `\0` in the $(D_PARAM haystack) and returns the part of the
+ * $(D_PARAM haystack) ahead of it.
+ *
+ * Returns $(D_KEYWORD null) if $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain a null
+ * character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange that spans all bytes before the null character or
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD null) if the $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain any.
+ */
+inout(char[]) findNullTerminated(return inout char[] haystack)
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words contains 0
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        ++words;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact 0 position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("abcdef\0gh"), "abcdef"));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0garbage"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("cstring\0"), "cstring"));
+    assert(findNullTerminated(null) is null);
+    assert(findNullTerminated("abcdef") is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) for equality.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  r1 = First memory block.
+ *  r2 = Second memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) are equal,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool equal(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
+    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    return r1.length == r2.length && memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length) == 0;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal("asdf", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asd", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "asd"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "qwer"));
+}

middle/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+ * Dynamic memory management.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/package.d,
- *                 tanya/encoding/package.d)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
  */
-module tanya.encoding;
+module tanya.memory;
 
-public import tanya.encoding.ascii;
+public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+public import tanya.memory.lifetime;

middle/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -14,26 +14,22 @@
  *  $(LI Unique ownership)
  * )
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/middle/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
  *                 tanya/memory/smartref.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.smartref;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.conv;
-import tanya.exception;
-import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 private template Payload(T)
 {
-    static if (isPolymorphicType!T || isArray!T)
+    static if (isPolymorphicType!T || isDynamicArray!T)
     {
         alias Payload = T;
     }
@@ -54,7 +50,7 @@ private final class RefCountedStore(T)
     {
         assert(this.counter > 0);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
     }
@@ -139,7 +135,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.allocator_ = allocator;
     }
@@ -247,7 +243,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     {
         assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference");
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return this.storage.payload;
     }
@@ -259,7 +255,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
          * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
          *
          * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
+         *  op = Operation.
          *
          * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
          */
@@ -276,7 +272,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal
      *          storage.
      */
     @property bool isInitialized() const
@@ -305,174 +301,14 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     auto val = rc.get();
 
     *val = 8;
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+    assert(*rc.get == 8);
 
     val = null;
-    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+    assert(rc.get !is null);
+    assert(*rc.get == 8);
 
     *rc = 9;
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
-    assert(*rc == 7);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    RefCounted!int rc;
-    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-    rc = null;
-    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-
-    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
-    {
-        assert(param.count == 2);
-        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
-        assert(param.count == 1);
-        assert(*param == 7);
-    }
-    func(rc);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-    assert(*rc == 5);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    RefCounted!int rc;
-
-    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
-    {
-        assert(param.count == 0);
-        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
-        assert(param.count == 1);
-        assert(*param == 7);
-    }
-    func(rc);
-    assert(rc.count == 0);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    RefCounted!int rc1, rc2;
-    static assert(is(typeof(rc1 = rc2)));
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    private class A
-    {
-        uint *destroyed;
-
-        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
-        {
-            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
-        }
-
-        ~this() @nogc
-        {
-            ++(*destroyed);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private struct B
-    {
-        int prop;
-        @disable this();
-        this(int param1) @nogc
-        {
-            prop = param1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    uint destroyed;
-    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
-
-    assert(destroyed == 0);
-    {
-        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
-        assert(rc.count == 1);
-
-        void func(RefCounted!A rc) @nogc @system
-        {
-            assert(rc.count == 2);
-        }
-        func(rc);
-
-        assert(rc.count == 1);
-    }
-    assert(destroyed == 1);
-
-    RefCounted!int rc;
-    assert(rc.count == 0);
-    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator);
-    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-
-    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
-    {
-        assert(rc.count == 2);
-        rc = null;
-        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-        assert(rc.count == 0);
-    }
-
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-    func(rc);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-
-    rc = null;
-    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-    assert(rc.count == 0);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-    assert(*rc == 5);
-
-    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
-    {
-        assert(rc.count == 2);
-        rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(4);
-        assert(*rc == 4);
-        assert(rc.count == 1);
-    }
-    func(rc);
-    assert(*rc == 5);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
-    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
-
-    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
-    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+    assert(*rc.get == 9);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -489,7 +325,7 @@ version (unittest)
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
@@ -501,7 +337,7 @@ in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
 
@@ -530,23 +366,23 @@ body
  *
  * Params:
  *  T         = Array type.
+ *  E         = Array element type.
  *  size      = Array size.
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
- *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / E.sizeof)
  */
-RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T : E[], E)(shared Allocator allocator, size_t size)
 @trusted
-if (isArray!T)
 in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
-    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / E.sizeof);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     return RefCounted!T(allocator.make!T(size), allocator);
 }
@@ -573,59 +409,6 @@ body
     assert(rc.count == 1);
 }
 
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    struct E
-    {
-    }
-    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
-    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
-    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
-    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
-
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
-    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
-        assert(rc.get().prop == 3);
-    }
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
-        assert(rc.count);
-    }
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
-    assert(rc.length == 5);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
-    auto p2 = p1;
-    auto rc = RefCounted!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
-    assert(rc.get() is p2);
-}
-
-@nogc @system unittest
-{
-    static bool destroyed;
-
-    static struct F
-    {
-        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
-        {
-            destroyed = true;
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
-    }
-    assert(destroyed);
-}
-
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
  *
@@ -664,7 +447,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.allocator_ = allocator;
     }
@@ -743,7 +526,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
          * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
          *
          * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
+         *  op = Operation.
          *
          * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
          */
@@ -837,7 +620,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
@@ -849,7 +632,7 @@ in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     auto payload = allocator.make!(T, A)(args);
     return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
@@ -861,63 +644,24 @@ body
  *
  * Params:
  *  T         = Array type.
+ *  E         = Array element type.
  *  size      = Array size.
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
- *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / E.sizeof)
  */
-Unique!T unique(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+Unique!T unique(T : E[], E)(shared Allocator allocator, size_t size)
 @trusted
-if (isArray!T)
 in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
-    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / E.sizeof);
 }
-body
+do
 {
-    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!E(null, size);
     return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
 }
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!B(5))));
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!(int[])(5))));
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
-    assert(*s == 5);
-
-    s = null;
-    assert(s is null);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
-    assert(*s == 5);
-
-    s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(4);
-    assert(*s == 4);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
-    auto p2 = p1;
-
-    auto rc = Unique!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
-    assert(rc.get() is p2);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto rc = Unique!int(defaultAllocator);
-    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
-}

os/dub.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+	"name": "os",
+	"description": "Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality",
+	"targetType": "library",
+
+	"dependencies": {
+		"tanya:meta": "*"
+	},
+
+	"sourcePaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"importPaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"dflags-dmd": ["-dip1000"]
+}

os/tanya/os/error.d

@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@
 /**
  * This module provides a portable way of using operating system error codes.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/error.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/os/tanya/os/error.d,
  *                 tanya/os/error.d)
  */
 module tanya.os.error;
 
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
 // Socket API error.
 private template SAError(int posix, int wsa = posix)
 {
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         /// Protocol not available.
         noProtocolOption          = SAError!(92, 42),
 
-        /// The protocol is not implemented orR has not been configured.
+        /// The protocol is not implemented or has not been configured.
         protocolNotSupported      = SAError!(93, 43),
 
         /// The support for the specified socket type does not exist in this
@@ -186,19 +188,66 @@ struct ErrorCode
         cancelled                 = SAError!(125, 103),
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Error descriptions.
+     */
+    private enum ErrorStr : string
+    {
+        success                   = "The operation completed successfully",
+        noPermission              = "Operation not permitted",
+        interrupted               = "Interrupted system call",
+        badDescriptor             = "Bad file descriptor",
+        wouldBlock                = "An operation on a non-blocking socket would block",
+        noMemory                  = "Out of memory",
+        accessDenied              = "Access denied",
+        fault                     = "An invalid pointer address detected",
+        noSuchDevice              = "No such device",
+        invalidArgument           = "An invalid argument was supplied",
+        tooManyDescriptors        = "The limit on the number of open file descriptors",
+        noDescriptors             = "The limit on the number of open file descriptors",
+        brokenPipe                = "Broken pipe",
+        nameTooLong               = "The name was too long",
+        notSocket                 = "A socket operation was attempted on a non-socket",
+        protocolError             = "Protocol error",
+        messageTooLong            = "Message too long",
+        wrongProtocolType         = "Wrong protocol type for socket",
+        noProtocolOption          = "Protocol not available",
+        protocolNotSupported      = "The protocol is not implemented or has not been configured",
+        socketNotSupported        = "Socket type not supported",
+        operationNotSupported     = "The address family is no supported by the protocol family",
+        addressFamilyNotSupported = "Address family specified is not supported",
+        addressInUse              = "Address already in use",
+        networkDown               = "The network is not available",
+        networkUnreachable        = "No route to host",
+        networkReset              = "Network dropped connection because of reset",
+        connectionAborted         = "The connection has been aborted",
+        connectionReset           = "Connection reset by peer",
+        noBufferSpace             = "No free buffer space is available for a socket operation",
+        alreadyConnected          = "Transport endpoint is already connected",
+        notConnected              = "Transport endpoint is not connected",
+        shutdown                  = "Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown",
+        timedOut                  = "Operation timed out",
+        connectionRefused         = "Connection refused",
+        hostDown                  = "Host is down",
+        hostUnreachable           = "No route to host",
+        alreadyStarted            = "Operation already in progress",
+        inProgress                = "Operation now in progress",
+        cancelled                 = "Operation cancelled",
+    }
+
     /**
      * Constructor.
      *
      * Params:
      *  value = Numeric error code.
      */
-    this(const ErrorNo value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    this(const ErrorNo value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         this.value_ = value;
     }
 
     ///
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         ErrorCode ec;
         assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
@@ -211,13 +260,13 @@ struct ErrorCode
      * Resets this $(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode) to default
      * ($(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode.success)).
      */
-    void reset() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    void reset() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         this.value_ = ErrorNo.success;
     }
 
     ///
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto ec = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
         assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
@@ -241,7 +290,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
     }
 
     ///
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         ErrorCode ec = ErrorCode.fault;
         auto errorNo = cast(ErrorCode.ErrorNo) ec;
@@ -258,38 +307,38 @@ struct ErrorCode
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref ErrorCode opAssign(const ErrorNo that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign(const ErrorNo that) return @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         this.value_ = that;
         return this;
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    ref ErrorCode opAssign()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign(const ErrorCode that) return @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         this.value_ = that.value_;
         return this;
     }
 
     ///
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
-        {
-            ErrorCode ec;
-            assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+        ErrorCode ec;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
 
-            ec = ErrorCode.fault;
-            assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
-        }
-        {
-            auto ec1 = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
-            ErrorCode ec2;
-            assert(ec2 == ErrorCode.success);
+        ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+    }
 
-            ec2 = ec1;
-            assert(ec1 == ec2);
-        }
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        auto ec1 = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
+        ErrorCode ec2;
+        assert(ec2 == ErrorCode.success);
+
+        ec2 = ec1;
+        assert(ec1 == ec2);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -300,37 +349,62 @@ struct ErrorCode
      *
      * Returns: Whether $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that) are equal.
      */
-    bool opEquals(const ErrorNo that) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    bool opEquals(const ErrorNo that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return this.value_ == that;
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    bool opEquals()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    bool opEquals(const ErrorCode that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return this.value_ == that.value_;
     }
 
     ///
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
-        {
-            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
-            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.accessDenied;
+        ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+        ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.accessDenied;
 
-            assert(ec1 != ec2);
-            assert(ec1 != ErrorCode.accessDenied);
-            assert(ErrorCode.fault != ec2);
-        }
-        {
-            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
-            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.fault;
+        assert(ec1 != ec2);
+        assert(ec1 != ErrorCode.accessDenied);
+        assert(ErrorCode.fault != ec2);
+    }
 
-            assert(ec1 == ec2);
-            assert(ec1 == ErrorCode.fault);
-            assert(ErrorCode.fault == ec2);
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+        ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.fault;
+
+        assert(ec1 == ec2);
+        assert(ec1 == ErrorCode.fault);
+        assert(ErrorCode.fault == ec2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns string describing the error number. If a description for a
+     * specific error number is not available, returns $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * Returns: String describing the error number.
+     */
+    string toString() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        foreach (e; __traits(allMembers, ErrorNo))
+        {
+            if (__traits(getMember, ErrorNo, e) == this.value_)
+            {
+                return __traits(getMember, ErrorStr, e);
+            }
         }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        assert(ec.toString() == "An invalid pointer address detected");
     }
 
     private ErrorNo value_ = ErrorNo.success;

os/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
  * This package provides platform-independent interfaces to operating system
  * functionality.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/package.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/os/tanya/os/package.d,
  *                 tanya/os/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.os;

source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Iteration algorithms.
+ *
+ * These algorithms wrap other ranges and modify the way, how the original
+ * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
+ *
+ * All algorithms in this module are lazy, they request the next element of the
+ * original range on demand.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2021.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/iteration.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.iteration;
+
+import std.typecons;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
+
+private struct SingletonByValue(E)
+{
+    private Nullable!E element;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(U)(ref U element)
+    if (is(U == E))
+    {
+        this.element = move(element);
+    }
+
+    private this(U)(ref U element)
+    if (is(Unqual!U == Nullable!(Unqual!E)) || is(Unqual!U == Nullable!(const E)))
+    {
+        if (!element.isNull)
+        {
+            this.element = element.get;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.element.get;
+    }
+
+    alias back = front;
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.element.nullify();
+    }
+
+    alias popBack = popFront;
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.element.isNull;
+    }
+
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return !this.element.isNull;
+    }
+
+    auto save()
+    {
+        return SingletonByValue!E(this.element);
+    }
+
+    ref inout(E) opIndex(size_t i) inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(i == 0);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.element.get;
+    }
+}
+
+private struct SingletonByRef(E)
+{
+    private E* element;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(return ref E element) @trusted
+    {
+        this.element = &element;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout return scope
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return *this.element;
+    }
+
+    alias back = front;
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.element = null;
+    }
+
+    alias popBack = popFront;
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.element is null;
+    }
+
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.element !is null;
+    }
+
+    auto save() return
+    {
+        return typeof(this)(*this.element);
+    }
+
+    ref inout(E) opIndex(size_t i) inout return scope
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(i == 0);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return *this.element;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a bidirectional and random-access range with the single element
+ * $(D_PARAM element).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM element) is passed by value the resulting range stores it
+ * internally. If $(D_PARAM element) is passed by reference, the resulting
+ * range keeps only a pointer to the element.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E       = Element type.
+ *  element = Element.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range with one element.
+ */
+auto singleton(E)(return E element)
+if (isMutable!E)
+{
+    return SingletonByValue!E(element);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+auto singleton(E)(return ref E element)
+{
+    return SingletonByRef!E(element);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto singleChar = singleton('a');
+
+    assert(singleChar.length == 1);
+    assert(singleChar.front == 'a');
+
+    singleChar.popFront();
+    assert(singleChar.empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Accumulates all elements of a range using a function.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL foldr) takes a function, a bidirectional range and the initial
+ * value. The function takes this initial value and the first element of the
+ * range (in this order), puts them together and returns the result. The return
+ * type of the function should be the same as the type of the initial value.
+ * This is than repeated for all the remaining elements of the range, whereby
+ * the value returned by the passed function is used at the place of the
+ * initial value.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL foldr) accumulates from right to left.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Callable accepting the accumulator and a range element.
+ */
+template foldr(F...)
+if (F.length == 1)
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  R     = Bidirectional range type.
+     *  T     = Type of the accumulated value.
+     *  range = Bidirectional range.
+     *  init  = Initial value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Accumulated value.
+     */
+    auto foldr(R, T)(scope R range, auto ref T init)
+    if (isBidirectionalRange!R)
+    {
+        if (range.empty)
+        {
+            return init;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            auto acc = F[0](init, getAndPopBack(range));
+            return foldr(range, acc);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[3] range = [1, 2, 3];
+    int[3] output;
+    const int[3] expected = [3, 2, 1];
+
+    alias f = (acc, x) {
+        acc.front = x;
+        acc.popFront;
+        return acc;
+    };
+    const actual = foldr!f(range[], output[]);
+
+    assert(output[] == expected[]);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Algorithms that modify its arguments.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,262 +14,231 @@
  */
 module tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 
-import tanya.memory.op;
+static import tanya.memory.lifetime;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
-
-private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
-{
-    static if (is(T == U[S], U, size_t S))
-    {
-        foreach (ref e; value)
-        {
-            deinitialize!zero(e);
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static if (isNested!T)
-        {
-            // Don't override the context pointer.
-            enum size_t size = T.sizeof - (void*).sizeof;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            enum size_t size = T.sizeof;
-        }
-        static if (zero)
-        {
-            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
-        }
-    }
-}
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
- * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
- * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
- *
- * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
- * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
- * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
- * accessing it yields an unspecified value. No postblits or destructors are
- * called. If the $(D_PARAM target) should be destroyed before, use
- * $(D_PSYMBOL move).
- *
- * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) must be different objects.
+ * Copies the $(D_PARAM source) range into the $(D_PARAM target) range.
  *
  * Params:
- *  T      = Object type.
- *  source = Source object.
- *  target = Target object.
+ *  Source = Input range type.
+ *  Target = Output range type.
+ *  source = Source input range.
+ *  target = Target output range.
  *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL move),
- *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateCopyConstructor),
- *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateDestructor).
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM target) range, whose front element is the one past the
+ *          last element copied.
  *
- * Precondition: `&source !is &target`.
+ * Precondition: $(D_PARAM target) should be large enough to accept all
+ *               $(D_PARAM source) elements.
  */
-void moveEmplace(T)(ref T source, ref T target) @system
+Target copy(Source, Target)(Source source, Target target)
+if (isInputRange!Source && isOutputRange!(Target, ElementType!Source))
 in
 {
-    assert(&source !is &target, "Source and target must be different");
-}
-body
-{
-    static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
+    static if (hasLength!Source && hasLength!Target)
     {
-        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
-
-        static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        assert(target.length >= source.length);
+    }
+}
+do
+{
+    alias E = ElementType!Source;
+    static if (isDynamicArray!Source
+            && is(Unqual!E == ElementType!Target)
+            && !hasElaborateCopyConstructor!E
+            && !hasElaborateAssign!E
+            && !hasElaborateDestructor!E)
+    {
+        if (source.ptr < target.ptr
+         && (() @trusted => (target.ptr - source.ptr) < source.length)())
         {
-            if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
-            {
-                deinitialize!true(source);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                deinitialize!false(source);
-            }
+            tanya.memory.op.copyBackward(source, target);
+        }
+        else if (source.ptr !is target.ptr)
+        {
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(source, target);
+        }
+        return target[source.length .. $];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !source.empty; source.popFront())
+        {
+            put(target, source.front);
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[2] source = [1, 2];
+    int[2] target = [3, 4];
+
+    copy(source[], target[]);
+    assert(equal(source[], target[]));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Filler type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Filler.
+ */
+void fill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (!isDynamicArray!Range && is(typeof(range[] = value)))
+    {
+        range[] = value;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            range.front = value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
+
+    fill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value) assuming the elements of the
+ * $(D_PARAM range) aren't initialized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Initializer type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Initializer.
+ */
+void uninitializedFill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range
+ && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(ElementType!Range))
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            ElementType!Range* p = &range.front;
+            tanya.memory.lifetime.emplace!(ElementType!Range)(cast(void[]) (p[0 .. 1]), value);
         }
     }
     else
     {
-        target = source;
+        fill(range, value);
     }
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct S
-    {
-        int member = 5;
+    import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
 
-        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-    S source, target = void;
-    moveEmplace(source, target);
-    assert(target.member == 5);
+    int[6] actual = void;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
 
-    int x1 = 5, x2;
-    moveEmplace(x1, x2);
-    assert(x2 == 5);
-}
-
-// Is pure.
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    struct S
-    {
-        this(this)
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    S source, target = void;
-    static assert(is(typeof({ moveEmplace(source, target); })));
-}
-
-// Moves nested.
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    struct Nested
-    {
-        void method() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    Nested source, target = void;
-    moveEmplace(source, target);
-    assert(source == target);
-}
-
-// Emplaces static arrays.
-@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-{
-    static struct S
-    {
-        size_t member;
-        this(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.member = i;
-        }
-        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    S[2] source = [ S(5), S(5) ], target = void;
-    moveEmplace(source, target);
-    assert(source[0].member == 0);
-    assert(target[0].member == 5);
-    assert(source[1].member == 0);
-    assert(target[1].member == 5);
+    uninitializedFill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
 }
 
 /**
- * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
- * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
- *
- * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
- * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
- * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
- * accessing it yields an unspecified value. $(D_PARAM target) is destroyed before
- * the new value is assigned. If $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized and
- * therefore shouldn't be destroyed, $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace) can be used.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM target) isn't specified, $(D_PSYMBOL move) returns the source
- * as rvalue without calling its copy constructor or destructor.
- *
- * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) are the same object,
- * $(D_PSYMBOL move) does nothing.
+ * Initializes all elements of the $(D_PARAM range) assuming that they are
+ * uninitialized.
  *
  * Params:
- *  T      = Object type.
- *  source = Source object.
- *  target = Target object.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace).
+ *  Range = Input range type
+ *  range = Input range.
  */
-void move(T)(ref T source, ref T target)
+void initializeAll(Range)(Range range) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
 {
-    if ((() @trusted => &source is &target)())
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
-    {
-        target.__xdtor();
-    }
-    (() @trusted => moveEmplace(source, target))();
-}
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy, fill;
+    alias T = ElementType!Range;
 
-/// ditto
-T move(T)(ref T source) @trusted
-{
-    T target = void;
-    moveEmplace(source, target);
-    return target;
+    static if (isDynamicArray!Range && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+    {
+        fill!0(range);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static immutable init = T.init;
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            copy((&init)[0 .. 1], (&range.front)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct S
-    {
-        int member = 5;
+    import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
 
-        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-    S source, target = void;
-    move(source, target);
-    assert(target.member == 5);
-    assert(move(target).member == 5);
+    int[2] actual = void;
+    const int[2] expected = [0, 0];
 
-    int x1 = 5, x2;
-    move(x1, x2);
-    assert(x2 == 5);
-    assert(move(x2) == 5);
-}
-
-// Moves if source is target.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    int x = 5;
-    move(x, x);
-    assert(x == 5);
+    initializeAll(actual[]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
 }
 
 /**
- * Exchanges the values of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b).
+ * Destroys all elements in the $(D_PARAM range).
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL swap) moves the contents of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b)
- * without calling its postblits or destructors.
+ * This function has effect only if the element type of $(D_PARAM Range) has
+ * an elaborate destructor, i.e. it is a $(D_PSYMBOL struct) with an explicit
+ * or generated by the compiler destructor.
  *
  * Params:
- *  a = The first object.
- *  a = The second object.
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
  */
-void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
+void destroyAll(Range)(Range range)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
 {
-    T tmp = void;
-    moveEmplace(a, tmp);
-    moveEmplace(b, a);
-    moveEmplace(tmp, b);
+    tanya.memory.lifetime.destroyAllImpl!(Range, ElementType!Range)(range);
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted unittest
 {
-    int a = 3, b = 5;
-    swap(a, b);
-    assert(a == 5);
-    assert(b == 3);
+    static struct WithDtor
+    {
+        private size_t* counter;
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure
+        {
+            if (this.counter !is null)
+            {
+                ++(*this.counter);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t counter;
+    WithDtor[2] withDtor = [WithDtor(&counter), WithDtor(&counter)];
+
+    destroyAll(withDtor[]);
+
+    assert(counter == 2);
 }

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Collection of generic algorithms.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2021.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,4 +14,5 @@
  */
 module tanya.algorithm;
 
+public import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
 public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Event loop implementation for Linux.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
- *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.event.epoll;
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-}
-else version (linux):
-
-import core.stdc.errno;
-public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import tanya.async.event.selector;
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.array;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-extern (C) nothrow @nogc
-{
-    int epoll_create1(int flags);
-    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
-    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
-}
-
-final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
-{
-    protected int fd;
-    private Array!epoll_event events;
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this() @nogc
-    {
-        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
-        }
-        super();
-        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Frees loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this() @nogc
-    {
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *  events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-    {
-        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-        epoll_event ev;
-
-        if (events == oldEvents)
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (events && oldEvents)
-        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-        }
-        else if (events && !oldEvents)
-        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-        }
-
-        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
-        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-                  | EPOLLET;
-
-        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    protected override void poll() @nogc
-    {
-        // Don't block
-        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
-
-        if (eventCount < 0)
-        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
-            {
-                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-        {
-            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-
-            if (transport is null)
-            {
-                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-                assert(connection !is null);
-
-                acceptConnections(connection);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
-            {
-                kill(transport);
-                continue;
-            }
-            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
-            {
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    ptrdiff_t received;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-                        transport.output += received;
-                    }
-                    while (received);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    kill(transport, exception);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                else if (transport.output.length)
-                {
-                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-                }
-            }
-            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
-            {
-                transport.writeReady = true;
-                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
-                    feed(transport);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-    }
-}

