Move remaining to methods to tanya.conv

And fix GCC build.

.gitignore

@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@
 .dub
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
-/tanya-test-library
+/tanya-test-*
+/dub_platform_probe-*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json
 
 /*.lst
+
+# Ninja build
+.ninja_*

.travis.yml

@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
-  - dmd-2.074.1
+  - dmd-2.077.0
-  - dmd-2.073.2
+  - dmd-2.076.1
-  - dmd-2.072.2
+  - dmd-2.075.1
-  - dmd-2.071.2
 
 env: 
   matrix:
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ addons:
       - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.074.1)' ]; then
+  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.077.0)' ]; then
       export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
     fi
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
 # Contributing
 
 Tanya is a project in active development, therefore any help is appreciated. Thank you for considering contributing
@@ -7,39 +8,37 @@ These guidelines describe ways to get started.
 
 ## Ways to get involved
 
-* **Reporting a problem**: [Report](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues) bugs and usage problems you
+* **Reporting a problem**: [Report](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) bugs and usage problems you
 encounter.
-* **Fixing issues**: [The bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues) contains a list of issues you
+* **Fixing issues**: [The bug tracker](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues) contains a list of issues you
 can work on.
 * **Documentation**: You can improve API documentation by correcting grammar errors, completing existing texts and
 writing new ones, or providing usage examples.
 * **Testing**: Test coverage is important for a library. Writing tests is not only helpful, but is also a great way
 to get a feel for how tanya works.
+* **Adding new features**: Tanya is a growing library. If you think some feature is missing, you can suggest
+and implement this.
 
 
 ## Opening an issue
 
-If you have found a bug, an error, have some question, or suggestion, open in issue. Tanya uses an external
+If you have found a bug, an error, have some question, or suggestion,
-[bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues). You should
+[Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues). I'll try to answer as soon as I can. There is also a
-[register](https://issues.caraus.io/account/register) before you can report your issue. There is also a list
+list of open issues that mirror the current development process and progress. If you're looking for a challenge, just
-of open issues that mirror the current development process and progress. If you're looking for a challenge, just
 pick an issue you are interested in and start working on it. Fill free to comment on the issue to get more
 information.
 
-Some issues have a category assigned to it. Such issues belongs mostly to a larger part of the library that is
+You can also look at the [milestones](https://github.com/Dlackware/gnome/milestones) to see what is planned for a
-currently in development. The category specifies then the git branch development happens on. The remaining issues
+specific release.
-can be fixed directly in master.
-
-In the [roadmap](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/roadmap) you can find a list of issues that are planned
-to be fixed till a specific release. Version numbers refer to the versions in the
-[git repository](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/releases).
 
 
-## Creating a pull request
+## Contribution process
 
-I accept GitHub pull requests. Creating a pull request is like sending a patch with a suggested change.
+### Creating a pull request
+
+I accept GitHub pull requests. Creating a pull request is like sending a patch with the suggested change.
 First you have to [fork](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/) the repository. Clone your fork locally
-with `git clone` and create a new branch where you want to work, for example:
+with `git clone` and create a new branch where you want to work. For example:
 
 ```shell
 git checkout -b bugfix-x
@@ -47,18 +46,62 @@ git checkout -b bugfix-x
 Commit your changes to your fork:
 
 ```shell
-git commit -m "Fix Bug X"
+git commit -m "Fix X"
 git push -u origin bugfix-x
 ```
-After that if you visit your fork on GitHub, GitHub will suggest to create pull request. Just follow the steps
-described on GitHub to finish the process.
 
-Please ensure that you fork is even with the upstream (original) repository. If not, you have to rebase your branch
+After that if you visit your fork on GitHub, GitHub will suggest to create pull request. Just follow the steps
-on upstream master before submitting a pull request. See https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/ for a
+described on GitHub to finish the process. See
+[Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) for more information.
+
+Please ensure that your fork is even with the upstream (original) repository. If not, you have to rebase your branch
+on upstream/master before submitting the pull request. See [Syncing a fork](https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/) for a
 step-by-step guide.
 
+### Fixing a bug
+
+Add a unit test that demonstrates the bug along with a short description or link to the original bug.
+
+### Adding new features
+
+* Use Ddoc to document the feature.
+* Add some unit tests to prevent bugs.
+* [Documented D unit tests](https://dlang.org/spec/ddoc.html#using_ddoc_to_generate_examples) go into the documentation and can be used as an usage
+example. These tests should be readable and not complicated since they demonstrate how the feature is supposed to work.
+* More advanced tests should be put into a separate not documented unittest block.
+
+### Writing unit tests
+
+```d
+///
+unittest
+{
+    // A documented unit test has three slashes in front of it.
+}
+
+// Issue ##: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues/##.
+unittest
+{
+    // Not documented unit test may still have a description.
+}
+```
+
+### Style guide
+
+Make sure your changes follow [The D Style](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html) (including
+[Additional Requirements for Phobos](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html#phobos)).
+
+You can also use [dscanner](https://github.com/dlang-community/D-Scanner) to test the new code against the
+most guidlines. The root of this repository contains
+[dscanner.ini](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/dscanner.ini), configuration file with settings for an
+automatic style check. Just go to the top-level directory and issue (this assumes `dscanner` is installed in your
+system):
+
+```shell
+dscanner --styleCheck source
+```
 
 ## Questions and suggestions
 
-* [Open an issue](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
+* [Open an issue](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues)
 * [Send an email](mailto:info@caraus.de)

README.md

@@ -15,22 +15,39 @@ Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
 Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
 data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
 
-* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
+* [API Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
-* [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
 * [Contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
+
 ## Overview
 
-Tanya consists of the following packages:
+Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 
+* `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
 string, Hash set.
+* `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
+types.
+* `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+* `exception`: Common exceptions and errors.
 * `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
 * `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
-* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets, utilities.
+* `meta`: Template metaprogramming. This package contains utilities to acquire
+type information at compile-time, to transform from one type to another. It has
+also different algorithms for iterating, searching and modifying template
+arguments.
+* `net`: URL-Parsing, network programming.
+* `network`: Socket implementation. `network` is currently under rework.
+After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
+`network` will be deprecated.
 * `os`: Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality.
+* `range`: Generic functions and templates for D ranges.
+* `test`: Test suite for unittest-blocks.
+* `typecons`: Templates that allow to build new types based on the available
+ones.
+
 
 ## Basic usage
 
@@ -120,21 +137,21 @@ foreach (el; arr[0 .. 5])
 {
 }
 
-int i = arr[7]; // Access 7th element.
+int i = arr[7]; // Access 8th element.
 ```
 
 There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
 
+
 ## Development
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-| dmd     |
+| DMD     | GCC            |
-|:-------:|
+|:-------:|:--------------:|
-| 2.074.1 |
+| 2.077.0 | *gdc-5* branch |
-| 2.073.2 |
+| 2.076.1 |                |
-| 2.072.2 |
+| 2.075.1 |                |
-| 2.071.2 |
 
 ### Current status
 
@@ -160,3 +177,9 @@ Deprecated features are removed after one release (in approximately 6 weeks afte
 is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
 
 * The library isn't thread-safe yet.
+
+
+## Feedback
+
+Any feedback about your experience with tanya would be greatly appreciated. Feel free to
+[contact me](mailto:info@caraus.de).

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,28 +4,22 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.074.1
+      DVersion: 2.077.0
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.074.1
+      DVersion: 2.077.0
       arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.073.2
+      DVersion: 2.076.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.073.2
+      DVersion: 2.076.1
       arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.072.2
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.072.2
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.071.2
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.071.2
       arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
@@ -43,12 +37,6 @@ install:
         }
   - ps: SetUpDCompiler
 
-  - ps: if($env:DVersion -eq "2.071.2"){
-          Invoke-WebRequest "http://code.dlang.org/files/dub-1.2.1-windows-x86.zip" -OutFile "dub.zip";
-          7z x dub.zip -odub > $null;
-          Move-Item "dub/dub.exe" "C:\dmd2\windows\bin"
-        }
-
 before_build:
   - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";

arch/build.ninja

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+rule gas
+  command = gcc -c $in -o $out
+
+rule archive
+  command = ar rcs $out $in
+
+build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
+build log.o: gas x64/linux/math/log.S
+build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
+build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
+build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
+build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
+
+build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o log.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/concurrency/thread.S

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+	.text
+
+	.globl thrd_current
+	.type thrd_current, @function
+
+thrd_current:
+	mov %fs:0, %rax
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/abs.S

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+	.text
+
+
+// fabsf.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	mov $0x7fffffff, %eax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabs.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+	mov $0x7fffffffffffffff, %rax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabsl.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+
+// Load the parameter from the stack onto FP stack, execute 'fabs' instruction
+// The result is returned in ST0.
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+	fldt 0x8(%rsp)
+	fabs
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/log.S

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+	.text
+
+
+// logl.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	fldt 8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+	ret
+
+
+// log.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+	movsd %xmm0, -8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
+
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	fldl -8(%rsp) // Put a double onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+
+	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
+	fstpl -8(%rsp)
+	movsd -8(%rsp), %xmm0
+
+	ret
+
+
+// logf.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory2lnFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	movss %xmm0, -4(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
+
+	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
+	flds -4(%rsp) // Put a float onto the FPU stack
+	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+
+	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
+	fstps -4(%rsp)
+	movss -4(%rsp), %xmm0
+
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * cmpMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - r1 length
+ * rsi - r1 data.
+ * rdx - r2 length.
+ * rcx - r2 data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
+		// Compare the lengths
+		cmp %rdx, %rdi
+		jl  less
+		jg  greater
+
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		// Check if we're aligned
+		cmp $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		dec %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsq
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz equal
+
+	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+	equal:
+		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
+		jmp end
+
+	greater:
+		mov $0x01, %rax
+		jmp end
+
+	less:
+		mov $-0x01, %rax
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/copy.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * copyMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		cmp  $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		movsb
+		dec  %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+		rep movsq
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		// Write the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+		rep movsb
+
+	end:
+		ret
+
+/*
+ * moveMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rsi), %rsi
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rcx), %rdi
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		std // Set the direction flag
+
+		rep movsb
+
+		cld // Clear the direction flag
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/fill.S

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * fillMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - length.
+ * rsi - pointer.
+ * rdx - value filled with a byte.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv:
+		// Check for zero length
+		test    %rdi, %rdi
+		jz end
+
+		mov     %rdi, %rax
+		mov     %rsi, %r8
+
+		movq    %rdx,  %xmm0
+		movlhps %xmm0, %xmm0
+
+		// Check if the pointer is aligned to a 16-byte boundary
+		and     $-0x10, %r8
+
+		// Compute the number of misaligned bytes
+		mov  %rsi, %r9
+		sub  %r8,  %r9
+
+		test %r9,  %r9
+		jz aligned
+
+		// Get the number of bytes to be written until we are aligned
+		mov $0x10, %rcx
+		sub %r9,   %rcx
+
+		mov %rsi,  %r8
+
+	naligned:
+		mov %dl, (%r8) // Write a byte
+
+		// Advance the pointer. Decrease the total number of bytes
+		// and the misaligned ones
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rcx
+		dec %rax
+
+		// Checks if we are aligned
+		test %rcx, %rcx
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned:
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+		// Write 32 bytes at a time
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jl aligned_32
+
+	aligned_64:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 32(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 48(%r8)
+
+		add $64, %r8
+		sub $64, %rax
+
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jge aligned_64
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+	aligned_32:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+
+		add $32, %r8
+		sub $32, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+	aligned_16:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+
+		add $16, %r8
+		sub $16, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx, (%r8)
+
+		add $8, %r8
+		sub $8, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		mov %dl, (%r8)
+
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rax
+
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jnz aligned_1
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+The kernel uses the following registers:
+%rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %r8, %r9, %r10
+
+The number of the syscall is passed in %rax.
+
+A syscall clobbers:
+%rax, %rcx, %r11
+
+The returned value is placed in %rax.
+*/
+	.text
+
+	.globl syscall1
+	.type syscall1, @function
+
+syscall1:
+	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	syscall
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall2
+	.type syscall2, @function
+
+syscall2:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rdx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rsi, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rsi
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %rdi, %rsi
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall3
+	.type syscall3, @function
+
+syscall3:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rcx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rdx, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rdx
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret

codecov.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 ignore:
   - "source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d"
   - "source/tanya/async/iocp.d"
-  - "source/tanya/memory/types.d"

dscanner.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+; Configure which static analysis checks are skip-unittest
+[analysis.config.StaticAnalysisConfig]
+; Check variable, class, struct, interface, union, and function names against t
+; he Phobos style guide
+style_check="disabled"
+; Check for array literals that cause unnecessary allocation
+enum_array_literal_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for poor exception handling practices
+exception_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated 'delete' keyword
+delete_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated floating point operators
+float_operator_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check number literals for readability
+number_style_check="disabled"
+; Checks that opEquals, opCmp, toHash, and toString are either const, immutable
+; , or inout.
+object_const_check="disabled"
+; Checks for .. expressions where the left side is larger than the right.
+backwards_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for if statements whose 'then' block is the same as the 'else' block
+if_else_same_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for some problems with constructors
+constructor_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for unused variables and function parameters
+unused_variable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for unused labels
+unused_label_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for duplicate attributes
+duplicate_attribute="skip-unittest"
+; Checks that opEquals and toHash are both defined or neither are defined
+opequals_tohash_check="disabled"
+; Checks for subtraction from .length properties
+length_subtraction_check="disabled"
+; Checks for methods or properties whose names conflict with built-in propertie
+; s
+builtin_property_names_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing code in inline asm statements
+asm_style_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing logical operator precedence
+logical_precedence_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for undocumented public declarations
+undocumented_declaration_check="disabled"
+; Checks for poor placement of function attributes
+function_attribute_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for use of the comma operator
+comma_expression_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for local imports that are too broad
+local_import_check="disabled"
+; Checks for variables that could be declared immutable
+could_be_immutable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for redundant expressions in if statements
+redundant_if_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for redundant parenthesis
+redundant_parens_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for mismatched argument and parameter names
+mismatched_args_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for labels with the same name as variables
+label_var_same_name_check="disabled"
+; Checks for lines longer than 120 characters
+long_line_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for assignment to auto-ref function parameters
+auto_ref_assignment_check="disabled"
+; Checks for incorrect infinite range definitions
+incorrect_infinite_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for asserts that are always true
+useless_assert_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for uses of the old-style alias syntax
+alias_syntax_check="disabled"
+; Checks for else if that should be else static if
+static_if_else_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for unclear lambda syntax
+lambda_return_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for auto function without return statement
+auto_function_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for sortedness of imports
+imports_sortedness="skip-unittest"
+; Check for explicitly annotated unittests
+explicitly_annotated_unittests="disabled"
+; Check for useless usage of the final attribute
+final_attribute_check="skip-unittest"

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, memory management, utilities",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, metaprogramming, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [
@@ -11,7 +11,17 @@
 
 	"configurations": [
 		{
-			"name": "library"
+			"name": "library",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"versions": ["TanyaPhobos"]
+		},
+		{
+			"name": "native",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64-gdc"],
+			"preBuildCommands": ["ninja -C arch"],
+			"lflags": ["arch/tanya.a"],
+			"versions": ["TanyaNative"]
 		}
 	]
 }

source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms that modify its arguments.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/mutation.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
+{
+    static if (is(T == U[S], U, size_t S))
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; value)
+        {
+            deinitialize!zero(e);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static if (isNested!T)
+        {
+            // Don't override the context pointer.
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof - (void*).sizeof;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum size_t size = T.sizeof;
+        }
+        static if (zero)
+        {
+            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. No postblits or destructors are
+ * called. If the $(D_PARAM target) should be destroyed before, use
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) must be different objects.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL move),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateCopyConstructor),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasElaborateDestructor).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `&source !is &target`.
+ */
+void moveEmplace(T)(ref T source, ref T target) @system
+in
+{
+    assert(&source !is &target, "Source and target must be different");
+}
+body
+{
+    static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
+    {
+        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
+
+        static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
+            {
+                deinitialize!true(source);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                deinitialize!false(source);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        target = source;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    moveEmplace(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+}
+
+// Is pure.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    struct S
+    {
+        this(this)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    static assert(is(typeof({ moveEmplace(source, target); })));
+}
+
+// Moves nested.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    struct Nested
+    {
+        void method() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    Nested source, target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(source == target);
+}
+
+// Emplaces static arrays.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        size_t member;
+        this(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.member = i;
+        }
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    S[2] source = [ S(5), S(5) ], target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    assert(source[0].member == 0);
+    assert(target[0].member == 5);
+    assert(source[1].member == 0);
+    assert(target[1].member == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Moves $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target) assuming that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized.
+ *
+ * Moving the $(D_PARAM source) copies it into the $(D_PARAM target) and places
+ * the $(D_PARAM source) into a valid but unspecified state, which means that
+ * after moving $(D_PARAM source) can be destroyed or assigned a new value, but
+ * accessing it yields an unspecified value. $(D_PARAM target) is destroyed before
+ * the new value is assigned. If $(D_PARAM target) isn't initialized and
+ * therefore shouldn't be destroyed, $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace) can be used.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM target) isn't specified, $(D_PSYMBOL move) returns the source
+ * as rvalue without calling its copy constructor or destructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) are the same object,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL move) does nothing.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = Object type.
+ *  source = Source object.
+ *  target = Target object.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL moveEmplace).
+ */
+void move(T)(ref T source, ref T target)
+{
+    if ((() @trusted => &source is &target)())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+    {
+        target.__xdtor();
+    }
+    (() @trusted => moveEmplace(source, target))();
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T move(T)(ref T source) @trusted
+{
+    T target = void;
+    moveEmplace(source, target);
+    return target;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int member = 5;
+
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    S source, target = void;
+    move(source, target);
+    assert(target.member == 5);
+    assert(move(target).member == 5);
+
+    int x1 = 5, x2;
+    move(x1, x2);
+    assert(x2 == 5);
+    assert(move(x2) == 5);
+}
+
+// Moves if source is target.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int x = 5;
+    move(x, x);
+    assert(x == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exchanges the values of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL swap) moves the contents of $(D_PARAM a) and $(D_PARAM b)
+ * without calling its postblits or destructors.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  a = The first object.
+ *  a = The second object.
+ */
+void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
+{
+    T tmp = void;
+    moveEmplace(a, tmp);
+    moveEmplace(b, a);
+    moveEmplace(tmp, b);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int a = 3, b = 5;
+    swap(a, b);
+    assert(a == 5);
+    assert(b == 3);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Collection of generic algorithms.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm;
+
+public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/*
+/**
  * Event loop implementation for Linux.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 
@@ -17,20 +19,20 @@ version (D_Ddoc)
 }
 else version (linux):
 
+import core.stdc.errno;
 public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.time;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.stdc.errno;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
 extern (C) nothrow @nogc
 {

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/*
+/**
  * Event loop implementation for Windows.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
@@ -17,19 +19,17 @@ version (D_Ddoc)
 }
 else version (Windows):
 
-import tanya.container.buffer;
+import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
-import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
 /**
  * Transport for stream sockets.
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
     {
         super();
 
-        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, null, 0, 0);
         if (!completionPort)
         {
             throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -231,15 +231,15 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 return false;
             }
         }
-        if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
+        if ((!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-            || !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+            || (!(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write)))
         {
             auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
             assert(transport !is null);
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
     override protected void poll() @nogc
     {
         DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-        ULONG_PTR key;
+        size_t key;
-        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+        OVERLAPPED* overlap;
         immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
 
         auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
                                                 &key,
                                                 &overlap,
                                                 timeout);
-        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+        if (result == FALSE && overlap is null)
         {
             return; // Timeout
         }

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/kqueue.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/selector.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/selector.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 
@@ -21,8 +23,8 @@ import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 
@@ -35,8 +37,7 @@ else version (D_Ddoc)
 
 version (WindowsDoc):
 
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
 
 /**
  * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)
@@ -52,4 +53,4 @@ class State
 
     /// For keeping events or event masks.
     int event;
-}
+}

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/loop.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/loop.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/protocol.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/protocol.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 
-import tanya.network.socket;
 import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.network.socket;
 
 /**
  * Common protocol interface.

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/transport.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/transport.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/watcher.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/watcher.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
-import std.functional;
 import std.exception;
+import std.functional;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -9,30 +9,37 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/array.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/array.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.array;
 
 import core.checkedint;
-import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront,
-import std.conv;
+                                copy,
-import std.range.primitives;
+                                fill,
+                                initializeAll,
+                                uninitializedFill;
 import std.meta;
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Random-access range for the $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
  *
  * Params:
- *  E = Element type.
+ *  A = Array type.
  */
-struct Range(E)
+struct Range(A)
 {
+    private alias E = PointerTarget!(typeof(A.data));
     private E* begin, end;
-    private alias ContainerType = CopyConstness!(E, Array!(Unqual!E));
+    private A* container;
-    private ContainerType* container;
 
     invariant
     {
@@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ struct Range(E)
         assert(this.end <= this.container.data + this.container.length);
     }
 
-    private this(ref ContainerType container, E* begin, E* end) @trusted
+    private this(ref A container, E* begin, E* end) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(begin <= end);
@@ -130,7 +137,7 @@ struct Range(E)
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin, this.end);
     }
 
-    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    A.ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin, this.end);
     }
@@ -146,7 +153,7 @@ struct Range(E)
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
 
-    Range!(const E) opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
+    A.ConstRange opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -172,10 +179,10 @@ struct Range(E)
 struct Array(T)
 {
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
-    alias Range = .Range!T;
+    alias Range = .Range!Array;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const Array);
 
     private size_t length_;
     private T* data;
@@ -242,7 +249,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         insertBack(init[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
         if (is(R == Array))
     {
@@ -262,7 +269,10 @@ struct Array(T)
         {
             // Move each element.
             reserve(init.length_);
-            moveEmplaceAll(init.data[0 .. init.length_], this.data[0 .. init.length_]);
+            foreach (ref target; this.data[0 .. init.length_])
+            {
+                moveEmplace(*init.data++, target);
+            }
             this.length_ = init.length_;
             // Destructor of init should destroy it here.
         }
@@ -310,14 +320,14 @@ struct Array(T)
         length_ = len;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         length = len;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -413,7 +423,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return length_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t opDollar() const
     {
         return length;
@@ -498,13 +508,12 @@ struct Array(T)
             buf = allocator.allocate(byteSize);
             if (buf is null)
             {
-                onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+                onOutOfMemoryError();
             }
             scope (failure)
             {
                 allocator.deallocate(buf);
             }
-            const T* end = this.data + this.length_;
             for (T* src = this.data, dest = cast(T*) buf; src != end; ++src, ++dest)
             {
                 moveEmplace(*src, *dest);
@@ -630,6 +639,11 @@ struct Array(T)
         assert(v.removeBack(3) == 0);
     }
 
+    private @property inout(T)* end() inout
+    {
+        return this.data + this.length_;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Remove all elements beloning to $(D_PARAM r).
      *
@@ -650,10 +664,13 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        auto end = this.data + this.length;
+        auto target = r.begin;
-        moveAll(.Range!T(this, r.end, end), .Range!T(this, r.begin, end));
+        for (auto source = r.end; source != end; ++source, ++target)
+        {
+            move(*source, *target);
+        }
         length = length - r.length;
-        return .Range!T(this, r.begin, this.data + length);
+        return Range(this, r.begin, this.data + length);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -681,7 +698,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
         reserve(this.length + 1);
-        moveEmplace(el, *(this.data + this.length_));
+        moveEmplace(el, *end);
         ++this.length_;
     }
 
@@ -701,17 +718,20 @@ struct Array(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        reserve(this.length_ + 1);
+        this.length = this.length + 1;
-        emplace(this.data + this.length_, el);
+        scope (failure)
-        ++this.length_;
+        {
+            this.length = this.length - 1;
+        }
+        opIndex(this.length - 1) = el;
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
          && isInputRange!R
@@ -729,13 +749,13 @@ struct Array(T)
         return retLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertBack!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertBack;
 
     ///
@@ -810,7 +830,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return inserted;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     in
     {
@@ -823,7 +843,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
@@ -850,7 +870,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
          && isInputRange!R
@@ -863,10 +883,10 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return insertAfter(.Range!T(this, this.data, r.begin), el);
+        return insertAfter(Range(this, this.data, r.begin), el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     in
     {
@@ -879,7 +899,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return insertBefore!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
@@ -995,7 +1015,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opIndex(pos) = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opIndexAssign(E : T)(auto ref E value)
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
@@ -1025,7 +1045,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSliceAssign!R(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opIndexAssign(Range value)
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
@@ -1074,7 +1094,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const @trusted
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
@@ -1107,13 +1127,13 @@ struct Array(T)
         return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals()(auto ref const typeof(this) that) const @trusted
     {
         return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals(Range that)
     {
         return equal(opIndex(), that);
@@ -1230,7 +1250,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1314,7 +1334,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opSliceAssign(R : T)(auto ref R value, const size_t i, const size_t j)
     @trusted
     in
@@ -1328,7 +1348,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opSliceAssign(Range value, const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1413,7 +1433,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that) @trusted
         if (is(R == Array))
     {
@@ -1617,6 +1637,9 @@ private unittest
     }
     A a1, a2;
     auto v1 = Array!A([a1, a2]);
+
+    // Issue 232: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/232.
+    static assert(is(Array!(A*)));
 }
 
 private @safe @nogc unittest

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/buffer.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/buffer.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         return length_ - start;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     /**
@@ -393,7 +395,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/entry.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/entry.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.entry;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.typecons;
 
 package struct SEntry(T)
@@ -53,11 +55,6 @@ package enum BucketStatus : byte
 
 package struct Bucket(T)
 {
-    this(ref T content)
-    {
-        this.content = content;
-    }
-
     @property void content(ref T content)
     {
         this.content_ = content;
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ package struct Bucket(T)
         return false;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref T content) const
+    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
     {
         if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
         {

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -9,26 +9,31 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/list.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/list.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
-import std.range.primitives;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
  *
  * Params:
- *  E = Element type.
+ *  L = List type.
  */
-struct SRange(E)
+struct SRange(L)
 {
-    private alias EntryPointer = CopyConstness!(E, SEntry!(Unqual!E)*);
+    private alias EntryPointer = typeof(L.head);
+    private alias E = typeof(EntryPointer.content);
 
     private EntryPointer* head;
 
@@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ struct SRange(E)
         return typeof(return)(*this.head);
     }
 
-    SRange!(const E) opIndex() const
+    L.ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(*this.head);
     }
@@ -94,10 +99,10 @@ struct SRange(E)
 struct SList(T)
 {
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
-    alias Range = SRange!T;
+    alias Range = SRange!SList;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    alias ConstRange = SRange!(const T);
+    alias ConstRange = SRange!(const SList);
 
     private alias Entry = SEntry!T;
 
@@ -180,7 +185,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(len, T.init, allocator);
@@ -194,7 +199,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -228,7 +233,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         this(init[], allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     if (is(R == SList))
     {
@@ -352,7 +357,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return moveEntry(this.head, el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -374,7 +379,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.front == 8);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(R el) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -404,13 +409,13 @@ struct SList(T)
         return retLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertFront;
 
     ///
@@ -434,7 +439,7 @@ struct SList(T)
 
     version (assert)
     {
-        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref SRange!T r) const
+        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref Range r) const
         {
             const(Entry*)* pos = &this.head;
             for (; pos != r.head && *pos !is null; pos = &(*pos).next)
@@ -456,7 +461,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(SRange!T r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
@@ -476,8 +481,8 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(SRange!T r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
      && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
@@ -508,7 +513,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -544,7 +549,18 @@ struct SList(T)
      */
     size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     {
-        return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
+        return insertBefore!(T[])(r, el[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = SList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
+        auto l2 = SList!int([5, 1]);
+        auto r = l2[];
+        r.popFront();
+        l2.insertBefore(r, [234, 30]);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -731,7 +747,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.head);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.head);
@@ -758,7 +774,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
     if (is(R == SList))
     {
@@ -812,7 +828,7 @@ struct SList(T)
             }
             next = &(*next).next;
         }
-        remove(SRange!T(*next));
+        remove(Range(*next));
 
         return this;
     }
@@ -906,28 +922,28 @@ private @nogc @safe unittest
 }
 
 /**
- * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
+ * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL DList).
  *
  * Params:
- *  E = Element type.
+ *  L = List type.
  */
-struct DRange(E)
+struct DRange(L)
 {
-    private alias EntryPointer = CopyConstness!(E, DEntry!(Unqual!E)*);
+    private alias E = typeof(L.head.content);
-    private alias TailPointer = CopyConstness!(E, DEntry!(Unqual!E))*;
+    private alias EntryPointer = typeof(L.head);
 
     private EntryPointer* head;
-    private TailPointer tail;
+    private EntryPointer* tail;
 
     invariant
     {
         assert(this.head !is null);
     }
 
-    private this(ref EntryPointer head, TailPointer tail) @trusted
+    private this(ref EntryPointer head, ref EntryPointer tail) @trusted
     {
         this.head = &head;
-        this.tail = tail;
+        this.tail = &tail;
     }
 
     @disable this();
@@ -939,7 +955,7 @@ struct DRange(E)
 
     @property bool empty() const
     {
-        return *this.head is null || *this.head is this.tail.next;
+        return *this.head is null || *this.head is (*this.tail).next;
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) front() inout
@@ -959,7 +975,7 @@ struct DRange(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return this.tail.content;
+        return (*this.tail).content;
     }
 
     void popFront() @trusted
@@ -979,17 +995,17 @@ struct DRange(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        this.tail = this.tail.prev;
+        this.tail = &(*this.tail).prev;
     }
 
     DRange opIndex()
     {
-        return typeof(return)(*this.head, this.tail);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.head, *this.tail);
     }
 
-    DRange!(const E) opIndex() const
+    L.ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
-        return typeof(return)(*this.head, this.tail);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.head, *this.tail);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1002,10 +1018,10 @@ struct DRange(E)
 struct DList(T)
 {
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL DList).
-    alias Range = DRange!T;
+    alias Range = DRange!DList;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    alias ConstRange = DRange!(const T);
+    alias ConstRange = DRange!(const DList);
 
     private alias Entry = DEntry!T;
 
@@ -1017,6 +1033,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert((this.tail is null && this.head is null)
             || (this.tail !is null && this.head !is null));
         assert(this.tail is null || this.tail.next is null);
+        assert(this.head is null || this.head.prev is null);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1098,7 +1115,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(len, T.init, allocator);
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -1146,7 +1163,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         this(init[], allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     if (is(R == DList))
     {
@@ -1272,20 +1289,21 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.back == 25);
     }
 
-    private size_t moveEntry(R)(ref Entry* head, ref R el) @trusted
+    private size_t moveFront(R)(ref Entry* head, ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
         auto temp = cast(Entry*) allocator.allocate(Entry.sizeof);
 
         el.moveEmplace(temp.content);
         temp.next = head;
-        temp.prev = null;
         if (this.tail is null)
         {
+            temp.prev = null;
             this.tail = temp;
         }
         else
         {
+            temp.prev = head.prev;
             head.prev = temp;
         }
 
@@ -1293,6 +1311,34 @@ struct DList(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
+	// Creates a lsit of linked entries from a range.
+	// Returns count of the elements in the list.
+	private size_t makeList(R)(ref R el, out Entry* head, out Entry* tail) @trusted
+	out (retLength)
+	{
+		assert((retLength == 0 && head is null && tail is null)
+		    || (retLength > 0 && head !is null && tail !is null));
+	}
+	body
+	{
+		size_t retLength;
+
+        if (!el.empty)
+        {
+            head = tail = allocator.make!Entry(el.front);
+            el.popFront();
+            retLength = 1;
+        }
+        foreach (ref e; el)
+        {
+            tail.next = allocator.make!Entry(e);
+            tail.next.prev = tail;
+            tail = tail.next;
+            ++retLength;
+        }
+		return retLength;
+	}
+
     /**
      * Inserts a new element at the beginning.
      *
@@ -1305,10 +1351,10 @@ struct DList(T)
     size_t insertFront(R)(R el)
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        return moveEntry(this.head, el);
+        return moveFront(this.head, el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -1340,50 +1386,40 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.back == 5);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    size_t insertFront(R)(R el) @trusted
+    size_t insertFront(R)(R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
      && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
-        size_t retLength;
+        Entry* begin, end;
-        Entry* next, newHead;
+        const inserted = makeList(el, begin, end);
 
-        if (!el.empty)
-        {
-            next = allocator.make!Entry(el.front);
-            newHead = next;
-            el.popFront();
-            retLength = 1;
-        }
-        foreach (ref e; el)
-        {
-            next.next = allocator.make!Entry(e);
-            next = next.next;
-            ++retLength;
-        }
         if (this.head is null)
         {
-            this.tail = next;
+            this.tail = end;
         }
-        if (newHead !is null)
+        if (begin !is null)
         {
-            next.next = this.head;
+            end.next = this.head;
-            this.head = newHead;
+            this.head = begin;
         }
 
-        return retLength;
+        return inserted;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    private @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234]);
+        assert(l1.head is l1.head.next.prev);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    alias insert = insertBack;
-
     ///
     @safe @nogc unittest
     {
@@ -1407,6 +1443,28 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 15);
     }
 
+    private size_t moveBack(R)(ref Entry* tail, ref R el) @trusted
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    {
+        auto temp = cast(Entry*) allocator.allocate(Entry.sizeof);
+
+        el.moveEmplace(temp.content);
+        temp.prev = tail;
+        if (this.head is null)
+        {
+            temp.next = null;
+            this.head = this.tail = temp;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            temp.next = tail.next;
+            tail.next = temp;
+        }
+
+        tail = temp;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Inserts a new element at the end.
      *
@@ -1419,25 +1477,10 @@ struct DList(T)
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        auto temp = cast(Entry*) allocator.allocate(Entry.sizeof);
+        return moveBack(this.tail, el);
-
-        el.moveEmplace(temp.content);
-        temp.next = null;
-        temp.prev = tail;
-        if (this.head is null)
-        {
-            this.head = temp;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            this.tail.next = temp;
-        }
-
-        this.tail = temp;
-        return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -1469,23 +1512,32 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.back == value);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
      && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
-        size_t inserted;
+        Entry* begin, end;
+        const inserted = makeList(el, begin, end);
 
-        foreach (ref e; el)
+        if (this.tail is null)
         {
-            inserted += insertBack(e);
+            this.head = begin;
+        }
+		else
+		{
+            this.tail.next = begin;
+		}
+        if (begin !is null)
+        {
+            this.tail = end;
         }
 
         return inserted;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertBack!(T[])(el[]);
@@ -1510,9 +1562,12 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 9);
     }
 
+    /// ditto
+    alias insert = insertBack;
+
     version (assert)
     {
-        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref DRange!T r) const
+        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref Range r) const
         {
             const(Entry*)* pos = &this.head;
             for (; pos != r.head && *pos !is null; pos = &(*pos).next)
@@ -1534,7 +1589,7 @@ struct DList(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(DRange!T r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
@@ -1542,7 +1597,7 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return moveEntry(*r.head, el);
+        return moveFront(*r.head, el);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1554,8 +1609,43 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(DRange!T r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
+    in
+    {
+        assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        auto temp = allocator.make!Entry(el, *r.head);
+
+        if (this.tail is null)
+        {
+            this.tail = temp;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            temp.prev = (*r.head).prev;
+            (*r.head).prev = temp;
+        }
+
+        *r.head = temp;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([234, 5, 1]);
+        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+        int var = 234;
+
+        l2.insertBefore(l2[], var);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
      && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
@@ -1579,32 +1669,9 @@ struct DList(T)
     {
         auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
         auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
-        auto l3 = DList!int([234, 30]);
         auto r = l2[];
         r.popFront();
-        l2.insertBefore(r, l3[]);
+        l2.insertBefore(r, [234, 30]);
-        assert(l1 == l2);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
-    in
-    {
-        assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        *r.head = allocator.make!Entry(el, *r.head);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @safe @nogc unittest
-    {
-        auto l1 = DList!int([234, 5, 1]);
-        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
-        int var = 234;
-        l2.insertBefore(l2[], var);
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
@@ -1622,7 +1689,133 @@ struct DList(T)
      */
     size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     {
-        return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
+        return insertBefore!(T[])(r, el[]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts new elements after $(D_PARAM r).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R  = Type of the inserted value(s).
+     *  r  = Range extracted from this list.
+     *  el = New element(s).
+     *
+     * Returns: The number of elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
+     */
+    size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, R el) @trusted
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return moveBack(*r.tail, el);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 1]);
+        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+        auto r = l2[];
+        r.popBack();
+        l2.insertAfter(r, 234);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
+    }
+
+    private @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        DList!int l;
+        l.insertAfter(l[], 234);
+        assert(l.front == 234);
+        assert(l.back == 234);
+        assert(l.length == 1);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    size_t insertAfter(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
+    in
+    {
+        assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        auto temp = allocator.make!Entry(el, null, *r.tail);
+
+        if (this.head is null)
+        {
+            this.head = temp;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            temp.next = (*r.tail).next;
+            (*r.tail).next = temp;
+        }
+
+        *r.tail = temp;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([5, 1, 234]);
+        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+        int var = 234;
+
+        l2.insertAfter(l2[], var);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, R el)
+    if (!isInfinite!R
+     && isInputRange!R
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        size_t inserted;
+        foreach (e; el)
+        {
+            inserted += insertAfter(r, e);
+        }
+        return inserted;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
+        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+        auto r = l2[];
+
+        r.popBack();
+        l2.insertAfter(r, [234, 30]);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts elements from a static array after $(D_PARAM r).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R  = Static array size.
+     *  r  = Range extracted from this list.
+     *  el = New elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: The number of elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
+     */
+    size_t insertAfter(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
+    {
+        return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1694,7 +1887,7 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Removes the front element.
+     * Removes the front or back element.
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty)
      */
@@ -1707,12 +1900,16 @@ struct DList(T)
     {
         auto n = this.head.next;
 