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -1,389 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Event loop implementation for Windows.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d,
- *                 tanya/async/event/iocp.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.event.iocp;
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-}
-else version (Windows):
-
-import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-
-/**
- * Transport for stream sockets.
- */
-final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
-{
-    private SocketException exception;
-
-    private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
-
-    private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
-
-    private Protocol protocol_;
-
-    private bool closing;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates new completion port transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  socket = Socket.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-     */
-    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
-    {
-        super(socket);
-        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
-        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
-        active = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     *
-     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-     */
-    override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    out (socket)
-    {
-        assert(socket !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-     */
-    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return closing;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Close the transport.
-     *
-     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-     */
-    void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        closing = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
-    {
-        input ~= data;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     */
-    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return protocol_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Switches the protocol.
-     *
-     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-     */
-    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke() @nogc
-    {
-        if (output.length)
-        {
-            immutable empty = input.length == 0;
-            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
-            output.clear();
-            if (empty)
-            {
-                SocketState overlapped;
-                try
-                {
-                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                    socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            protocol.disconnected(exception);
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-            active = false;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-final class IOCPLoop : Loop
-{
-    protected HANDLE completionPort;
-
-    protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this() @nogc
-    {
-        super();
-
-        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, null, 0, 0);
-        if (!completionPort)
-        {
-            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
-                                        "Creating completion port failed");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *  events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-    {
-        SocketState overlapped;
-        if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
-        {
-            auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
-            assert(socket !is null);
-
-            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
-                                       completionPort,
-                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
-                                       0) !is completionPort)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            try
-            {
-                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        if ((!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-            || (!(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write)))
-        {
-            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
-            assert(transport !is null);
-
-            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
-                                       completionPort,
-                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
-                                       0) !is completionPort)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            // Begin to read
-            if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
-                      SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        transport.socket.shutdown();
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
-        transport.exception = exception;
-        pendings.enqueue(transport);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    override protected void poll() @nogc
-    {
-        DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-        size_t key;
-        OVERLAPPED* overlap;
-        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-
-        auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
-                                                &lpNumberOfBytes,
-                                                &key,
-                                                &overlap,
-                                                timeout);
-        if (result == FALSE && overlap is null)
-        {
-            return; // Timeout
-        }
-
-        auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
-        assert(overlapped !is null);
-        scope (failure)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-        }
-
-        switch (overlapped.event)
-        {
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
-                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(connection !is null);
-
-                auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
-                assert(listener !is null);
-
-                auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
-                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
-
-                connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
-
-                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-
-                pendings.enqueue(connection);
-                listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
-                break;
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
-                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                if (!transport.active)
-                {
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
-                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                int received;
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-                    kill(transport, exception);
-                }
-                else if (received > 0)
-                {
-                    immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
-
-                    transport.output += received;
-                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
-                    if (full)
-                    {
-                        transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-                    }
-                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-                }
-                break;
-            case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
-                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-                assert(transport !is null);
-
-                transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
-                if (transport.input.length > 0)
-                {
-                    transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-                    if (transport.isClosing())
-                    {
-                        kill(transport);
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                assert(false, "Unknown event");
-        }
-    }
-}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/*
- * Event loop implementation for *BSD.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d,
- *                 tanya/async/event/kqueue.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-}
-else version (OSX)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (TVOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (WatchOS)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (FreeBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = MacBSD;
-}
-
-version (MacBSD):
-
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import tanya.async.event.selector;
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.array;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
-{
-    *kevp = kevent_t(args);
-}
-
-enum : short
-{
-    EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
-    EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
-    EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
-    EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
-    EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
-    EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
-    EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
-    EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
-    EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
-    EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
-    EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
-    EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
-}
-
-struct kevent_t
-{
-    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
-    short       filter; /* filter for event */
-    ushort       flags;
-    uint        fflags;
-    intptr_t      data;
-    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
-}
-
-enum
-{
-    /* actions */
-    EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
-    EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
-    EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
-    EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
-
-    /* flags */
-    EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
-    EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
-    EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
-    EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
-
-    EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
-    EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
-
-    /* returned values */
-    EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
-    EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
-}
-
-extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
-extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
-                     kevent_t *eventlist, int nevents, const timespec *timeout)
-                     nothrow @nogc;
-
-final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
-{
-    protected int fd;
-    private Array!kevent_t events;
-    private Array!kevent_t changes;
-    private size_t changeCount;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-     */
-    override protected @property uint maxEvents()
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return cast(uint) events.length;
-    }
-
-    this() @nogc
-    {
-        super();
-
-        if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
-        {
-            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
-                                        "kqueue initialization failed");
-        }
-        events = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
-        changes = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Frees loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this() @nogc
-    {
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    private void set(SocketType socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
-    {
-        if (changes.length <= changeCount)
-        {
-            changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
-        }
-        EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
-               cast(ulong) socket,
-               filter,
-               flags,
-               0U,
-               0L,
-               null);
-        ++changeCount;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     * 	watcher   = Watcher.
-     * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     * 	events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-    {
-        if (events != oldEvents)
-        {
-            if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
-            {
-                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
-            }
-            if (oldEvents & Event.write)
-            {
-                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
-            }
-        }
-        if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
-        {
-            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
-        }
-        if (events & Event.write)
-        {
-            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    protected override void poll() @nogc
-    {
-        timespec ts;
-        blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
-
-        if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
-        {
-            events.length = changes.length;
-        }
-
-        auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
-                                 changes.get().ptr,
-                                 cast(int) changeCount,
-                                 events.get().ptr,
-                                 maxEvents,
-                                 &ts);
-        changeCount = 0;
-
-        if (eventCount < 0)
-        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
-            {
-                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
-        {
-            assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
-
-            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
-            // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
-            if (transport is null)
-            {
-                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
-                assert(connection !is null);
-
-                acceptConnections(connection);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
-            {
-                kill(transport);
-            }
-            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
-            {
-                SocketException exception;
-                try
-                {
-                    ptrdiff_t received;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-                        transport.output += received;
-                    }
-                    while (received);
-                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
-                    kill(transport, exception);
-                }
-                else if (transport.output.length)
-                {
-                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
-            {
-                transport.writeReady = true;
-                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
-                    feed(transport);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-     * be handled by the event loop.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     * 	transport = Transport.
-     * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport will be destroyed then).
-     */
-    protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
-                                 SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-    {
-        if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!transport.writeReady)
-        {
-            set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-}

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -1,407 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/*
- * This module contains base implementations for reactor event loops.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/selector.d,
- *                 tanya/async/event/selector.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.event.selector;
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-}
-else version (Posix):
-
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.array;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-/**
- * Transport for stream sockets.
- */
-package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
-{
-    private SelectorLoop loop;
-
-    private SocketException exception;
-
-    package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
-
-    package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
-
-    private Protocol protocol_;
-
-    private bool closing;
-
-    /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
-    package bool writeReady;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  loop   = Event loop.
-     *  socket = Socket.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
-     */
-    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
-    in 
-    {
-        assert(loop !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        super(socket);
-        this.loop = loop;
-        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
-        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
-        active = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     *
-     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-     */
-    override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    out (socket)
-    {
-        assert(socket !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
-    }
-
-    private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(socket !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        socket_ = socket;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     */
-    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return protocol_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Switches the protocol.
-     *
-     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-     */
-    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        protocol_ = protocol;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-     */
-    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return closing;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Close the transport.
-     *
-     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-     */
-    void close() @nogc
-    {
-        closing = true;
-        loop.reify(this,
-                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
-                   EventMask(Event.write));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke() @nogc
-    {
-        if (output.length)
-        {
-            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
-            output.clear();
-            if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
-            {
-                loop.kill(this);
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            protocol.disconnected(exception);
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-            active = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
-    {
-        if (!data.length)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Try to write if the socket is write ready.
-        if (writeReady)
-        {
-            ptrdiff_t sent;
-            SocketException exception;
-            try
-            {
-                sent = socket.send(data);
-                if (sent == 0)
-                {
-                    writeReady = false;
-                }
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                writeReady = false;
-                exception = e;
-            }
-            if (sent < data.length)
-            {
-                input ~= data[sent..$];
-                loop.feed(this, exception);
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            input ~= data;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
-{
-    /// Pending connections.
-    protected Array!SocketWatcher connections;
-
-    this() @nogc
-    {
-        super();
-        connections = Array!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
-    }
-
-    ~this() @nogc
-    {
-        foreach (ref connection; connections)
-        {
-            // We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are
-            // created by the user and should be freed by himself.
-            if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
-            {
-                MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *  events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                           EventMask oldEvents,
-                                           EventMask events) @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  transport = Transport.
-     *  exception = Occurred exception.
-     */
-    protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
-                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        transport.socket.shutdown();
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
-        transport.exception = exception;
-        pendings.enqueue(transport);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-     * be handled by the event loop.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  transport = Transport.
-     *  exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-     *          transport will be destroyed then).
-     */
-    protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
-                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(transport !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
-                if (sent == 0)
-                {
-                    transport.writeReady = false;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    transport.input += sent;
-                }
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                exception = e;
-                transport.writeReady = false;
-            }
-        }
-        if (exception !is null)
-        {
-            kill(transport, exception);
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
-        {
-            kill(transport);
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Start watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
-    {
-        if (watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
-        {
-            connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
-        }
-        connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
-
-        super.start(watcher);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Accept incoming connections.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
-     */
-    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(connection !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        while (true)
-        {
-            ConnectedSocket client;
-            try
-            {
-                client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
-            }
-            catch (SocketException e)
-            {
-                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-                break;
-            }
-            if (client is null)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            StreamTransport transport;
-
-            if (connections.length > client.handle)
-            {
-                transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
-            }
-            if (transport is null)
-            {
-                transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
-                connections[client.handle] = transport;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                transport.socket = client;
-            }
-
-            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-            connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
-        }
-
-        if (!connection.incoming.empty)
-        {
-            pendings.enqueue(connection);
-        }
-    }
-}

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This module provides API for Windows I/O Completion Ports.
- *
- * Note: Available only on Windows.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/iocp.d,
- *                 tanya/async/iocp.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.iocp;
-
-version (Windows)
-{
-    version = WindowsDoc;
-}
-else version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-    version = WindowsDoc;
-    version (Windows)
-    {
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        private struct OVERLAPPED
-        {
-        }
-        private alias HANDLE = void*;
-    }
-}
-
-version (WindowsDoc):
-
-import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-
-/**
- * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)
- * structure.
- */
-class State
-{
-    /// For internal use by Windows API.
-    align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
-
-    /// File/socket handle.
-    HANDLE handle;
-
-    /// For keeping events or event masks.
-    int event;
-}

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -1,435 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Interface for the event loop implementations and the default event loop
- * chooser.
- *
- * ---
- * import tanya.async;
- * import tanya.memory;
- * import tanya.network.socket;
- *
- * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
- * {
- *  private DuplexTransport transport;
- *
- *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
- *  {
- *      transport.write(data);
- *  }
- *
- *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
- *  {
- *      this.transport = transport;
- *  }
- *
- *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
- *  {
- *  }
- * }
- *
- * void main()
- * {
- *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
- *
- *  version (Windows)
- *  {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *  }
- *  else
- *  {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *      sock.blocking = false;
- *  }
- *
- *  sock.bind(address);
- *  sock.listen(5);
- *
- *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
- *
- *  defaultLoop.start(io);
- *  defaultLoop.run();
- *
- *  sock.shutdown();
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
- * }
- * ---
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/loop.d,
- *                 tanya/async/loop.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.loop;
-
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.iteration;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.typecons;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.container.queue;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-version (DisableBackends)
-{
-}
-else version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-}
-else version (linux)
-{
-    import tanya.async.event.epoll;
-    version = Epoll;
-}
-else version (Windows)
-{
-    import tanya.async.event.iocp;
-    version = IOCP;
-}
-else version (OSX)
-{
-    version = Kqueue;
-}
-else version (iOS)
-{
-    version = Kqueue;
-}
-else version (FreeBSD)
-{
-    version = Kqueue;
-}
-else version (OpenBSD)
-{
-    version = Kqueue;
-}
-else version (DragonFlyBSD)
-{
-    version = Kqueue;
-}
-version (unittest)
-{
-    final class TestLoop : Loop
-    {
-        override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                      EventMask oldEvents,
-                                      EventMask events) @nogc
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        override protected void poll() @nogc
-        {
-            assert(!this.done);
-            unloop();
-        }
-
-        override protected @property uint maxEvents()
-        const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return 64U;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Events.
- */
-enum Event : uint
-{
-    none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
-    read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
-    write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
-    accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
-    error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
-}
-
-alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
-
-/**
- * Event loop.
- */
-abstract class Loop
-{
-    private bool done = true;
-
-    /// Pending watchers.
-    protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-     */
-    protected @property uint maxEvents()
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return 128U;
-    }
-
-    private unittest
-    {
-        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-        assert(loop.maxEvents == 64);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
-    this() @nogc
-    {
-        pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Frees loop internals.
-     */
-    ~this() @nogc
-    {
-        foreach (w; pendings)
-        {
-            MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Starts the loop.
-     */
-    void run() @nogc
-    {
-        this.done = false;
-        do
-        {
-            poll();
-
-            // Invoke pendings
-            foreach (ref w; this.pendings)
-            {
-                w.invoke();
-            }
-        }
-        while (!this.done);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Break out of the loop.
-     */
-    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        this.done = true;
-    }
-
-    private unittest
-    {
-        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-        assert(loop.done);
-
-        loop.run();
-        assert(loop.done);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-    }
-
-    private unittest
-    {
-        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-        auto watcher = defaultAllocator.make!DummyWatcher;
-        loop.pendings.enqueue(watcher);
-
-        assert(!watcher.invoked);
-        loop.run();
-        assert(watcher.invoked);
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Start watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
-    {
-        if (watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        watcher.active = true;
-
-        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Stop watching.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher = Watcher.
-     */
-    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
-    {
-        if (!watcher.active)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        watcher.active = false;
-
-        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *  events    = The events should be set.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
-    abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events) @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
-    protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
-    {
-        // Don't block if we have to do.
-        return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-     *              $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
-     */
-    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
-        assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        blockTime_ = blockTime;
-    }
-
-    private unittest
-    {
-        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-        assert(loop.blockTime == 1.dur!"minutes");
-
-        loop.blockTime = 2.dur!"minutes";
-        assert(loop.blockTime == 2.dur!"minutes");
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
-    abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
-
-    /// Maximal block time.
-    protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception thrown on errors in the event loop.
- */
-class BadLoopException : Exception
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-    pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
-    {
-        super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the event loop used by default. If an event loop wasn't set with
- * $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultLoop) will try to
- * choose an event loop supported on the system.
- *
- * Returns: The default event loop.
- */
-@property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
-{
-    if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
-    {
-        return defaultLoop_;
-    }
-    version (Epoll)
-    {
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
-    }
-    else version (IOCP)
-    {
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
-    }
-    else version (Kqueue)
-    {
-        import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
-        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
-    }
-    return defaultLoop_;
-}
-
-/**
- * Sets the default event loop.
- *
- * This property makes it possible to implement your own backends or event
- * loops, for example, if the system is not supported or if you want to
- * extend the supported implementation. Just extend $(D_PSYMBOL Loop) and pass
- * your implementation to this property.
- *
- * Params:
- *  loop = The event loop.
- */
-@property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
-in
-{
-    assert(loop !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-    defaultLoop_ = loop;
-}
-
-private Loop defaultLoop_;
-
-private unittest
-{
-    auto oldLoop = defaultLoop_;
-    auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-
-    defaultLoop = loop;
-    assert(defaultLoop_ is loop);
-    assert(defaultLoop is loop);
-
-    defaultLoop_ = oldLoop;
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-}

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This package provides asynchronous capabilities.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/package.d,
- *                 tanya/async/package.d)
- */
-module tanya.async;
-
-public import tanya.async.loop;
-public import tanya.async.protocol;
-public import tanya.async.transport;
-public import tanya.async.watcher;

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This module contains protocol which handle data in asynchronous
- * applications.
- *
- * When an event from the network arrives, a protocol method gets
- * called and can respond to the event.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/protocol.d,
- *                 tanya/async/protocol.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.protocol;
-
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-/**
- * Common protocol interface.
- */
-interface Protocol
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  data = Read data.
-     */
-    void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Called when a connection is made.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  transport = Protocol transport.
-     */
-    void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Called when a connection is lost.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
-     *              the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
-     */
-    void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for TCP.
- */
-interface TransmissionControlProtocol  : Protocol
-{
-}

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This module contains transports which are responsible for data dilvery
- * between two parties of an asynchronous communication.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/transport.d,
- *                 tanya/async/transport.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.transport;
-
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-/**
- * Base transport interface.
- */
-interface Transport
-{
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for read-only transports.
- */
-interface ReadTransport : Transport
-{
-}
-
-/**
- * Interface for write-only transports.
- */
-interface WriteTransport : Transport
-{
-    /**
-     * Write some data to the transport.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  data = Data to send.
-     */
-    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
-}
-
-/**
- * Represents a bidirectional transport.
- */
-interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-     */
-    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    out (protocol)
-    {
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Switches the protocol.
-     *
-     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-     */
-    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(protocol !is null);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-     */
-    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Close the transport.
-     *
-     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-     */
-    void close() @nogc;
-}
-
-/**
- * Represents a socket transport.
- */
-interface SocketTransport : Transport
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-}

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Watchers register user's interest in some event.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/watcher.d,
- *                 tanya/async/watcher.d)
- */
-module tanya.async.watcher;
-
-import std.exception;
-import std.functional;
-import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.container.queue;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-import tanya.network.socket;
-
-/**
- * A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
- * your interest in some event. 
- */
-abstract class Watcher
-{
-    /// Whether the watcher is active.
-    bool active;
-
-    /**
-     * Invoke some action on event.
-     */
-    void invoke() @nogc;
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    final class DummyWatcher : Watcher
-    {
-        bool invoked;
-
-        override void invoke() @nogc
-        {
-            this.invoked = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Socket watcher.
- */
-abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
-{
-    /// Watched socket.
-    protected Socket socket_;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  socket = Socket.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-     */
-    this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(socket !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        socket_ = socket;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Socket.
-     */
-    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return socket_;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Connection watcher.
- */
-class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
-{
-    /// Incoming connection queue.
-    Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
-
-    private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  socket = Socket.
-     */
-    this(Socket socket) @nogc
-    {
-        super(socket);
-        incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  P = Protocol should be used.
-     */
-    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
-    {
-        this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invokes new connection callback.
-     */
-    override void invoke() @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        foreach (transport; incoming)
-        {
-            transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
-            transport.protocol.connected(transport);
-        }
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * This module contains buffers designed for C-style input/output APIs.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
-import tanya.memory;
+import std.traits : isScalarType;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
     private int fillBuffer(ubyte[] buffer,
-                           in size_t size,
                            int start = 0,
                            int end = 10) @nogc pure nothrow
     in
     {
         assert(start < end);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto numberRead = end - start;
         for (ubyte i; i < numberRead; ++i)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ version (unittest)
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Available space.
-    private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
+    private size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
+    private size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(length_ <= buffer_.length);
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
-        assert(minAvailable > 0);
+        assert(this.length_ <= this.buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
+        assert(this.minAvailable > 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *                 $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
      *  allocator    = Allocator.
      */
-    this(in size_t size,
-         in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+    this(size_t size,
+         size_t minAvailable = 1024,
          shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     {
         this(allocator);
         this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
         this.blockSize = size;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     {
         assert(allocator_ is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         allocator_ = allocator;
     }
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this() @trusted
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         assert(b.capacity == 0);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        return length_ - start;
+        return this.length_ - start;
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     void clear()
     {
-        start = length_ = ring;
+        start = this.length_ = ring;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         assert(b.free == 0);
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
         b.clear();
@@ -188,23 +188,23 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
-        if (op == "+")
+    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
+    if (op == "+")
     {
-        length_ += length;
+        this.length_ += length;
         ring = start;
         return this;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
         result = b[0 .. $];
@@ -214,10 +214,10 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         b.clear();
 
         // It shouldn't overwrite, but append another 5 bytes to the buffer
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 20, 25);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 20, 25);
         b += numberRead;
 
         result = b[0..$];
@@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
+        return this.buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -251,35 +251,36 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     {
         if (start > 0)
         {
-            auto ret = buffer_[0 .. start];
+            auto ret = this.buffer_[0 .. start];
             ring = 0;
             return ret;
         }
         else
         {
-            if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
+            if (capacity - length < this.minAvailable)
             {
-                void[] buf = buffer_;
-                immutable cap = capacity;
+                void[] buf = this.buffer_;
+                const cap = capacity;
                 () @trusted {
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf,
+                                         (cap + this.blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            ring = length_;
-            return buffer_[length_ .. $];
+            ring = this.length_;
+            return this.buffer_[this.length_ .. $];
         }
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
         assert(b.length == 10);
@@ -293,11 +294,6 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
-private unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
-}
-
 /**
  * Circular, self-expanding buffer with overflow support. Can be used with
  * functions returning the number of the transferred bytes.
@@ -311,7 +307,7 @@ private unittest
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -323,16 +319,17 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private const size_t blockSize;
 
     /// The position of the free area in the buffer.
     private size_t position;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
-        // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
-        assert(position <= buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
+        // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is
+        // full.
+        assert(this.position <= this.buffer_.length);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -343,18 +340,18 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    this(size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(size > 0);
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        blockSize = size;
+        this.blockSize = size;
         ring = size - 1;
         allocator_ = allocator;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     @disable this();
@@ -364,7 +361,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -385,13 +382,13 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
             return ring - start + 1;
         }
         else
         {
-            return position - start;
+            return this.position - start;
         }
     }
 
@@ -399,7 +396,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
@@ -434,61 +431,62 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      * Params:
      *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
-        if (op == "~")
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(const T[] buffer)
+    if (op == "~")
     {
         size_t end, start;
 
-        if (position >= this.start && position <= ring)
+        if (this.position >= this.start && this.position <= ring)
         {
             auto afterRing = ring + 1;
 
-            end = position + buffer.length;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length;
             if (end > afterRing)
             {
                 end = afterRing;
             }
-            start = end - position;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
+            start = end - this.position;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
             if (end == afterRing)
             {
-                position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
+                this.position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
             }
             else
             {
-                position = end;
+                this.position = end;
             }
         }
 
         // Check if we have some free space at the beginning
-        if (start < buffer.length && position < this.start)
+        if (start < buffer.length && this.position < this.start)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > this.start)
             {
                 end = this.start;
             }
-            auto areaEnd = end - position + start;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
-            position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - position;
+            auto areaEnd = end - this.position + start;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
+            this.position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - this.position;
             start = areaEnd;
         }
 
         // And if we still haven't found any place, save the rest in the overflow area
         if (start < buffer.length)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > capacity)
             {
-                auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+                const newSize = end / this.blockSize * this.blockSize
+                              + this.blockSize;
                 () @trusted {
-                    void[] buf = buffer_;
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                    void[] buf = this.buffer_;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize * T.sizeof);
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
-            position = end;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
+            this.position = end;
             if (this.start == 0)
             {
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -498,42 +496,6 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         return this;
     }
 
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
-        ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
-
-        b ~= buf;
-        assert(b.capacity == 4);
-        assert(b.buffer_[0] == 48 && b.buffer_[1] == 23 && b.buffer_[2] == 255);
-
-        b += 2;
-        b ~= buf;
-        assert(b.capacity == 4);
-        assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
-            && b.buffer_[2] == 255 && b.buffer_[3] == 48);
-
-        b += 2;
-        b ~= buf;
-        assert(b.capacity == 8);
-        assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
-            && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
-        ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
-
-        b ~= buf;
-        assert(b.start == 0);
-        assert(b.capacity == 4);
-        assert(b.ring == 3);
-        assert(b.position == 3);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Sets how many bytes were written. It will shrink the buffer
      * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
@@ -543,13 +505,13 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
-        if (op == "+")
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
+    if (op == "+")
     in
     {
         assert(length <= this.length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto afterRing = ring + 1;
         auto oldStart = start;
@@ -558,42 +520,42 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         {
             return this;
         }
-        else if (position <= afterRing)
+        else if (this.position <= afterRing)
         {
             start += length;
-            if (start > 0 && position == afterRing)
+            if (start > 0 && this.position == afterRing)
             {
-                position = oldStart;
+                this.position = oldStart;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            auto overflow = position - afterRing;
+            auto overflow = this.position - afterRing;
 
             if (overflow > length)
             {
-                immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
-                buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
-                buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
-                position -= length;
+                const afterLength = afterRing + length;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + length] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+                this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = this.buffer_[afterLength .. this.position];
+                this.position -= length;
             }
             else if (overflow == length)
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
-                position -= overflow;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
+                this.position -= overflow;
             }
             else
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
-                position = overflow;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
+                this.position = overflow;
             }
             start += length;
 