-        this.allocator.dispose(this.head);
+        allocator.dispose(this.head);
         this.head = n;
         if (this.head is null)
         {
             this.tail = null;
         }
+        else
+        {
+            this.head.prev = null;
+        }
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1729,12 +1926,47 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
+    /// ditto
+    void removeBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        auto n = this.tail.prev;
+
+        allocator.dispose(this.tail);
+        this.tail = n;
+        if (this.tail is null)
+        {
+            this.head = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.tail.next = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l = DList!int([9, 8]);
+
+        assert(l.back == 8);
+        l.removeBack();
+        assert(l.back == 9);
+        l.removeFront();
+        assert(l.empty);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes $(D_PARAM howMany) elements from the list.
      *
-     * Unlike $(D_PSYMBOL removeFront()), this method doesn't fail, if it could not
+     * Unlike $(D_PSYMBOL removeFront()) and $(D_PSYMBOL removeBack()), this
-     * remove $(D_PARAM howMany) elements. Instead, if $(D_PARAM howMany) is
+     * method doesn't fail, if it could not remove $(D_PARAM howMany) elements.
-     * greater than the list length, all elements are removed.
+     * Instead, if $(D_PARAM howMany) is greater than the list length, all
+     * elements are removed.
      *
      * Params:
      *  howMany = How many elements should be removed.
@@ -1767,13 +1999,40 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.removeFront(3) == 0);
     }
 
+    /// ditto
+    size_t removeBack(const size_t howMany)
+    out (removed)
+    {
+        assert(removed <= howMany);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        size_t i;
+        for (; i < howMany && !empty; ++i)
+        {
+            removeBack();
+        }
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        DList!int l = DList!int([8, 5, 4]);
+
+        assert(l.removeBack(0) == 0);
+        assert(l.removeBack(2) == 2);
+        assert(l.removeBack(3) == 1);
+        assert(l.removeBack(3) == 0);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes $(D_PARAM r) from the list.
      *
      * Params:
      *  r = The range to remove.
      *
-     * Returns: An empty range.
+     * Returns: Range spanning the elements just after $(D_PARAM r).
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
@@ -1784,19 +2043,34 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        auto outOfScopeList = typeof(this)(allocator);
+        // Save references to the elements before and after the range.
-        outOfScopeList.head = *r.head;
+        Entry* tailNext, headPrev;
-        outOfScopeList.tail = r.tail;
+        if (*r.tail !is null && (*r.tail).next !is null)
-        if (r.tail is null)
         {
-            *r.head = null;
+            tailNext = (*r.tail).next;
         }
-        else
+        if (*r.head !is null)
         {
-            outOfScopeList.tail.next = null;
+            headPrev = (*r.head).prev;
-            *r.head = r.tail.next;
         }
-    
+
+        // Remove the elements.
+        Entry* e = *r.head;
+        while (e !is tailNext)
+        {
+            auto next = e.next;
+            allocator.dispose(e);
+            e = next;
+        }
+
+        // Connect the elements before and after the removed range.
+        if (tailNext !is null)
+        {
+            tailNext.prev = headPrev;
+        }
+        *r.head = tailNext;
+        *r.tail = tail;
+
         return r;
     }
 
@@ -1813,6 +2087,22 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
+    // Issue 260: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/260.
+    private @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto l1 = DList!int([5, 234, 30, 1]);
+        auto l2 = DList!int([5, 1]);
+        auto r = l1[];
+
+        r.popFront();
+        r.popBack();
+        assert(r.front == 234);
+        assert(r.back == 30);
+
+        assert(!l1.remove(r).empty);
+        assert(l1 == l2);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns: Range that iterates over all elements of the container, in
      *          forward order.
@@ -1822,7 +2112,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.head, this.tail);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.head, this.tail);
@@ -1849,7 +2139,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
     if (is(R == DList))
     {
@@ -1883,7 +2173,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         }
         if (that.empty)
         {
-            remove(DRange!T(*next, this.tail));
+            remove(Range(*next, this.tail));
         }
         else
         {
@@ -1953,3 +2243,13 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
     assert(i == 3);
 }
+
+// Issue 232: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/232.
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    class A
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(SList!(A*)));
+    static assert(is(DList!(A*)));
+}

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -9,15 +9,17 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.container;
 
 public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
-public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.string;
 public import tanya.container.queue;
+public import tanya.container.set;
+public import tanya.container.string;
 
 /**
  * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/queue.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/queue.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
-import core.exception;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.traits;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
  * FIFO queue.
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ struct Queue(T)
         enqueueEntry(temp);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     void enqueue(T x)
     {
         auto temp = allocateEntry();
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ struct Queue(T)
     {
         int result;
 
-        for (size_t i = 0; !empty; ++i)
+        for (size_t i; !empty; ++i)
         {
             auto e = dequeue();
             if ((result = dg(i, e)) != 0)
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ struct Queue(T)
         return result;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
     {
         int result;

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -10,14 +10,17 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/set.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/set.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.set;
 
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.container;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
@@ -153,7 +156,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
     alias Range = .Range!T;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
 
     invariant
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         rehash(n);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
         if (is(S == Set))
     in
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
         if (is(S == Set))
     {
@@ -349,7 +352,8 @@ struct Set(T)
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
-    static private size_t calculateHash(ref T value)
+    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
+    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
     {
         static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
         {
@@ -361,11 +365,26 @@ struct Set(T)
         }
     }
 
-    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets, size_t hash)
+    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
+                                       const size_t hash)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(buckets.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
     {
         return hash % buckets.length;
     }
 
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
+    {
+        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
+    }
+
     private enum InsertStatus : byte
     {
         found = -1,
@@ -376,7 +395,8 @@ struct Set(T)
     /*
      * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
      * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
-     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed.
+     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
+     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
      */
     private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
     {
@@ -417,7 +437,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
         for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
         {
-            if ((this.primes.length - 1) == this.lengthIndex)
+            if (this.primes.length == (this.lengthIndex + 1))
             {
                 throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
                                                       "Set is full");
@@ -456,12 +476,7 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     size_t remove(T value)
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
         foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
         {
             if (e == value) // Found.
@@ -478,7 +493,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -500,14 +515,9 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref T value)
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
         foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
         {
             if (e == value) // Found.
@@ -522,37 +532,15 @@ struct Set(T)
         return false;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
-    {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used && e.content == value) // Found.
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
 
         assert(5 !in set);
         set.insert(5);
         assert(5 in set);
+        assert(8 !in set);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -626,14 +614,14 @@ struct Set(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set[].empty);
@@ -647,13 +635,34 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set[].empty);
     }
 
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        const Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(8);
+
+        auto r1 = set[];
+        auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+        r1.popFront();
+        assert(r1.empty);
+
+        r2.popBack();
+        assert(r2.empty);
+    }
+
     private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
     private DataType data;
     private size_t lengthIndex;
 }
 
 // Basic insertion logic.
-private unittest
+private @nogc unittest
 {
     Set!int set;
 
@@ -693,7 +702,7 @@ private unittest
 // Static checks.
 private unittest
 {
-    import std.range.primitives;
+    import tanya.range.primitive;
 
     static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
     static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/conv.d)
+ */
+module tanya.conv;
+
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.format;
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM memory) with the
+ * given arguments.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a $(D_KEYWORD class), emplace returns a class reference
+ * of type $(D_PARAM T), otherwise a pointer to the constructed object is
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class inside another class, $(D_PARAM outer)
+ * should be an instance of the outer class.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM args) are arguments for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T). If
+ * $(D_PARAM T) isn't an aggregate type and doesn't have a constructor,
+ * $(D_PARAM memory) can be initialized to `args[0]` if `Args.length == 1`,
+ * `Args[0]` should be implicitly convertible to $(D_PARAM T) then.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Constructed type.
+ *  U     = Type of the outer class if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  Args  = Types of the constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor
+ *          or the type of the initial value.
+ *  outer = Outer class instance if $(D_PARAM T) is a nested class.
+ *  args  = Constructor arguments if $(D_PARAM T) has a constructor or the
+ *          initial value.
+ *
+ * Returns: New instance of type $(D_PARAM T) constructed in $(D_PARAM memory).
+ *
+ * Precondition: `memory.length == stateSize!T`.
+ * Postcondition: $(D_PARAM memory) and the result point to the same memory.
+ */
+T emplace(T, U, Args...)(void[] memory, U outer, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAbstractClass!T && isInnerClass!T && is(typeof(T.outer) == U))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}
+body
+{
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    result.outer = outer;
+
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (is(T == class) && !isAbstractClass!T && !isInnerClass!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length == stateSize!T);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is (() @trusted => cast(void*) result)());
+}body
+{
+    copy(typeid(T).initializer, memory);
+
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.memory : stateSize;
+
+    class C
+    {
+        int i = 5;
+        class Inner
+        {
+            int i;
+
+            this(int param) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                this.i = param;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ubyte[stateSize!C] memory1;
+    ubyte[stateSize!(C.Inner)] memory2;
+
+    auto c = emplace!C(memory1);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+
+    auto inner = emplace!(C.Inner)(memory2, c, 8);
+    assert(c.i == 5);
+    assert(inner.i == 8);
+    assert(inner.outer is c);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isAggregateType!T && (Args.length <= 1))
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        *result = T(args[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
+}
+out (result)
+{
+    assert(memory.ptr is result);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
+    static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
+    {
+        *result = T.init;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static const T init = T.init;
+        copy((cast(void*) &init)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
+    }
+
+    static if (Args.length == 0)
+    {
+        static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
+                      "Default constructor is disabled");
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(T(args))))
+    {
+        *result = T(args);
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
+    {
+        result.__ctor(args);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false,
+                      "Unable to construct value with the given arguments");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] memory;
+
+    auto i = emplace!int(memory);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i) == int*));
+    assert(*i == 0);
+
+    i = emplace!int(memory, 5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int i;
+        @disable this();
+        @disable this(this);
+        this(int i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.i = i;
+        }
+    }
+    auto s = emplace!S(memory, 8);
+    static assert(is(typeof(s) == S*));
+    assert(s.i == 8);
+}
+
+// Handles "Cannot access frame pointer" error.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!F((void[]).init))));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
+ */
+final class ConvException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
+ * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
+ * $(D_PARAM To), just returns $(D_PARAM from).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  To = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
+ */
+template to(To)
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  From = Source type.
+     *  from = Source value.
+     */
+    ref To to(From)(ref From from)
+    if (is(To == From))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    To to(From)(From from)
+    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto val = 5.to!int();
+    assert(val == 5);
+    static assert(is(typeof(val) == int));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int val = 5;
+    assert(val.to!int() == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
+ *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    static if ((isUnsigned!From && isSigned!To && From.sizeof == To.sizeof)
+            || From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (from > To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Positive integer overflow");
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isSigned!From)
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            if (from < 0)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+        {
+            if (from < To.min)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (From.sizeof <= To.sizeof)
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+    else static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        return cast(To) from;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return from & To.max;
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // ubyte -> ushort
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!ushort == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!ushort == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ushort == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!ushort == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte -> short
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!short == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!short == ubyte.max);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // ubyte <- ushort
+    assert((cast(ushort) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(ushort) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte <- short
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(short) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(short) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // short <-> int
+    assert(short.min.to!int == short.min);
+    assert((short.min + 1).to!int == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(short) -1).to!int == -1);
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((short.max - 1).to!int == short.max - 1);
+    assert(short.max.to!int == short.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) short.min).to!short == short.min);
+    assert((cast(int) short.min + 1).to!short == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(int) -1).to!short == -1);
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max - 1).to!short == short.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max).to!short == short.max);
+
+    // uint <-> int
+    assert((cast(uint) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(uint) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) (int.max - 1)).to!int == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) int.max).to!int == int.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!uint == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!uint == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) (int.max - 1)).to!uint == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) int.max).to!uint == int.max);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.min);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(short, int), int.max);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(ushort, uint), uint.max);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, int), -1);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    assert(Test.one.to!int == 0);
+    assert(Test.two.to!int == 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Truncated $(D_PARAM from) (everything after the decimal point is
+ *          dropped).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
+ *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isFloatingPoint!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    if (from > To.max)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Positive number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from < To.min)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    return cast(To) from;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(1.5.to!int == 1);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!int == 2147483646);
+    assert((-2147483647.5).to!int == -2147483647);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!uint == 2147483646);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), 2147483647.5);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(int, double), -2147483648.5);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(uint, double), -21474.5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD enum) value.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
+ *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
+{
+    foreach (m; EnumMembers!To)
+    {
+        if (from == m)
+        {
+            return m;
+        }
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(1.to!Test) == Test));
+    assert(0.to!Test == Test.one);
+    assert(1.to!Test == Test.two);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Test : uint
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(Test, int), 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    if (from == 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (from < 0)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from <= 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Positive number overflow");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!0.0.to!bool);
+    assert(0.2.to!bool);
+    assert(0.5.to!bool);
+    assert(1.0.to!bool);
+
+    assert(!0.to!bool);
+    assert(1.to!bool);
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), -1);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(&to!(bool, int), 2);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
+{
+    if (from == "true")
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (from == "false")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert("true".to!bool);
+    assert(!"false".to!bool);
+    assert(String("true").to!bool);
+    assert(!String("false").to!bool);
+
+}
+
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "1".to!bool);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    return from;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!float == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!double == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!byte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!ushort == 1);
+    assert(true.to!short == 1);
+    assert(true.to!uint == 1);
+    assert(true.to!int == 1);
+
+    assert(false.to!float == 0);
+    assert(false.to!double == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!byte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ushort == 0);
+    assert(false.to!short == 0);
+    assert(false.to!uint == 0);
+    assert(false.to!int == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM From) to a $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
+if (is(Unqual!To == String))
+{
+    return format!"{}"(from);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!String == "true");
+    assert(false.to!String == "false");
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
+    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
+}

source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Functions operating on ASCII characters.
+ *
+ * ASCII is $(B A)merican $(B S)tandard $(B C)ode for $(B I)nformation
+ * $(B I)nterchange.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/ascii.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding.ascii;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+const string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
+const string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
+const string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"; /// 0..9a..f.
+const string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
+const string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
+
+/// A..Za..z.
+const string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+const string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
+const string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
+
+/**
+ * Whitespace, Horizontal Tab (HT), Line Feed (LF), Carriage Return (CR),
+ * Vertical Tab (VT) or Form Feed (FF).
+ */
+const string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
+
+/// Letter case specifier.
+enum LetterCase : bool
+{
+    upper, /// Uppercase.
+    lower, /// Lowercase.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an uppecase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an uppercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isUpper(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isUpper('A'));
+    assert(isUpper('Z'));
+    assert(isUpper('L'));
+    assert(!isUpper('a'));
+    assert(!isUpper('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a lowercase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a lowercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isLower(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isLower('a'));
+    assert(isLower('z'));
+    assert(isLower('l'));
+    assert(!isLower('A'));
+    assert(!isLower('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlpha(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) || isLower(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlpha('A'));
+    assert(isAlpha('Z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('L'));
+    assert(isAlpha('a'));
+    assert(isAlpha('z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('l'));
+    assert(!isAlpha('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '9');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isDigit('0'));
+    assert(isDigit('1'));
+    assert(isDigit('2'));
+    assert(isDigit('3'));
+    assert(isDigit('4'));
+    assert(isDigit('5'));
+    assert(isDigit('6'));
+    assert(isDigit('7'));
+    assert(isDigit('8'));
+    assert(isDigit('9'));
+    assert(!isDigit('a'));
+    assert(!isDigit('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase) or a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character or a
+ *          digit, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlphaNum(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isAlpha(c) || isDigit(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlphaNum('0'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('1'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('9'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('A'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('Z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('L'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('a'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('l'));
+    assert(!isAlphaNum('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a 7-bit ASCII character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an ASCII character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isASCII(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return c < 128;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isASCII('0'));
+    assert(isASCII('L'));
+    assert(isASCII('l'));
+    assert(isASCII('!'));
+    assert(!isASCII('©'));
+    assert(!isASCII('§'));
+    assert(!isASCII(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isASCII(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+    assert(!isASCII(dchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a control character.
+ *
+ * Control characters are non-printable characters. Their ASCII codes are those
+ * between 0x00 (NUL) and 0x1f (US), and 0x7f (DEL).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isPrintable),  $(D_PSYMBOL isGraphical).
+ */
+bool isControl(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c <= 0x1f) || (c == 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isControl('\t'));
+    assert(isControl('\0'));
+    assert(isControl('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isControl(' '));
+    assert(!isControl('a'));
+    assert(!isControl(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isControl(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a whitespace character.
+ *
+ * Whitespace characters are:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Whitespace)
+ *  $(LI Horizontal Tab (HT))
+ *  $(LI Line Feed (LF))
+ *  $(LI Carriage Return (CR))
+ *  $(LI Vertical Tab (VT))
+ *  $(LI Form Feed (FF))
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a whitespace character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL whitespace).
+ */
+bool isWhite(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x09) && (c <= 0x0d)) || (c == 0x20);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isWhite('\t'));
+    assert(isWhite('\n'));
+    assert(isWhite('\v'));
+    assert(isWhite('\f'));
+    assert(isWhite('\r'));
+    assert(isWhite(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a graphical character.
+ *
+ * Graphical characters are printable characters but whitespace characters.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl), $(D_PSYMBOL isWhite).
+ */
+bool isGraphical(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c > 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isGraphical('a'));
+    assert(isGraphical('0'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('§'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\n'));
+    assert(!isGraphical(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a printable character.
+ *
+ * This is the opposite of a control character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl).
+ */
+bool isPrintable(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPrintable('a'));
+    assert(isPrintable('0'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('§'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\n'));
+    assert(isPrintable(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a hexadecimal digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a hexadecimal digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isHexDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
+        || ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'f'))
+        || ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'F'));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isHexDigit('0'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('1'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('8'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('9'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('A'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('F'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('G'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('a'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('f'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('g'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isOctalDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '7');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isOctalDigit('0'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('1'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('2'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('3'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('4'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('5'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('6'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('7'));
+    assert(!isOctalDigit('8'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPunctuation(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x21) && (c <= 0x2f))
+        || ((c >= 0x3a) && (c <= 0x40))
+        || ((c >= 0x5b) && (c <= 0x60))
+        || ((c >= 0x7b) && (c <= 0x7e));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPunctuation('!'));
+    assert(isPunctuation(':'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('\\'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('|'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation('0'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to uppercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not a lowercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The lowercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toUpper(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isLower(c) ? (cast(C) (c - 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toUpper('a') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('A') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('!') == '!');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to lowercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not an uppercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The uppercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toLower(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) ? (cast(C) (c + 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toLower('A') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('a') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('!') == '!');
+}

source/tanya/encoding/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding;
+
+public import tanya.encoding.ascii;

source/tanya/exception.d

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Common exceptions and errors.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/exception.d,
+ *                 tanya/exception.d)
+ */
+module tanya.exception;
+
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Error thrown if memory allocation fails.
+ */
+final class OutOfMemoryError : Error
+{
+    /**
+     * Constructs new error.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg = "Out of memory",
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this(string msg,
+         Throwable next,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError) in a static storage and throws it.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  msg = Custom error message.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError).
+ */
+void onOutOfMemoryError(string msg = "Out of memory")
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+{
+    static ubyte[stateSize!OutOfMemoryError] memory;
+    alias PureType = OutOfMemoryError function(string) @nogc nothrow pure;
+    throw (cast(PureType) () => emplace!OutOfMemoryError(memory))(msg);
+}

source/tanya/format/conv.d

@@ -8,12 +8,22 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: Jeff Roberts, $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/conv.d)
  */
 module tanya.format.conv;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
 