-            if (start == position)
+            if (start == this.position)
             {
-                if (position != afterRing)
+                if (this.position != afterRing)
                 {
-                    position = 0;
+                    this.position = 0;
                 }
                 start = 0;
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -607,7 +569,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
@@ -633,22 +595,20 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        immutable internStart = this.start + start;
-
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
         }
         else
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
         }
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
@@ -686,7 +646,36 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
+    auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
+    ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
+
+    b ~= buf;
+    assert(b.capacity == 4);
+    assert(b.buffer_[0] == 48 && b.buffer_[1] == 23 && b.buffer_[2] == 255);
+
+    b += 2;
+    b ~= buf;
+    assert(b.capacity == 4);
+    assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
+        && b.buffer_[2] == 255 && b.buffer_[3] == 48);
+
+    b += 2;
+    b ~= buf;
+    assert(b.capacity == 8);
+    assert(b.buffer_[0] == 23 && b.buffer_[1] == 255
+        && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
+    ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
+
+    b ~= buf;
+    assert(b.start == 0);
+    assert(b.capacity == 4);
+    assert(b.ring == 3);
+    assert(b.position == 3);
 }

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /*
  * Internal package used by containers that rely on entries/nodes.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2022.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.entry;
 
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
-import tanya.typecons;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 package struct SEntry(T)
 {
@@ -35,17 +38,6 @@ package struct DEntry(T)
     DEntry* next, prev;
 }
 
-package struct HashEntry(K, V)
-{
-    this(ref K key, ref V value)
-    {
-        this.pair = Pair!(K, V)(key, value);
-    }
-
-    Pair!(K, V) pair;
-    HashEntry* next;
-}
-
 package enum BucketStatus : byte
 {
     deleted = -1,
@@ -53,56 +45,287 @@ package enum BucketStatus : byte
     used = 1,
 }
 
-package struct Bucket(T)
+package struct Bucket(K, V = void)
 {
-    @property void content(ref T content)
+    static if (is(V == void))
     {
-        this.content_ = content;
+        K key_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        package struct KV
+        {
+            package K key;
+            package V value;
+        }
+        KV kv;
+    }
+    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+
+    this()(ref K key)
+    {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    @property void key()(ref K key)
+    {
+        this.key() = key;
         this.status = BucketStatus.used;
     }
 
-    @property ref inout(T) content() inout
+    @property ref inout(K) key() inout
     {
-        return this.content_;
-    }
-
-    bool opEquals(ref T content)
-    {
-        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        static if (is(V == void))
         {
-            return true;
+            return this.key_;
         }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
-    {
-        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        else
         {
-            return true;
+            return this.kv.key;
         }
-        return false;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+    void moveKey(ref K key)
     {
-        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+        move(key, this.key());
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that) const
+    bool opEquals(T)(ref const T key) const
     {
-        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+        return this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.key == key;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref const(typeof(this)) that) const
+    {
+        return key == that.key && this.status == that.status;
     }
 
     void remove()
     {
-        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!K)
         {
-            destroy(this.content);
+            destroy(key);
         }
         this.status = BucketStatus.deleted;
     }
-
-    T content_;
-    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+}
+
+// Possible sizes for the hash-based containers.
+package static immutable size_t[33] primes = [
+    0, 3, 7, 13, 23, 37, 53, 97, 193, 389, 769, 1543, 3079, 6151, 12289,
+    24593, 49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+    12582917, 25165843, 50331653, 100663319, 201326611, 402653189,
+    805306457, 1610612741, 3221225473
+];
+
+package(tanya.container) struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
+{
+    alias Key = K;
+    alias Value = V;
+    alias Bucket = .Bucket!(Key, Value);
+    alias Buckets = Array!Bucket;
+
+    Buckets array;
+    size_t lengthIndex;
+    size_t length;
+
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(allocator);
+    }
+
+    this(T)(ref T data, shared Allocator allocator)
+    if (is(Unqual!T == HashArray))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(data.array, allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = data.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = data.length;
+    }
+
+    // Move constructor
+    void move(ref HashArray data, shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(.move(data.array), allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = data.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = data.length;
+    }
+
+    void swap(ref HashArray data)
+    {
+        .swap(this.array, data.array);
+        .swap(this.lengthIndex, data.lengthIndex);
+        .swap(this.length, data.length);
+    }
+
+    void opAssign()(ref typeof(this) that)
+    {
+        this.array = that.array;
+        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = that.length;
+    }
+
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return primes[this.lengthIndex];
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    size_t locateBucket(T)(ref const T key) const
+    {
+        return this.array.length == 0 ? 0 : hasher(key) % bucketCount;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If the key doesn't already exists, returns an empty bucket the key can
+     * be inserted in and adjusts the element count. Otherwise returns the
+     * bucket containing the key.
+     */
+    ref Bucket insert(ref Key key)
+    {
+        const newLengthIndex = this.lengthIndex + 1;
+        if (newLengthIndex != primes.length)
+        {
+            foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+            {
+                if (e == key)
+                {
+                    return e;
+                }
+                else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+                {
+                    ++this.length;
+                    return e;
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.rehashToSize(newLengthIndex);
+        }
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key)
+            {
+                return e;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++this.length;
+                return e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.array.length = this.array.length + 1;
+        ++this.length;
+        return this.array[$ - 1];
+    }
+
+    // Takes an index in the primes array.
+    void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(n < primes.length);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        auto storage = typeof(this.array)(primes[n], this.array.allocator);
+        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.array[])
+        {
+            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                auto bucketPosition = hasher(e1.key) % primes[n];
+
+                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
+                {
+                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the key
+                    {
+                        .move(e1, e2);
+                        continue DataLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+                storage.insertBack(.move(e1));
+            }
+        }
+        .move(storage, this.array);
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
+    }
+
+    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    {
+        size_t lengthIndex;
+        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
+        {
+            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (lengthIndex > this.lengthIndex)
+        {
+            this.rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return this.array.length;
+    }
+
+    void clear()
+    {
+        this.array.clear();
+        this.length = 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t remove(ref Key key)
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key) // Found.
+            {
+                e.remove();
+                --this.length;
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", T)(ref const T key) const
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
 }

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Abstract data types whose instances are collections of other objects.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -16,29 +16,7 @@ module tanya.container;
 
 public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
+public import tanya.container.hashtable;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.queue;
 public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.string;
-
-/**
- * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
- * is full.
- */
-class HashContainerFullException : Exception
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string msg,
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * FIFO queue.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/queue.d,
- *                 tanya/container/queue.d)
- */
-module tanya.container.queue;
-
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.container.entry;
-import tanya.exception;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.meta.trait;
-
-/**
- * FIFO queue.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = Content type.
- */
-struct Queue(T)
-{
-    /**
-     * Removes all elements from the queue.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        while (!empty)
-        {
-            dequeue();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns how many elements are in the queue. It iterates through the queue
-     * to count the elements.
-     *
-     * Returns: How many elements are in the queue.
-     */
-    size_t length() const
-    {
-        size_t len;
-        for (const(SEntry!T)* i = first; i !is null; i = i.next)
-        {
-            ++len;
-        }
-        return len;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        Queue!int q;
-
-        assert(q.length == 0);
-        q.enqueue(5);
-        assert(q.length == 1);
-        q.enqueue(4);
-        assert(q.length == 2);
-        q.enqueue(9);
-        assert(q.length == 3);
-
-        q.dequeue();
-        assert(q.length == 2);
-        q.dequeue();
-        assert(q.length == 1);
-        q.dequeue();
-        assert(q.length == 0);
-    }
-
-    private void enqueueEntry(ref SEntry!T* entry)
-    {
-        if (empty)
-        {
-            first = rear = entry;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            rear.next = entry;
-            rear = rear.next;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private SEntry!T* allocateEntry()
-    {
-        auto temp = cast(SEntry!T*) allocator.allocate(SEntry!T.sizeof);
-        if (temp is null)
-        {
-            onOutOfMemoryError();
-        }
-        return temp;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new element.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = New element.
-     */
-    void enqueue(ref T x)
-    {
-        auto temp = allocateEntry();
-
-        *temp = SEntry!T.init;
-        temp.content = x;
-
-        enqueueEntry(temp);
-    }
-
-    /// ditto
-    void enqueue(T x)
-    {
-        auto temp = allocateEntry();
-
-        moveEmplace(x, (*temp).content);
-        (*temp).next = null;
-
-        enqueueEntry(temp);
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        Queue!int q;
-
-        assert(q.empty);
-        q.enqueue(8);
-        q.enqueue(9);
-        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
-        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the queue is empty.
-     */
-    @property bool empty() const
-    {
-        return first is null;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        Queue!int q;
-        int value = 7;
-
-        assert(q.empty);
-        q.enqueue(value);
-        assert(!q.empty);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Move the position to the next element.
-     *
-     * Returns: Dequeued element.
-     */
-    T dequeue()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        auto n = first.next;
-        T ret = move(first.content);
-
-        allocator.dispose(first);
-        first = n;
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        Queue!int q;
-
-        q.enqueue(8);
-        q.enqueue(9);
-        assert(q.dequeue() == 8);
-        assert(q.dequeue() == 9);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration. The elements will be automatically
-     * dequeued.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-     *
-     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
-     */
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-
-        for (size_t i; !empty; ++i)
-        {
-            auto e = dequeue();
-            if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// ditto
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-
-        while (!empty)
-        {
-            auto e = dequeue();
-            if ((result = dg(e)) != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        Queue!int q;
-
-        size_t j;
-        q.enqueue(5);
-        q.enqueue(4);
-        q.enqueue(9);
-        foreach (i, e; q)
-        {
-            assert(i != 2 || e == 9);
-            assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
-            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
-            ++j;
-        }
-        assert(j == 3);
-        assert(q.empty);
-
-        j = 0;
-        q.enqueue(5);
-        q.enqueue(4);
-        q.enqueue(9);
-        foreach (e; q)
-        {
-            assert(j != 2 || e == 9);
-            assert(j != 1 || e == 4);
-            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-            ++j;
-        }
-        assert(j == 3);
-        assert(q.empty);
-    }
-
-    private SEntry!T* first;
-    private SEntry!T* rear;
-
-    mixin DefaultAllocator;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    Queue!int q;
-
-    q.enqueue(5);
-    assert(!q.empty);
-
-    q.enqueue(4);
-    q.enqueue(9);
-
-    assert(q.dequeue() == 5);
-
-    foreach (i, ref e; q)
-    {
-        assert(i != 0 || e == 4);
-        assert(i != 1 || e == 9);
-    }
-    assert(q.empty);
-}

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * This module implements a $(D_PSYMBOL Set) container that stores unique
  * values without any particular order.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -15,28 +15,31 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.set;
 
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.container;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.container.entry;
-import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
  *
  * Params:
- *  E = Element type.
+ *  T = Type of the internal hash storage.
  */
-struct Range(E)
+struct Range(T)
 {
-    static if (isMutable!E)
+    private alias E = CopyConstness!(T, T.Key);
+    static if (isMutable!T)
     {
-        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).Range;
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.Range;
     }
     else
     {
-        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).ConstRange;
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.ConstRange;
     }
     private DataRange dataRange;
 
@@ -65,66 +68,64 @@ struct Range(E)
         return this.dataRange.empty();
     }
 
-    @property void popFront()
+    void popFront()
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     out
     {
-        assert(this.dataRange.empty
-            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         do
         {
-            dataRange.popFront();
+            this.dataRange.popFront();
         }
-        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+        while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
-    @property void popBack()
+    void popBack()
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     out
     {
-        assert(this.dataRange.empty
-            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         do
         {
-            dataRange.popBack();
+            this.dataRange.popBack();
         }
-        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+        while (!empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) front() inout
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        return dataRange.front.content;
+        return this.dataRange.front.key;
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) back() inout
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        return dataRange.back.content;
+        return this.dataRange.back.key;
     }
 
     Range opIndex()
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ struct Range(E)
         return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
     }
 
-    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    Range!(const T) opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
     }
@@ -145,25 +146,33 @@ struct Range(E)
  * This $(D_PSYMBOL Set) is implemented using closed hashing. Hash collisions
  * are resolved with linear probing.
  *
- * Currently works only with integral types.
+ * $(D_PARAM T) should be hashable with $(D_PARAM hasher). $(D_PARAM hasher) is
+ * a callable that accepts an argument of type $(D_PARAM T) and returns a hash
+ * value for it ($(D_KEYWORD size_t)).
  *
  * Params:
- *  T = Element type.
+ *  T      = Element type.
+ *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM T).
  */
-struct Set(T)
-    if (isIntegral!T || is(Unqual!T == bool))
+struct Set(T, alias hasher = hash)
+if (isHashFunction!(hasher, T))
 {
+    private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, T);
+    private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
+
+    private HashArray data;
+
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
-    alias Range = .Range!T;
+    alias Range = .Range!HashArray;
 
     /// ditto
-    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const HashArray);
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(this.lengthIndex < primes.length);
-        assert(this.data.length == 0
-            || this.data.length == primes[this.lengthIndex]);
+        assert(this.data.lengthIndex < primes.length);
+        assert(this.data.array.length == 0
+                || this.data.array.length == primes[this.data.lengthIndex]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -175,15 +184,22 @@ struct Set(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
      */
-    this(const size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this(size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this(allocator);
-        rehash(n);
+        this.data.rehash(n);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        auto set = Set!int(5);
+        assert(set.capacity == 7);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -192,22 +208,9 @@ struct Set(T)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(allocator);
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        {
-            auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
-            assert(set.capacity == 0);
-        }
-        {
-            auto set = Set!int(8);
-            assert(set.capacity == 13);
-        }
+        this.data = HashArray(allocator);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -220,30 +223,94 @@ struct Set(T)
      *  S         = Source set type.
      *  init      = Source set.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
      */
     this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
+        this.data = HashArray(init.data, allocator);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(S == Set))
+    if (is(S == Set))
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(move(init.data), allocator);
-        this.lengthIndex = init.lengthIndex;
-        init.lengthIndex = 0;
+        this.data.move(init.data, allocator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the set from a forward range.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R         = Range type.
+     *  range     = Forward range.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(R)(scope R range, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    if (isForwardRange!R
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T)
+     && !isInfinite!R)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        insert(range);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        int[2] range = [1, 2];
+        Set!int set = Set!int(range[]);
+
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the set from a static array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n         = Array size.
+     *  array     = Static array.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(size_t n)(T[n] array, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        insert(array[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set = Set!int([1, 2]);
+
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -259,19 +326,17 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(ref S that)
-        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
     {
         this.data = that.data;
-        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
         return this;
     }
 
     /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
-        if (is(S == Set))
+    if (is(S == Set))
     {
-        swap(this.data, that.data);
-        swap(this.lengthIndex, that.lengthIndex);
+        this.data.swap(that.data);
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -285,9 +350,9 @@ struct Set(T)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        return cast(shared Allocator) this.data.allocator;
+        return this.data.array.allocator;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -301,11 +366,11 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return this.data.length;
+        return this.data.capacity;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set.capacity == 0);
@@ -321,19 +386,11 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        size_t count;
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[])
-        {
-            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used)
-            {
-                ++count;
-            }
-        }
-        return count;
+        return this.data.length;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set.length == 0);
@@ -342,81 +399,63 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set.length == 1);
     }
 
-    private static const size_t[41] primes = [
-        3, 7, 13, 23, 29, 37, 53, 71, 97, 131, 163, 193, 239, 293, 389, 521,
-        769, 919, 1103, 1327, 1543, 2333, 3079, 4861, 6151, 12289, 24593,
-        49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
-        12582917, 25165843, 139022417, 282312799, 573292817, 1164186217,
-    ];
+    /**
+     * Tells whether the container contains any elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the container is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return length == 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.empty);
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(!set.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all elements.
+     */
+    void clear()
+    {
+        this.data.clear();
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(!set.empty);
+        set.clear();
+        assert(set.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns current bucket count in the container.
+     *
+     * Bucket count equals to the number of the elements can be saved in the
+     * container in the best case scenario for key distribution, i.d. every key
+     * has a unique hash value. In a worse case the bucket count can be less
+     * than the number of elements stored in the container.
+     *
+     * Returns: Current bucket count.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL rehash).
+     */
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return this.data.bucketCount;
+    }
 
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
-    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
-    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
-    {
-        static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
-        {
-            return (cast(size_t) value);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            static assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
-                                       const size_t hash)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(buckets.length > 0);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return hash % buckets.length;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
-     * empty `buckets` array.
-     */
-    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
-    {
-        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
-    }
-
-    private enum InsertStatus : byte
-    {
-        found = -1,
-        failed = 0,
-        added = 1,
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
-     * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
-     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
-     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
-     */
-    private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
-    {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
-
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Already in the set.
-            {
-                return InsertStatus.found;
-            }
-            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
-            {
-                e.content = value;
-                return InsertStatus.added;
-            }
-        }
-        return InsertStatus.failed;
-    }
-
     /**
      * Inserts a new element.
      *
@@ -424,31 +463,31 @@ struct Set(T)
      *  value = Element value.
      *
      * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL HashContainerFullException) if the insertion failed.
      */
-    size_t insert(T value)
+    size_t insert()(ref T value)
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
         {
-            this.data = DataType(primes[0], allocator);
+            e.moveKey(value);
+            return 1;
         }
+        return 0;
+    }
 
-        InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
-        for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
+    size_t insert()(T value)
+    {
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
         {
-            if (this.primes.length == (this.lengthIndex + 1))
-            {
-                throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
-                                                      "Set is full");
-            }
-            rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1);
+            e.key = value;
+            return 1;
         }
-        return status == InsertStatus.added;
+        return 0;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -465,6 +504,40 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Inserts the value from a forward range into the set.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R     = Range type.
+     *  range = Forward range.
+     *
+     * Returns: The number of new elements inserted.
+     */
+    size_t insert(R)(scope R range)
+    if (isForwardRange!R
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T)
+     && !isInfinite!R)
+    {
+        size_t count;
+        foreach (e; range)
+        {
+            count += insert(e);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+
+        int[3] range = [2, 1, 2];
+
+        assert(set.insert(range[]) == 2);
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes an element.
      *
@@ -476,31 +549,16 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     size_t remove(T value)
     {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Found.
-            {
-                e.remove();
-                return 1;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
+        return this.data.remove(value);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
-        assert(8 !in set);
-
         set.insert(8);
-        assert(8 in set);
 
+        assert(8 in set);
         assert(set.remove(8) == 1);
         assert(set.remove(8) == 0);
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -510,30 +568,20 @@ struct Set(T)
      * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
      *
      * Params:
+     *  U     = Type comparable with the element type, used for the lookup.
      *  value = Element to be searched for.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", U)(auto ref const U value) const
+    if (ifTestable!(U, a => T.init == a))
     {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Found.
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
+        return value in this.data;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
 
@@ -547,18 +595,15 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
      * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount)
      * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
      * forced.
      *
      * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
      * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
-     * is forced without resizing the container.
-     *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
-     * function may have no effect.
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is less than or equal to the current
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount), the function may have no effect.
      *
      * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
      * to insert new elements.
@@ -566,62 +611,29 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Params:
      *  n = Minimum number of buckets.
      */
-    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    void rehash(size_t n)
     {
-        size_t lengthIndex;
-        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
-        {
-            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
-    }
-
-    // Takes an index in the primes array.
-    private void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
-    {
-        auto storage = DataType(primes[n], allocator);
-        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.data[])
-        {
-            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
-            {
-                auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(storage,
-                                                   calculateHash(e1.content));
-
-                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
-                {
-                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
-                    {
-                        e2.content = e1.content;
-                        continue DataLoop;
-                    }
-                }
-                return; // Rehashing failed.
-            }
-        }
-        move(storage, this.data);
-        this.lengthIndex = n;
+        this.data.rehash(n);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s
-     *          elements.
+     * Returns a bidirectional range over the container.
+     *
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the container.
      */
     Range opIndex()
     {
-        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
-        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set[].empty);
@@ -630,90 +642,5 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(!set[].empty);
         assert(set[].front == 8);
         assert(set[].back == 8);
-
-        set.remove(8);
-        assert(set[].empty);
     }
-
-    private @nogc unittest
-    {
-        const Set!int set;
-        assert(set[].empty);
-    }
-
-    private @nogc unittest
-    {
-        Set!int set;
-        set.insert(8);
-
-        auto r1 = set[];
-        auto r2 = r1.save();
-
-        r1.popFront();
-        assert(r1.empty);
-
-        r2.popBack();
-        assert(r2.empty);
-    }
-
-    private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
-    private DataType data;
-    private size_t lengthIndex;
-}
-
-// Basic insertion logic.
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    Set!int set;
-
-    assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
-
-    assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
-    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
-
-    assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].content == 9 && set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
-
-    assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
-    assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].content == 7);
-    assert(set.data[1].content == 8);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
-    assert(set.data[3].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-    assert(set.data[5].content == 5);
-    assert(set.data.length == 7);
-
-    assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
-    assert(set.data[3].content == 16);
-    assert(set.data[4].status == BucketStatus.empty);
-}
-
-// Static checks.
-private unittest
-{
-    import tanya.range.primitive;
-
-    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
-    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));
-
-    static assert(!isInfinite!(Set!int.Range));
-    static assert(!hasLength!(Set!int.Range));
-
-    static assert(is(Set!uint));
-    static assert(is(Set!long));
-    static assert(is(Set!ulong));
-    static assert(is(Set!short));
-    static assert(is(Set!ushort));
-    static assert(is(Set!bool));
 }

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  * Internally $(D_PSYMBOL String) is represented by a sequence of
  * $(D_KEYWORD char)s.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -27,21 +27,16 @@
 module tanya.container.string;
 
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront, copy;
-import std.algorithm.searching;
-static import std.range;
+import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.array;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
 
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.test.assertion;
-}
-
 /**
  * Thrown on encoding errors.
  */
@@ -91,7 +86,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
         assert(begin >= container.data);
         assert(end <= container.data + container.length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.container = &container;
         this.begin = begin;
@@ -122,7 +117,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return *this.begin;
     }
@@ -132,7 +127,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return *(this.end - 1);
     }
@@ -142,7 +137,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         ++this.begin;
     }
@@ -152,7 +147,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         --this.end;
     }
@@ -162,7 +157,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(i < length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return *(this.begin + i);
     }
@@ -183,7 +178,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
@@ -233,7 +228,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
         assert(begin >= container.data);
         assert(end <= container.data + container.length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.container = &container;
         this.begin = begin;
@@ -261,7 +256,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(chr < 0xd800 || chr > 0xdfff);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         dchar chr;
         ubyte units;
@@ -295,7 +290,7 @@ if (is(Unqual!E == char))
     {
         assert(!empty);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         ubyte units;
         if ((*begin & 0xf0) == 0xf0)
@@ -341,7 +336,7 @@ struct String
     private char* data;
     private size_t capacity_;
 
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe invariant
     {
         assert(this.length_ <= this.capacity_);
     }
@@ -438,7 +433,7 @@ struct String
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.allocator_ = allocator;
     }
@@ -499,12 +494,6 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        auto s = String(0, 'K');
-        assert(s.length == 0);
-    }
-
     this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     {
         auto buf = this.data[0 .. this.length_];
@@ -528,7 +517,7 @@ struct String
         assert(capacity - length >= 4);
         assert(src - 0x10000 < 0x100000);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto dst = this.data + length;
 
@@ -546,7 +535,7 @@ struct String
     {
         assert(capacity - length >= 3);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto dst = this.data + length;
         if (chr < 0x80)
@@ -579,16 +568,10 @@ struct String
      * Params:
      *  chr = The character should be inserted.
      *
-     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
+     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted (1).
      */
-    size_t insertBack(const char chr) @nogc pure @trusted
+    size_t insertBack(char chr) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     {
-        if ((chr & 0x80) != 0)
-        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 character");
-        }
         reserve(length + 1);
 
         *(data + length) = chr;
@@ -610,13 +593,6 @@ struct String
         return ret;
     }
 
-    // Allocates enough space for 3-byte character.
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        String s;
-        s.insertBack('\u8100');
-    }
-
     /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(const dchar chr) @nogc pure @trusted
     {
@@ -638,12 +614,6 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        assertThrown!UTFException(() => String(1, cast(dchar) 0xd900));
-        assertThrown!UTFException(() => String(1, cast(wchar) 0xd900));
-    }
-
     /**
      * Inserts a stringish range at the end of the string.
      *
@@ -652,8 +622,6 @@ struct String
      *  str = String should be inserted.
      *
      * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
      */
     size_t insertBack(R)(R str) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
@@ -673,46 +641,18 @@ struct String
             this.length_ = size;
             return str.length;
         }
+        else static if (isInstanceOf!(ByCodeUnit, R))
+        {
+            str.get.copy(this.data[length .. size]);
+            this.length_ = size;
+            return str.length;
+        }
         else
         {
             size_t insertedLength;
-            while (!str.empty)
+            foreach (c; str)
             {
-                ubyte expectedLength;
-                if ((str.front & 0x80) == 0x00)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 1;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xe0) == 0xc0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 2;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 3;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf8) == 0xf0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 4;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                }
-                size = length + expectedLength;
-                reserve(size);
-
-                for (; expectedLength > 0; --expectedLength)
-                {
-                    if (str.empty)
-                    {
-                        throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                    }
-                    *(data + length) = str.front;
-                    str.popFront();
-                }
-                insertedLength += expectedLength;
-                this.length_ = size;
+                insertedLength += insertBack(c);
             }
             return insertedLength;
         }
@@ -759,7 +699,7 @@ struct String
                     }
                     dchar d = (range[0] - 0xd800) | ((range[1] - 0xdc00) >> 10);
 
-                    std.range.popFrontN(range, 2);
+                    popFrontN(range, 2);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -828,7 +768,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.capacity == 0);
@@ -869,7 +809,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Die Alten lasen laut.");
         assert(s.capacity == 21);
@@ -894,7 +834,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("In allem Schreiben ist Schamlosigkeit.");
         assert(s.capacity == 38);
@@ -924,7 +864,7 @@ struct String
         assert(j <= length);
         assert(j - i == value.length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto target = opSlice(i, j);
         copy(value, target);
@@ -941,7 +881,7 @@ struct String
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         copy(value[], this.data[i .. j]);
         return opSlice(i, j);
@@ -957,7 +897,7 @@ struct String
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         for (auto p = this.data + i; p < this.data + j; ++p)
         {
@@ -991,7 +931,7 @@ struct String
      *
      * Returns: Null-terminated string.
      */
-    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure
+    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         reserve(length + 1);
         this.data[length] = '\0';
@@ -999,7 +939,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto s = String("C string.");
         assert(s.toStringz()[0] == 'C');
@@ -1018,7 +958,7 @@ struct String
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Piscis primuin a capite foetat.");
         assert(s.length == 31);
@@ -1038,13 +978,13 @@ struct String
     {
         assert(length > pos);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return *(this.data + pos);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Alea iacta est.");
         assert(s[0] == 'A');
@@ -1067,7 +1007,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Plutarchus");
         auto r = s[];
@@ -1086,7 +1026,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = const String("Was ich vermag, soll gern geschehen. Goethe");
         auto r1 = s[];
@@ -1162,7 +1102,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.empty);
@@ -1188,7 +1128,7 @@ struct String
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
@@ -1201,13 +1141,13 @@ struct String
         assert(i <= j);
         assert(j <= length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Vladimir Soloviev");
         auto r = s[9 .. $];
@@ -1271,7 +1211,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Черная, потом пропахшая выть!");
         s = String("Как мне тебя не ласкать, не любить?");
@@ -1299,10 +1239,11 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Оловом светится лужная голь...");
         s = "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.";
+        assert(s == "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.");
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1326,7 +1267,7 @@ struct String
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
         return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
-                   that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
+            that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -1334,7 +1275,7 @@ struct String
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
         return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
-                   that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
+            that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -1344,7 +1285,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Голубая кофта.") < String("Синие глаза."));
         assert(String("Никакой я правды") < String("милой не сказал")[]);
@@ -1397,7 +1338,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Милая спросила:") != String("Крутит ли метель?"));
         assert(String("Затопить бы печку,") != String("постелить постель.")[]);
@@ -1430,7 +1371,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("alea iacta est.");
 
@@ -1455,40 +1396,18 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        auto s1 = String("Buttercup");
-        auto s2 = String("Cap");
-        s2[] = s1[6 .. $];
-        assert(s2 == "cup");
-    }
-
     /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opIndexAssign(const char value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        auto s1 = String("Wow");
-        s1[] = 'a';
-        assert(s1 == "aaa");
-    }
-
     /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opIndexAssign(const char[] value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
-    {
-        auto s1 = String("ö");
-        s1[] = "oe";
-        assert(s1 == "oe");
-    }
-
     /**
      * Remove all characters beloning to $(D_PARAM r).
      *
@@ -1509,7 +1428,7 @@ struct String
         assert(r.begin >= this.data);
         assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         auto end = this.data + this.length;
         copy(ByCodeUnit!char(this, r.end, end), ByCodeUnit!char(this, r.begin, end));
@@ -1520,6 +1439,8 @@ struct String
     ///
     @nogc pure @safe unittest
     {
+        import std.algorithm.searching : count;
+
         auto s = String("Из пословицы слова не выкинешь.");
 
         assert(s.remove(s[5 .. 24]).length == 33);
@@ -1527,7 +1448,7 @@ struct String
         assert(s.length == 38);
 
         auto byCodePoint = s.byCodePoint();
-        std.range.popFrontN(byCodePoint, 8);
+        popFrontN(byCodePoint, 8);
 
         assert(s.remove(byCodePoint).count == 0);
         assert(s == "Из слова");
@@ -1553,26 +1474,27 @@ struct String
      */
     size_t insertAfter(T, R)(R r, T el) @trusted
     if ((isSomeChar!T || (!isInfinite!T
-     && isInputRange!T
-     && isSomeChar!(ElementType!T)))
-     && (is(R == ByCodeUnit!char) || is(R == ByCodePoint!char)))
+        && isInputRange!T
+        && isSomeChar!(ElementType!T)))
+        && (is(R == ByCodeUnit!char) || is(R == ByCodePoint!char)))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
         assert(r.begin >= this.data);
         assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
-        auto oldLen = this.data + length;
+        const oldLength = length;
+        const after = r.end - this.data;
         const inserted = insertBack(el);
-        bringToFront(ByCodeUnit!char(this, r.end, oldLen),
-                     ByCodeUnit!char(this, oldLen, this.data + length));
+
+        bringToFront(this.data[after .. oldLength], this.data[oldLength .. length]);
         return inserted;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertAfter(s[0 .. 27], ",");
@@ -1586,22 +1508,22 @@ struct String
     ///
     size_t insertBefore(T, R)(R r, T el) @trusted
     if ((isSomeChar!T || (!isInfinite!T
-     && isInputRange!T
-     && isSomeChar!(ElementType!T)))
-     && (is(R == ByCodeUnit!char) || is(R == ByCodePoint!char)))
+        && isInputRange!T
+        && isSomeChar!(ElementType!T)))
+        && (is(R == ByCodeUnit!char) || is(R == ByCodePoint!char)))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
         assert(r.begin >= this.data);
         assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return insertAfter(R(this, this.data, r.begin), el);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertBefore(s[27 .. $], ",");
@@ -1612,69 +1534,15 @@ struct String
         assert(s == "Казнить, нельзя помиловать.");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Calculates the hash value for the string.
+     *
+     * Returns: Hash value for the string.
+     */
+    size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return hash(get);
+    }
+
     mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
-
-// Postblit works.
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    void internFunc(String arg)
-    {
-    }
-    void middleFunc(S...)(S args)
-    {
-        foreach (arg; args)
-        {
-            internFunc(arg);
-        }
-    }
-    void topFunc(String args)
-    {
-        middleFunc(args);
-    }
-    topFunc(String("asdf"));
-}
-
-// Const range produces mutable ranges.
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    auto s = const String("И снизу лед, и сверху - маюсь между.");
-    {
-        const constRange = s[];
-
-        auto fromConstRange = constRange[];
-        fromConstRange.popFront();
-        assert(fromConstRange.front == s[1]);
-
-        fromConstRange = constRange[0 .. $];
-        fromConstRange.popFront();
-        assert(fromConstRange.front == s[1]);
-
-        assert(constRange.get() is s.get());
-    }
-    {
-        const constRange = s.byCodePoint();
-
-        auto fromConstRange = constRange[];
-        fromConstRange.popFront();
-        assert(fromConstRange.front == ' ');
-    }
-}
-
-// Can pop multibyte characters.
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    auto s = String("\U00024B62\U00002260");
-    auto range = s.byCodePoint();
-
-    range.popFront();
-    assert(!range.empty);
-
-    range.popFront();
-    assert(range.empty);
-
-    range = s.byCodePoint();
-    range.popFront();
-    s[$ - 3] = 0xf0;
-    assertThrown!UTFException(&(range.popFront));
-}

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,233 +14,12 @@
  */
 module tanya.conv;
 
+import std.traits : Unsigned, isNumeric;
 import tanya.container.string;
-import tanya.format;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.test.assertion;
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM memory) with the
- * given arguments.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM T) is a $(D_KEYWORD class), emplace returns a class reference
- * of type $(D_PARAM T), otherwise a pointer to the constructed object is
- * returned.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class inside another class, $(D_PARAM outer)
- * should be an instance of the outer class.
- *
- * $(D_PARAM args) are arguments for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T). If
- * $(D_PARAM T) isn't an aggregate type and doesn't have a constructor,
- * $(D_PARAM memory) can be initialized to `args[0]` if `Args.length == 1`,
- * `Args[0]` should be implicitly convertible to $(D_PARAM T) then.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T     = Constructed type.
- *  U     = Type of the outer class if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
- *  Args  = Types of the constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor
- *          or the type of the initial value.
- *  outer = Outer class instance if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
- *  args  = Constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor or the
- *          initial value.
- *
- * Returns: New instance of type $(D_PARAM T) constructed in $(D_PARAM memory).
- *
- * Precondition: `memory.length == stateSize!T`.
- * Postcondition: $(D_PARAM memory) and the result point to the same memory.
- */
-T emplace(T, U, Args...)(void[] memory, U outer, auto ref Args args)
-if (!isAbstractClass!T && isInnerClass!T && is(typeof(T.outer) == U))
-in
-{
-    assert(memory.length >= stateSize!T);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
-}
-body
-{
-    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
-
-    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
-    result.outer = outer;
-
-    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
-    {
-        result.__ctor(args);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
-if (is(T == class) && !isAbstractClass!T && !isInnerClass!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(memory.length == stateSize!T);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
-}body
-{
-    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
-
-    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
-    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
-    {
-        result.__ctor(args);
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    import tanya.memory : stateSize;
-
-    class C
-    {
-        int i = 5;
-        class Inner
-        {
-            int i;
-
-            this(int param) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-            {
-                this.i = param;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    ubyte[stateSize!C] memory1;
-    ubyte[stateSize!(C.Inner)] memory2;
-
-    auto c = emplace!C(memory1);
-    assert(c.i == 5);
-
-    auto inner = emplace!(C.Inner)(memory2, c, 8);
-    assert(c.i == 5);
-    assert(inner.i == 8);
-    assert(inner.outer is c);
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
-if (!isAggregateType!T && (Args.length <= 1))
-in
-{
-    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is result);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
-    {
-        *result = T(args[0]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        *result = T.init;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
-if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is result);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
-    static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
-    {
-        *result = T.init;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static const T init = T.init;
-        copy((cast(void*) &init)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
-    }
-
-    static if (Args.length == 0)
-    {
-        static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
-                      "Default constructor is disabled");
-    }
-    else static if (is(typeof(T(args))))
-    {
-        *result = T(args);
-    }
-    else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
-    {
-        result.__ctor(args);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static assert(false,
-                      "Unable to construct value with the given arguments");
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[4] memory;
-
-    auto i = emplace!int(memory);
-    static assert(is(typeof(i) == int*));
-    assert(*i == 0);
-
-    i = emplace!int(memory, 5);
-    assert(*i == 5);
-
-    static struct S
-    {
-        int i;
-        @disable this();
-        @disable this(this);
-        this(int i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.i = i;
-        }
-    }
-    auto s = emplace!S(memory, 8);
-    static assert(is(typeof(s) == S*));
-    assert(s.i == 8);
-}
-
-// Handles "Cannot access frame pointer" error.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    struct F
-    {
-        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!F((void[]).init))));
-}
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
@@ -263,6 +42,100 @@ final class ConvException : Exception
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Converts a string $(D_PARAM range) into an integral value of type
+ * $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM base).
+ *
+ * The convertion stops when $(D_PARAM range) is empty of if the next character
+ * cannot be converted because it is not a digit (with respect to the
+ * $(D_PARAM base)) or if the reading the next character would cause integer
+ * overflow. The function returns the value converted so far then. The front
+ * element of the $(D_PARAM range) points to the first character cannot be
+ * converted or $(D_PARAM range) is empty if the whole string could be
+ * converted.
+ *
+ * Base must be between 2 and 36 inclursive. Default base is 10.
+ *
+ * The function doesn't handle the sign (+ or -) or number prefixes (like 0x).
+ */
+package T readIntegral(T, R)(ref R range, const ubyte base = 10)
+if (isInputRange!R
+        && isSomeChar!(ElementType!R)
+        && isIntegral!T
+        && isUnsigned!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(base >= 2);
+    assert(base <= 36);
+}
+do
+{
+    T boundary = cast(T) (T.max / base);
+    if (range.empty)
+    {
+        return T.init;
+    }
+
+    T n;
+    int digit;
+    do
+    {
+        if (range.front >= 'a')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - 'W';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= 'A' && range.front <= 'Z')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '7';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= '0' && range.front <= '9')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '0';
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        if (digit >= base)
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+        range.popFront();
+
+        if (range.empty)
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+    }
+    while (n < boundary);
+
+    if (range.front >= 'a')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - 'W';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= 'A')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '7';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= '0')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '0';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    if (n > cast(T) ((T.max - digit) / base))
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+    range.popFront();
+
+    return n;
+}
+
 /**
  * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
  * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
@@ -302,12 +175,6 @@ template to(To)
     static assert(is(typeof(val) == int));
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    int val = 5;
-    assert(val.to!int() == 5);
-}
-
 /**
  * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
  * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
@@ -370,83 +237,6 @@ if (isIntegral!From
     }
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    // ubyte -> ushort
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!ushort == 0);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!ushort == 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ushort == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!ushort == ubyte.max);
-
-    // ubyte -> short
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!short == 0);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!short == 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!short == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!short == ubyte.max);
-}
-
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    // ubyte <- ushort
-    assert((cast(ushort) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
-    assert((cast(ushort) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
-    assert((cast(ushort) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ushort) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
-
-    // ubyte <- short
-    assert((cast(short) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
-    assert((cast(short) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
-    assert((cast(short) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(short) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
-
-    // short <-> int
-    assert(short.min.to!int == short.min);
-    assert((short.min + 1).to!int == short.min + 1);
-    assert((cast(short) -1).to!int == -1);
-    assert((cast(short) 0).to!int == 0);
-    assert((cast(short) 1).to!int == 1);
-    assert((short.max - 1).to!int == short.max - 1);
-    assert(short.max.to!int == short.max);
-
-    assert((cast(int) short.min).to!short == short.min);
-    assert((cast(int) short.min + 1).to!short == short.min + 1);
-    assert((cast(int) -1).to!short == -1);
-    assert((cast(int) 0).to!short == 0);
-    assert((cast(int) 1).to!short == 1);
-    assert((cast(int) short.max - 1).to!short == short.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(int) short.max).to!short == short.max);
-
-    // uint <-> int
-    assert((cast(uint) 0).to!int == 0);
-    assert((cast(uint) 1).to!int == 1);
-    assert((cast(uint) (int.max - 1)).to!int == int.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(uint) int.max).to!int == int.max);
-
-    assert((cast(int) 0).to!uint == 0);
-    assert((cast(int) 1).to!uint == 1);
-    assert((cast(int) (int.max - 1)).to!uint == int.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(int) int.max).to!uint == int.max);
-}
-
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.min);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.max);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(ushort, uint), uint.max);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, int), -1);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    enum Test : int
-    {
-        one,
-        two,
-    }
-    assert(Test.one.to!int == 0);
-    assert(Test.two.to!int == 1);
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
  *
@@ -489,13 +279,6 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!From
     assert(2147483646.5.to!uint == 2147483646);
 }
 
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), 2147483647.5);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), -2147483648.5);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, double), -21474.5);
-}
-
 /**
  * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
  * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
@@ -537,16 +320,6 @@ if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
     assert(1.to!Test == Test.two);
 }
 
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    enum Test : uint
-    {
-        one,
-        two,
-    }
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(Test, int), 5);
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
  *
@@ -598,12 +371,6 @@ if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
     assert(1.to!bool);
 }
 
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), -1);
-    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), 2);
-}
-
 /// ditto
 To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
 if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
@@ -630,11 +397,6 @@ if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
 
 }
 
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "1".to!bool);
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
  *
@@ -680,30 +442,126 @@ if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
 }
 
 /**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM From) to a $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ * Converts a stringish range to an integral value.
  *
  * Params:
  *  From = Source type.
  *  To   = Target type.
  *  from = Source value.
  *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) doesn't contain an
+ *         integral value.
  */
 To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
-if (is(Unqual!To == String))
+if (isInputRange!From && isSomeChar!(ElementType!From) && isIntegral!To)
 {
-    return format!"{}"(from);
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        bool negative;
+    }
+    if (from.front == '-')
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Negative integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            negative = true;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    ubyte base = 10;
+    if (from.front == '0')
+    {
+        from.popFront();
+        if (from.empty)
+        {
+            return To.init;
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'x' || from.front == 'X')
+        {
+            base = 16;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'b' || from.front == 'B')
+        {
+            base = 2;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            base = 8;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto unsigned = readIntegral!(Unsigned!To, From)(from, base);
+    if (!from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        if (negative)
+        {
+            auto predecessor = cast(Unsigned!To) (unsigned - 1);
+            if (predecessor > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+            return cast(To) (-(cast(Largest!(To, ptrdiff_t)) predecessor) - 1);
+        }
+        else if (unsigned > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return unsigned;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return unsigned;
+    }
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(true.to!String == "true");
-    assert(false.to!String == "false");
-}
+    assert("1234".to!uint() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
 
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
-    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
+    assert("0".to!int() == 0);
+    assert("-0".to!int() == 0);
+
+    assert("0x10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("0X10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("-0x10".to!int() == -16);
+
+    assert("0b10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("0B10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("-0b10".to!int() == -2);
+
+    assert("010".to!int() == 8);
+    assert("-010".to!int() == -8);
+
+    assert("-128".to!byte == cast(byte) -128);
 }

source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d

@@ -1,501 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Functions operating on ASCII characters.
- *
- * ASCII is $(B A)merican $(B S)tandard $(B C)ode for $(B I)nformation
- * $(B I)nterchange.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d,
- *                 tanya/encoding/ascii.d)
- */
-module tanya.encoding.ascii;
-
-import tanya.meta.trait;
-
-const string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
-const string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
-const string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"; /// 0..9a..f.
-const string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
-const string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
-
-/// A..Za..z.
-const string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
-
-const string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
-const string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
-
-/**
- * Whitespace, Horizontal Tab (HT), Line Feed (LF), Carriage Return (CR),
- * Vertical Tab (VT) or Form Feed (FF).
- */
-const string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
-
-/// Letter case specifier.
-enum LetterCase : bool
-{
-    upper, /// Uppercase.
-    lower, /// Lowercase.
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for an uppecase alphabetic character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an uppercase alphabetic
- *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isUpper(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z');
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isUpper('A'));
-    assert(isUpper('Z'));
-    assert(isUpper('L'));
-    assert(!isUpper('a'));
-    assert(!isUpper('!'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a lowercase alphabetic character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a lowercase alphabetic
- *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isLower(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z');
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isLower('a'));
-    assert(isLower('z'));
-    assert(isLower('l'));
-    assert(!isLower('A'));
-    assert(!isLower('!'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase).
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isAlpha(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return isUpper(c) || isLower(c);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isAlpha('A'));
-    assert(isAlpha('Z'));
-    assert(isAlpha('L'));
-    assert(isAlpha('a'));
-    assert(isAlpha('z'));
-    assert(isAlpha('l'));
-    assert(!isAlpha('!'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a digit.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a digit,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isDigit(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '9');
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isDigit('0'));
-    assert(isDigit('1'));
-    assert(isDigit('2'));
-    assert(isDigit('3'));
-    assert(isDigit('4'));
-    assert(isDigit('5'));
-    assert(isDigit('6'));
-    assert(isDigit('7'));
-    assert(isDigit('8'));
-    assert(isDigit('9'));
-    assert(!isDigit('a'));
-    assert(!isDigit('!'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase) or a digit.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character or a
- *          digit, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isAlphaNum(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return isAlpha(c) || isDigit(c);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isAlphaNum('0'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('1'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('9'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('A'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('Z'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('L'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('a'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('z'));
-    assert(isAlphaNum('l'));
-    assert(!isAlphaNum('!'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a 7-bit ASCII character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an ASCII character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isASCII(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return c < 128;
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isASCII('0'));
-    assert(isASCII('L'));
-    assert(isASCII('l'));
-    assert(isASCII('!'));
-    assert(!isASCII('©'));
-    assert(!isASCII('§'));
-    assert(!isASCII(char.init)); // 0xFF
-    assert(!isASCII(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
-    assert(!isASCII(dchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a control character.
- *
- * Control characters are non-printable characters. Their ASCII codes are those
- * between 0x00 (NUL) and 0x1f (US), and 0x7f (DEL).
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isPrintable),  $(D_PSYMBOL isGraphical).
- */
-bool isControl(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c <= 0x1f) || (c == 0x7f);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isControl('\t'));
-    assert(isControl('\0'));
-    assert(isControl('\u007f'));
-    assert(!isControl(' '));
-    assert(!isControl('a'));
-    assert(!isControl(char.init)); // 0xFF
-    assert(!isControl(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a whitespace character.
- *
- * Whitespace characters are:
- *
- * $(UL
- *  $(LI Whitespace)
- *  $(LI Horizontal Tab (HT))
- *  $(LI Line Feed (LF))
- *  $(LI Carriage Return (CR))
- *  $(LI Vertical Tab (VT))
- *  $(LI Form Feed (FF))
- * )
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a whitespace character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL whitespace).
- */
-bool isWhite(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return ((c >= 0x09) && (c <= 0x0d)) || (c == 0x20);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isWhite('\t'));
-    assert(isWhite('\n'));
-    assert(isWhite('\v'));
-    assert(isWhite('\f'));
-    assert(isWhite('\r'));
-    assert(isWhite(' '));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a graphical character.
- *
- * Graphical characters are printable characters but whitespace characters.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl), $(D_PSYMBOL isWhite).
- */
-bool isGraphical(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c > 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isGraphical('a'));
-    assert(isGraphical('0'));
-    assert(!isGraphical('\u007f'));
-    assert(!isGraphical('§'));
-    assert(!isGraphical('\n'));
-    assert(!isGraphical(' '));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a printable character.
- *
- * This is the opposite of a control character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl).
- */
-bool isPrintable(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c >= 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isPrintable('a'));
-    assert(isPrintable('0'));
-    assert(!isPrintable('\u007f'));
-    assert(!isPrintable('§'));
-    assert(!isPrintable('\n'));
-    assert(isPrintable(' '));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a hexadecimal digit.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a hexadecimal digit,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isHexDigit(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
-        || ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'f'))
-        || ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'F'));
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isHexDigit('0'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('1'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('8'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('9'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('A'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('F'));
-    assert(!isHexDigit('G'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('a'));
-    assert(isHexDigit('f'));
-    assert(!isHexDigit('g'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for an octal character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an octal character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isOctalDigit(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '7');
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isOctalDigit('0'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('1'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('2'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('3'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('4'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('5'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('6'));
-    assert(isOctalDigit('7'));
-    assert(!isOctalDigit('8'));
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks for a octal character.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a octal character,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPunctuation(C)(C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return ((c >= 0x21) && (c <= 0x2f))
-        || ((c >= 0x3a) && (c <= 0x40))
-        || ((c >= 0x5b) && (c <= 0x60))
-        || ((c >= 0x7b) && (c <= 0x7e));
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(isPunctuation('!'));
-    assert(isPunctuation(':'));
-    assert(isPunctuation('\\'));
-    assert(isPunctuation('|'));
-    assert(!isPunctuation('0'));
-    assert(!isPunctuation(' '));
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to uppercase.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM c) is not a lowercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
- * unchanged.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: The lowercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
- *          otherwise.
- */
-C toUpper(C)(const C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return isLower(c) ? (cast(C) (c - 32)) : c;
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(toUpper('a') == 'A');
-    assert(toUpper('A') == 'A');
-    assert(toUpper('!') == '!');
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to lowercase.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM c) is not an uppercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
- * unchanged.
- *
- * Params:
- *  C = Some character type.
- *  c = Some character.
- *
- * Returns: The uppercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
- *          otherwise.
- */
-C toLower(C)(const C c)
-if (isSomeChar!C)
-{
-    return isUpper(c) ? (cast(C) (c + 32)) : c;
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(toLower('A') == 'a');
-    assert(toLower('a') == 'a');
-    assert(toLower('!') == '!');
-}