 /**
  * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
@@ -46,6 +56,7 @@ final class ConvException : Exception
  *
  * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
 template to(To)
 {
     /**
@@ -59,28 +70,14 @@ template to(To)
         return from;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     To to(From)(From from)
-    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To)
+    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
     {
         return from;
     }
 }
 
-///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    auto val = 5.to!int();
-    assert(val == 5);
-    static assert(is(typeof(val) == int));
-}
-
-private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    int val = 5;
-    assert(val.to!int() == 5);
-}
-
 /**
  * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
  * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
@@ -95,6 +92,7 @@ private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
  * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
  *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isIntegral!From
  && isIntegral!To
@@ -143,149 +141,26 @@ if (isIntegral!From
     }
 }
 
-private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
-{
-    // ubyte -> ushort
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!ushort == 0);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!ushort == 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ushort == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!ushort == ubyte.max);
-
-    // ubyte -> short
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!short == 0);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!short == 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!short == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!short == ubyte.max);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    // ubyte <- ushort
-    assert((cast(ushort) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
-    assert((cast(ushort) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
-    assert((cast(ushort) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(ushort) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
-
-    // ubyte <- short
-    assert((cast(short) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
-    assert((cast(short) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
-    assert((cast(short) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(short) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
-
-    // short <-> int
-    assert(short.min.to!int == short.min);
-    assert((short.min + 1).to!int == short.min + 1);
-    assert((cast(short) -1).to!int == -1);
-    assert((cast(short) 0).to!int == 0);
-    assert((cast(short) 1).to!int == 1);
-    assert((short.max - 1).to!int == short.max - 1);
-    assert(short.max.to!int == short.max);
-
-    assert((cast(int) short.min).to!short == short.min);
-    assert((cast(int) short.min + 1).to!short == short.min + 1);
-    assert((cast(int) -1).to!short == -1);
-    assert((cast(int) 0).to!short == 0);
-    assert((cast(int) 1).to!short == 1);
-    assert((cast(int) short.max - 1).to!short == short.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(int) short.max).to!short == short.max);
-
-    // uint <-> int
-    assert((cast(uint) 0).to!int == 0);
-    assert((cast(uint) 1).to!int == 1);
-    assert((cast(uint) (int.max - 1)).to!int == int.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(uint) int.max).to!int == int.max);
-
-    assert((cast(int) 0).to!uint == 0);
-    assert((cast(int) 1).to!uint == 1);
-    assert((cast(int) (int.max - 1)).to!uint == int.max - 1);
-    assert((cast(int) int.max).to!uint == int.max);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(int.min.to!short == int.min);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(int.max.to!short == int.max);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(uint.max.to!ushort == ushort.max);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert((-1).to!uint == -1);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    enum Test : int
-    {
-        one,
-        two,
-    }
-    assert(Test.one.to!int == 0);
-    assert(Test.two.to!int == 1);
-}
-
 /**
- * Converts a number to a boolean.
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
  *
  * Params:
  *  From = Source type.
  *  To   = Target type.
  *  from = Source value.
  *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_INLINECODE from > 0 && from <= 1),
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
- *          otherwise $(D_KEYWORD false).
  *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is greater than `1` or
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
- *         less than `0`.
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
 {
@@ -306,84 +181,52 @@ if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
                              "Positive number overflow");
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+/// ditto
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
 {
-    assert(0.0.to!bool == false);
+    if (from == "true")
-    assert(0.2.to!bool == true);
-    assert(0.5.to!bool == true);
-    assert(1.0.to!bool == true);
-
-    assert(0.to!bool == false);
-    assert(1.to!bool == true);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
     {
-        assert((-1).to!bool == true);
+        return true;
     }
-    catch (ConvException e)
+    else if (from == "false")
     {
-        exception = e;
+        return false;
     }
-    assert(exception !is null);
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(2.to!bool == true);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
 }
 
 /**
- * Converts a boolean to a number. $(D_KEYWORD true) is `1`, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
- * is `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
  *
  * Params:
  *  From = Source type.
  *  To   = Target type.
  *  from = Source value.
  *
- * Returns: `1` if $(D_PARAM from) is $(D_KEYWORD true), otherwise `0`.
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
  */
-To to(To, From)(From from)
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
 if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
 {
     return from;
 }
 
-///
+/// ditto
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && is(Unqual!To == String))
 {
-    assert(true.to!float == 1.0);
+    return String(from ? "true" : "false");
-    assert(true.to!double == 1.0);
-    assert(true.to!ubyte == 1);
-    assert(true.to!byte == 1);
-    assert(true.to!ushort == 1);
-    assert(true.to!short == 1);
-    assert(true.to!uint == 1);
-    assert(true.to!int == 1);
-
-    assert(false.to!float == 0);
-    assert(false.to!double == 0);
-    assert(false.to!ubyte == 0);
-    assert(false.to!byte == 0);
-    assert(false.to!ushort == 0);
-    assert(false.to!short == 0);
-    assert(false.to!uint == 0);
-    assert(false.to!int == 0);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -400,6 +243,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
  * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
  *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isFloatingPoint!From
  && isIntegral!To
@@ -419,60 +263,6 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!From
     return cast(To) from;
 }
 
-///
-@nogc unittest
-{
-    assert(1.5.to!int == 1);
-    assert(2147483646.5.to!int == 2147483646);
-    assert((-2147483647.5).to!int == -2147483647);
-    assert(2147483646.5.to!uint == 2147483646);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(2147483647.5.to!int == 2147483647);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert((-2147483648.5).to!int == -2147483648);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert((-21474.5).to!uint == -21474);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
 /**
  * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
  * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
@@ -486,8 +276,8 @@ private @nogc unittest
  *
  * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
  *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
-
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.conv.to instead")
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
 {
@@ -501,37 +291,3 @@ if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
     throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
                              "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
 }
-
-///
-@nogc unittest
-{
-    enum Test : int
-    {
-        one,
-        two,
-    }
-    static assert(is(typeof(1.to!Test) == Test));
-    assert(0.to!Test == Test.one);
-    assert(1.to!Test == Test.two);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    enum Test : uint
-    {
-        one,
-        two,
-    }
-
-    ConvException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        assert(5.to!Test == Test.one);
-    }
-    catch (ConvException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}

source/tanya/format/package.d

@@ -9,7 +9,883 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.format;
 
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 public import tanya.format.conv;
+import tanya.math;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+// Integer and floating point to string conversion is based on stb_sprintf
+// written by Jeff Roberts.
+
+// Returns the last part of buffer with converted number.
+package(tanya) char[] integral2String(T)(T number, return ref char[21] buffer)
+@trusted
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    // abs the integer.
+    ulong n64 = number < 0 ? -cast(long) number : number;
+
+    char* start = buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Do in 32-bit chunks (avoid lots of 64-bit divides even with constant
+        // denominators).
+        char* o = start - 8;
+        uint n;
+        if (n64 >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = n64 % 100000000;
+            n64 /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) n64;
+            n64 = 0;
+        }
+
+        while (n)
+        {
+            *--start = cast(char) (n % 10) + '0';
+            n /= 10;
+        }
+        // Ignore the leading zero if it was the last part of the integer.
+        if (n64 == 0)
+        {
+            if ((start[0] == '0')
+             && (start != (buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof -1)))
+            {
+                ++start;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        // Copy leading zeros if it wasn't the most significant part of the
+        // integer.
+        while (start != o)
+        {
+            *--start = '0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the length that we have copied.
+    uint l = cast(uint) ((buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1) - start);
+    if (l == 0)
+    {
+        *--start = '0';
+        l = 1;
+    }
+    else if (number < 0) // Set the sign.
+    {
+        *--start = '-';
+        ++l;
+    }
+
+    return buffer[$ - l - 1 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+// Converting an integer to string.
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    char[21] buf;
+
+    assert(integral2String(80, buf) == "80");
+    assert(integral2String(-80, buf) == "-80");
+    assert(integral2String(0, buf) == "0");
+    assert(integral2String(uint.max, buf) == "4294967295");
+    assert(integral2String(int.min, buf) == "-2147483648");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Double-double high-precision floating point number.
+ *
+ * The first element is a base value corresponding to the nearest approximation
+ * of the target $(D_PSYMBOL HP) value, and the second element is an offset
+ * value corresponding to the difference between the target value and the base.
+ * Thus, the $(D_PSYMBOL HP) value represented is the sum of the base and the
+ * offset.
+ */
+private struct HP
+{
+    private double base;
+    private double offset = 0.0;
+
+    private void normalize() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        const double target = this.base + this.offset;
+        this.offset -= target - this.base;
+        this.base = target;
+    }
+
+    private void multiply(ref const HP x, ref const HP y)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        HP a, b;
+        long bt;
+
+        this.base = x.base * y.base;
+        copyFp(x.base, bt);
+        bt &= ulong.max << 27;
+        copyFp(bt, a.base);
+
+        a.offset = x.base - a.base;
+        copyFp(y.base, bt);
+        bt &= ulong.max << 27;
+        copyFp(bt, b.base);
+
+        b.offset = y.base - b.base;
+        this.offset = a.base * b.base - this.base
+                    + a.base * b.offset
+                    + a.offset * b.base
+                    + a.offset * b.offset;
+        this.offset += x.base * y.offset + x.offset * y.base;
+    }
+}
+
+private enum special = 0x7000;
+private enum char period = '.';
+
+private static const ulong[20] powersOf10 = [
+    1,
+    10,
+    100,
+    1000,
+    10000,
+    100000,
+    1000000,
+    10000000,
+    100000000,
+    1000000000,
+    10000000000UL,
+    100000000000UL,
+    1000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000UL,
+    100000000000000UL,
+    1000000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000000UL,
+    100000000000000000UL,
+    1000000000000000000UL,
+    10000000000000000000UL,
+];
+
+private static const char[201] digitPairs =
+    "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353"
+  ~ "6373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172"
+  ~ "737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+
+private static const HP[23] bottom = [
+    HP(1e+000), HP(1e+001), HP(1e+002), HP(1e+003), HP(1e+004), HP(1e+005),
+    HP(1e+006), HP(1e+007), HP(1e+008), HP(1e+009), HP(1e+010), HP(1e+011),
+    HP(1e+012), HP(1e+013), HP(1e+014), HP(1e+015), HP(1e+016), HP(1e+017),
+    HP(1e+018), HP(1e+019), HP(1e+020), HP(1e+021), HP(1e+022),
+];
+
+private static const HP[22] negativeBottom = [
+    HP(1e-001, -5.551115123125783e-018),
+    HP(1e-002, -2.0816681711721684e-019),
+    HP(1e-003, -2.0816681711721686e-020),
+    HP(1e-004, -4.7921736023859299e-021),
+    HP(1e-005, -8.1803053914031305e-022),
+    HP(1e-006, 4.5251888174113741e-023),
+    HP(1e-007, 4.5251888174113739e-024),
+    HP(1e-008, -2.0922560830128471e-025),
+    HP(1e-009, -6.2281591457779853e-026),
+    HP(1e-010, -3.6432197315497743e-027),
+    HP(1e-011, 6.0503030718060191e-028),
+    HP(1e-012, 2.0113352370744385e-029),
+    HP(1e-013, -3.0373745563400371e-030),
+    HP(1e-014, 1.1806906454401013e-032),
+    HP(1e-015, -7.7705399876661076e-032),
+    HP(1e-016, 2.0902213275965398e-033),
+    HP(1e-017, -7.1542424054621921e-034),
+    HP(1e-018, -7.1542424054621926e-035),
+    HP(1e-019, 2.4754073164739869e-036),
+    HP(1e-020, 5.4846728545790429e-037),
+    HP(1e-021, 9.2462547772103625e-038),
+    HP(1e-022, -4.8596774326570872e-039),
+];
+
+private static const HP[13] top = [
+    HP(1e+023, 8388608),
+    HP(1e+046, 6.8601809640529717e+028),
+    HP(1e+069, -7.253143638152921e+052),
+    HP(1e+092, -4.3377296974619174e+075),
+    HP(1e+115, -1.5559416129466825e+098),
+    HP(1e+138, -3.2841562489204913e+121),
+    HP(1e+161, -3.7745893248228135e+144),
+    HP(1e+184, -1.7356668416969134e+167),
+    HP(1e+207, -3.8893577551088374e+190),
+    HP(1e+230, -9.9566444326005119e+213),
+    HP(1e+253, 6.3641293062232429e+236),
+    HP(1e+276, -5.2069140800249813e+259),
+    HP(1e+299, -5.2504760255204387e+282),
+];
+
+private static const HP[13] negativeTop = [
+    HP(1e-023, 3.9565301985100693e-040L),
+    HP(1e-046, -2.299904345391321e-063L),
+    HP(1e-069, 3.6506201437945798e-086L),
+    HP(1e-092, 1.1875228833981544e-109L),
+    HP(1e-115, -5.0644902316928607e-132L),
+    HP(1e-138, -6.7156837247865426e-155L),
+    HP(1e-161, -2.812077463003139e-178L),
+    HP(1e-184, -5.7778912386589953e-201L),
+    HP(1e-207, 7.4997100559334532e-224L),
+    HP(1e-230, -4.6439668915134491e-247L),
+    HP(1e-253, -6.3691100762962136e-270L),
+    HP(1e-276, -9.436808465446358e-293L),
+    HP(1e-299, 8.0970921678014997e-317L),
+];
+
+private enum ulong tenTo19th = 1000000000000000000UL;
+
+// Power can be -323 to +350.
+private HP raise2Power10(const HP value, int power)
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe
+{
+    HP result;
+    if ((power >= 0) && (power <= 22))
+    {
+        result.multiply(value, bottom[power]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        HP p2;
+        int e = power;
+
+        if (power < 0)
+        {
+            e = -e;
+        }
+        int et = (e * 0x2c9) >> 14; // % 23
+        if (et > 13)
+        {
+            et = 13;
+        }
+        int eb = e - (et * 23);
+
+        result = value;
+        if (power < 0)
+        {
+            if (eb != 0)
+            {
+                --eb;
+                result.multiply(value, negativeBottom[eb]);
+            }
+            if (et)
+            {
+                result.normalize();
+                --et;
+                p2.multiply(result, negativeTop[et]);
+                result = p2;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (eb != 0)
+            {
+                e = eb;
+                if (eb > 22)
+                {
+                    eb = 22;
+                }
+                e -= eb;
+                result.multiply(value, bottom[eb]);
+                if (e)
+                {
+                    result.normalize();
+                    p2.multiply(result, bottom[e]);
+                    result = p2;
+                }
+            }
+            if (et != 0)
+            {
+                result.normalize();
+                --et;
+                p2.multiply(result, top[et]);
+                result = p2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    result.normalize();
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given a float value, returns the significant bits in bits, and the position
+ * of the decimal point in $(D_PARAM exponent). +/-Inf and NaN are specified
+ * by special values returned in the $(D_PARAM exponent). Sing bit is set in
+ * $(D_PARAM sign).
+ */
+private const(char)[] real2String(double value,
+                                  ref char[512] buffer,
+                                  out int exponent,
+                                  out bool sign) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+{
+    long bits;
+    copyFp(value, bits);
+
+    exponent = (bits >> 52) & 0x7ff;
+    sign = signBit(value);
+    if (sign)
+    {
+        value = -value;
+    }
+
+    if (exponent == 2047) // Is NaN or Inf?
+    {
+        exponent = special;
+        return (bits & ((1UL << 52) - 1)) != 0 ? "NaN" : "Inf";
+    }
+
+    if (exponent == 0) // Is zero or denormal?
+    {
+        if ((bits << 1) == 0) // Zero.
+        {
+            exponent = 1;
+            buffer[0] = '0';
+            return buffer[0 .. 1];
+        }
+
+        // Find the right exponent for denormals.
+        for (long cursor = 1UL << 51; (bits & cursor) == 0; cursor >>= 1)
+        {
+            --exponent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // "617 / 2048" and "1233 / 4096" are estimations for the common logarithm
+    // (log10) of 2. Multiplied by a binary number it tells how big the number
+    // is in decimals, so it translates the binary exponent into decimal
+    // format. The estimation is tweaked to hit or undershoot by no more than
+    // 1 of log10 of all exponents 1..2046.
+    int tens = exponent - 1023; // Bias.
+    if (tens < 0)
+    {
+        tens = tens * 617 / 2048;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        tens = tens * 1233 / 4096 + 1;
+    }
+
+    // Move the significant bits into position and stick them into an int.
+    HP p = raise2Power10(HP(value), 18 - tens);
+
+    // Get full as much precision from double-double as possible.
+    bits = cast(long) p.base;
+    double vh = cast(double) bits;
+    auto a = HP(p.base - vh);
+    double t = a.base - p.base;
+    a.offset = p.base - a.base + t - vh - t;
+    bits += cast(long) (a.base + a.offset + p.offset);
+
+    // Check if we undershot (bits >= 10 ^ 19).
+    if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= 1000000000000000000UL)
+    {
+        ++tens;
+    }
+
+    // Now do the rounding in integer land.
+    enum uint fracDigits = 6;
+
+    uint dg = 1;
+    if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[9])
+    {
+        dg = 10;
+    }
+    uint length;
+    while ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[dg])
+    {
+        ++dg;
+        if (dg == 20)
+        {
+            goto NoRound;
+        }
+    }
+    if (fracDigits < dg)
+    {
+        // Add 0.5 at the right position and round.
+        length = dg - fracDigits;
+        if (length >= 24)
+        {
+            goto NoRound;
+        }
+        ulong r = powersOf10[length];
+        bits = bits + (r / 2);
+        if ((cast(ulong) bits) >= powersOf10[dg])
+        {
+            ++tens;
+        }
+        bits /= r;
+    }
+NoRound:
+
+    // Kill long trailing runs of zeros.
+    if (bits)
+    {
+        while (bits > 0xffffffff)
+        {
+            if (bits % 1000)
+            {
+                goto Zeroed;
+            }
+            bits /= 1000;
+        }
+        auto n = cast(uint) bits;
+        while ((n % 1000) == 0)
+        {
+            n /= 1000;
+        }
+        bits = n;
+    }
+Zeroed:
+
+    // Convert to string.
+    auto result = buffer.ptr + 64;
+    length = 0;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        uint n;
+        char* o = result - 8;
+        // Do the conversion in chunks of U32s (avoid most 64-bit divides,
+        // worth it, constant denomiators be damned).
+        if (bits >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) (bits % 100000000);
+            bits /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) bits;
+            bits = 0;
+        }
+        while (n)
+        {
+            result -= 2;
+            *cast(ushort*) result = *cast(ushort*) &digitPairs[(n % 100) * 2];
+            n /= 100;
+            length += 2;
+        }
+        if (bits == 0)
+        {
+            if ((length != 0) && (result[0] == '0'))
+            {
+                ++result;
+                --length;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        for (; result !is o; ++length, --result)
+        {
+            *result = '0';
+        }
+    }
+    exponent = tens;
+    return result[0 .. length];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copies double into long and back bitwise.
+ */
+private void copyFp(T, U)(ref const U src, ref T dest) @trusted
+if (T.sizeof == U.sizeof)
+{
+    copy((&src)[0 .. 1], (&dest)[0 .. 1]);
+}
+
+package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+{
+    String result;
+
+    static if (is(Unqual!(Args[0]) == typeof(null)))
+    {
+        result.insertBack("null");
+    }
+    else static if(is(Unqual!(Args[0]) == bool))
+    {
+        result.insertBack(args[0] ? "true" : "false");
+    }
+    else static if (isSomeString!(Args[0])) // String
+    {
+        if (args[0] is null)
+        {
+            result.insertBack("null");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result.insertBack(args[0]);
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (isSomeChar!(Args[0])) // Char
+    {
+        result.insertBack(args[0]);
+    }
+    else static if (isFloatingPoint!(Args[0])) // Float
+    {
+        char[512] buffer; // Big enough for e+308 or e-307.
+        char[8] tail = 0;
+        char[] bufferSlice = buffer[64 .. $];
+        uint precision = 6;
+        bool negative;
+        int decimalPoint;
+
+        // Read the double into a string.
+        auto realString = real2String(args[0], buffer, decimalPoint, negative);
+        auto length = cast(uint) realString.length;
+
+        // Clamp the precision and delete extra zeros after clamp.
+        uint n = precision;
+        if (length > precision)
+        {
+            length = precision;
+        }
+        while ((length > 1)
+            && (precision != 0)
+            && (realString[length - 1] == '0'))
+        {
+            --precision;
+            --length;
+        }
+
+        if (negative)
+        {
+            result.insertBack('-');
+        }
+        if (decimalPoint == special)
+        {
+            result.insertBack(realString);
+            goto ParamEnd;
+        }
+
+        // Should we use sceintific notation?
+        if ((decimalPoint <= -4) || (decimalPoint > cast(int) n))
+        {
+            if (precision > length)
+            {
+                precision = length - 1;
+            }
+            else if (precision > 0)
+            {
+               // When using scientific notation, there is one digit before the
+               // decimal.
+               --precision;
+            }
+
+            // Handle leading chars.
+            bufferSlice.front = realString[0];
+            bufferSlice.popFront();
+
+            if (precision != 0)
+            {
+                bufferSlice.front = period;
+                bufferSlice.popFront();
+            }
+
+            // Handle after decimal.
+            if ((length - 1) > precision)
+            {
+                length = precision + 1;
+            }
+            realString[1 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - 1);
+
+            // Dump the exponent.
+            tail[1] = 'e';
+            --decimalPoint;
+            if (decimalPoint < 0)
+            {
+                tail[2] = '-';
+                decimalPoint = -decimalPoint;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tail[2] = '+';
+            }
+
+            n = decimalPoint >= 100 ? 5 : 4;
+
+            tail[0] = cast(char) n;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                tail[n] = '0' + decimalPoint % 10;
+                if (n <= 3)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                --n;
+                decimalPoint /= 10;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (decimalPoint > 0)
+            {
+                precision = decimalPoint < (cast(int) length)
+                          ? length - decimalPoint
+                          : 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                precision = -decimalPoint
+                          + (precision > length ? length : precision);
+            }
+
+            // Handle the three decimal varieties.
+            if (decimalPoint <= 0)
+            {
+                // Handle 0.000*000xxxx.
+                bufferSlice.front = '0';
+                bufferSlice.popFront();
+
+                if (precision != 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+                n = -decimalPoint;
+                if (n > precision)
+                {
+                    n = precision;
+                }
+
+                fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
+
+                if ((length + n) > precision)
+                {
+                    length = precision - n;
+                }
+
+                realString[0 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length);
+            }
+            else if (cast(uint) decimalPoint >= length)
+            {
+                // Handle xxxx000*000.0.
+                n = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = realString[n];
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                    ++n;
+                }
+                while (n < length);
+                if (n < cast(uint) decimalPoint)
+                {
+                    n = decimalPoint - n;
+
+                    fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                    bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
+                }
+                if (precision != 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Handle xxxxx.xxxx000*000.
+                n = 0;
+                do
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = realString[n];
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                    ++n;
+                }
+                while (n < cast(uint) decimalPoint);
+
+                if (precision > 0)
+                {
+                    bufferSlice.front = period;
+                    bufferSlice.popFront();
+                }
+                if ((length - decimalPoint) > precision)
+                {
+                    length = precision + decimalPoint;
+                }
+
+                realString[n .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+                bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - n);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get the length that we've copied.
+        length = cast(uint) (buffer.length - bufferSlice.length);
+
+        result.insertBack(buffer[64 .. length]); // Number.
+        result.insertBack(tail[1 .. tail[0] + 1]); // Tail.
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Args[0])) // Pointer
+    {
+        char[size_t.sizeof * 2] buffer;
+        size_t position = buffer.length;
+        auto address = cast(size_t) args[0];
+
+        do // Write at least "0" if the pointer is null.
+        {
+            buffer[--position] = lowerHexDigits[cast(size_t) (address & 15)];
+            address >>= 4;
+        }
+        while (address != 0);
+
+        result.insertBack("0x");
+        result.insertBack(buffer[position .. $]);
+    }
+    else static if (isIntegral!(Args[0])) // Integer
+    {
+        char[21] buffer;
+        result.insertBack(integral2String(args[0], buffer));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false);
+    }
+ParamEnd:
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// One argument tests.
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // Modifiers.
+    assert(format!"{}"(8.5) == "8.5");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8.6) == "8.6");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1000) == "1000");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1) == "1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10.25) == "10.25");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1) == "1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.01) == "0.01");
+
+    // String printing.
+    assert(format!"{}"("Some weired string") == "Some weired string");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(string) null) == "null");
+    assert(format!"{}"('c') == "c");
+
+    // Integer.
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-8) == "-8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-8L) == "-8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(8) == "8");
+    assert(format!"{}"(100000001) == "100000001");
+    assert(format!"{}"(99999999L) == "99999999");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10) == "10");
+    assert(format!"{}"(10L) == "10");
+
+    // Floating point.
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.1234) == "0.1234");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.3) == "0.3");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.333333333333) == "0.333333");
+    assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-0.3) == "-0.3");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.000000000000000006) == "6e-18");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.0) == "0");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.init) == "NaN");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-double.init) == "-NaN");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.infinity) == "Inf");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-double.infinity) == "-Inf");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.000000000000000000000000003) == "3e-27");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.23432e304) == "2.3432e+303");
+    assert(format!"{}"(-0.23432e8) == "-2.3432e+07");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e-307) == "1e-307");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e+8) == "1e+08");
+    assert(format!"{}"(111234.1) == "111234");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0.999) == "0.999");
+    assert(format!"{}"(0x1p-16382L) == "0");
+    assert(format!"{}"(1e+3) == "1000");
+    assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+
+    // typeof(null).
+    assert(format!"{}"(null) == "null");
+
+    // Boolean.
+    assert(format!"{}"(true) == "true");
+    assert(format!"{}"(false) == "false");
+}
+
+// Unsafe tests with pointers.
+@nogc pure @system unittest
+{
+    // Pointer convesions
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) 1) == "0x1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) 20) == "0x14");
+    assert(format!"{}"(cast(void*) null) == "0x0");
+}
+
+private struct FormatSpec
+{
+}
+
+// Returns the position of `tag` in `fmt`. If `tag` can't be found, returns the
+// length of  `fmt`.
+private size_t specPosition(string fmt, char tag)()
+{
+    foreach (i, c; fmt)
+    {
+        if (c == tag)
+        {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return fmt.length;
+}
+
+private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
+{
+    static if (fmt.length == 0)
+    {
+        alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else static if (fmt[0] == '{')
+    {
+        static if (fmt.length > 1 && fmt[1] == '{')
+        {
+            enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[2 .. $], '{') + 2;
+            alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[1 .. pos],
+                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[1 .. $], '}') + 1;
+            static if (pos < fmt.length)
+            {
+                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(),
+                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[pos + 1 .. $], pos + 1));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                static assert(false, "Enclosing '}' is missing");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt, '{');
+        alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[0 .. pos],
+                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"".length == 0);
+
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"asdf".length == 1);
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"asdf"[0] == "asdf");
+
+    static assert(ParseFmt!"{}".length == 1);
+}