source/tanya/exception.d

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Common exceptions and errors.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/exception.d,
- *                 tanya/exception.d)
- */
-module tanya.exception;
-
-import tanya.conv;
-import tanya.memory;
-
-/**
- * Error thrown if memory allocation fails.
- */
-final class OutOfMemoryError : Error
-{
-    /**
-     * Constructs new error.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string msg = "Out of memory",
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-
-    /// ditto
-    this(string msg,
-         Throwable next,
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Allocates $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) in a static storage and throws it.
- *
- * Params:
- *  msg = Custom error message.
- *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError).
- */
-void onOutOfMemoryError(string msg = "Out of memory")
-@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
-{
-    static ubyte[stateSize!OutOfMemoryError] memory;
-    alias PureType = OutOfMemoryError function(string) @nogc nothrow pure;
-    throw (cast(PureType) () => emplace!OutOfMemoryError(memory))(msg);
-}

source/tanya/format/conv.d

@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: Jeff Roberts, $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/conv.d,
- *                 tanya/format/conv.d)
- */
-module tanya.format.conv;
-
-import tanya.container.string;
-import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.memory.op;
-import tanya.meta.trait;
-import tanya.meta.transform;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.test.assertion;
-}
-
-/**
- * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
- */
-final class ConvException : Exception
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string msg,
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
- * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
- * $(D_PARAM To), just returns $(D_PARAM from).
- *
- * Params:
- *  To = Target type.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-template to(To)
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  From = Source type.
-     *  from = Source value.
-     */
-    ref To to(From)(ref From from)
-    if (is(To == From))
-    {
-        return from;
-    }
-
-    /// ditto
-    To to(From)(From from)
-    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
-    {
-        return from;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
- * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
- *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
- *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(From from)
-if (isIntegral!From
- && isIntegral!To
- && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
- && !is(To == enum))
-{
-    static if ((isUnsigned!From && isSigned!To && From.sizeof == To.sizeof)
-            || From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
-    {
-        if (from > To.max)
-        {
-            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                     "Positive integer overflow");
-        }
-    }
-    static if (isSigned!From)
-    {
-        static if (isUnsigned!To)
-        {
-            if (from < 0)
-            {
-                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                         "Negative integer overflow");
-            }
-        }
-        else static if (From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
-        {
-            if (from < To.min)
-            {
-                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                         "Negative integer overflow");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    static if (From.sizeof <= To.sizeof)
-    {
-        return from;
-    }
-    else static if (isSigned!To)
-    {
-        return cast(To) from;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return from & To.max;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
- * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
- * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
- * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
- *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(From from)
-if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
-{
-    if (from == 0)
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-    else if (from < 0)
-    {
-        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                 "Negative number overflow");
-    }
-    else if (from <= 1)
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                             "Positive number overflow");
-}
-
-/// ditto
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
-if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
-{
-    if (from == "true")
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-    else if (from == "false")
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
- * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
- * is returned.
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(const From from)
-if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
-{
-    return from;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(const From from)
-if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && is(Unqual!To == String))
-{
-    return String(from ? "true" : "false");
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: Truncated $(D_PARAM from) (everything after the decimal point is
- *          dropped).
- *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
- *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(From from)
-if (isFloatingPoint!From
- && isIntegral!To
- && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
- && !is(To == enum))
-{
-    if (from > To.max)
-    {
-        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                 "Positive number overflow");
-    }
-    else if (from < To.min)
-    {
-        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                                 "Negative number overflow");
-    }
-    return cast(To) from;
-}
-
-/**
- * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
- * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD enum) value.
- *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
- *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
-To to(To, From)(From from)
-if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
-{
-    foreach (m; EnumMembers!To)
-    {
-        if (from == m)
-        {
-            return m;
-        }
-    }
-    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-                             "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
-}

source/tanya/hash/lookup.d

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Non-cryptographic, lookup hash functions.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2020.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/hash/lookup.d,
+ *                 tanya/hash/lookup.d)
+ */
+module tanya.hash.lookup;
+
+import std.traits : isScalarType;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+private struct Hasher
+{
+    static if (size_t.sizeof == 4)
+    {
+        enum uint offsetBasis = 2166136261;
+        enum uint prime = 16777619;
+    }
+    else static if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
+    {
+        enum ulong offsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
+        enum ulong prime = 1099511628211UL;
+    }
+    else static if (size_t.sizeof == 16)
+    {
+        enum size_t offsetBasis = (size_t(0x6c62272e07bb0142UL) << 64) + 0x62b821756295c58dUL;
+        enum size_t prime = (size_t(1) << 88) + (1 << 8) + 0x3b;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "FNV requires at least 32-bit hash length");
+    }
+
+    size_t hash = offsetBasis;
+
+    void opCall(T)(auto ref T key)
+    {
+        static if (is(typeof(key.toHash()) == size_t))
+        {
+            opCall(key.toHash()); // Combine user-defined hashes
+        }
+        else static if (isScalarType!T || isPointer!T)
+        {
+            // Treat as an array of words
+            static if (T.sizeof % size_t.sizeof == 0
+                    && T.alignof >= size_t.alignof)
+                alias CastT = size_t;
+            // (64-bit or 128-bit) Treat as an array of ints
+            else static if (T.sizeof % uint.sizeof == 0
+                    && T.alignof >= uint.alignof)
+                alias CastT = uint;
+            // Treat as an array of bytes
+            else
+                alias CastT = ubyte;
+            add((() @trusted => (cast(const CastT*) &key)[0 .. T.sizeof / CastT.sizeof])());
+        }
+        else static if (isArray!T && isScalarType!(ElementType!T))
+        {
+            // Treat as an array of words
+            static if (ElementType!T.sizeof % size_t.sizeof == 0
+                    && ElementType!T.alignof >= size_t.alignof)
+                alias CastT = size_t;
+            // (64-bit or 128-bit) Treat as an array of ints
+            else static if (ElementType!T.sizeof % uint.sizeof == 0
+                    && ElementType!T.alignof >= uint.alignof)
+                alias CastT = uint;
+            // Treat as an array of bytes
+            else
+                alias CastT = ubyte;
+            add(cast(const CastT[]) key);
+        }
+        else static if (is(T == typeof(null)))
+        {
+            add(key);
+        }
+        else static if (isInputRange!T && !isInfinite!T)
+        {
+            foreach (e; key)
+            {
+                opCall(e);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false, "Hash function is not available");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void add(scope const ubyte[] key) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        // FNV-1a
+        foreach (c; key)
+        {
+            this.hash = (this.hash ^ c) * prime;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void add(scope const size_t[] key) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        static if (size_t.sizeof == 4)
+        {
+            // Partial MurmurHash3_x86_32 (no finalization)
+            enum uint c1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
+            enum uint c2 = 0x1b873593;
+            alias h1 = hash;
+            foreach (x; key)
+            {
+                auto k1 = x * c1;
+                k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >> (32 - 15));
+                k1 *= c2;
+
+                h1 ^= k1;
+                h1 = (h1 << 13) | (h1 >> (32 - 13));
+                h1 = h1 * 5 + 0xe6546b64;
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
+        {
+            // Partial 64-bit MurmurHash64A (no finalization)
+            alias h = hash;
+            enum ulong m = 0xc6a4a7935bd1e995UL;
+            foreach (x; key)
+            {
+                auto k = x * m;
+                k ^= k >>> 47;
+                k *= m;
+
+                h ^= k;
+                h *= m;
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (size_t.sizeof == 16)
+        {
+            // Partial MurmurHash3_x64_128 (no finalization)
+            // treating each size_t as a pair of ulong.
+            ulong h1 = cast(ulong) hash;
+            ulong h2 = cast(ulong) (hash >> 64);
+
+            enum ulong c1 = 0x87c37b91114253d5UL;
+            enum ulong c2 = 0x4cf5ad432745937fUL;
+
+            foreach (x; key)
+            {
+                auto k1 = cast(ulong) x;
+                auto k2 = cast(ulong) (x >> 64);
+
+                k1 *= c1; k1 = (k1 << 32) | (k1 >> (64 - 31)); k1 *= c2; h1 ^= k1;
+                h1 = (h1 << 27) | (h1 >> (64 - 27)); h1 += h2; h1 = h1*5+0x52dce729;
+                k2 *= c2; k2 = (k2 << 33) | (k2 >> (64 - 33)); k2 *= c1; h2 ^= k2;
+                h2 = (h2 << 31) | (h2 >> (64 - 31)); h2 += h1; h2 = h2*5+0x38495ab5;
+            }
+
+            hash = cast(size_t) h1 + ((cast(size_t) h2) << 64);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(0, "Hash length must be either 32, 64, or 128 bits.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (size_t.sizeof != uint.sizeof)
+    void add(scope const uint[] key) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+    {
+        static if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
+        {
+            // Partial 32-bit MurmurHash64B (no finalization)
+            enum uint m = 0x5bd1e995;
+            enum r = 24;
+
+            uint h1 = cast(uint) hash;
+            uint h2 = cast(uint) (hash >> 32);
+            const(uint)* data = key.ptr;
+            auto len = key.length;
+
+            for (; len >= 2; data += 2, len -= 2)
+            {
+                uint k1 = data[0];
+                k1 *= m; k1 ^= k1 >> r; k1 *= m;
+                h1 *= m; h1 ^= k1;
+
+                uint k2 = data[1];
+                k2 *= m; k2 ^= k2 >> r; k2 *= m;
+                h2 *= m; h2 ^= k2;
+            }
+            if (len)
+            {
+                uint k1 = data[0];
+                k1 *= m; k1 ^= k1 >> r; k1 *= m;
+                h1 *= m; h1 ^= k1;
+            }
+            hash = cast(ulong) h1 + ((cast(ulong) h2) << 32);
+        }
+        else static if (size_t.sizeof == 16)
+        {
+            // Partial MurmurHash3_x86_128 (no finalization)
+            enum uint c1 = 0x239b961b;
+            enum uint c2 = 0xab0e9789;
+            enum uint c3 = 0x38b34ae5;
+            enum uint c4 = 0xa1e38b93;
+
+            uint h1 = cast(uint) hash;
+            uint h2 = cast(uint) (hash >> 32);
+            uint h3 = cast(uint) (hash >> 64);
+            uint h4 = cast(uint) (hash >> 96);
+            const(uint)* data = key.ptr;
+            auto len = key.length;
+
+            for (; len >= 4; data += 4, len -= 4)
+            {
+                uint k1 = data[0];
+                uint k2 = data[1];
+                uint k3 = data[2];
+                uint k4 = data[3];
+
+                h1 = (h1 << 19) | (h1 >> (32 - 19)); h1 += h2; h1 = h1*5+0x561ccd1b;
+                k2 *= c2; k2 = (k2 << 16) | (k2 >> (32 - 16)); k2 *= c3; h2 ^= k2;
+                h2 = (h2 << 17) | (h2 >> (32 - 17)); h2 += h3; h2 = h2*5+0x0bcaa747;
+                k3 *= c3; k3 = (k3 << 17) | (k3 >> (32 - 17)); k3 *= c4; h3 ^= k3;
+                h3 = (h3 << 15) | (h3 >> (32 - 15)); h3 += h4; h3 = h3*5+0x96cd1c35;
+                k4 *= c4; k4 = (k4 << 18) | (k4 >> (32 - 18)); k4 *= c1; h4 ^= k4;
+                h4 = (h4 << 13) | (h4 >> (32 - 13)); h4 += h1; h4 = h4*5+0x32ac3b17;
+            }
+            uint k1, k2, k3;
+            switch (len) // 0, 1, 2, 3
+            {
+                case 3:
+                    k3 = data[2];
+                    k3 *= c3; k3 = (k3 << 17) | (k3 >> (32 - 17)); k3 *= c4; h3 ^= k3;
+                    goto case;
+                case 2:
+                    k2 = data[1];
+                    k2 *= c2; k2 = (k2 << 16) | (k2 >> (32 - 16)); k2 *= c3; h2 ^= k2;
+                    goto case;
+                case 1:
+                    k1 = data[0];
+                    k1 *= c1; k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >> (32 - 15)); k1 *= c2; h1 ^= k1;
+                    break;
+            }
+            hash = cast(size_t) h1 +
+                   ((cast(size_t) h2) << 32) +
+                   ((cast(size_t) h3) << 64) +
+                   ((cast(size_t) h4) << 96);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(0, "Hash length must be either 32, 64, or 128 bits.");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes an argument of an arbitrary type $(D_PARAM T) and calculates the hash
+ * value.
+ *
+ * Hash calculation is supported for all scalar types. Aggregate types, like
+ * $(D_KEYWORD struct)s, should implement `toHash`-function:
+ * ---
+ * size_t toHash() const
+ * {
+ *  return hash;
+ * }
+ * ---
+ *
+ * For pointers and for scalar types implicitly convertible to `size_t` this
+ * is an identity operation (i.e. the value is cast to `size_t` and returned
+ * unaltered). Integer types wider than `size_t` are XOR folded down to
+ * `size_t`. Other scalar types use an architecture-dependent hash function
+ * based on their width and alignment.
+ * If the type provides a `toHash`-function, only `toHash()` is called and its
+ * result is returned.
+ *
+ * This function also accepts input ranges that contain hashable elements.
+ * Individual values are combined then and the resulting hash is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T   = Hashable type.
+ *  key = Hashable value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Calculated hash value.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/).
+ */
+size_t hash(T)(auto ref T key)
+{
+    static if (is(typeof(key.toHash()) == size_t))
+    {
+        return key.toHash();
+    }
+    else static if ((isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T)
+            && T.sizeof <= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) key;
+    }
+    else static if (isIntegral!T && T.sizeof > size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) (key ^ (key >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8)));
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!T || is(T : typeof(null)))
+    {
+        return (() @trusted => cast(size_t) key)();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        Hasher hasher;
+        hasher(key);
+        return hasher.hash;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM hasher) is hash function for $(D_PARAM T), i.e.
+ * it is callable with a value of type $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL size_t) value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  hasher = Hash function candidate.
+ *  T      = Type to test the hash function with.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM hasher) is a hash function for
+ *          $(D_PARAM T), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isHashFunction(alias hasher, T)
+{
+    private alias wrapper = (T x) => hasher(x);
+    enum bool isHashFunction = is(typeof(wrapper(T.init)) == size_t);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isHashFunction!(hash, int));
+}

source/tanya/hash/package.d

@@ -3,15 +3,13 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Network programming.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/package.d,
- *                 tanya/network/package.d)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/hash/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/hash/package.d)
  */
-module tanya.network;
+module tanya.hash;
 
-public import tanya.network.socket;
+public import tanya.hash.lookup;

source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Number theory.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d,
- *                 tanya/math/nbtheory.d)
- */
-module tanya.math.nbtheory;
-
-import tanya.math.mp;
-import tanya.meta.trait;
-
-version (TanyaNative)
-{
-}
-else
-{
-    import core.math : fabs;
-    import std.math : log;
-}
-
-/**
- * Calculates the absolute value of a number.
- *
- * Params:
- *  I = Value type.
- *  x = Value.
- *
- * Returns: Absolute value of $(D_PARAM x).
- */
-I abs(I)(I x)
-if (isIntegral!I)
-{
-    static if (isSigned!I)
-    {
-        return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    int i = -1;
-    assert(i.abs == 1);
-    static assert(is(typeof(i.abs) == int));
-
-    uint u = 1;
-    assert(u.abs == 1);
-    static assert(is(typeof(u.abs) == uint));
-}
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-    /// ditto
-    I abs(I)(I x)
-    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
-}
-else version (TanyaNative)
-{
-    extern I abs(I)(I number) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
-}
-else
-{
-    I abs(I)(I x)
-    if (isFloatingPoint!I)
-    {
-        return fabs(cast(real) x);
-    }
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    float f = -1.64;
-    assert(f.abs == 1.64F);
-    static assert(is(typeof(f.abs) == float));
-
-    double d = -1.64;
-    assert(d.abs == 1.64);
-    static assert(is(typeof(d.abs) == double));
-
-    real r = -1.64;
-    assert(r.abs == 1.64L);
-    static assert(is(typeof(r.abs) == real));
-}
-
-/// ditto
-I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
-{
-    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
-    result.sign = Sign.positive;
-    return result;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
-{
-    x.sign = Sign.positive;
-    return x;
-}
-
-version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-    /**
-     * Calculates natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  x = Argument.
-     *
-     * Returns: Natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
-     */
-    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-    /// ditto
-    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-    /// ditto
-    real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-}
-else version (TanyaNative)
-{
-    extern float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-    extern double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-    extern real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-}
-else
-{
-    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return log(x);
-    }
-    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return log(x);
-    }
-    alias ln = log;
-}
-
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    import tanya.math;
-
-    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389f)));
-    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389)));
-    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389L)));
-
-    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0f)));
-    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0)));
-    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0L)));
-
-    assert(ln(1.0f) == 0.0f);
-    assert(ln(1.0) == 0.0);
-    assert(ln(1.0L) == 0.0L);
-}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * be found in its submodules. $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) doesn't import any
  * submodules publically, they should be imported explicitly.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2022.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.math;
 
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math.mp;
-import tanya.math.nbtheory;
+import std.math;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
 /**
  * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
  *
- * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float) $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
  * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
@@ -87,9 +85,9 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
     static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
 }
 
-private union FloatBits(F)
+package(tanya) union FloatBits(F)
 {
-    F floating;
+    Unqual!F floating;
     static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
     {
         uint integral;
@@ -255,21 +253,6 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
     assert(classify(-real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static if (ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
-    {
-        assert(classify(1.68105e-10) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
-        assert(classify(1.68105e-4932L) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
-
-        // Emulate unnormals, because they aren't generated anymore since i386
-        FloatBits!real unnormal;
-        unnormal.exp = 0x123;
-        unnormal.mantissa = 0x1;
-        assert(classify(unnormal) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number.
  *
@@ -396,7 +379,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
  * represented as
  *
@@ -459,7 +442,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
  *
  * <pre>
@@ -560,338 +543,3 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
     assert(signBit(-1.0L));
     assert(!signBit(1.0L));
 }
-
-/**
- * Computes $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y) modulo $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM I) is an $(D_PSYMBOL Integer), the allocator of $(D_PARAM x)
- * is used to allocate the result.
- *
- * Params:
- *  I = Base type.
- *  G = Exponent type.
- *  H = Divisor type:
- *  x = Base.
- *  y = Exponent.
- *  z = Divisor.
- *
- * Returns: Reminder of the division of $(D_PARAM x) to the power $(D_PARAM y)
- *          by $(D_PARAM z).
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
- */
-H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
-if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
-in
-{
-    assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
-}
-body
-{
-    G mask = G.max / 2 + 1;
-    H result;
-
-    if (y == 0)
-    {
-        return 1 % z;
-    }
-    else if (y == 1)
-    {
-        return x % z;
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        immutable bit = y & mask;
-        if (!result && bit)
-        {
-            result = x;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        result *= result;
-        if (bit)
-        {
-            result *= x;
-        }
-        result %= z;
-    }
-    while (mask >>= 1);
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
-if (is(I == Integer))
-in
-{
-    assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
-}
-body
-{
-    size_t i;
-    auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
-    auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
-    bool firstBit;
-
-    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
-    {
-        i = y.size;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        result = 1;
-    }
-    while (i < y.size)
-    {
-        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
-        {
-            if (y.rep[i] & mask)
-            {
-                result *= tmp1;
-                result %= z;
-            }
-            auto tmp2 = tmp1;
-            tmp1 *= tmp2;
-            tmp1 %= z;
-        }
-        ++i;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
-    assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
-    assert(pow(3, 3, 3) == 0);
-    assert(pow(7, 4, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 0, 2) == 1);
-    assert(pow(53, 1, 3) == 2);
-    assert(pow(53, 2, 5) == 4);
-    assert(pow(0, 0, 5) == 1);
-    assert(pow(0, 5, 5) == 0);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
-    assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
-    assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(3), Integer(3)) == 0);
-    assert(pow(Integer(7), Integer(4), Integer(2)) == 1);
-    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(0), Integer(2)) == 1);
-    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(1), Integer(3)) == 2);
-    assert(pow(Integer(53), Integer(2), Integer(5)) == 4);
-    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(5)) == 1);
-    assert(pow(Integer(0), Integer(5), Integer(5)) == 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime.
- *
- * Params:
- *  x = The number should be checked.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
- *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
- */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-{
-    return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(74623.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(!15485868.isPseudoprime);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(74653.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74687.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74699.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74707.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74713.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74717.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74719.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74747.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74759.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74761.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74771.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74779.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74797.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74821.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(74827.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(9973.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
-    assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
-}
-
-/**
- * Determines minimum of two numbers.
- *
- * Params:
- *  x = First number.
- *  y = Second number.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is smaller than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
- *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL max).
- */
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(5, 3) == 3);
-    assert(min(4, 4) == 4);
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(5.2, 3.0) == 3.0);
-
-    assert(min(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
-    assert(min(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
-    assert(isNaN(min(double.nan, double.nan)));
-}
-
-/// ditto
-ref T min(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 3);
-}
-
-/**
- * Determines maximum of two numbers.
- *
- * Params:
- *  x = First number.
- *  y = Second number.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is larger than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
- *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL min).
- */
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(5, 3) == 5);
-    assert(max(4, 4) == 4);
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(5.2, 3.0) == 5.2);
-
-    assert(max(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
-    assert(max(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
-    assert(isNaN(max(double.nan, double.nan)));
-}
-
-/// ditto
-ref T max(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 5);
-}
-
-// min/max accept const and mutable references.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    {
-        Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-    {
-        const Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Random number generator.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2022.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,12 +14,8 @@
  */
 module tanya.math.random;
 
-import std.digest.sha;
 import std.typecons;
-import tanya.memory;
-
-/// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
-enum blockSize = 64;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
 enum maxGather = 128;
@@ -39,7 +35,7 @@ class EntropyException : Exception
     this(string msg,
          string file = __FILE__,
          size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+         Throwable next = null) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
@@ -56,17 +52,17 @@ abstract class EntropySource
     /**
      * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
      */
-    @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
      */
-    @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
      */
-    @property ushort size() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property ushort size() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return size_;
     }
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
      *         already set value.
      */
-    @property void size(ushort size) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void size(ushort size) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         size_ = size;
     }
@@ -89,14 +85,39 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *           to fill the buffer).
      *
      * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     *          or nothing on error.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: Returned length is less than or equal to
+     *                $(D_PARAM output) length.
      */
     Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc;
 }
 
+version (CRuntime_Bionic)
+{
+    version = SecureARC4Random;
+}
+else version (OSX)
+{
+    version = SecureARC4Random;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+    version = SecureARC4Random;
+}
+else version (NetBSD)
+{
+    version = SecureARC4Random;
+}
+else version (Solaris)
+{
+    version = SecureARC4Random;
+}
+
 version (linux)
 {
-    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow @system @nogc;
+    import core.stdc.config : c_long;
+    private extern(C) c_long syscall(c_long number, ...) @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
      * Uses getrandom system call.
@@ -106,7 +127,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -114,7 +135,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -127,17 +148,18 @@ version (linux)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc nothrow
         out (length)
         {
-            assert(length <= maxGather);
+            assert(length.isNull || length.get <= maxGather);
         }
-        body
+        do
         {
             // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
-            auto length = syscall(318, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
+            import mir.linux._asm.unistd : NR_getrandom;
+            auto length = syscall(NR_getrandom, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
             Nullable!ubyte ret;
 
             if (length >= 0)
@@ -147,190 +169,172 @@ version (linux)
             return ret;
         }
     }
-
-    version (X86_64)
-    {
-        private unittest
-        {
-            auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-            ubyte[blockSize] output;
-            output = entropy.random;
-
-            defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-        }
-    }
 }
-
-/**
- * Pseudorandom number generator.
- * ---
- * auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
- *
- * ubyte[blockSize] output;
- *
- * output = entropy.random;
- *
- * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
- * ---
- */
-class Entropy
+else version (SecureARC4Random)
 {
-    /// Entropy sources.
-    protected EntropySource[] sources;
-
-    private ubyte sourceCount_;
-
-    private shared Allocator allocator;
-
-    /// Entropy accumulator.
-    protected SHA!(maxGather * 8, 512) accumulator;
+    private extern(C) void arc4random_buf(scope void* buf, size_t nbytes)
+    @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
-     * Params:
-     *  maxSources = Maximum amount of entropy sources can be set.
-     *  allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
-     *               system.
+     * Uses arc4random_buf.
      */
-    this(const size_t maxSources = 20,
-         shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @nogc
-    in
+    class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
     {
-        assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
-        assert(allocator !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        allocator.resize(sources, maxSources);
-
-        version (linux)
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+         */
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
-            this ~= allocator.make!PlatformEntropySource;
+            return 32;
         }
-    }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
-     */
-    @property ubyte sourceCount() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return sourceCount_;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add an entropy source.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  source = Entropy source.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL this).
-     *
-     * See_Also:
-     *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
-     */
-    Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    if (op == "~")
-    in
-    {
-        assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        sources[sourceCount_++] = source;
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Generated random sequence.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
-     *         registered or it failed.
-     */
-    @property ubyte[blockSize] random() @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        bool haveStrong;
-        ushort done;
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
+        /**
+         * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+         */
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
 