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -9,15 +9,21 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/mp.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/mp.d)
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
-import std.algorithm;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.ascii;
+import std.algorithm.mutation : copy, fill, reverse;
 import std.range;
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.memory;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 /**
  * Algebraic sign.
@@ -66,24 +72,23 @@ struct Integer
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
     this(T)(const T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (isIntegral!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T)
     {
         this(allocator);
         this = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(T)(ref T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+    if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this(allocator);
         this = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(T)(T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-    nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (is(T == Integer))
-        if (is(T == Integer))
     {
         this(allocator);
         if (allocator is value.allocator)
@@ -101,8 +106,8 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -126,8 +131,8 @@ struct Integer
     this(R)(const Sign sign,
             R value,
             shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
+    if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
-         && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
     {
         this(allocator);
         grow(value.length / (digitBitCount / 8) + 1);
@@ -153,7 +158,8 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         ubyte[8] range = [ 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xdd, 0xee ];
         auto integer = Integer(Sign.positive, range[]);
@@ -170,10 +176,9 @@ struct Integer
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(R)(R value,
+    this(R)(R value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
-        if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
-         && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
     {
         this(Sign.positive, value, allocator);
 
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         {
             ubyte[8] range = [ 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xdd, 0xee ];
@@ -202,17 +207,17 @@ struct Integer
     /**
      * Copies the integer.
      */
-    this(this) nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         auto tmp = allocator.resize!digit(null, this.size);
-        this.rep[0 .. this.size].copy(tmp);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy(this.rep[0 .. this.size], tmp);
         this.rep = tmp;
     }
 
     /**
      * Destroys the integer.
      */
-    ~this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         allocator.resize(this.rep, 0);
     }
@@ -222,7 +227,7 @@ struct Integer
     ];
 
     // Counts the number of LSBs before the first non-zero bit.
-    private ptrdiff_t countLSBs() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private ptrdiff_t countLSBs() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (this.size == 0)
         {
@@ -254,7 +259,7 @@ struct Integer
     /**
      * Returns: Number of bytes in the two's complement representation.
      */
-    @property size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (this.sign)
         {
@@ -277,6 +282,19 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        {
+            Integer i;
+            assert(i.length == 0);
+        }
+        {
+            auto i = Integer(-123456789);
+            assert(i.length == 4);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Assigns a new value.
      *
@@ -287,7 +305,7 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref Integer opAssign(T)(const T value)
-        if (isIntegral!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T)
     {
         rep[0 .. this.size].fill(digit.init);
         grow(digitBitCount / 8 + 1);
@@ -320,21 +338,22 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    ref Integer opAssign(T)(ref T value) @trusted
+    ref Integer opAssign(T)(ref T value)
-        if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+    if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this.rep = allocator.resize(this.rep, value.size);
-        value.rep[0 .. value.size].copy(this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy(value.rep[0 .. value.size],
+                             this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
         this.size = value.size;
         this.sign = value.sign;
 
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    ref Integer opAssign(T)(T value) nothrow @safe @nogc
+    ref Integer opAssign(T)(T value)
-        if (is(T == Integer))
+    if (is(T == Integer))
     {
         swap(this.rep, value.rep);
         swap(this.sign, value.sign);
@@ -356,9 +375,9 @@ struct Integer
         return this.size > 0;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     T opCast(T)() const
-        if (isIntegral!T && isUnsigned!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T && isUnsigned!T)
     {
         T ret;
         ubyte shift;
@@ -370,15 +389,15 @@ struct Integer
         return ret;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     T opCast(T)() const
-        if (isIntegral!T && isSigned!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T && isSigned!T)
     {
         return this.sign ? -(cast(Unsigned!T) this) : cast(Unsigned!T) this;
     }
 
     ///
-    @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer = Integer(79);
         assert(cast(ushort) integer == 79);
@@ -402,14 +421,14 @@ struct Integer
         assert(cast(long) integer == 0);
     }
 
-    /* trim unused digits 
+    /* Trim unused digits.
      *
      * This is used to ensure that leading zero digits are
      * trimed and the leading "size" digit will be non-zero
      * Typically very fast.  Also fixes the sign if there
      * are no more leading digits
      */
-    void contract() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    void contract() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         /* decrease size while the most significant digit is
          * zero.
@@ -426,7 +445,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    private void grow(const size_t size) nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    private void grow(const size_t size) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (this.rep.length >= size)
         {
@@ -437,7 +456,7 @@ struct Integer
         this.rep[oldLength .. $].fill(digit.init);
     }
 
-    private size_t countBits() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private size_t countBits() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (this.size == 0)
         {
@@ -455,7 +474,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     private void add(ref const Integer summand, ref Integer sum)
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         const(digit)[] max, min;
 
@@ -506,7 +525,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     private void add(const digit summand, ref Integer sum)
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         sum.grow(this.size + 2);
 
@@ -532,7 +551,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     private void subtract(ref const Integer subtrahend, ref Integer difference)
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         difference.grow(this.size);
 
@@ -568,7 +587,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     private void subtract(const digit subtrahend, ref Integer difference)
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         difference.grow(this.size);
 
@@ -597,7 +616,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     // Compare the magnitude.
-    private int compare(ref const Integer that) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private int compare(ref const Integer that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (this.size > that.size)
         {
@@ -646,7 +665,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer1 = Integer(1019);
         auto integer2 = Integer(1019);
@@ -662,9 +681,9 @@ struct Integer
         assert(integer1 > integer2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opCmp(I)(const I that) const
-        if (isIntegral!I)
+    if (isIntegral!I)
     {
         if (that < 0 && !this.sign)
         {
@@ -692,7 +711,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer = Integer(1019);
 
@@ -710,13 +729,13 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: Whether the two integers are equal.
      */
     bool opEquals(I)(auto ref const I that) const
-        if (is(I : Integer) || isIntegral!I)
+    if (is(I : Integer) || isIntegral!I)
     {
         return opCmp!I(that) == 0;
     }
 
     ///
-    @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer = Integer(1019);
 
@@ -752,7 +771,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         {
             auto h1 = Integer(1019);
@@ -774,7 +793,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "-")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     {
         if (this.sign != operand.sign)
@@ -794,7 +813,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         {
             auto h1 = Integer(3);
@@ -822,7 +841,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "*")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     {
         const digits = this.size + operand.size + 1;
@@ -838,7 +857,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto h1 = Integer(123);
         auto h2 = Integer(456);
@@ -846,7 +865,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h1 == 56088);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "/")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     in
     {
@@ -858,7 +877,7 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-     /// Ditto.
+     /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "%")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     in
     {
@@ -870,7 +889,7 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto h1 = Integer(18);
         auto h2 = Integer(4);
@@ -891,7 +910,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h1 == 123);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : ">>")(const size_t operand)
     {
         if (operand == 0)
@@ -922,7 +941,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer = Integer(4294967294);
         integer >>= 10;
@@ -953,7 +972,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(integer == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "<<")(const size_t operand)
     {
         const step = operand / digitBitCount;
@@ -990,7 +1009,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto integer = Integer(4294967295);
         integer <<= 1;
@@ -1008,11 +1027,14 @@ struct Integer
     Integer opUnary(string op : "~")() const
     {
         auto ret = Integer(this, allocator);
-        ret.rep[0 .. ret.size].each!((ref a) => a = ~a & mask);
+        foreach (ref a; ret.rep[0 .. ret.size])
+        {
+            a = ~a & mask;
+        }
         return ret;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opUnary(string op : "-")() const
     {
         auto ret = Integer(this, allocator);
@@ -1034,7 +1056,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     //
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto h1 = Integer(79);
         Integer h2;
@@ -1053,7 +1075,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h2 == ~cast(ubyte) 79);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opUnary(string op : "++")()
     {
         if (this.sign)
@@ -1067,7 +1089,7 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opUnary(string op : "--")()
     {
         if (this.size == 0)
@@ -1087,7 +1109,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Integer integer;
 
@@ -1132,14 +1154,14 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: Result.
      */
     Integer opBinary(string op)(auto ref const Integer operand) const
-        if ((op == "+" || op == "-") || (op == "*"))
+    if ((op == "+" || op == "-") || (op == "*"))
     {
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opBinary(string op)(const auto ref Integer operand) const
-        if (op == "/" || op == "%")
+    if (op == "/" || op == "%")
     in
     {
         assert(operand.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -1149,15 +1171,15 @@ struct Integer
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opBinary(string op)(const size_t operand) const
-        if (op == "<<" || op == ">>")
+    if (op == "<<" || op == ">>")
     {
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
 
     // Shift right a certain amount of digits.
-    private void shiftRight(const size_t operand) nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private void shiftRight(const size_t operand) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (operand == 0)
         {
@@ -1176,7 +1198,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     // Shift left a certain amount of digits.
-    private void shiftLeft(const size_t operand) nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private void shiftLeft(const size_t operand) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         if (operand == 0)
         {
@@ -1198,7 +1220,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     private void multiply(const digit factor, ref Integer product)
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         product.grow(this.size + 1);
         product.sign = this.sign;
@@ -1224,7 +1246,7 @@ struct Integer
 
     private void multiply(ref const Integer factor,
                           ref Integer product,
-                          const size_t digits) const nothrow @safe @nogc
+                          const size_t digits) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         Integer intermediate;
         intermediate.grow(digits);
@@ -1255,11 +1277,10 @@ struct Integer
 
     private void divide(Q, ARGS...)(ref const Integer divisor,
                                     auto ref Q quotient,
-                                    ref ARGS args)
+                                    ref ARGS args) const
-    const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if ((is(Q : typeof(null))
-        if ((is(Q : typeof(null))
+     || (is(Q : Integer) && __traits(isRef, quotient)))
-         || (is(Q : Integer) && __traits(isRef, quotient)))
+     && (ARGS.length == 0 || (ARGS.length == 1 && is(ARGS[0] : Integer))))
-         && (ARGS.length == 0 || (ARGS.length == 1 && is(ARGS[0] : Integer))))
     in
     {
         assert(divisor != 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -1389,7 +1410,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    private Integer square() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private Integer square() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         Integer result;
         const resultSize = 2 * this.size + 1;
@@ -1429,7 +1450,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     // Returns 2^^n.
-    private Integer exp2(size_t n) const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private Integer exp2(size_t n) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         auto ret = Integer(allocator);
         const bytes = n / digitBitCount;
@@ -1444,7 +1465,7 @@ struct Integer
     /**
      * Returns: Two's complement representation of the integer.
      */
-    Array!ubyte toArray() const nothrow @safe @nogc
+    Array!ubyte toArray() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     out (array)
     {
         assert(array.length == length);
@@ -1497,7 +1518,7 @@ struct Integer
     }
 