+        /**
+         * Poll the entropy source.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+         *           to fill the buffer).
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+         *          or nothing on error.
+         */
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
+        out (length)
+        {
+            assert(length.isNull || length.get <= maxGather);
+        }
         do
         {
-            ubyte[maxGather] buffer;
-
-            // Run through our entropy sources
-            for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-            {
-                auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
-
-                if (!outputLength.isNull)
-                {
-                    if (outputLength > 0)
-                    {
-                        update(i, buffer, outputLength);
-                        sources[i].size = cast(ushort) (sources[i].size + outputLength);
-                    }
-                    if (sources[i].size < sources[i].threshold)
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    else if (sources[i].strong)
-                    {
-                        haveStrong = true;
-                    }
-                }
-                done = 257;
-            }
+            (() @trusted => arc4random_buf(output.ptr, output.length))();
+            return Nullable!ubyte(cast(ubyte) (output.length));
+        }
+    }
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+    import core.sys.windows.basetsd : ULONG_PTR;
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetLastError;
+    import core.sys.windows.wincrypt;
+    import core.sys.windows.windef : BOOL, DWORD, PBYTE;
+    import core.sys.windows.winerror : NTE_BAD_KEYSET;
+    import core.sys.windows.winnt : LPCSTR, LPCWSTR;
+
+    private extern(Windows) @nogc nothrow
+    {
+        BOOL CryptGenRandom(HCRYPTPROV, DWORD, PBYTE);
+        BOOL CryptAcquireContextA(HCRYPTPROV*, LPCSTR, LPCSTR, DWORD, DWORD);
+        BOOL CryptAcquireContextW(HCRYPTPROV*, LPCWSTR, LPCWSTR, DWORD, DWORD);
+        BOOL CryptReleaseContext(HCRYPTPROV, ULONG_PTR);
+    }
+
+    private bool initCryptGenRandom(scope ref HCRYPTPROV hProvider)
+    @nogc nothrow @trusted
+    {
+        // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379886(v=vs.85).aspx
+        // For performance reasons, we recommend that you set the pszContainer
+        // parameter to NULL and the dwFlags parameter to CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT
+        // in all situations where you do not require a persisted key.
+        // CRYPT_SILENT is intended for use with applications for which the UI
+        // cannot be displayed by the CSP.
+        if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider,
+                                  null,
+                                  null,
+                                  PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                  CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT | CRYPT_SILENT))
+        {
+            if (GetLastError() != NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // Attempt to create default container
+            if (!CryptAcquireContextA(&hProvider,
+                                      null,
+                                      null,
+                                      PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                      CRYPT_NEWKEYSET | CRYPT_SILENT))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    class PlatformEntropySource : EntropySource
+    {
+        private HCRYPTPROV hProvider;
+
+        /**
+         * Uses CryptGenRandom.
+         */
+        this() @nogc
+        {
+            if (!initCryptGenRandom(hProvider))
+            {
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!EntropyException("CryptAcquireContextW failed.");
+            }
+            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized.");
+        }
+
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
+        {
+            if (hProvider > 0)
+            {
+                (() @trusted => CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0))();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
+         */
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 32;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
+         */
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Poll the entropy source.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  output = Buffer to save the generate random sequence (the method will
+         *           to fill the buffer).
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
+         *          or nothing on error.
+         */
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
+        out (length)
+        {
+            assert(length.isNull || length.get <= maxGather);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+
+            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized");
+            if ((() @trusted => CryptGenRandom(hProvider, output.length, cast(PBYTE) output.ptr))())
+            {
+                ret = cast(ubyte) (output.length);
+            }
+            return ret;
         }
-        while (++done < 256);
-
-        if (!haveStrong)
-        {
-            throw allocator.make!EntropyException("No strong entropy source defined.");
-        }
-
-        output = accumulator.finish();
-
-        // Reset accumulator and counters and recycle existing entropy
-        accumulator.start();
-
-        // Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
-        output = sha512Of(output);
-
-        for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
-        {
-            sources[i].size = 0;
-        }
-        return output;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Update entropy accumulator.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  sourceId = Entropy source index in $(D_PSYMBOL sources).
-     *  data     = Data got from the entropy source.
-     *  length   = Length of the received data.
-     */
-    protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
-                          ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-                          ubyte length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        ubyte[2] header;
-
-        if (length > blockSize)
-        {
-            data[0 .. 64] = sha512Of(data);
-            length = blockSize;
-        }
-
-        header[0] = sourceId;
-        header[1] = length;
-
-        accumulator.put(header);
-        accumulator.put(data[0 .. length]);
     }
 }

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * This module contains the interface for implementing custom allocators.
- *
- * Allocators are classes encapsulating memory allocation strategy. This allows
- * to decouple memory management from the algorithms and the data. 
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
- *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
- */
-module tanya.memory.allocator;
-
-/**
- * Abstract class implementing a basic allocator.
- */
-interface Allocator
-{
-    /**
-     * Returns: Alignment offered.
-     */
-    @property uint alignment() const shared pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  size = Amount of memory to allocate.
-     *
-     * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
-     */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Deallocates a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  p = A pointer to the memory block to be freed.
-     *
-     * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
-     */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
-     *
-     * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
-     */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
-
-    /**
-     * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
-     * $(D_KEYWORD false). This function cannot be used to allocate or
-     * deallocate memory, so if $(D_PARAM p) is $(D_KEYWORD null) or
-     * $(D_PARAM size) is `0`, it should return $(D_KEYWORD false).
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  p    = A pointer to the memory block.
-     *  size = Size of the reallocated block.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-     */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
-    shared pure nothrow @nogc;
-}
-
-package template GetPureInstance(T : Allocator)
-{
-    alias GetPureInstance = shared(T) function()
-                            pure nothrow @nogc;
-}

source/tanya/net/iface.d

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network interfaces.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2020.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/iface.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/iface.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.iface;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
+
+version (Windows)
+{
+    private union NET_LUID_LH { ulong Value, Info; }
+    private alias NET_LUID = NET_LUID_LH;
+    private alias NET_IFINDEX = uint;
+    private enum IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE = 256;
+    extern(Windows) @nogc nothrow private @system
+    {
+        uint ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(const(char)* InterfaceName,
+            NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid);
+        uint ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+            NET_IFINDEX* InterfaceIndex);
+        uint ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(NET_IFINDEX InterfaceIndex,
+            NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid);
+        uint ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+            char* InterfaceName,
+            size_t Length);
+    }
+}
+else version (Posix)
+{
+    import core.sys.posix.net.if_;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the name of a network interface to its index.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the name $(D_PARAM name) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns 0.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  name = Interface name.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface index or 0.
+ */
+uint nameToIndex(R)(R name) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!R && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == char) && hasLength!R)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        if (name.length > IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        NET_LUID luid;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        if (ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(buffer.ptr, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        NET_IFINDEX index;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(&luid, &index) == 0)
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        if (name.length >= IF_NAMESIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        return if_nametoindex(buffer.ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow @safe unittest
+{
+    version (linux)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo") == 1);
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("loopback_0") == 1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo0") == 1);
+    }
+    assert(nameToIndex("ecafretni") == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the index of a network interface to its name.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the $(D_PARAM index) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  index = Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface name or an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ */
+String indexToName(uint index) @nogc nothrow @trusted
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : findNullTerminated;
+
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        NET_LUID luid;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(index, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(&luid,
+                                        buffer.ptr,
+                                        IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+        if (if_indextoname(index, buffer.ptr) is null)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL AddressFamily) specifies a communication domain; this selects
+ * the protocol family which will be used for communication.
+ */
+enum AddressFamily : int
+{
+    unspec    = 0,     /// Unspecified.
+    local     = 1,     /// Local to host (pipes and file-domain).
+    unix      = local, /// POSIX name for PF_LOCAL.
+    inet      = 2,     /// IP protocol family.
+    ax25      = 3,     /// Amateur Radio AX.25.
+    ipx       = 4,     /// Novell Internet Protocol.
+    appletalk = 5,     /// Appletalk DDP.
+    netrom    = 6,     /// Amateur radio NetROM.
+    bridge    = 7,     /// Multiprotocol bridge.
+    atmpvc    = 8,     /// ATM PVCs.
+    x25       = 9,     /// Reserved for X.25 project.
+    inet6     = 10,    /// IP version 6.
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Internet utilities.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
  */
 module tanya.net.inet;
 
-import std.math;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ import tanya.range.primitive;
  *  L = Desired range length.
  */
 struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
-    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
 {
     static if (L > uint.sizeof)
     {
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     private StorageType value;
     private size_t size = L;
 
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    invariant
     {
         assert(this.size <= L);
     }
@@ -69,15 +68,15 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
      *  T      = Value type.
      *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= (2 ^^ (L * 8)) - 1).
      */
-    this(T)(const T value)
-        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    this(T)(T value)
+    if (isUnsigned!T)
     in
     {
-        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+        assert(value <= (2 ^^ (L * 8)) - 1);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.value = value & StorageType.max;
     }
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     {
         assert(this.length > 0);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return this.value & 0xff;
     }
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     {
         assert(this.length > 0);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
     }
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     {
         assert(this.length > 0);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.value >>= 8;
         --this.size;
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     {
         assert(this.length > 0);
     }
-    body
+    do
     {
         this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
         --this.size;
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
     assert(!networkOrder.empty);
@@ -190,15 +189,6 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
     assert(networkOrder.empty);
 }
 
-// Static.
-private unittest
-{
-    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
-    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
-    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
-    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
  * $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -216,10 +206,10 @@ private unittest
  *          order.
  */
 T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
-    if (isInputRange!R
-     && !isInfinite!R
-     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
-     && isUnsigned!T)
+if (isInputRange!R
+ && !isInfinite!R
+ && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+ && isUnsigned!T)
 {
     T ret;
     ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
@@ -238,7 +228,7 @@ T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     const value = 0xae34e2u;
     auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);

source/tanya/net/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Network programming.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2022.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,5 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.net;
 
+public import tanya.net.iface;
 public import tanya.net.inet;
+public import tanya.net.ip;
 public import tanya.net.uri;

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * URL parser.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -14,13 +14,9 @@
  */
 module tanya.net.uri;
 
-import tanya.encoding.ascii;
-import tanya.memory;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    import tanya.test.assertion;
-}
+import std.ascii;
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /**
  * Thrown if an invalid URI was specified.
@@ -37,7 +33,7 @@ final class URIException : Exception
     this(string msg,
          string file = __FILE__,
          size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
@@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ struct URL
      *
      * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
      */
-    this(const char[] source) pure @nogc
+    this(const char[] source) @nogc pure
     {
         ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = source.length, start;
 
@@ -152,16 +148,13 @@ struct URL
                     goto ParsePath;
                 }
             }
-            else
+            else if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
             {
                 // Schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any slash after
                 // them.
-                if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
-                {
-                    this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
-                    start = pos + 1;
-                    goto ParsePath;
-                }
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+                start = pos + 1;
+                goto ParsePath;
             }
         }
         else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
@@ -305,23 +298,13 @@ struct URL
      *
      * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
      */
-    private bool parsePort(const char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private bool parsePort(const(char)[] port) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
-        ptrdiff_t i = 1;
-        float lPort = 0;
-
-        for (; i < port.length && port[i].isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i)
+        auto unparsed = port[1 .. $];
+        auto parsed = readIntegral!ushort(unparsed);
+        if (unparsed.length == 0 || unparsed[0] == '/')
         {
-            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float) (10 ^^ (i - 1));
-        }
-        if (i != 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
-        {
-            lPort *= 10 ^^ (i - 2);
-            if (lPort > ushort.max)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            this.port = cast(ushort) lPort;
+            this.port = parsed;
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -382,91 +365,6 @@ struct URL
     assert(u.fragment == "fragment");
 }
 
-@nogc pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto u = URL("127.0.0.1");
-    assert(u.path == "127.0.0.1");
-
-    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1");
-    assert(u.scheme == "http");
-    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
-
-    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1:9000");
-    assert(u.scheme == "http");
-    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
-    assert(u.port == 9000);
-
-    u = URL("127.0.0.1:80");
-    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
-    assert(u.port == 80);
-    assert(u.path is null);
-
-    u = URL("//example.net");
-    assert(u.host == "example.net");
-    assert(u.scheme is null);
-
-    u = URL("//example.net?q=before:after");
-    assert(u.host == "example.net");
-    assert(u.query == "q=before:after");
-
-    u = URL("localhost:8080");
-    assert(u.host == "localhost");
-    assert(u.port == 8080);
-    assert(u.path is null);
-
-    u = URL("ftp:");
-    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
-
-    u = URL("file:///C:\\Users");
-    assert(u.scheme == "file");
-    assert(u.path == "C:\\Users");
-
-    u = URL("localhost:66000");
-    assert(u.scheme == "localhost");
-    assert(u.path == "66000");
-
-    u = URL("file:///home/");
-    assert(u.scheme == "file");
-    assert(u.path == "/home/");
-
-    u = URL("file:///home/?q=asdf");
-    assert(u.scheme == "file");
-    assert(u.path == "/home/");
-    assert(u.query == "q=asdf");
-
-    u = URL("http://secret@example.org");
-    assert(u.scheme == "http");
-    assert(u.host == "example.org");
-    assert(u.user == "secret");
-
-    u = URL("h_tp://:80");
-    assert(u.path == "h_tp://:80");
-    assert(u.port == 0);
-
-    u = URL("zlib:/home/user/file.gz");
-    assert(u.scheme == "zlib");
-    assert(u.path == "/home/user/file.gz");
-
-    u = URL("h_tp:asdf");
-    assert(u.path == "h_tp:asdf");
-}
-
-@nogc pure @system unittest
-{
-    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://:80"));
-    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL(":80"));
-    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://u1:p1@u2:p2@example.org"));
-    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:port"));
-    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:66000"));
-}
-
-// Issue 254: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/254.
-@nogc pure @system unittest
-{
-    auto u = URL("ftp://");
-    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
-}
-
 /**
  * Attempts to parse an URL from a string and returns the specified component
  * of the URL or $(D_PSYMBOL URL) if no component is specified.

source/tanya/range/adapter.d

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range adapters transform some data structures into ranges.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2020.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/adapter.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/adapter.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.adapter;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.memory.lifetime;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range;
+
+private mixin template InserterCtor()
+{
+    private Container* container;
+
+    private this(return scope ref Container container) @trusted
+    {
+        this.container = &container;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM container) is a container with `insertBack`-support,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL backInserter) returns an output range that puts the elements
+ * into the container with `insertBack`.
+ *
+ * The resulting output range supports all types `insertBack` supports.
+ *
+ * The range keeps a reference to the container passed to it, it doesn't use
+ * any other storage. So there is no method to get the written data out of the
+ * range - the container passed to $(D_PSYMBOL backInserter) contains that data
+ * and can be used directly after all operations on the output range are
+ * completed. It also means that the result range is not allowed to outlive its
+ * container.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Container = Container type.
+ *  container = Container used as an output range.
+ *
+ * Returns: `insertBack`-based output range.
+ */
+auto backInserter(Container)(return scope ref Container container)
+if (hasMember!(Container, "insertBack"))
+{
+    static struct Inserter
+    {
+        void opCall(T)(auto ref T data)
+        {
+            this.container.insertBack(forward!data);
+        }
+
+        mixin InserterCtor;
+    }
+    return Inserter(container);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Container
+    {
+        int element;
+
+        void insertBack(int element)
+        {
+            this.element = element;
+        }
+    }
+    Container container;
+    backInserter(container)(5);
+
+    assert(container.element == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM container) is a container with `insertFront`-support,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL frontInserter) returns an output range that puts the elements
+ * into the container with `insertFront`.
+ *
+ * The resulting output range supports all types `insertFront` supports.
+ *
+ * The range keeps a reference to the container passed to it, it doesn't use
+ * any other storage. So there is no method to get the written data out of the
+ * range - the container passed to $(D_PSYMBOL frontInserter) contains that data
+ * and can be used directly after all operations on the output range are
+ * completed. It also means that the result range is not allowed to outlive its
+ * container.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Container = Container type.
+ *  container = Container used as an output range.
+ *
+ * Returns: `insertFront`-based output range.
+ */
+auto frontInserter(Container)(return scope ref Container container)
+if (hasMember!(Container, "insertFront"))
+{
+    static struct Inserter
+    {
+        void opCall(T)(auto ref T data)
+        {
+            this.container.insertFront(forward!data);
+        }
+
+        mixin InserterCtor;
+    }
+    return Inserter(container);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Container
+    {
+        int element;
+
+        void insertFront(int element)
+        {
+            this.element = element;
+        }
+    }
+    Container container;
+    frontInserter(container)(5);
+
+    assert(container.element == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL arrayInserter) makes an output range out of an array.
+ *
+ * The returned output range accepts single values as well as input ranges that
+ * can be copied into the target array.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Array = Array type.
+ *  array = Array.
+ *
+ * Returns: An output range writing into $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+auto arrayInserter(Array)(return scope ref Array array)
+if (isArray!Array)
+{
+    static if (is(Array ArrayT : ArrayT[size], size_t size))
+    {
+        alias E = ArrayT;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias E = ElementType!Array;
+    }
+
+    static struct ArrayInserter
+    {
+        private E[] data;
+
+        private this(return scope ref Array data) @trusted
+        {
+            this.data = data[];
+        }
+
+        void opCall(T)(auto ref T data)
+        if (is(T : E))
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!this.data.empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            put(this.data, data);
+        }
+
+        void opCall(R)(auto ref R data)
+        if (isInputRange!R && isOutputRange!(E[], ElementType!R))
+        {
+            this.data = copy(data, this.data);
+        }
+    }
+    return ArrayInserter(array);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[1] array;
+
+    arrayInserter(array)(5);
+    assert(array[0] == 5);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char[1] array;
+    alias Actual = typeof(arrayInserter(array));
+
+    static assert(isOutputRange!(Actual, char));
+    static assert(isOutputRange!(Actual, char[]));
+}

source/tanya/range/array.d

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  * (D_INLINECODE dchar[])) are treated as any other normal array, they aren't
  * auto-decoded.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ module tanya.range.array;
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-@property ref T front(T)(T[] array)
+@property ref inout(T) front(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     return array[0];
 }
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ body
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-@property ref T back(T)(T[] array)
+@property ref inout(T) back(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     return array[$ - 1];
 }
@@ -133,23 +133,23 @@ body
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-void popFront(T)(ref T[] array)
+void popFront(T)(ref inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     array = array[1 .. $];
 }
 
 /// ditto
-void popBack(T)(ref T[] array)
+void popBack(T)(ref inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
 }
-body
+do
 {
     array = array[0 .. $ - 1];
 }
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ body
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM array) has no elements,
  *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-@property bool empty(T)(const T[] array)
+@property bool empty(T)(scope const T[] array)
 {
     return array.length == 0;
 }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ body
  *
  * Returns: A copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
  */
-@property T[] save(T)(T[] array)
+@property inout(T)[] save(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 {
     return array;
 }

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * This package contains generic functions and templates to be used with D
  * ranges.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.range;
 
+public import tanya.range.adapter;
 public import tanya.range.array;
 public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Base type definitions and aliases.
- *
- * This module doesn't provide aliases for all types used by Windows, but only
- * for types that can vary on different platforms. For example there is no
- * need to define `INT32` alias for D, since $(D_KEYWORD int) is always a
- * 32-bit signed integer. But `int` and its Windows alias `INT` is not the
- * same on all platforms in C, so its size can be something differen than
- * 32 bit, therefore an $(D_PSYMBOL INT) alias is available in this module.
- * $(D_PARAM TCHAR) can be a $(D_KEYWORD char) if Unicode isn't supported or
- * $(D_KEYWORD wchar) if Unicode is supported, so $(D_PSYMBOL TCHAR) is
- * defined here.
- * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/def.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows.def;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-alias BYTE = ubyte;
-alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
-alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
-alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
-alias SHORT = short;
-alias USHORT = ushort;
-alias WORD = ushort;
-alias INT = int;
-alias UINT = uint;
-alias LONG = int;
-alias ULONG = uint;
-alias DWORD = uint;
-alias LONGLONG = long; // Or double.
-alias ULONGLONG = ulong; // Or double.
-alias DWORDLONG = ulong;
-alias FLOAT = float;
-alias BOOL = int;
-alias BOOLEAN = BYTE;
-
-alias HANDLE = void*;
-enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
-
-enum TRUE = 1;
-enum FALSE = 0;
-
-align(1) struct GUID
-{
-    uint Data1;
-    ushort Data2;
-    ushort Data3;
-    char[8] Data4;
-}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows.error;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
-enum
-{
-    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
-    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
-    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
-    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
-    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
-    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
-
-    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
-    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
-    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
-    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
-    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
-    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
-    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
-    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
-    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
-    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
-    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
-    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
-    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
-    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
-    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
-    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
-    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
-    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
-    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
-    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
-    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
-    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
-    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
-    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
-    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
-    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
-    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
-    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
-    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
-    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
-    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
-    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
-    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
-    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
-    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
-    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
-    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
-
-    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
-    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
-    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
-    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
-    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
-    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
-    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
-    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
-    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
-    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
-    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
-    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
-    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
-    
-    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
-    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
-    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
-    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
-
-    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
-    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
-    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
-    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
-    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
-
-    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
-    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
-    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
-    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
-    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
-    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
-    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
-    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
-    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
-    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
-}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/package.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Definitions from winbase.h.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-
-struct OVERLAPPED
-{
-    size_t Internal;
-    size_t InternalHigh;
-    union
-    {
-        struct
-        {
-            DWORD Offset;
-            DWORD OffsetHigh;
-        }
-        void* Pointer;
-    }
-    HANDLE hEvent;
-}
-
-extern(Windows)
-HANDLE CreateIoCompletionPort(HANDLE FileHandle,
-                              HANDLE ExistingCompletionPort,
-                              size_t CompletionKey,
-                              DWORD NumberOfConcurrentThreads)
-nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-BOOL GetQueuedCompletionStatus(HANDLE CompletionPort,
-                               DWORD* lpNumberOfBytes,
-                               size_t* lpCompletionKey,
-                               OVERLAPPED** lpOverlapped,
-                               DWORD dwMilliseconds) nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
-                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
-                         DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
-                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-
-alias SOCKET = size_t;
-enum SOCKET INVALID_SOCKET = ~0;
-enum SOCKET_ERROR = -1;
-
-enum
-{
-    IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
-    IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
-    IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
-    IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
-    IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
-    IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
-    IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
-    IOC_WSK      = (IOC_WS2 | 0x07000000), // _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600.
-    IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
-}
-
-template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
-{
-    enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
-}
-template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
-{
-    enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
-}
-template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
-{
-    enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
-}
-template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
-{
-    enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
-}
-
-alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
-alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
-alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
-alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
-alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
-alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
-alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
-alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
-alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
-alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
-alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
-alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
-alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
-alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
-alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
-alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
-alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
-alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
-alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
-
-alias GROUP = uint;
-
-enum
-{
-    WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
-    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_ROOT = 0x02,
-    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_LEAF = 0x04,
-    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_ROOT = 0x08,
-    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_LEAF = 0x10,
-    WSA_FLAG_ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY = 0x40,
-    WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT = 0x80,
-    WSA_FLAG_REGISTERED_IO = 0x100,
-}
-
-enum MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7;
-enum BASE_PROTOCOL = 1;
-enum LAYERED_PROTOCOL = 0;
-enum WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255;
-
-struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
-{
-    int ChainLen;
-    DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
-}
-
-struct WSABUF
-{
-    ULONG len;
-    CHAR* buf;
-}
-
-struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
-{
-    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
-    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
-    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
-    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
-    DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
-    GUID                       ProviderId;
-    DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
-    WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
-    int                        iVersion;
-    int                        iAddressFamily;
-    int                        iMaxSockAddr;
-    int                        iMinSockAddr;
-    int                        iSocketType;
-    int                        iProtocol;
-    int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
-    int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
-    int                        iSecurityScheme;
-    DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
-    DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
-    TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
-}
-
-const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
-    0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
-    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
-};
-
-const GUID WSAID_ACCEPTEX = {
-    0xb5367df1, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
-    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
-};
-
-alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE = void function(DWORD dwError,
-                                                         DWORD cbTransferred,
-                                                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
-                                                         DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-SOCKET WSASocket(int af,
-                 int type,
-                 int protocol,
-                 WSAPROTOCOL_INFO* lpProtocolInfo,
-                 GROUP g,
-                 DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
-            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
-            DWORD dwBufferCount,
-            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-            DWORD* lpFlags,
-            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
-            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
-nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-int WSASend(SOCKET s,
-            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
-            DWORD dwBufferCount,
-            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-            DWORD lpFlags,
-            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
-            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
-nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(Windows)
-int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
-             uint dwIoControlCode,
-             void* lpvInBuffer,
-             uint cbInBuffer,
-             void* lpvOutBuffer,
-             uint cbOutBuffer,
-             uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
-             OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
-             LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)             
-nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-alias ADDRESS_FAMILY = USHORT;
-
-struct SOCKADDR
-{
-    ADDRESS_FAMILY sa_family;           // Address family.
-    CHAR[14] sa_data;                   // Up to 14 bytes of direct address.
-}
-
-alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = void function(void*,
-                                                DWORD,
-                                                DWORD,
-                                                DWORD,
-                                                SOCKADDR**,
-                                                INT*,
-                                                SOCKADDR**,
-                                                INT*) nothrow @nogc;
-
-alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = extern(Windows) BOOL function(SOCKET,
-                                                    SOCKET,
-                                                    void*,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD*,
-                                                    OVERLAPPED*) @nogc nothrow;
-
-enum
-{
-    SO_MAXDG = 0x7009,
-    SO_MAXPATHDG = 0x700A,
-    SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
-    SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
-    SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
-}

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Type constructors.
- *
- * This module contains templates that allow to build new types from the
- * available ones.
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/typecons.d,
- *                 tanya/typecons.d)
- */
-module tanya.typecons;
-
-import tanya.meta.metafunction;
-
-/**
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.
- *
- * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
- *
- * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
- * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
- * If you want the object be accessible only by its index (`0` or `1`),
- * just skip the name.
- *
- * Params:
- *  Specs = Field types and names.
- */
-template Pair(Specs...)
-{
-    template parseSpecs(int fieldCount, Specs...)
-    {
-        static if (Specs.length == 0)
-        {
-            alias parseSpecs = AliasSeq!();
-        }
-        else static if (is(Specs[0]) && fieldCount < 2)
-        {
-            static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
-            {
-                alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
-                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
-                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            static assert(false, "Invalid argument: " ~ Specs[0].stringof);
-        }
-    }
-
-    struct Pair
-    {
-        /// Field types.
-        alias Types = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
-
-        static assert(Types.length == 2, "Invalid argument count.");
-
-        // Create field aliases.
-        static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[1] ~ " = expand[0];");
-        }
-        static if (is(typeof(Specs[2]) == string))
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[2] ~ " = expand[1];");
-        }
-        else static if (is(typeof(Specs[3]) == string))
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[3] ~ " = expand[1];");
-        }
-
-        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
-        Types expand;
-
-        alias expand this;
-    }
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int)));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, 5)));
-
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int, "second")));
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
-
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int, "second")));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!("first", int, "second", int)));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, int, int)));
-
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, "first")));
-}

test/dub.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+	"name": "test",
+	"description": "Test suite for unittest-blocks",
+	"targetType": "library",
+
+	"dependencies": {
+		"tanya:middle": "*"
+	},
+
+	"sourcePaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"importPaths": [
+		"."
+	],
+	"dflags-dmd": ["-dip1000"]
+}

test/tanya/test/assertion.d

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * The functions can cause segmentation fault if the module is compiled
  * in production mode and the condition fails.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.test.assertion;
 
-import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**

test/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Test suite for $(D_KEYWORD unittest)-blocks.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2020.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@
 module tanya.test;
 
 public import tanya.test.assertion;
+public import tanya.test.stub;

test/tanya/test/stub.d

@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range and generic type generators.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018-2020.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/stub.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/stub.d)
+ */
+module tanya.test.stub;
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should contain the given
+ * number of elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Count) should be always specified with some value and not as a
+ * type, so $(D_INLINECODE Count(1)) instead just $(D_INLINECODE Count),
+ * otherwise you can just omit $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and it will default to 0.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Count) doesn't generate `.length` property - use
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Length) for that.
+ *
+ * If neither $(D_PSYMBOL Length) nor $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite) is given,
+ * $(D_ILNINECODE Count(0)) is assumed.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite) and $(D_PSYMBOL Length).
+ */
+struct Count
+{
+    /// Original range length.
+    size_t count = 0;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs the attribute with the given length.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  count = Original range length.
+     */
+    this(size_t count) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        this.count = count;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should be infinite.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and $(D_PSYMBOL Length).
+ */
+struct Infinite
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates `.length` property for the range.
+ *
+ * The length of the range can be specified as a constructor argument,
+ * otherwise it is 0.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite).
+ */
+struct Length
+{
+    /// Original range length.
+    size_t length = 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should return values by
+ * reference.
+ *
+ * This atribute affects the return values of `.front`, `.back` and `[]`.
+ */
+struct WithLvalueElements
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates an input range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template InputRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    import tanya.meta.metafunction : Alias;
+    import tanya.meta.trait : evalUDA, getUDAs, hasUDA;
+
+    /*
+     * Aliases for the attribute lookups to access them faster
+     */
+    private enum bool infinite = hasUDA!(typeof(this), Infinite);
+    private enum bool withLvalueElements = hasUDA!(typeof(this),
+                                                   WithLvalueElements);
+    private alias Count = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Count);
+    private alias Length = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Length);
+
+    static if (Count.length != 0)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = Count[0].count;
+
+        static assert (!infinite,
+                       "Range cannot have count and be infinite at the same time");
+        static assert (Length.length == 0,
+                       "Range cannot have count and length at the same time");
+    }
+    else static if (Length.length != 0)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = evalUDA!(Length[0]).length;
+
+        static assert (!infinite,
+                       "Range cannot have length and be infinite at the same time");
+    }
+    else static if (!infinite)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = 0;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Member generation
+     */
+    static if (infinite)
+    {
+        enum bool empty = false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private size_t length_ = count;
+
+        @property bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.length_ == 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        private E* element; // Pointer to enable range copying in save()
+    }
+
+    void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        static if (!infinite)
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (Length.length != 0)
+    {
+        size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a forward range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes input range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RandomAccessRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template ForwardRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    static if (!is(typeof(this.InputRangeMixin) == void))
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!E InputRangeMixin;
+    }
+
+    auto save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a bidirectional range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes forward range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RandomAccessRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template BidirectionalRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    mixin ForwardRangeStub!E;
+
+    void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        static if (!infinite)
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a random-access range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes input range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL ForwardRangeStub) or $(D_PSYMBOL BidirectionalRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Note that a random-access range also requires $(D_PSYMBOL Length) or
+ * $(D_PARAM Infinite) by definition.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template RandomAccessRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    static if (!is(typeof(this.InputRangeMixin) == void))
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!E InputRangeMixin;
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E opIndex(size_t) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E opIndex(size_t) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct with a disabled postblit constructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL NonCopyable) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ */
+struct NonCopyable
+{
+    @disable this(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct with an elaborate destructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ *
+ * When used as a standalone object the constructor of $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor)
+ * accepts an additional `counter` argument, which is incremented by the
+ * destructor. $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor) stores a pointer to the passed variable,
+ * so the variable can be investigated after the struct isn't available
+ * anymore.
+ */
+struct WithDtor
+{
+    size_t* counter;
+
+    this(ref size_t counter) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+    {
+        this.counter = &counter;
+    }
+
+    ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        if (this.counter !is null)
+        {
+            ++*this.counter;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct supporting hashing.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Hashable) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ *
+ * The constructor accepts an additional parameter, which is returned by the
+ * `toHash()`-function. `0U` is returned if no hash value is given.
+ */
+struct Hashable
+{
+    size_t hash;
+
+    size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this.hash;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a $(D_KEYWORD struct) with common functionality.
+ *
+ * To specify the needed functionality use user-defined attributes on the
+ * $(D_KEYWORD struct) $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) is mixed in.
+ *
+ * Supported attributes are: $(D_PSYMBOL NonCopyable), $(D_PSYMBOL Hashable),
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor).
+ */
+mixin template StructStub()
+{
+    import tanya.meta.trait : evalUDA, getUDAs, hasUDA;
+
+    static if (hasUDA!(typeof(this), NonCopyable))
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+
+    private alias Hashable = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Hashable);
+    static if (Hashable.length > 0)
+    {
+        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return evalUDA!(Hashable[0]).hash;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (hasUDA!(typeof(this), WithDtor))
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/tanya/algorithm/tests/iteration.d

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+module tanya.algorithm.tests.iteration;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
+import tanya.range;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// Singleton range is bidirectional and random-access
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(typeof(singleton('a'))));
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!(typeof(singleton('a'))));
+
+    assert({ char a; return isBidirectionalRange!(typeof(singleton(a))); });
+    assert({ char a; return isRandomAccessRange!(typeof(singleton(a))); });
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char a = 'a';
+    auto single = singleton(a);
+
+    assert(single.front == 'a');
+    assert(single.back == 'a');
+    assert(single[0] == 'a');
+    assert(single.length == 1);
+    assert(!single.empty);
+}
+
+// popFront makes SingletonByRef empty
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char a = 'a';
+    auto single = singleton(a);
+
+    single.popFront();
+    assert(single.empty);
+    assert(single.length == 0);
+    assert(single.empty);
+}
+
+// popBack makes SingletonByRef empty
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char a = 'b';
+    auto single = singleton(a);
+
+    single.popBack();
+    assert(single.empty);
+    assert(single.length == 0);
+    assert(single.empty);
+}

tests/tanya/algorithm/tests/mutation.d

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.algorithm.tests.mutation;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.range;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// Returns advanced target
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[5] input = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    assert(copy(input[3 .. 5], input[]).front == 3);
+}
+
+// Copies overlapping arrays
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4];
+
+    copy(actual[0 .. 4], actual[2 .. 6]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(copy((ubyte[]).init, (ushort[]).init))));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(copy((ushort[]).init, (ubyte[]).init))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct OutPutRange
+    {
+        int value;
+
+        void opCall(int value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(this.value == 0);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+    }
+    int[1] source = [5];
+    OutPutRange target;
+
+    assert(copy(source[], target).value == 5);
+}
+
+// [] is called where possible
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct Slice
+    {
+        bool* slicingCalled;
+
+        int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        void front(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool empty() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            *this.slicingCalled = true;
+        }
+    }
+    bool slicingCalled;
+    auto range = Slice(&slicingCalled);
+    fill(range, 0);
+    assert(slicingCalled);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    NonCopyable[] nonCopyable;
+    initializeAll(nonCopyable);
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/array.d

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.array;
+
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// const arrays return usable ranges
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto v = const Array!int([1, 2, 4]);
+    auto r1 = v[];
+
+    assert(r1.back == 4);
+    r1.popBack();
+    assert(r1.back == 2);
+    r1.popBack();
+    assert(r1.back == 1);
+    r1.popBack();
+    assert(r1.length == 0);
+
+    static assert(!is(typeof(r1[0] = 5)));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(v[0] = 5)));
+
+    const r2 = r1[];
+    static assert(is(typeof(r2[])));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Array!int v1;
+    const Array!int v2;
+
+    auto r1 = v1[];
+    auto r2 = v1[];
+
+    assert(r1.length == 0);
+    assert(r2.empty);
+    assert(r1 == r2);
+
+    v1.insertBack([1, 2, 4]);
+    assert(v1[] == v1);
+    assert(v2[] == v2);
+    assert(v2[] != v1);
+    assert(v1[] != v2);
+    assert(v1[].equal(v1[]));
+    assert(v2[].equal(v2[]));
+    assert(!v1[].equal(v2[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    struct MutableEqualsStruct
+    {
+        bool opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    struct ConstEqualsStruct
+    {
+        bool opEquals(const typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    auto v1 = Array!ConstEqualsStruct();
+    auto v2 = Array!ConstEqualsStruct();
+    assert(v1 == v2);
+    assert(v1[] == v2);
+    assert(v1 == v2[]);
+    assert(v1[].equal(v2[]));
+
+    auto v3 = const Array!ConstEqualsStruct();
+    auto v4 = const Array!ConstEqualsStruct();
+    assert(v3 == v4);
+    assert(v3[] == v4);
+    assert(v3 == v4[]);
+    assert(v3[].equal(v4[]));
+
+    auto v7 = Array!MutableEqualsStruct(1, MutableEqualsStruct());
+    auto v8 = Array!MutableEqualsStruct(1, MutableEqualsStruct());
+    assert(v7 == v8);
+    assert(v7[] == v8);
+    assert(v7 == v8[]);
+    assert(v7[].equal(v8[]));
+}
+
+// Destructor can destroy empty arrays
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto v = Array!WithDtor();
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    class A
+    {
+    }
+    A a1, a2;
+    auto v1 = Array!A([a1, a2]);
+
+    static assert(is(Array!(A*)));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto v = Array!int([5, 15, 8]);
+    {
+        size_t i;
+
+        foreach (e; v)
+        {
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 15);
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 8);
+            ++i;
+        }
+        assert(i == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        size_t i = 3;
+
+        foreach_reverse (e; v)
+        {
+            --i;
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 8);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 15);
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+        }
+        assert(i == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+// const constructor tests
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    auto v1 = const Array!int([1, 2, 3]);
+    auto v2 = Array!int(v1);
+    assert(v1.get !is v2.get);
+    assert(v1 == v2);
+
+    auto v3 = const Array!int(Array!int([1, 2, 3]));
+    assert(v1 == v3);
+    assert(v3.length == 3);
+    assert(v3.capacity == 3);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto v1 = Array!int(defaultAllocator);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Array!int v;
+    auto r = v[];
+    assert(r.length == 0);
+    assert(r.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto v1 = const Array!int([5, 15, 8]);
+    Array!int v2;
+    v2 = v1[0 .. 2];
+    assert(equal(v1[0 .. 2], v2[]));
+}
+
+// Move assignment
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Array!int v1;
+    v1 = Array!int([5, 15, 8]);
+}
+
+// Postblit is safe
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto array = Array!int(3);
+    void func(Array!int arg)
+    {
+        assert(arg.capacity == 3);
+    }
+    func(array);
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/buffer.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.buffer;
+
+import tanya.container.buffer;
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ReadBuffer!int));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
+}
+

tests/tanya/container/tests/entry.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.entry;
+
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// Can be constructed with non-copyable key/values
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Bucket!NonCopyable));
+    static assert(is(Bucket!(NonCopyable, NonCopyable)));
+
+    static assert(is(HashArray!((ref NonCopyable) => 0U, NonCopyable)));
+    static assert(is(HashArray!((ref NonCopyable) => 0U, NonCopyable, NonCopyable)));
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/hashtable.d

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.hashtable;
+
+import tanya.container.hashtable;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.range.primitive : isForwardRange;
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(string, int) a));
+    static assert(is(const HashTable!(string, int)));
+    static assert(isForwardRange!(HashTable!(string, int).Range));
+
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, int, (ref const int) => size_t.init)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, int, (int) => size_t.init)));
+}
+
+// Constructs by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto hashTable1 = HashTable!(string, int)(7);
+    auto hashTable2 = HashTable!(string, int)(hashTable1);
+    assert(hashTable1.length == hashTable2.length);
+    assert(hashTable1.capacity == hashTable2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Constructs by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto hashTable = HashTable!(string, int)(HashTable!(string, int)(7));
+    assert(hashTable.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Assigns by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto hashTable1 = HashTable!(string, int)(7);
+    HashTable!(string, int) hashTable2;
+    hashTable1 = hashTable2;
+    assert(hashTable1.length == hashTable2.length);
+    assert(hashTable1.capacity == hashTable2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Assigns by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    HashTable!(string, int) hashTable;
+    hashTable = HashTable!(string, int)(7);
+    assert(hashTable.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Postblit copies
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto hashTable = HashTable!(string, int)(7);
+    void testFunc(HashTable!(string, int) hashTable)
+    {
+        assert(hashTable.capacity == 7);
+    }
+    testFunc(hashTable);
+}
+
+// Issue 53: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues/53
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        HashTable!(uint, uint) hashTable;
+        foreach (uint i; 0 .. 14)
+        {
+            hashTable[i + 1] = i;
+        }
+        assert(hashTable.length == 14);
+    }
+    {
+        HashTable!(int, int) hashtable;
+
+        hashtable[1194250162] = 3;
+        hashtable[-1131293824] = 6;
+        hashtable[838100082] = 9;
+
+        hashtable.rehash(11);
+
+        assert(hashtable[-1131293824] == 6);
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct String
+    {
+        bool opEquals(string) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(ref const string) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(String) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(ref const String) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof("asdf" in HashTable!(String, int)())));
+    static assert(is(typeof(HashTable!(String, int)()["asdf"])));
+}
+
+// Can have non-copyable keys and elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @NonCopyable @Hashable
+    static struct S
+    {
+        mixin StructStub;
+    }
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(S, int)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, S)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(S, S)));
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/list.d

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.list;
+
+import tanya.container.list;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    interface Stuff
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(SList!Stuff));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l = SList!int(0, 0);
+    assert(l.empty);
+}
+
+// foreach called using opIndex().
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    SList!int l;
+    size_t i;
+
+    l.insertFront(5);
+    l.insertFront(4);
+    l.insertFront(9);
+    foreach (e; l)
+    {
+        assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+        assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+        assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
+        ++i;
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l1 = SList!int();
+    auto l2 = SList!int([9, 4]);
+    l1 = l2[];
+    assert(l1 == l2);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    class A
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(SList!(A*)));
+    static assert(is(DList!(A*)));
+}
+
+// Removes all elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l = DList!int([5]);
+    assert(l.remove(l[]).empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
+    auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+    auto r = l1[];
+
+    r.popFront();
+    r.popBack();
+    assert(r.front == 234);
+    assert(r.back == 30);
+
+    assert(!l1.remove(r).empty);
+    assert(l1 == l2);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l = DList!int(0, 0);
+    assert(l.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    DList!int l;
+    l.insertAfter(l[], 234);
+    assert(l.front == 234);
+    assert(l.back == 234);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l1 = DList!int();
+    auto l2 = DList!int([9, 4]);
+    l1 = l2[];
+    assert(l1 == l2);
+}
+
+// Sets the new head
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
+    auto l2 = DList!int([1]);
+    auto r = l1[];
+
+    r.popBack();
+
+    assert(!l1.remove(r).empty);
+    assert(l1 == l2);
+}
+
+// Can have non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SList!NonCopyable));
+    static assert(is(DList!NonCopyable));
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/set.d

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.set;
+
+import tanya.container.set;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// Basic insertion logic.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
+    assert(5 in set);
+    assert(set.capacity == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
+    assert(5 in set);
+    assert(set.capacity == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
+    assert(9 in set);
+    assert(5 in set);
+    assert(set.capacity == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
+    assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    assert(8 in set);
+    assert(5 in set);
+    assert(9 in set);
+    assert(7 in set);
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+
+    assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
+    assert(16 in set);
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Static checks.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(!isInfinite!(Set!int.Range));
+    static assert(!hasLength!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(is(Set!uint));
+    static assert(is(Set!long));
+    static assert(is(Set!ulong));
+    static assert(is(Set!short));
+    static assert(is(Set!ushort));
+    static assert(is(Set!bool));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const Set!int set;
+    assert(set[].empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+    set.insert(8);
+
+    auto r1 = set[];
+    auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+    r1.popFront();
+    assert(r1.empty);
+
+    r2.popBack();
+    assert(r2.empty);
+}
+
+// Initial capacity is 0.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(set.capacity == 0);
+}
+
+// Capacity is set to a prime.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(8);
+    assert(set.capacity == 13);
+}
+
+// Constructs by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set1 = Set!int(7);
+    auto set2 = Set!int(set1);
+    assert(set1.length == set2.length);
+    assert(set1.capacity == set2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Constructs by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(Set!int(7));
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Assigns by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set1 = Set!int(7);
+    Set!int set2;
+    set1 = set2;
+    assert(set1.length == set2.length);
+    assert(set1.capacity == set2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Assigns by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+    set = Set!int(7);
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Postblit copies
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(7);
+    void testFunc(Set!int set)
+    {
+        assert(set.capacity == 7);
+    }
+    testFunc(set);
+}
+
+// Hasher can take argument by ref
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Set!(int, (const ref x) => cast(size_t) x)));
+}
+
+// Can have non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @NonCopyable @Hashable
+    static struct S
+    {
+        mixin StructStub;
+    }
+    static assert(is(Set!S));
+}

tests/tanya/container/tests/string.d

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.container.tests.string;
+
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.test.assertion;
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s = String(0, 'K');
+    assert(s.length == 0);
+}
+
+// Allocates enough space for 3-byte character.
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    String s;
+    s.insertBack('\u8100');
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!UTFException(() => String(1, cast(dchar) 0xd900));
+    assertThrown!UTFException(() => String(1, cast(wchar) 0xd900));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String("Buttercup");
+    auto s2 = String("Cap");
+    s2[] = s1[6 .. $];
+    assert(s2 == "cup");
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String("Wow");
+    s1[] = 'a';
+    assert(s1 == "aaa");
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String("ö");
+    s1[] = "oe";
+    assert(s1 == "oe");
+}
+
+// Postblit works
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    void internFunc(String arg)
+    {
+    }
+    void middleFunc(S...)(S args)
+    {
+        foreach (arg; args)
+        {
+            internFunc(arg);
+        }
+    }
+    void topFunc(String args)
+    {
+        middleFunc(args);
+    }
+    topFunc(String("asdf"));
+}
+
+// Const range produces mutable ranges
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s = const String("И снизу лед, и сверху - маюсь между.");
+    {
+        const constRange = s[];
+
+        auto fromConstRange = constRange[];
+        fromConstRange.popFront();
+        assert(fromConstRange.front == s[1]);
+
+        fromConstRange = constRange[0 .. $];
+        fromConstRange.popFront();
+        assert(fromConstRange.front == s[1]);
+
+        assert(constRange.get() is s.get());
+    }
+    {
+        const constRange = s.byCodePoint();
+
+        auto fromConstRange = constRange[];
+        fromConstRange.popFront();
+        assert(fromConstRange.front == ' ');
+    }
+}
+
+// Can pop multibyte characters
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s = String("\U00024B62\U00002260");
+    auto range = s.byCodePoint();
+
+    range.popFront();
+    assert(!range.empty);
+
+    range.popFront();
+    assert(range.empty);
+
+    range = s.byCodePoint();
+    range.popFront();
+    s[$ - 3] = 0xf0;
+    assertThrown!UTFException(&(range.popFront));
+}
+
+// Inserts own char range correctly
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String(`ü`);
+    String s2;
+    s2.insertBack(s1[]);
+    assert(s1 == s2);
+}