     ///
-    nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         {
             auto integer = Integer(0x66778899aabbddee);
@@ -1506,6 +1527,14 @@ struct Integer
             auto array = integer.toArray();
             assert(equal(array[], expected[]));
         }
+    }
+
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        {
+            Integer integer;
+            assert(integer.toArray().length == 0);
+        }
         {
             auto integer = Integer(0x03);
             ubyte[1] expected = [ 0x03 ];

source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Number theory.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/nbtheory.d)
+ */
+module tanya.math.nbtheory;
+
+import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+}
+else
+{
+    import core.math : fabs;
+    import std.math : log;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the absolute value of a number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Value type.
+ *  x = Value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Absolute value of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+I abs(I)(I x)
+if (isIntegral!I)
+{
+    static if (isSigned!I)
+    {
+        return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    int i = -1;
+    assert(i.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i.abs) == int));
+
+    uint u = 1;
+    assert(u.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(u.abs) == uint));
+}
+
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    /// ditto
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+else version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern I abs(I)(I number) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+else
+{
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I)
+    {
+        return fabs(cast(real) x);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    float f = -1.64;
+    assert(f.abs == 1.64F);
+    static assert(is(typeof(f.abs) == float));
+
+    double d = -1.64;
+    assert(d.abs == 1.64);
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.abs) == double));
+
+    real r = -1.64;
+    assert(r.abs == 1.64L);
+    static assert(is(typeof(r.abs) == real));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+{
+    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+{
+    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return x;
+}
+
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    /**
+     * Calculates natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  x = Argument.
+     *
+     * Returns: Natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
+     */
+    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    /// ditto
+    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    /// ditto
+    real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}
+else version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    extern double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    extern real ln(real x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+}
+else
+{
+    float ln(float x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return log(x);
+    }
+    double ln(double x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return log(x);
+    }
+    alias ln = log;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    import tanya.math;
+
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389f)));
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389)));
+    assert(isNaN(ln(-7.389L)));
+
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0f)));
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0)));
+    assert(isInfinity(ln(0.0L)));
+
+    assert(ln(1.0f) == 0.0f);
+    assert(ln(1.0) == 0.0);
+    assert(ln(1.0L) == 0.0L);
+}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -5,20 +5,560 @@
 /**
  * This package provides mathematical functions.
  *
+ * The $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) package itself provides only representation
+ * functions for built-in types, such as functions that provide information
+ * about internal representation of floating-point numbers and low-level
+ * operatons on these. Actual mathematical functions and additional types can
+ * be found in its submodules. $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) doesn't import any
+ * submodules publically, they should be imported explicitly.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.math;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-public import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.math.mp;
-public import tanya.math.random;
+import tanya.math.nbtheory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
-version (unittest)
+/// Floating-point number precisions according to IEEE-754.
+enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
 {
-    import std.algorithm.iteration;
+    single = 4, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    double_ = 8, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    doubleExtended = 10, /// Double extended precision: 80-bit.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
+ * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM F) is a $(D_KEYWORD real) and the target platform isn't
+ * currently supported, static assertion error will be raised (you can use
+ * $(D_INLINECODE is(typeof(ieeePrecision!F))) for testing the platform support
+ * without a compilation error).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: Precision according to IEEE-754.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL IEEEPrecision).
+ */
+template ieeePrecision(F)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (F.sizeof == float.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.single;
+    }
+    else static if (F.sizeof == double.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.double_;
+    }
+    else version (X86)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else version (X86_64)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.single);
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
+}
+
+private union FloatBits(F)
+{
+    F floating;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        uint integral;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7f800000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        ulong integral;
+        enum ulong expMask = 0x7ff0000000000000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        struct // Little-endian.
+        {
+            ulong mantissa;
+            ushort exp;
+        }
+        enum ulong mantissaMask = 0x7fffffffffffffff;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7fff;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Floating-point number classifications.
+ */
+enum FloatingPointClass : ubyte
+{
+    /**
+     * Not a Number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNaN).
+     */
+    nan,
+
+    /// Zero.
+    zero,
+
+    /**
+     * Infinity.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+     */
+    infinite,
+
+    /**
+     * Denormalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+     */
+    subnormal,
+
+    /**
+     * Normalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+     */
+    normal,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns whether $(D_PARAM x) is a NaN, zero, infinity, subnormal or
+ * normalized number.
+ *
+ * This function doesn't distinguish between negative and positive infinity,
+ * negative and positive NaN or negative and positive zero.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: Classification of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+FloatingPointClass classify(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    if (x == 0)
+    {
+        return FloatingPointClass.zero;
+    }
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1 << 23))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1L << 52))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        if (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            if ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0)
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (bits.exp == 0)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+        else if (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63)) // "Unnormal".
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return FloatingPointClass.normal;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(classify(0.0) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(double.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(1.4) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(1.11254e-307 / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0f) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(float.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(0.3) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(5.87747e-38f / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0L) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(real.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-10) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-4932L) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+        // Emulate unnormals, because they aren't generated anymore since i386
+        FloatBits!real unnormal;
+        unnormal.exp = 0x123;
+        unnormal.mantissa = 0x1;
+        assert(classify(unnormal) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+ */
+bool isFinite(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        bits.floating = abs(x);
+        return (bits.exp != bits.expMask)
+            && (bits.exp == 0 || bits.mantissa >= (1L << 63));
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isFinite(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isFinite(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isFinite(0.0));
+    assert(!isFinite(float.nan));
+    assert(isFinite(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(0.5));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is $(B n)ot $(B a) $(B n)umber (NaN).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is not a number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isNaN(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral > bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        const maskedMantissa = bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask;
+        if ((bits.exp == bits.expMask && maskedMantissa != 0)
+         || ((bits.exp != 0) && (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63))))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(isNaN(float.init));
+    assert(isNaN(double.init));
+    assert(isNaN(real.init));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a positive or negative infinity.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is infinity, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isFinite).
+ */
+bool isInfinity(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral == bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+            && ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(isInfinity(float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(real.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
+
+ * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
+ * represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+ */
+bool isSubnormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1 << 23) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1L << 52) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return bits.exp == 0 && bits.mantissa != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.3f));
+    assert(isSubnormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(1.4));
+    assert(isSubnormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
+
+ * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+ */
+bool isNormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        FloatBits!F bits;
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != 0 && bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return classify(x) == FloatingPointClass.normal;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(0.3f));
+    assert(!isNormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(1.4));
+    assert(!isNormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set or not.
+ *
+ * If the sign bit, $(D_PARAM x) is a negative number, otherwise positive.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool signBit(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = x;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1 << 31)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1L << 63)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp & (1 << 15)) != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(signBit(-1.0f));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0f));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0L));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0L));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -41,7 +581,7 @@ version (unittest)
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
  */
 H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
-    if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
 in
 {
     assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -80,9 +620,9 @@ body
     return result;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+/// ditto
 I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
-    if (is(I == Integer))
+if (is(I == Integer))
 in
 {
     assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -121,7 +661,7 @@ body
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(pow(3, 5, 7) == 5);
     assert(pow(2, 2, 1) == 0);
@@ -135,7 +675,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
     assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
@@ -157,47 +697,201 @@ unittest
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a prime number,
  *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
+bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
 {
     return pow(2, x - 1, x) == 1;
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+    assert(74623.isPseudoprime);
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
-                      74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
-                      593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+    assert(!15485868.isPseudoprime);
-                      593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
+}
 
-    known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(74653.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74687.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74699.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74707.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74713.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74717.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74719.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74747.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74759.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74761.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74771.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74779.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74797.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74821.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(74827.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(9973.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
 }
 
 /**
- * Params:
+ * Determines minimum of two numbers.
- *  I = Value type.
- *  x = Value.
  *
- * Returns: The absolute value of a number.
+ * Params:
+ *  x = First number.
+ *  y = Second number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is smaller than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
+ *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL max).
  */
-I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isIntegral!T)
 {
-    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    return x < y ? x : y;
-    result.sign = Sign.positive;
-    return result;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+///
-I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    assert(min(5, 3) == 3);
-    return x;
+    assert(min(4, 4) == 4);
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+/// ditto
-I abs(I)(const I x)
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
-    if (isIntegral!I)
+if (isFloatingPoint!T)
 {
-    return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+    if (isNaN(x))
+    {
+        return y;
+    }
+    if (isNaN(y))
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(5.2, 3.0) == 3.0);
+
+    assert(min(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(min(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(min(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref T min(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
+if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+{
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T min(T)(T x, T y)
+if (is(T == Integer))
+{
+    return x < y ? move(x) : move(y);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines maximum of two numbers.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  x = First number.
+ *  y = Second number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is larger than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
+ *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL min).
+ */
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(5, 3) == 5);
+    assert(max(4, 4) == 4);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (isFloatingPoint!T)
+{
+    if (isNaN(x))
+    {
+        return y;
+    }
+    if (isNaN(y))
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(5.2, 3.0) == 5.2);
+
+    assert(max(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(max(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(max(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref T max(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
+if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+{
+    return x > y ? x : y;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T max(T)(T x, T y)
+if (is(T == Integer))
+{
+    return x > y ? move(x) : move(y);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 5);
+}
+
+// min/max accept const and mutable references.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
+        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
+        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
+    }
+    {
+        const Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
+        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
+        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
+    }
 }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/random.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/random.d)
  */
 module tanya.math.random;
 
@@ -225,8 +227,9 @@ class Entropy
      * See_Also:
      *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
      */
-    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
-        if (Op == "~")
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (op == "~")
     in
     {
         assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);
@@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ class Entropy
         // Perform second SHA-512 on entropy
         output = sha512Of(output);
 
-        for (ubyte i = 0; i < sourceCount; ++i)
+        for (ubyte i; i < sourceCount; ++i)
         {
             sources[i].size = 0;
         }

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Deallocates a memory block.
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
@@ -69,5 +71,11 @@ interface Allocator
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
     bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
-    shared nothrow @nogc;
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+}
+
+package template GetPureInstance(T : Allocator)
+{
+    alias GetPureInstance = shared(T) function()
+                            pure nothrow @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -9,9 +9,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mallocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mallocator;
 
+version (TanyaPhobos):
+
 import core.stdc.stdlib;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
@@ -21,6 +25,13 @@ import tanya.memory.allocator;
  */
 final class Mallocator : Allocator
 {
+    private alias MallocType = extern (C) void* function(size_t)
+                               pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias FreeType = extern (C) void function(void*)
+                             pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias ReallocType = extern (C) void* function(void*, size_t)
+                                pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
@@ -29,13 +40,13 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
             return null;
         }
-        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
+        auto p = (cast(MallocType) &malloc)(size + psize);
 
         return p is null ? null : p[psize .. psize + size];
     }
@@ -59,11 +70,11 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            free(p.ptr - psize);
+            (cast(FreeType) &free)(p.ptr - psize);
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -87,7 +98,8 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         return false;
     }
@@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -125,7 +137,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         }
         else
         {
-            auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
+            auto r = (cast(ReallocType) &realloc)(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
 
             if (r !is null)
             {
@@ -177,12 +189,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(Mallocator.instance.alignment == (void*).alignof);
     }
 
-    /**
+    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-     *
-     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
-     */
-    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
@@ -198,6 +205,16 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         return instance_;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+     */
+    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return (cast(GetPureInstance!Mallocator) &instantiate)();
+    }
+
     ///
     @nogc nothrow unittest
     {

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -9,23 +9,77 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mmappool.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
-import core.stdc.string;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.op;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
-    import core.stdc.errno;
+    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman : MAP_ANON,
-    import core.sys.posix.sys.mman;
+                                     MAP_FAILED,
+                                     MAP_PRIVATE,
+                                     PROT_READ,
+                                     PROT_WRITE;
     import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+
+    extern(C)
+    private void* mmap(void* addr,
+                       size_t len,
+                       int prot,
+                       int flags,
+                       int fd,
+                       off_t offset) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern(C)
+    private int munmap(void* addr, size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        void* p = mmap(null,
+                       len,
+                       PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                       MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
+                       -1,
+                       0);
+        return p is MAP_FAILED ? null : p;
+    }
+
+    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return munmap(cast(void*) addr, len) == 0;
+    }
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetSystemInfo, SYSTEM_INFO;
-    import core.sys.windows.windows;
+
+    extern(Windows)
+    private void* VirtualAlloc(void*, size_t, uint, uint)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern(Windows)
+    private int VirtualFree(void* addr, size_t len, uint)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return VirtualAlloc(null,
+                            len,
+                            0x00001000, // MEM_COMMIT
+                            0x04); // PAGE_READWRITE
+    }
+
+    private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc
+    {
+        return VirtualFree(cast(void*) addr, 0, 0x8000) == 0;
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -38,6 +92,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
+ * <pre>
  * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
@@ -49,21 +104,25 @@ else version (Windows)
  * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ * </pre>
  */
 final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
-    invariant
+    version (none)
     {
-        for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
+        pure nothrow @nogc invariant
         {
-            auto block = cast(Block) (cast(void*) *r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
+            for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
-            do
             {
-                assert(block.prev is null || block.prev.next is block);
+                auto block = cast(Block) (cast(void*) *r + RegionEntry.sizeof);
-                assert(block.next is null || block.next.prev is block);
+                do
-                assert(block.region is *r);
+                {
+                    assert(block.prev is null || block.prev.next is block);
+                    assert(block.next is null || block.next.prev is block);
+                    assert(block.region is *r);
+                }
+                while ((block = block.next) !is null);
             }
-            while ((block = block.next) !is null);
         }
     }
 
@@ -75,13 +134,17 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (!size)
+        if (size == 0)
         {
             return null;
         }
         const dataSize = addAlignment(size);
+        if (dataSize < size)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
 
         void* data = findBlock(dataSize);
         if (data is null)
@@ -103,6 +166,24 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         assert(p.length == 0);
     }
 
+    // Issue 245: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/245.
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        // allocate() check.
+        size_t tooMuchMemory = size_t.max
+                             - MmapPool.alignment_
+                             - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2
+                             - RegionEntry.sizeof
+                             - MmapPool.instance.pageSize;
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
+
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(size_t.max) is null);
+
+        // initializeRegion() check.
+        tooMuchMemory = size_t.max - MmapPool.alignment_;
+        assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
+    }
+
     /*
      * Search for a block large enough to keep $(D_PARAM size) and split it
      * into two blocks if the block is too large.
@@ -112,7 +193,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
      */
-    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         Block block1;
         RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
@@ -172,7 +253,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (p.ptr is null)
         {
@@ -194,14 +275,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 block.region.next.prev = block.region.prev;
             }
-            version (Posix)
+            return unmapMemory(block.region, block.region.size);
-            {
-                return munmap(cast(void*) block.region, block.region.size) == 0;
-            }
-            version (Windows)
-            {
-                return VirtualFree(cast(void*) block.region, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0;
-            }
         }
         // Merge blocks if neigbours are free.
         if (block.next !is null && block.next.free)
@@ -246,7 +320,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
     bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
-    shared nothrow @nogc
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (p is null || size == 0)
         {
@@ -262,19 +336,25 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
 
         if (block1.size >= size)
         {
-            // Enough space in the current block. Can happen because of the alignment.
+            // Enough space in the current block.
             p = p.ptr[0 .. size];
             return true;
         }
         const dataSize = addAlignment(size);
-        const delta = dataSize - addAlignment(p.length);
+        const pAlignment = addAlignment(p.length);
+        assert(pAlignment >= p.length, "Invalid memory chunk length");
+        const delta = dataSize - pAlignment;
 
         if (block1.next is null
          || !block1.next.free
+         || dataSize < size
          || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
         {
-            // It is the last block in the region or the next block is too small or not
+            /* - It is the last block in the region
-            // free.
+             * - The next block isn't free
+             * - The next block is too small
+             * - Requested size is too large
+             */
             return false;
         }
         if (block1.next.size >= delta + alignment_)
@@ -288,8 +368,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 block1.next.next.prev = block2;
             }
-            // block1.next and block2 can overlap.
+            copyBackward((cast(void*) block1.next)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof],
-            memmove(cast(void*) block2, cast(void*) block1.next, BlockEntry.sizeof);
+                         (cast(void*) block2)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof]);
             block1.next = block2;
         }
         else
@@ -337,7 +417,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -361,7 +441,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         }
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            memcpy(reallocP.ptr, p.ptr, min(p.length, size));
+            copy(p[0 .. min(p.length, size)], reallocP);
             deallocate(p);
         }
         p = reallocP;
@@ -398,19 +478,14 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
     }
 
-    /**
+    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
-     *
-     * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
-     */
-    static @property ref shared(MmapPool) instance() nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
             // Get system dependend page size.
             version (Posix)
             {
-                pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+                size_t pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
                 if (pageSize < 65536)
                 {
                     pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
@@ -420,24 +495,35 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 SYSTEM_INFO si;
                 GetSystemInfo(&si);
-                pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
+                size_t pageSize = si.dwPageSize;
             }
 
             const instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize,
                                               MmapPool));
 
             Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
-            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
+            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head, pageSize);
             if (data !is null)
             {
-                memcpy(data, typeid(MmapPool).initializer.ptr, instanceSize);
+                copy(typeid(MmapPool).initializer, data[0 .. instanceSize]);
                 instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
+                instance_.pageSize = pageSize;
             }
         }
         return instance_;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
+     */
+    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return (cast(GetPureInstance!MmapPool) &instantiate)();
+    }
+
     ///
     nothrow unittest
     {
@@ -453,34 +539,21 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: A pointer to the data.
      */
-    private static void* initializeRegion(size_t size, ref Region head)
+    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size,
-    nothrow @nogc
+                                          ref Region head,
+                                          const size_t pageSize)
+    pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
+        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size, pageSize);
-
+        if (regionSize < size)
-        version (Posix)
         {
-            void* p = mmap(null,
+            return null;
-                           regionSize,
-                           PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                           MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
-                           -1,
-                           0);
-            if (p is MAP_FAILED)
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
         }
-        else version (Windows)
+
+        void* p = mapMemory(regionSize);
+        if (p is null)
         {
-            void* p = VirtualAlloc(null,
+            return null;
-                                   regionSize,
-                                   MEM_COMMIT,
-                                   PAGE_READWRITE);
-            if (p is null)
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
         }
 
         Region region = cast(Region) p;
@@ -518,9 +591,9 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return data;
     }
 
-    private void* initializeRegion(size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        return initializeRegion(size, head);
+        return initializeRegion(size, this.head, this.pageSize);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -529,31 +602,24 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    private static size_t addAlignment(size_t x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    out (result)
-    {
-        assert(result > 0);
-    }
-    body
     {
         return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
     }
 
     /*
      * Params:
-     *  x = Required space.
+     *  x        = Required space.
+     *  pageSize = Page size.
      *
      * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
      */
-    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(size_t x) nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x,
-    out (result)
+                                              ref const size_t pageSize)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        assert(result > 0);
+        return (x + RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2)
-    }
+             / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
-    body
-    {
-        x += RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2;
-        return x / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -572,7 +638,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     private enum uint alignment_ = 8;
 
     private shared static MmapPool instance_;
-    private shared static size_t pageSize;
+    private shared size_t pageSize;
 
     private shared struct RegionEntry
     {
@@ -597,7 +663,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
 