tests/tanya/hash/tests/lookup.d

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.hash.tests.lookup;
+
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
+import tanya.test.stub;
+
+// Tests that work for any hash size
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(hash(null) == 0);
+    assert(hash(Hashable()) == 0U);
+    assert(hash('a') == 'a');
+}
+
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x6222e842U);
+    assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 3371162643U);
+}
+
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x08985907b541d342UL);
+    assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 2072958611659694473);
+}
+
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x6e6f6863) == 0x6e6f6863);
+}
+
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x77206f676e6f6863) == 0x77206f676e6f6863);
+}
+
+/*
+ * These are official FNV-1a test vectors and they are in the public domain.
+ */
+// FNV-1a 32 bit test vectors
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(hash("") == 0x811c9dc5U);
+    assert(hash("a") == 0xe40c292cU);
+    assert(hash("b") == 0xe70c2de5U);
+    assert(hash("c") == 0xe60c2c52U);
+    assert(hash("d") == 0xe10c2473U);
+    assert(hash("e") == 0xe00c22e0U);
+    assert(hash("f") == 0xe30c2799U);
+    assert(hash("fo") == 0x6222e842U);
+    assert(hash("foo") == 0xa9f37ed7U);
+    assert(hash("foob") == 0x3f5076efU);
+    assert(hash("fooba") == 0x39aaa18aU);
+    assert(hash("foobar") == 0xbf9cf968U);
+    assert(hash("\0") == 0x050c5d1fU);
+    assert(hash("a\0") == 0x2b24d044U);
+    assert(hash("b\0") == 0x9d2c3f7fU);
+    assert(hash("c\0") == 0x7729c516U);
+    assert(hash("d\0") == 0xb91d6109U);
+    assert(hash("e\0") == 0x931ae6a0U);
+    assert(hash("f\0") == 0x052255dbU);
+    assert(hash("fo\0") == 0xbef39fe6U);
+    assert(hash("foo\0") == 0x6150ac75U);
+    assert(hash("foob\0") == 0x9aab3a3dU);
+    assert(hash("fooba\0") == 0x519c4c3eU);
+    assert(hash("foobar\0") == 0x0c1c9eb8U);
+    assert(hash("ch") == 0x5f299f4eU);
+    assert(hash("cho") == 0xef8580f3U);
+    assert(hash("chon") == 0xac297727U);
+    assert(hash("chong") == 0x4546b9c0U);
+    assert(hash("chongo") == 0xbd564e7dU);
+    assert(hash("chongo ") == 0x6bdd5c67U);
+    assert(hash("chongo w") == 0xdd77ed30U);
+    assert(hash("chongo wa") == 0xf4ca9683U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was") == 0x4aeb9bd0U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was ") == 0xe0e67ad0U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was h") == 0xc2d32fa8U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was he") == 0x7f743fb7U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was her") == 0x6900631fU);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here") == 0xc59c990eU);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!") == 0x448524fdU);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\n") == 0xd49930d5U);
+    assert(hash("ch\0") == 0x1c85c7caU);
+    assert(hash("cho\0") == 0x0229fe89U);
+    assert(hash("chon\0") == 0x2c469265U);
+    assert(hash("chong\0") == 0xce566940U);
+    assert(hash("chongo\0") == 0x8bdd8ec7U);
+    assert(hash("chongo \0") == 0x34787625U);
+    assert(hash("chongo w\0") == 0xd3ca6290U);
+    assert(hash("chongo wa\0") == 0xddeaf039U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was\0") == 0xc0e64870U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was \0") == 0xdad35570U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was h\0") == 0x5a740578U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was he\0") == 0x5b004d15U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was her\0") == 0x6a9c09cdU);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here\0") == 0x2384f10aU);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\0") == 0xda993a47U);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\n\0") == 0x8227df4fU);
+    assert(hash("cu") == 0x4c298165U);
+    assert(hash("cur") == 0xfc563735U);
+    assert(hash("curd") == 0x8cb91483U);
+    assert(hash("curds") == 0x775bf5d0U);
+    assert(hash("curds ") == 0xd5c428d0U);
+    assert(hash("curds a") == 0x34cc0ea3U);
+    assert(hash("curds an") == 0xea3b4cb7U);
+    assert(hash("curds and") == 0x8e59f029U);
+    assert(hash("curds and ") == 0x2094de2bU);
+    assert(hash("curds and w") == 0xa65a0ad4U);
+    assert(hash("curds and wh") == 0x9bbee5f4U);
+    assert(hash("curds and whe") == 0xbe836343U);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey") == 0x22d5344eU);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\n") == 0x19a1470cU);
+    assert(hash("cu\0") == 0x4a56b1ffU);
+    assert(hash("cur\0") == 0x70b8e86fU);
+    assert(hash("curd\0") == 0x0a5b4a39U);
+    assert(hash("curds\0") == 0xb5c3f670U);
+    assert(hash("curds \0") == 0x53cc3f70U);
+    assert(hash("curds a\0") == 0xc03b0a99U);
+    assert(hash("curds an\0") == 0x7259c415U);
+    assert(hash("curds and\0") == 0x4095108bU);
+    assert(hash("curds and \0") == 0x7559bdb1U);
+    assert(hash("curds and w\0") == 0xb3bf0bbcU);
+    assert(hash("curds and wh\0") == 0x2183ff1cU);
+    assert(hash("curds and whe\0") == 0x2bd54279U);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\0") == 0x23a156caU);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\n\0") == 0x64e2d7e4U);
+    assert(hash("hi") == 0x683af69aU);
+    assert(hash("hi\0") == 0xaed2346eU);
+    assert(hash("hello") == 0x4f9f2cabU);
+    assert(hash("hello\0") == 0x02935131U);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x01") == 0xc48fb86dU);
+    assert(hash("\x01\x00\x00\xff") == 0x2269f369U);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x02") == 0xc18fb3b4U);
+    assert(hash("\x02\x00\x00\xff") == 0x50ef1236U);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x03") == 0xc28fb547U);
+    assert(hash("\x03\x00\x00\xff") == 0x96c3bf47U);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x04") == 0xbf8fb08eU);
+    assert(hash("\x04\x00\x00\xff") == 0xf3e4d49cU);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x44") == 0x32179058U);
+    assert(hash("\x44\x4e\x51\x40") == 0x280bfee6U);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x4a") == 0x30178d32U);
+    assert(hash("\x4a\x4e\x51\x40") == 0x21addaf8U);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x54") == 0x4217a988U);
+    assert(hash("\x54\x4e\x51\x40") == 0x772633d6U);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.1") == 0x08a3d11eU);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.1\0") == 0xb7e2323aU);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.2") == 0x07a3cf8bU);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.2\0") == 0x91dfb7d1U);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.3") == 0x06a3cdf8U);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.3\0") == 0x6bdd3d68U);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.68") == 0x1d5636a7U);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.68\0") == 0xd5b808e5U);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.74") == 0x1353e852U);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.74\0") == 0xbf16b916U);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.84") == 0xa55b89edU);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.84\0") == 0x3c1a2017U);
+    assert(hash("feedface") == 0x0588b13cU);
+    assert(hash("feedface\0") == 0xf22f0174U);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedaffdeed") == 0xe83641e1U);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedaffdeed\0") == 0x6e69b533U);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedeadbeef") == 0xf1760448U);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedeadbeef\0") == 0x64c8bd58U);
+    assert(hash("line 1\nline 2\nline 3") == 0x97b4ea23U);
+    assert(hash("chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\\../\\") == 0x9a4e92e6U);
+    assert(hash("chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\\../\\\0") == 0xcfb14012U);
+    assert(hash("chongo (Landon Curt Noll) /\\../\\") == 0xf01b2511U);
+    assert(hash("chongo (Landon Curt Noll) /\\../\\\0") == 0x0bbb59c3U);
+    assert(hash("http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html") == 0xce524afaU);
+    assert(hash("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler_Noll_Vo_hash") == 0xdd16ef45U);
+    assert(hash("http://epod.usra.edu/") == 0x60648bb3U);
+    assert(hash("http://exoplanet.eu/") == 0x7fa4bcfcU);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cam3/") == 0x5053ae17U);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cams/HMcam/") == 0xc9302890U);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/deformation.html") == 0x956ded32U);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html") == 0x9136db84U);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/maps.html") == 0xdf9d3323U);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/current_issue.html") == 0x32bb6cd0U);
+    assert(hash("http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/") == 0xc8f8385bU);
+    assert(hash("http://norvig.com/21-days.html") == 0xeb08bfbaU);
+    assert(hash("http://primes.utm.edu/curios/home.php") == 0x62cc8e3dU);
+    assert(hash("http://slashdot.org/") == 0xc3e20f5cU);
+    assert(hash("http://tux.wr.usgs.gov/Maps/155.25-19.5.html") == 0x39e97f17U);
+    assert(hash("http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/kilaueastatus.php") == 0x7837b203U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/Redoubt.php") == 0x319e877bU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.dilbert.com/fast/") == 0xd3e63f89U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/orbits/") == 0x29b50b38U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.fpoa.net/") == 0x5ed678b8U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.ioccc.org/index.html") == 0xb0d5b793U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/cgi-bin/number.cgi") == 0x52450be5U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/bio.html") == 0xfa72d767U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/index.html") == 0x95066709U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/src/calc/lucas-calc") == 0x7f52e123U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/venus2004.html") == 0x76966481U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/vita.html") == 0x063258b0U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/c/expert.html") == 0x2ded6e8aU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/index.html") == 0xb07d7c52U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html") == 0xd0c71b71U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/howhigh.html") == 0xf684f1bdU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html") == 0x868ecfa8U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/prime/mersenne.html") == 0xf794f684U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/prime/mersenne.html#largest") == 0xd19701c3U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/corpspeak.cgi") == 0x346e171eU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/haiku.cgi") == 0x91f8f676U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/rand-none.cgi") == 0x0bf58848U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/randdist.cgi") == 0x6317b6d1U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/index.html") == 0xafad4c54U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/what/nist-test.html") == 0x0f25681eU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.macosxhints.com/") == 0x91b18d49U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.mellis.com/") == 0x7d61c12eU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/havoalert.cfm") == 0x5147d25cU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/timelines_24.cfm") == 0x9a8b6805U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.paulnoll.com/") == 0x4cd2a447U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.pepysdiary.com/") == 0x1e549b14U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.sciencenews.org/index/home/activity/view") == 0x2fe1b574U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.skyandtelescope.com/") == 0xcf0cd31eU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.sput.nl/~rob/sirius.html") == 0x6c471669U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.systemexperts.com/") == 0x0e5eef1eU);
+    assert(hash("http://www.tq-international.com/phpBB3/index.php") == 0x2bed3602U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.travelquesttours.com/index.htm") == 0xb26249e0U);
+    assert(hash("http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/89606.html") == 0x2c9b86a4U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"21701") == 0xe415e2bbU);
+    assert(hash(r10!"M21701") == 0x18a98d1dU);
+    assert(hash(r10!"2^21701-1") == 0xb7df8b7bU);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x54\xc5") == 0x241e9075U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xc5\x54") == 0x063f70ddU);
+    assert(hash(r10!"23209") == 0x0295aed9U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"M23209") == 0x56a7f781U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"2^23209-1") == 0x253bc645U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x5a\xa9") == 0x46610921U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xa9\x5a") == 0x7c1577f9U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"391581216093") == 0x512b2851U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"391581*2^216093-1") == 0x76823999U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x05\xf9\x9d\x03\x4c\x81") == 0xc0586935U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"FEDCBA9876543210") == 0xf3415c85U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xfe\xdc\xba\x98\x76\x54\x32\x10") == 0x0ae4ff65U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"EFCDAB8967452301") == 0x58b79725U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xef\xcd\xab\x89\x67\x45\x23\x01") == 0xdea43aa5U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"0123456789ABCDEF") == 0x2bb3be35U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x01\x23\x45\x67\x89\xab\xcd\xef") == 0xea777a45U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"1032547698BADCFE") == 0x8f21c305U);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x10\x32\x54\x76\x98\xba\xdc\xfe") == 0x5c9d0865U);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x00") == 0xfa823dd5U);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x07") == 0x21a27271U);
+    assert(hash(r500!"~") == 0x83c5c6d5U);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x7f") == 0x813b0881U);
+}
+
+// FNV-1a 64 bit test vectors
+static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(hash("") == 0xcbf29ce484222325UL);
+    assert(hash("a") == 0xaf63dc4c8601ec8cUL);
+    assert(hash("b") == 0xaf63df4c8601f1a5UL);
+    assert(hash("c") == 0xaf63de4c8601eff2UL);
+    assert(hash("d") == 0xaf63d94c8601e773UL);
+    assert(hash("e") == 0xaf63d84c8601e5c0UL);
+    assert(hash("f") == 0xaf63db4c8601ead9UL);
+    assert(hash("fo") == 0x08985907b541d342UL);
+    assert(hash("foo") == 0xdcb27518fed9d577UL);
+    assert(hash("foob") == 0xdd120e790c2512afUL);
+    assert(hash("fooba") == 0xcac165afa2fef40aUL);
+    assert(hash("foobar") == 0x85944171f73967e8UL);
+    assert(hash("\0") == 0xaf63bd4c8601b7dfUL);
+    assert(hash("a\0") == 0x089be207b544f1e4UL);
+    assert(hash("b\0") == 0x08a61407b54d9b5fUL);
+    assert(hash("c\0") == 0x08a2ae07b54ab836UL);
+    assert(hash("d\0") == 0x0891b007b53c4869UL);
+    assert(hash("e\0") == 0x088e4a07b5396540UL);
+    assert(hash("f\0") == 0x08987c07b5420ebbUL);
+    assert(hash("fo\0") == 0xdcb28a18fed9f926UL);
+    assert(hash("foo\0") == 0xdd1270790c25b935UL);
+    assert(hash("foob\0") == 0xcac146afa2febf5dUL);
+    assert(hash("fooba\0") == 0x8593d371f738acfeUL);
+    assert(hash("foobar\0") == 0x34531ca7168b8f38UL);
+    assert(hash("ch") == 0x08a25607b54a22aeUL);
+    assert(hash("cho") == 0xf5faf0190cf90df3UL);
+    assert(hash("chon") == 0xf27397910b3221c7UL);
+    assert(hash("chong") == 0x2c8c2b76062f22e0UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo") == 0xe150688c8217b8fdUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo ") == 0xf35a83c10e4f1f87UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo w") == 0xd1edd10b507344d0UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo wa") == 0x2a5ee739b3ddb8c3UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was") == 0xdcfb970ca1c0d310UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was ") == 0x4054da76daa6da90UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was h") == 0xf70a2ff589861368UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was he") == 0x4c628b38aed25f17UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was her") == 0x9dd1f6510f78189fUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here") == 0xa3de85bd491270ceUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!") == 0x858e2fa32a55e61dUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\n") == 0x46810940eff5f915UL);
+    assert(hash("ch\0") == 0xf5fadd190cf8edaaUL);
+    assert(hash("cho\0") == 0xf273ed910b32b3e9UL);
+    assert(hash("chon\0") == 0x2c8c5276062f6525UL);
+    assert(hash("chong\0") == 0xe150b98c821842a0UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo\0") == 0xf35aa3c10e4f55e7UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo \0") == 0xd1ed680b50729265UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo w\0") == 0x2a5f0639b3dded70UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo wa\0") == 0xdcfbaa0ca1c0f359UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was\0") == 0x4054ba76daa6a430UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was \0") == 0xf709c7f5898562b0UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was h\0") == 0x4c62e638aed2f9b8UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was he\0") == 0x9dd1a8510f779415UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was her\0") == 0xa3de2abd4911d62dUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here\0") == 0x858e0ea32a55ae0aUL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\0") == 0x46810f40eff60347UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo was here!\n\0") == 0xc33bce57bef63eafUL);
+    assert(hash("cu") == 0x08a24307b54a0265UL);
+    assert(hash("cur") == 0xf5b9fd190cc18d15UL);
+    assert(hash("curd") == 0x4c968290ace35703UL);
+    assert(hash("curds") == 0x07174bd5c64d9350UL);
+    assert(hash("curds ") == 0x5a294c3ff5d18750UL);
+    assert(hash("curds a") == 0x05b3c1aeb308b843UL);
+    assert(hash("curds an") == 0xb92a48da37d0f477UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and") == 0x73cdddccd80ebc49UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and ") == 0xd58c4c13210a266bUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and w") == 0xe78b6081243ec194UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and wh") == 0xb096f77096a39f34UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whe") == 0xb425c54ff807b6a3UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey") == 0x23e520e2751bb46eUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\n") == 0x1a0b44ccfe1385ecUL);
+    assert(hash("cu\0") == 0xf5ba4b190cc2119fUL);
+    assert(hash("cur\0") == 0x4c962690ace2baafUL);
+    assert(hash("curd\0") == 0x0716ded5c64cda19UL);
+    assert(hash("curds\0") == 0x5a292c3ff5d150f0UL);
+    assert(hash("curds \0") == 0x05b3e0aeb308ecf0UL);
+    assert(hash("curds a\0") == 0xb92a5eda37d119d9UL);
+    assert(hash("curds an\0") == 0x73ce41ccd80f6635UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and\0") == 0xd58c2c132109f00bUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and \0") == 0xe78baf81243f47d1UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and w\0") == 0xb0968f7096a2ee7cUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and wh\0") == 0xb425a84ff807855cUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whe\0") == 0x23e4e9e2751b56f9UL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\0") == 0x1a0b4eccfe1396eaUL);
+    assert(hash("curds and whey\n\0") == 0x54abd453bb2c9004UL);
+    assert(hash("hi") == 0x08ba5f07b55ec3daUL);
+    assert(hash("hi\0") == 0x337354193006cb6eUL);
+    assert(hash("hello") == 0xa430d84680aabd0bUL);
+    assert(hash("hello\0") == 0xa9bc8acca21f39b1UL);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x01") == 0x6961196491cc682dUL);
+    assert(hash("\x01\x00\x00\xff") == 0xad2bb1774799dfe9UL);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x02") == 0x6961166491cc6314UL);
+    assert(hash("\x02\x00\x00\xff") == 0x8d1bb3904a3b1236UL);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x03") == 0x6961176491cc64c7UL);
+    assert(hash("\x03\x00\x00\xff") == 0xed205d87f40434c7UL);
+    assert(hash("\xff\x00\x00\x04") == 0x6961146491cc5faeUL);
+    assert(hash("\x04\x00\x00\xff") == 0xcd3baf5e44f8ad9cUL);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x44") == 0xe3b36596127cd6d8UL);
+    assert(hash("\x44\x4e\x51\x40") == 0xf77f1072c8e8a646UL);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x4a") == 0xe3b36396127cd372UL);
+    assert(hash("\x4a\x4e\x51\x40") == 0x6067dce9932ad458UL);
+    assert(hash("\x40\x51\x4e\x54") == 0xe3b37596127cf208UL);
+    assert(hash("\x54\x4e\x51\x40") == 0x4b7b10fa9fe83936UL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.1") == 0xaabafe7104d914beUL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.1\0") == 0xf4d3180b3cde3edaUL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.2") == 0xaabafd7104d9130bUL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.2\0") == 0xf4cfb20b3cdb5bb1UL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.3") == 0xaabafc7104d91158UL);
+    assert(hash("127.0.0.3\0") == 0xf4cc4c0b3cd87888UL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.68") == 0xe729bac5d2a8d3a7UL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.68\0") == 0x74bc0524f4dfa4c5UL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.74") == 0xe72630c5d2a5b352UL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.74\0") == 0x6b983224ef8fb456UL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.84") == 0xe73042c5d2ae266dUL);
+    assert(hash("64.81.78.84\0") == 0x8527e324fdeb4b37UL);
+    assert(hash("feedface") == 0x0a83c86fee952abcUL);
+    assert(hash("feedface\0") == 0x7318523267779d74UL);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedaffdeed") == 0x3e66d3d56b8caca1UL);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedaffdeed\0") == 0x956694a5c0095593UL);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedeadbeef") == 0xcac54572bb1a6fc8UL);
+    assert(hash("feedfacedeadbeef\0") == 0xa7a4c9f3edebf0d8UL);
+    assert(hash("line 1\nline 2\nline 3") == 0x7829851fac17b143UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\\../\\") == 0x2c8f4c9af81bcf06UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\\../\\\0") == 0xd34e31539740c732UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo (Landon Curt Noll) /\\../\\") == 0x3605a2ac253d2db1UL);
+    assert(hash("chongo (Landon Curt Noll) /\\../\\\0") == 0x08c11b8346f4a3c3UL);
+    assert(hash("http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html") == 0x6be396289ce8a6daUL);
+    assert(hash("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler_Noll_Vo_hash") == 0xd9b957fb7fe794c5UL);
+    assert(hash("http://epod.usra.edu/") == 0x05be33da04560a93UL);
+    assert(hash("http://exoplanet.eu/") == 0x0957f1577ba9747cUL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cam3/") == 0xda2cc3acc24fba57UL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cams/HMcam/") == 0x74136f185b29e7f0UL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/deformation.html") == 0xb2f2b4590edb93b2UL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html") == 0xb3608fce8b86ae04UL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/maps.html") == 0x4a3a865079359063UL);
+    assert(hash("http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/current_issue.html") == 0x5b3a7ef496880a50UL);
+    assert(hash("http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/") == 0x48fae3163854c23bUL);
+    assert(hash("http://norvig.com/21-days.html") == 0x07aaa640476e0b9aUL);
+    assert(hash("http://primes.utm.edu/curios/home.php") == 0x2f653656383a687dUL);
+    assert(hash("http://slashdot.org/") == 0xa1031f8e7599d79cUL);
+    assert(hash("http://tux.wr.usgs.gov/Maps/155.25-19.5.html") == 0xa31908178ff92477UL);
+    assert(hash("http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/kilaueastatus.php") == 0x097edf3c14c3fb83UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/Redoubt.php") == 0xb51ca83feaa0971bUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.dilbert.com/fast/") == 0xdd3c0d96d784f2e9UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/orbits/") == 0x86cd26a9ea767d78UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.fpoa.net/") == 0xe6b215ff54a30c18UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.ioccc.org/index.html") == 0xec5b06a1c5531093UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/cgi-bin/number.cgi") == 0x45665a929f9ec5e5UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/bio.html") == 0x8c7609b4a9f10907UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/index.html") == 0x89aac3a491f0d729UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/src/calc/lucas-calc") == 0x32ce6b26e0f4a403UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/venus2004.html") == 0x614ab44e02b53e01UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/vita.html") == 0xfa6472eb6eef3290UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/c/expert.html") == 0x9e5d75eb1948eb6aUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/index.html") == 0xb6d12ad4a8671852UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html") == 0x88826f56eba07af1UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/howhigh.html") == 0x44535bf2645bc0fdUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html") == 0x169388ffc21e3728UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/prime/mersenne.html") == 0xf68aac9e396d8224UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/prime/mersenne.html#largest") == 0x8e87d7e7472b3883UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/corpspeak.cgi") == 0x295c26caa8b423deUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/haiku.cgi") == 0x322c814292e72176UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/rand-none.cgi") == 0x8a06550eb8af7268UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/cgi-bin/randdist.cgi") == 0xef86d60e661bcf71UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/index.html") == 0x9e5426c87f30ee54UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.lavarnd.org/what/nist-test.html") == 0xf1ea8aa826fd047eUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.macosxhints.com/") == 0x0babaf9a642cb769UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.mellis.com/") == 0x4b3341d4068d012eUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/havoalert.cfm") == 0xd15605cbc30a335cUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/timelines_24.cfm") == 0x5b21060aed8412e5UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.paulnoll.com/") == 0x45e2cda1ce6f4227UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.pepysdiary.com/") == 0x50ae3745033ad7d4UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.sciencenews.org/index/home/activity/view") == 0xaa4588ced46bf414UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.skyandtelescope.com/") == 0xc1b0056c4a95467eUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.sput.nl/~rob/sirius.html") == 0x56576a71de8b4089UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.systemexperts.com/") == 0xbf20965fa6dc927eUL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.tq-international.com/phpBB3/index.php") == 0x569f8383c2040882UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.travelquesttours.com/index.htm") == 0xe1e772fba08feca0UL);
+    assert(hash("http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/89606.html") == 0x4ced94af97138ac4UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"21701") == 0xc4112ffb337a82fbUL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"M21701") == 0xd64a4fd41de38b7dUL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"2^21701-1") == 0x4cfc32329edebcbbUL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x54\xc5") == 0x0803564445050395UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xc5\x54") == 0xaa1574ecf4642ffdUL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"23209") == 0x694bc4e54cc315f9UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"M23209") == 0xa3d7cb273b011721UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"2^23209-1") == 0x577c2f8b6115bfa5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x5a\xa9") == 0xb7ec8c1a769fb4c1UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xa9\x5a") == 0x5d5cfce63359ab19UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"391581216093") == 0x33b96c3cd65b5f71UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"391581*2^216093-1") == 0xd845097780602bb9UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x05\xf9\x9d\x03\x4c\x81") == 0x84d47645d02da3d5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"FEDCBA9876543210") == 0x83544f33b58773a5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xfe\xdc\xba\x98\x76\x54\x32\x10") == 0x9175cbb2160836c5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"EFCDAB8967452301") == 0xc71b3bc175e72bc5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\xef\xcd\xab\x89\x67\x45\x23\x01") == 0x636806ac222ec985UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"0123456789ABCDEF") == 0xb6ef0e6950f52ed5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x01\x23\x45\x67\x89\xab\xcd\xef") == 0xead3d8a0f3dfdaa5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"1032547698BADCFE") == 0x922908fe9a861ba5UL);
+    assert(hash(r10!"\x10\x32\x54\x76\x98\xba\xdc\xfe") == 0x6d4821de275fd5c5UL);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x00") == 0x1fe3fce62bd816b5UL);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x07") == 0xc23e9fccd6f70591UL);
+    assert(hash(r500!"~") == 0xc1af12bdfe16b5b5UL);
+    assert(hash(r500!"\x7f") == 0x39e9f18f2f85e221UL);
+}
+
+private enum string r10(string x) = x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x ~ x;
+private enum string r100(string x) = r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x
+                               ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x;
+private enum string r500(string x) = r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x;
+
+private struct HashRange
+{
+    string fo = "fo";
+
+    @property ubyte front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this.fo[0];
+    }
+
+    void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        this.fo = this.fo[1 .. $];
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this.fo.length == 0;
+    }
+}
+
+private struct ToHashRange
+{
+    bool empty_;
+
+    @property Hashable front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return Hashable();
+    }
+
+    void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        this.empty_ = true;
+    }
+
+     @property bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+     {
+         return this.empty_;
+     }
+}

tests/tanya/math/tests/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+module tanya.math.tests;
+
+import tanya.math;
+
+static if (ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(classify(1.68105e-10) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(1.68105e-4932L) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    // Emulate unnormals, because they aren't generated anymore since i386
+    FloatBits!real unnormal;
+    unnormal.exp = 0x123;
+    unnormal.mantissa = 0x1;
+    assert(classify(unnormal) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+}