 // A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
 // segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
-unittest
+private @nogc unittest
 {
     auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
     auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Set of operations on memory blocks.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/op.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/op.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.op;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern private void fillMemory(void[], size_t) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void copyMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+}
+else
+{
+    import core.stdc.string;
+}
+
+private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;
+
+/**
+ * Copies $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM source) points ahead of $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copy(const void[] source, void[] target) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+    assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
+    assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        copyMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memcpy(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    ubyte[9] target;
+    source.copy(target);
+    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        ubyte[0] source, target;
+        source.copy(target);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[1] source = [1];
+        ubyte[1] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(target[0] == 1);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
+        ubyte[8] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * size_t value each of which bytes is set to `Byte`.
+ */
+private template filledBytes(ubyte Byte, ubyte I = 0)
+{
+    static if (I == size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = Byte;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = (filledBytes!(Byte, I + 1) << 8) | Byte;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM memory) with the single byte $(D_PARAM c).
+ *
+ * Param:
+ *  c      = The value to fill $(D_PARAM memory) with.
+ *  memory = Memory block.
+ */
+void fill(ubyte c = 0)(void[] memory) @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(memory.length == 0 || memory.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        fillMemory(memory, filledBytes!c);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memset(memory.ptr, c, memory.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] memory = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    memory.fill!0();
+    foreach (ubyte v; memory)
+    {
+        assert(v == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+// Stress test. Checks that `fill` can handle unaligned pointers and different
+// lengths.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[192] memory;
+
+    foreach (j; 0 .. 192)
+    {
+        foreach (ubyte i, ref ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            v = i;
+        }
+        fill(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 0);
+        }
+        fill!1(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies starting from the end of $(D_PARAM source) into the end of
+ * $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward) copies the elements in reverse order, but the
+ * order of elements in the $(D_PARAM target) is exactly the same as in the
+ * $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) points ahead of $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copy).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copyBackward(const void[] source, void[] target) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+    assert(source.length == 0 || source.ptr !is null);
+    assert(target.length == 0 || target.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        moveMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memmove(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[6] mem = [ 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c' ];
+    ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
+
+    copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
+    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i' ];
+    ubyte[9] r2;
+
+    copyBackward(r1, r2);
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a positive integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r1.length > r2.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be greater than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a negative integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r2.length > r1.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be less than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * `0` is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * Returns: Positive integer if $(D_INLINECODE r1 > r2),
+ *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
+ *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
+ */
+int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
+    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (r1.length > r2.length)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
+    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle) in $(D_PARAM haystack) if
+ * any.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *  needle   = A byte.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange of $(D_PARAM haystack) whose first element is the
+ *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
+ *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
+ */
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    const size_t needleWord = size_t.max * needle;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words has the needle
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        words++;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact needle position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    return haystack[$ .. $];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
+
+    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
+
+    assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -9,15 +9,19 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
-public import std.experimental.allocator : make;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.conv;
+import tanya.exception;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
      */
-    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -68,8 +72,8 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
         return allocator_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
-    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -85,25 +89,44 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 }
 
 // From druntime
-private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+extern (C)
+private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) pure nothrow @nogc;
 
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
+shared static this() nothrow @nogc
 {
     allocator = MmapPool.instance;
 }
 
-@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
+{
+    return allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns: Default allocator.
+ *
+ * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
+@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
 out (allocator)
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
 body
 {
-    return allocator;
+    return (cast(GetPureInstance!Allocator) &getAllocatorInstance)();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sets the default allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  allocator = $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
 @property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
 in
 {
@@ -114,36 +137,58 @@ body
     .allocator = allocator;
 }
 
-private nothrow @nogc unittest
-{
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
-
-    auto oldAllocator = defaultAllocator;
-    defaultAllocator = Mallocator.instance;
-    assert(defaultAllocator is Mallocator.instance);
-
-    defaultAllocator = oldAllocator;
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
  * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
  *
+ * There is a difference between the `.sizeof`-property and
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize) if $(D_PARAM T) is a class or an interface.
+ * `T.sizeof` is constant on the given architecture then and is the same as
+ * `size_t.sizeof` and `ptrdiff_t.sizeof`. This is because classes and
+ * interfaces are reference types and `.sizeof` returns the size of the
+ * reference which is the same as the size of a pointer. $(D_PSYMBOL stateSize)
+ * returns the size of the instance itself.
+ *
+ * The size of a dynamic array is `size_t.sizeof * 2` since a dynamic array
+ * stores its length and a data pointer. The size of the static arrays is
+ * calculated differently since they are value types. It is the array length
+ * multiplied by the element size.
+ *
+ * `stateSize!void` is `1` since $(D_KEYWORD void) is mostly used as a synonym
+ * for $(D_KEYWORD byte)/$(D_KEYWORD ubyte) in `void*`.
+ *
  * Params:
  *  T = Object type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Size of an instance of type $(D_PARAM T).
  */
 template stateSize(T)
 {
-    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+    static if (isPolymorphicType!T)
     {
-        enum stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
+        enum size_t stateSize = __traits(classInstanceSize, T);
     }
     else
     {
-        enum stateSize = T.sizeof;
+        enum size_t stateSize = T.sizeof;
     }
 }
 
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(stateSize!int == 4);
+    static assert(stateSize!bool == 1);
+    static assert(stateSize!(int[]) == (size_t.sizeof * 2)); 
+    static assert(stateSize!(short[3]) == 6); 
+
+    static struct Empty
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(stateSize!Empty == 1);
+    static assert(stateSize!void == 1);
+}
+
 /**
  * Params:
  *  size      = Raw size.
@@ -157,7 +202,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
 }
 
-/**
+/*
  * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
  * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
  * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
@@ -184,14 +229,14 @@ package(tanya) T[] resize(T)(shared Allocator allocator,
         }
         else
         {
-            onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+            onOutOfMemoryError();
         }
     }
 
     void[] buf = array;
     if (!allocator.reallocate(buf, length * T.sizeof))
     {
-        onOutOfMemoryErrorNoGC();
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
     }
     // Casting from void[] is unsafe, but we know we cast to the original type.
     array = cast(T[]) buf;
@@ -271,7 +316,8 @@ package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
         // shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
         if (c.destructor)
         {
-            (cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+            alias DtorType = void function(Object) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+            (cast(DtorType) c.destructor)(ob);
         }
     }
     while ((c = c.base) !is null);
@@ -322,7 +368,7 @@ private unittest
 }
 
 // Works with interfaces.
-private unittest
+private pure unittest
 {
     interface I
     {
@@ -336,3 +382,120 @@ private unittest
     defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
     defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new class instance of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Class type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (is(T == class))
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a value object of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * pointer to the new object.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Object type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T* make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface)
+ && !is(T == class)
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T
+ && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int* i = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  n         = Array size.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+T make(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t n)
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto ret = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, n);
+    ret.uninitializedFill(ElementType!T.init);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int[] i = defaultAllocator.make!(int[])(2);
+    assert(i.length == 2);
+    assert(i[0] == int.init && i[1] == int.init);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -6,26 +6,34 @@
  * Smart pointers.
  *
  * A smart pointer is an object that wraps a raw pointer or a reference
- * (class, array) to manage its lifetime.
+ * (class, dynamic array) to manage its lifetime.
+ *
+ * This module provides two kinds of lifetime management strategies:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Reference counting)
+ *  $(LI Unique ownership)
+ * )
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/smartref.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.smartref;
 
-import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.conv;
+import tanya.conv;
-import std.range;
+import tanya.exception;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
-package template Payload(T)
+private template Payload(T)
 {
-    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface) || isArray!T)
+    static if (isPolymorphicType!T || isArray!T)
     {
         alias Payload = T;
     }
@@ -35,7 +43,7 @@ package template Payload(T)
     }
 }
 
-package final class RefCountedStore(T)
+private final class RefCountedStore(T)
 {
     T payload;
     size_t counter = 1;
@@ -68,14 +76,14 @@ package final class RefCountedStore(T)
     }
 }
 
-package void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
                                 shared Allocator allocator)
 {
     allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
     allocator.dispose(storage);
 }
 
-package void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
                                shared Allocator allocator)
 {
     auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
@@ -125,7 +133,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         this.storage.payload = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -200,14 +208,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    private @nogc unittest
+    /// ditto
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-        rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
-        assert(*rc == 7);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
     {
         if (this.storage is null)
@@ -227,15 +228,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    private @nogc unittest
+    /// ditto
-    {
-        RefCounted!int rc;
-        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-        rc = null;
-        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
     {
         swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
@@ -306,7 +299,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
     auto val = rc.get();
@@ -322,7 +315,22 @@ unittest
     assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+    assert(*rc == 7);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+}
+
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
 
@@ -338,7 +346,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(*rc == 5);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     RefCounted!int rc;
 
@@ -353,7 +361,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(rc.count == 0);
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     RefCounted!int rc1, rc2;
     static assert(is(typeof(rc1 = rc2)));
@@ -387,7 +395,7 @@ version (unittest)
     }
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     uint destroyed;
     auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
@@ -397,7 +405,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
         auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
         assert(rc.count == 1);
 
-        void func(RefCounted!A rc) @nogc
+        void func(RefCounted!A rc) @nogc @system
         {
             assert(rc.count == 2);
         }
@@ -413,14 +421,14 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(rc.count == 1);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator);
     assert(!rc.isInitialized);
     assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
     assert(rc.count == 1);
@@ -442,7 +450,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(rc.count == 0);
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
     assert(*rc == 5);
@@ -458,7 +466,7 @@ private unittest
     assert(*rc == 5);
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
     static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
@@ -509,17 +517,9 @@ body
     {
         () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
     }
-    rc.storage = emplace!((RefCounted!T.Storage))(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+    rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+    rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
 
-    static if (is(T == class))
-    {
-        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
-        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
-    }
     rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(Payload!T);
     return rc;
 }
@@ -548,12 +548,11 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return RefCounted!T(allocator.make!T(size), allocator);
-    return RefCounted!T(payload, allocator);
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
     assert(rc.count == 1);
@@ -574,7 +573,7 @@ unittest
     assert(rc.count == 1);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     struct E
     {
@@ -596,13 +595,13 @@ private @nogc unittest
     }
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
     assert(rc.length == 5);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
     auto p2 = p1;
@@ -610,13 +609,13 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(rc.get() is p2);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
-    static bool destroyed = false;
+    static bool destroyed;
 
-    struct F
+    static struct F
     {
-        ~this() @nogc
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
             destroyed = true;
         }
@@ -659,7 +658,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
         this.payload = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -705,14 +704,14 @@ struct Unique(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
     {
         allocator.dispose(this.payload);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
     {
         swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
@@ -722,7 +721,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto rc = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
         rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
@@ -769,7 +768,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         Unique!int u;
         assert(!u.isInitialized);
@@ -788,7 +787,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto u = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
         assert(u.isInitialized);
@@ -803,7 +802,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
     auto s = Unique!int(p, defaultAllocator);
@@ -811,13 +810,13 @@ struct Unique(T)
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow @system unittest
 {
-    static bool destroyed = false;
+    static bool destroyed;
 
-    struct F
+    static struct F
     {
-        ~this() @nogc
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
             destroyed = true;
         }
@@ -852,7 +851,7 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, shared Allocator, A)(args);
+    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, A)(args);
     return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
 }
 
@@ -884,13 +883,13 @@ body
     return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!B(5))));
     static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!(int[])(5))));
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
     assert(*s == 5);
@@ -899,7 +898,7 @@ private unittest
     assert(s is null);
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
     assert(*s == 5);
@@ -908,7 +907,7 @@ private unittest
     assert(*s == 4);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
     auto p2 = p1;
@@ -917,7 +916,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(rc.get() is p2);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto rc = Unique!int(defaultAllocator);
     assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -1,301 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Smart pointers.
- *
- * $(RED Deprecated. Use $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.memory.smartref) instead.
- * This module will be removed in 0.8.0.)
- *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-deprecated("Use tanya.memory.smartref instead")
-module tanya.memory.types;
-
-import core.exception;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.conv;
-import std.range;
-import std.traits;
-import tanya.memory;
-public import tanya.memory.smartref : RefCounted, Payload;
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    private struct B
-    {
-        int prop;
-        @disable this();
-        this(int param1) @nogc
-        {
-            prop = param1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = Value type.
- */
-struct Scoped(T)
-{
-    private Payload!T payload;
-
-    invariant
-    {
-        assert(payload is null || allocator_ !is null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
-     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
-     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
-     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
-     */
-    this()(auto ref Payload!T value,
-           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-    {
-        this(allocator);
-
-        move(value, this.payload);
-        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
-        {
-            value = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    this(shared Allocator allocator)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(allocator !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        this.allocator_ = allocator;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) is noncopyable.
-     */
-    @disable this(this);
-
-    /**
-     * Destroys the owned object.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        if (this.payload !is null)
-        {
-            allocator.dispose(this.payload);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Initialized this $(D_PARAM Scoped) and takes ownership over
-     * $(D_PARAM rhs).
-     *
-     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
-     *
-     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
-     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) and assign it.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  rhs = New object.
-     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload!T rhs)
-    {
-        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
-        move(rhs, this.payload);
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
-    {
-        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
-    {
-        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
-        swap(this.payload, rhs.payload);
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
-     */
-    Payload!T get() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    {
-        return payload;
-    }
-
-    version (D_Ddoc)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
-         *
-         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
-         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
-         *
-         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
-         */
-        ref T opUnary(string op)()
-            if (op == "*");
-    }
-    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
-    {
-        ref T opUnary(string op)()
-            if (op == "*")
-        {
-            return *payload;
-        }
-    }
-
-    mixin DefaultAllocator;
-    alias get this;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc unittest
-{
-    auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
-    auto s = Scoped!int(p, defaultAllocator);
-    assert(p is null);
-    assert(*s == 5);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc unittest
-{
-    static bool destroyed = false;
-
-    struct F
-    {
-        ~this() @nogc
-        {
-            destroyed = true;
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        auto s = Scoped!F(defaultAllocator.make!F(), defaultAllocator);
-    }
-    assert(destroyed);
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
- * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
- *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
- * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
- */
-Scoped!T scoped(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
-    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
-     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(allocator !is null);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, shared Allocator, A)(args);
-    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Array type.
- *  size      = Array size.
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *
- * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Scoped!T).
- *
- * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
- *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
- */
-Scoped!T scoped(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
-@trusted
-    if (isArray!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(allocator !is null);
-    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
-}
-body
-{
-    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
-    return Scoped!T(payload, allocator);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!B(5))));
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.scoped!(int[])(5))));
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
-    assert(*s == 5);
-
-    s = null;
-    assert(s is null);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    auto s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(5);
-    assert(*s == 5);
-
-    s = defaultAllocator.scoped!int(4);
-    assert(*s == 4);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
-    auto p2 = p1;
-    auto rc = Scoped!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
-
-    assert(p1 is null);
-    assert(rc.get() is p2);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    auto rc = Scoped!int(defaultAllocator);
-    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
-}

source/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Template metaprogramming.
+ *
+ * This package contains utilities to acquire type information at compile-time,
+ * to transform from one type to another. It has also different algorithms for
+ * iterating, searching and modifying template arguments.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta;
+
+public import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+public import tanya.meta.trait;
+public import tanya.meta.transform;

source/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type transformations.
+ *
+ * Templates in this module can be used to modify type qualifiers or transform
+ * types. They take some type as argument and return a different type after
+ * perfoming the specified transformation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/transform.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/transform.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.transform;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Removes any type qualifiers from $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Removed qualifiers are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * If the type $(D_PARAM T) doesn't have any qualifieres,
+ * $(D_INLINECODE Unqual!T) becomes an alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) without any type qualifiers.
+ */
+template Unqual(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U)
+            || is(T U == immutable U)
+            || is(T U == inout U)
+            || is(T U == inout const U)
+            || is(T U == shared U)
+            || is(T U == shared const U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias Unqual = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unqual = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unqual!bool == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(immutable bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared inout const bool) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is an $(D_KEYWORD enum), $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T)
+ * evaluates to the most base type of that $(D_KEYWORD enum) and to
+ * $(D_PARAM T) otherwise.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Base type of the $(D_KEYWORD enum) $(D_PARAM T) or $(D_PARAM T)
+ *          itself.
+ */
+template OriginalType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == enum))
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = OriginalType!U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E1 : const(int)
+    {
+        n = 0,
+    }
+    enum E2 : bool
+    {
+        t = true,
+    }
+    enum E3 : E2
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+    enum E4 : const(E2)
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E1 == const int));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E2 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E3 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E4 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!(const E4) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies constness of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * The following type qualifiers affect the constness and hence are copied:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI inout const)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the constness of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyTypeQualifiers).
+ */
+template CopyConstness(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T) || is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T) || is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T)
+                 || is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, shared char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, immutable char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, const char) == immutable char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Type qualifiers copied are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyConstness).
+ */
+template CopyTypeQualifiers(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared int, char) == shared char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared const int, char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout int, char) == shared inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout const int, char) == shared inout const char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the unsigned counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already unsigned, $(D_INLINECODE Unsigned!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Unsigned counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSigned).
+ */
+template Unsigned(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == byte))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ubyte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == short))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ushort);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == int))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, uint);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == long))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ulong);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!byte == ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!short == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!int == uint));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!long == ulong));
+
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(const byte) == const ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared byte) == shared ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared const byte) == shared const ubyte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Unsigned!float));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!ubyte == ubyte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the signed counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already signed, $(D_INLINECODE Signed!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Signed counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isUnsigned).
+ */
+template Signed(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == ubyte))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, byte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ushort))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, short);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == uint))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, int);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ulong))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, long);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Signed = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Signed!ubyte == byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ushort == short));
+    static assert(is(Signed!uint == int));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ulong == long));
+
+    static assert(is(Signed!(const ubyte) == const byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared ubyte) == shared byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared const ubyte) == shared const byte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Signed!float));
+    static assert(is(Signed!byte == byte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retrieves the target type `U` of a pointer `U*`.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Pointer type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Pointer target type.
+ */
+template PointerTarget(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U : U*))
+    {
+        alias PointerTarget = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(T.stringof ~ " isn't a pointer type");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(bool*) == bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const bool*) == const bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const shared bool*) == const shared bool));
+    static assert(!is(PointerTarget!bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The key type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template KeyType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias KeyType = K;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(KeyType!(int[string]) == string));
+    static assert(!is(KeyType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The value type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template ValueType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias ValueType = V;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ValueType!(int[string]) == int));
+    static assert(!is(ValueType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Scalar type.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type $(D_PARAM T) will promote to.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
+ *                   Integer Promotions).
+ */
+template Promoted(T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
+{
+    alias Promoted = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, typeof(T.init + T.init));
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Promoted!bool == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!byte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!short == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ushort == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!char == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!wchar == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!dchar == uint));
+
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(const bool) == const int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(shared bool) == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias InoutOf(T) = inout(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!int == inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias ConstOf(T) = const(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!int == const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedOf(T) = shared(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!int == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutOf(T) = shared(inout T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!int == shared inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedConstOf(T) = shared(const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!int == shared const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD immutable) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE immutable(T)).
+ */
+alias ImmutableOf(T) = immutable(T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!int == immutable int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(const T)).
+ */
+alias InoutConstOf(T) = inout(const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!int == inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutConstOf(T) = shared(inout const T);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!int == shared inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a template with one argument which applies all qualifiers of
+ * $(D_PARAM T) on its argument if instantiated.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+template QualifierOf(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == immutable U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ImmutableOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf(T) = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    alias MutableOf = QualifierOf!int;
+    static assert(is(MutableOf!uint == uint));
+
+    alias ConstOf = QualifierOf!(const int);
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!uint == const uint));
+
+    alias InoutOf = QualifierOf!(inout int);
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!uint == inout uint));
+
+    alias InoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(inout const int);
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!uint == inout const uint));
+
+    alias ImmutableOf = QualifierOf!(immutable int);
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!uint == immutable uint));
+
+    alias SharedOf = QualifierOf!(shared int);
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!uint == shared uint));
+
+    alias SharedConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!uint == shared const uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!uint == shared inout uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!uint == shared inout const uint));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines the type of $(D_PARAM T). If $(D_PARAM T) is already a type,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) aliases itself to $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) evaluates to $(D_KEYWORD void) for template arguments.
+ *
+ * The symbols that don't have a type and aren't types cannot be used as
+ * arguments to $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Expression, type or template.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type of $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+alias TypeOf(T) = T;
+
+/// ditto
+template TypeOf(alias T)
+if (isExpressions!T || isTemplate!T)
+{
+    alias TypeOf = typeof(T);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    struct S(T)
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!S == void));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!int == int));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!true == bool));
+    static assert(!is(TypeOf!(tanya.meta)));
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -9,26 +9,15 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/inet.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/inet.d)
  */
 module tanya.net.inet;
 
 import std.math;
-import std.range.primitives;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
-
+import tanya.range.primitive;
-version (unittest)
-{
-    version (Windows)
-    {
-        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-        version = PlattformUnittest;
-    }
-    else version (Posix)
-    {
-        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
-        version = PlattformUnittest;
-    }
-}
 
 /**
  * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
@@ -210,79 +199,6 @@ private unittest
     static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
 }
 
-// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
-version (PlattformUnittest)
-{
-    private unittest
-    {
-        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
-            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
-
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
-            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-        }
-
-        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
-            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
-            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-
-            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
  * $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -328,29 +244,3 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
     auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
     assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
 }
-
-// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
-version (PlattformUnittest)
-{
-    private unittest
-    {
-        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
-            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
-
-            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
-        }
-        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
-            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
-        }
-    }
-}

source/tanya/net/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.net;
 

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -9,14 +9,19 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/uri.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/uri.d)
  */
 module tanya.net.uri;
 
-import std.ascii : isAlphaNum, isDigit;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
-import std.traits : isSomeString;
-import std.uni : isAlpha, isNumber;
 import tanya.memory;
 
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.assertion;
+}
+
 /**
  * Thrown if an invalid URI was specified.
  */
@@ -70,17 +75,16 @@ struct URL
     /**
      * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
      * Output string data (scheme, user, etc.) are just slices of input string
-     * (e.g., no memory allocation and copying).
+     * (i.e., no memory allocation and copying).
      *
      * Params:
      *  source = The string containing the URL.
      *
      * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
      */
-    this(const char[] source) @nogc
+    this(const char[] source) pure @nogc
     {
-        auto value = source;
+        ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = source.length, start;
-        ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = value.length, start;
 
         foreach (i, ref c; source)
         {
@@ -88,57 +92,54 @@ struct URL
             {
                 pos = i;
             }
-            if (endPos == value.length && (c == '?' || c == '#'))
+            if (endPos == source.length && (c == '?' || c == '#'))
             {
                 endPos = i;
             }
         }
 
         // Check if the colon is a part of the scheme or the port and parse
-        // the appropriate part
+        // the appropriate part.
-        if (value.length > 1 && value[0] == '/' && value[1] == '/')
+        if (source.length > 1 && source[0] == '/' && source[1] == '/')
         {
-            // Relative scheme
+            // Relative scheme.
             start = 2;
         }
         else if (pos > 0)
         {
-            // Validate scheme
+            // Validate scheme:
             // [ toLower(alpha) | digit | "+" | "-" | "." ]
-            foreach (ref c; value[0 .. pos])
+            foreach (ref c; source[0 .. pos])
             {
                 if (!c.isAlphaNum && c != '+' && c != '-' && c != '.')
                 {
-                    if (endPos > pos)
-                    {
-                        if (!parsePort(value[pos .. $]))
-                        {
-                            throw make!URIException(defaultAllocator,
-                                                    "Failed to parse port");
-                        }
-                    }
                     goto ParsePath;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (value.length == pos + 1) // only scheme is available
+            if (source.length == pos + 1) // only "scheme:" is available.
             {
-                this.scheme = value[0 .. $ - 1];
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. $ - 1];
                 return;
             }
-            else if (value.length > pos + 1 && value[pos + 1] == '/')
+            else if (source.length > pos + 1 && source[pos + 1] == '/')
             {
-                this.scheme = value[0 .. pos];
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
 
-                if (value.length > pos + 2 && value[pos + 2] == '/')
+                if (source.length > pos + 2 && source[pos + 2] == '/')
                 {
                     start = pos + 3;
-                    if (this.scheme == "file"
+
-                     && value.length > start
+                    if (source.length <= start)
-                     && value[start] == '/')
                     {
-                        // Windows drive letters
+                        // Only "scheme://" is available.
-                        if (value.length - start > 2 && value[start + 2] == ':')
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (this.scheme == "file" && source[start] == '/')
+                    {
+                        // Windows drive letters.
+                        if (source.length - start > 2
+                         && source[start + 2] == ':')
                         {
                             ++start;
                         }
@@ -151,20 +152,21 @@ struct URL
                     goto ParsePath;
                 }
             }
-            else // certain schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any / after them
+            else
             {
-                
+                // Schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any slash after
-                if (!parsePort(value[pos .. $]))
+                // them.
+                if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
                 {
-                    this.scheme = value[0 .. pos];
+                    this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
                     start = pos + 1;
                     goto ParsePath;
                 }
             }
         }
-        else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(value[pos .. $]))
+        else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
         {
-            // An URL shouldn't begin with a port number
+            // An URL shouldn't begin with a port number.
             throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
         }
         else
@@ -172,37 +174,37 @@ struct URL
             goto ParsePath;
         }
 
-        // Parse host
+        // Parse host.
         pos = -1;
-        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i < value.length; ++i)
+        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i < source.length; ++i)
         {
-            if (value[i] == '@')
+            if (source[i] == '@')
             {
                 pos = i;
             }
-            else if (value[i] == '/')
+            else if (source[i] == '/')
             {
                 endPos = i;
                 break;
             }
         }
 
-        // Check for login and password
+        // Check for login and password.
         if (pos != -1)
         {
             // *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" )
-            foreach (i, c; value[start .. pos])
+            foreach (i, c; source[start .. pos])
             {
                 if (c == ':')
                 {
                     if (this.user is null)
                     {
-                        this.user = value[start .. start + i];
+                        this.user = source[start .. start + i];
-                        this.pass = value[start + i + 1 .. pos]; 
+                        this.pass = source[start + i + 1 .. pos]; 
                     }
                 }
-                else if (!c.isAlpha &&
+                else if (!c.isAlpha() &&
-                         !c.isNumber &&
+                         !c.isDigit() &&
                          c != '!' &&
                          c != ';' &&
                          c != '=' &&
@@ -217,23 +219,23 @@ struct URL
             }
             if (this.user is null)
             {
-                this.user = value[start .. pos];
+                this.user = source[start .. pos];
             }
 
             start = ++pos;
         }
 
         pos = endPos;
-        if (endPos <= 1 || value[start] != '[' || value[endPos - 1] != ']')
+        if (endPos <= 1 || source[start] != '[' || source[endPos - 1] != ']')
         {
-            // Short circuit portscan
+            // Short circuit portscan.
-            // IPv6 embedded address
+            // IPv6 embedded address.
             for (ptrdiff_t i = endPos - 1; i >= start; --i)
             {
-                if (value[i] == ':')
+                if (source[i] == ':')
                 {
                     pos = i;
-                    if  (this.port == 0 && !parsePort(value[i .. endPos]))
+                    if  (this.port == 0 && !parsePort(source[i .. endPos]))
                     {
                         this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
                         throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
@@ -243,16 +245,16 @@ struct URL
             }
         }
 
-        // Check if we have a valid host, if we don't reject the string as url
+        // Check if we have a valid host, if we don't reject the string as URL.
         if (pos <= start)
         {
             this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
             throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
         }
 
-        this.host = value[start .. pos];
+        this.host = source[start .. pos];
 
-        if (endPos == value.length)
+        if (endPos == source.length)
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -260,9 +262,9 @@ struct URL
         start = endPos;
 
     ParsePath:
-        endPos = value.length;
+        endPos = source.length;
         pos = -1;
-        foreach (i, ref c; value[start .. $])
+        foreach (i, ref c; source[start .. $])
         {
             if (c == '?' && pos == -1)
             {
@@ -281,15 +283,15 @@ struct URL
 
         if (pos > start)
         {
-            this.path = value[start .. pos];
+            this.path = source[start .. pos];
         }
         if (endPos >= ++pos)
         {
-            this.query = value[pos .. endPos];
+            this.query = source[pos .. endPos];
         }
-        if (++endPos <= value.length)
+        if (++endPos <= source.length)
         {
-            this.fragment = value[endPos .. $];
+            this.fragment = source[endPos .. $];
         }
     }
 
@@ -310,13 +312,9 @@ struct URL
 
         for (; i < port.length && port[i].isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i)
         {
-            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float)(10 ^^ (i - 1));
+            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float) (10 ^^ (i - 1));
         }
-        if (i == 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
+        if (i != 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-        else if (i == port.length || port[i] == '/')
         {
             lPort *= 10 ^^ (i - 2);
             if (lPort > ushort.max)
@@ -331,7 +329,7 @@ struct URL
 }
 
 ///
-@nogc unittest
+@nogc pure @system unittest
 {
     auto u = URL("example.org");
     assert(u.path == "example.org"); 
@@ -384,7 +382,7 @@ struct URL
     assert(u.fragment == "fragment");
 }
 
-private unittest
+@nogc pure @system unittest
 {
     auto u = URL("127.0.0.1");
     assert(u.path == "127.0.0.1");
@@ -398,6 +396,11 @@ private unittest
     assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
     assert(u.port == 9000);
 
+    u = URL("127.0.0.1:80");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.port == 80);
+    assert(u.path is null);
+
     u = URL("//example.net");
     assert(u.host == "example.net");
     assert(u.scheme is null);
@@ -409,6 +412,7 @@ private unittest
     u = URL("localhost:8080");
     assert(u.host == "localhost");
     assert(u.port == 8080);
+    assert(u.path is null);
 
     u = URL("ftp:");
     assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
@@ -442,96 +446,25 @@ private unittest
     u = URL("zlib:/home/user/file.gz");
     assert(u.scheme == "zlib");
     assert(u.path == "/home/user/file.gz");
+
+    u = URL("h_tp:asdf");
+    assert(u.path == "h_tp:asdf");
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc pure @system unittest
 {
-    URIException exception;
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://:80"));
-    try
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL(":80"));
-    {
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://u1:p1@u2:p2@example.org"));
-        auto u = URL("h_tp:asdf");
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:port"));
-    }
+    assertThrown!URIException(() => URL("http://blah.com:66000"));
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+// Issue 254: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/254.
+@nogc pure @system unittest
 {
-    URIException exception;
+    auto u = URL("ftp://");
-    try
+    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
-    {
-        auto u = URL("http://:80");
-    }
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    URIException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        auto u = URL(":80");
-    }
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    URIException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        auto u = URL("http://user1:pass1@user2:pass2@example.org");
-    }
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    URIException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        auto u = URL("http://blah.com:port");
-    }
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    URIException exception;
-    try
-    {
-        auto u = URL(":/");
-    }
-    catch (URIException e)
-    {
-        exception = e;
-    }
-    assert(exception !is null);
-    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -540,17 +473,11 @@ private @nogc unittest
  *
  * Params:
  *  T      = "scheme", "host", "port", "user", "pass", "path", "query",
- *           "fragment" or $(D_KEYWORD null) for a struct with all components.
+ *           "fragment".
  *  source = The string containing the URL.
  *
  * Returns: Requested URL component.
  */
-URL parseURL(const char[] source) @nogc
-{
-    return URL(source);
-}
-
-/// Ditto.
 auto parseURL(string T)(const char[] source)
 if (T == "scheme"
  || T == "host"
@@ -565,8 +492,14 @@ if (T == "scheme"
     return mixin("ret." ~ T);
 }
 
+/// ditto
+URL parseURL(const char[] source) @nogc pure
+{
+    return URL(source);
+}
+
 ///
-@nogc unittest
+@nogc pure @system unittest
 {
     auto u = parseURL("http://example.org:5326");
     assert(u.scheme == parseURL!"scheme"("http://example.org:5326"));

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.network;
 
-public import tanya.network.inet;
 public import tanya.network.socket;
-public import tanya.network.url;

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/socket.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/socket.d)
  */
 module tanya.network.socket;
 
 import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.time;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
-public import std.socket : SocketOptionLevel, SocketOption;
+public import std.socket : SocketOption, SocketOptionLevel;
 import std.traits;
 import std.typecons;
 import tanya.memory;
@@ -42,12 +44,52 @@ version (Posix)
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase : ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE,
+                                      ERROR_IO_PENDING,
+                                      GetModuleHandle,
+                                      GetProcAddress;
+    import core.sys.windows.winsock2 : accept,
+                                       addrinfo,
+                                       bind,
+                                       closesocket,
+                                       FIONBIO,
+                                       freeaddrinfo,
+                                       getaddrinfo,
+                                       getsockopt,
+                                       ioctlsocket,
+                                       listen,
+                                       MSG_DONTROUTE,
+                                       MSG_OOB,
+                                       MSG_PEEK,
+                                       recv,
+                                       SD_BOTH,
+                                       SD_RECEIVE,
+                                       SD_SEND,
+                                       send,
+                                       setsockopt,
+                                       shutdown,
+                                       SOCKADDR,
+                                       sockaddr,
+                                       sockaddr_in,
+                                       sockaddr_in6,
+                                       SOCKADDR_STORAGE,
+                                       socket,
+                                       socklen_t,
+                                       SOL_SOCKET,
+                                       SO_TYPE,
+                                       WSAGetLastError;
     import tanya.async.iocp;
-    import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-    import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.error : ECONNABORTED = WSAECONNABORTED,
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+                                     ENOBUFS = WSAENOBUFS,
-    import core.sys.windows.windef;
+                                     EOPNOTSUPP = WSAEOPNOTSUPP,
-    import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+                                     EPROTONOSUPPORT = WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT,
+                                     EPROTOTYPE = WSAEPROTOTYPE,
+                                     ESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
+                                     ETIMEDOUT = WSAETIMEDOUT,
+                                     EWOULDBLOCK = WSAEWOULDBLOCK;
+    public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+    public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
     enum SocketType : size_t
     {
@@ -56,177 +98,6 @@ else version (Windows)
 
     private alias LingerField = ushort;
 
-    enum : uint
-    {
-        IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
-        IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
-        IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
-        IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
-        IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
-        IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
-        IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
-        IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
-    }
-
-    template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
-    }
-
-    alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
-    alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
-    alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
-    alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
-    alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
-    alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
-    alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
-    alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
-    alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
-    alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
-    alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
-    alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
-    alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
-    alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
-    alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
-    alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
-    alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
-    alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
-    alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
-
-    private alias GROUP = uint;
-
-    enum
-    {
-        WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
-        MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7,
-        WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255,
-    }
-
-    struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
-    {
-        int                       ChainLen;
-        DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAPROTOCOLCHAIN = WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN*;
-
-    struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
-    {
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
-        DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
-        GUID                       ProviderId;
-        DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
-        WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
-        int                        iVersion;
-        int                        iAddressFamily;
-        int                        iMaxSockAddr;
-        int                        iMinSockAddr;
-        int                        iSocketType;
-        int                        iProtocol;
-        int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
-        int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
-        int                        iSecurityScheme;
-        DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
-        DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
-        TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAPROTOCOL_INFO = WSAPROTOCOL_INFO*;
-
-    extern (Windows) @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        private SOCKET WSASocketW(int af,
-                                  int type,
-                                  int protocol,
-                                  LPWSAPROTOCOL_INFO lpProtocolInfo,
-                                  GROUP g,
-                                  DWORD dwFlags);
-        int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
-                    LPWSABUF lpBuffers,
-                    DWORD dwBufferCount,
-                    LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-                    LPDWORD lpFlags,
-                    LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                    LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        int WSASend(SOCKET s,
-                    LPWSABUF lpBuffers,
-                    DWORD dwBufferCount,
-                    LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-                    DWORD lpFlags,
-                    LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                    LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
-                     uint dwIoControlCode,
-                     void* lpvInBuffer,
-                     uint cbInBuffer,
-                     void* lpvOutBuffer,
-                     uint cbOutBuffer,
-                     uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
-                     LPWSAOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                     LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = BOOL function(SOCKET,
-                                            SOCKET,
-                                            PVOID,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            LPDWORD,
-                                            LPOVERLAPPED);
-    }
-    alias WSASocket = WSASocketW;
-
-    alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = VOID function(PVOID,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    SOCKADDR**,
-                                                    LPINT,
-                                                    SOCKADDR**,
-                                                    LPINT);
-    const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
-        0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
-        [ 0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92 ],
-    };
-
-    struct WSABUF
-    {
-        ULONG len;
-        CHAR* buf;
-    }
-    alias WSABUF* LPWSABUF;
-
-    struct WSAOVERLAPPED
-    {
-        ULONG_PTR Internal;
-        ULONG_PTR InternalHigh;
-        union
-        {
-            struct
-            {
-                DWORD Offset;
-                DWORD OffsetHigh;
-            }
-            PVOID  Pointer;
-        }
-        HANDLE hEvent;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED = WSAOVERLAPPED*;
-
-    enum SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B;
-
     enum OverlappedSocketEvent
     {
         accept = 1,
@@ -239,13 +110,38 @@ else version (Windows)
         private WSABUF buffer;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Socket returned if a connection has been established.
+     *
+     * Note: Available only on Windows.
+     */
     class OverlappedConnectedSocket : ConnectedSocket
     {
+        /**
+         * Create a socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  handle = Socket handle.
+         *  af     = Address family.
+         */
         this(SocketType handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc
         {
             super(handle, af);
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Begins to asynchronously receive data from a connected socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  buffer     = Storage location for the received data.
+         *  flags      = Flags.
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         */
         bool beginReceive(ubyte[] buffer,
                           SocketState overlapped,
                           Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
@@ -258,12 +154,12 @@ else version (Windows)
             overlapped.buffer.buf = cast(char*) buffer.ptr;
 
             auto result = WSARecv(handle_,
-                                  &overlapped.buffer,
+                                  cast(WSABUF*) &overlapped.buffer,
                                   1u,
-                                  NULL,
+                                  null,
                                   &receiveFlags,
                                   &overlapped.overlapped,
-                                  NULL);
+                                  null);
 
             if (result == socketError && !wouldHaveBlocked)
             {
@@ -272,6 +168,18 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == 0;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Ends a pending asynchronous read.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes received.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         *
+         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
+         */
         int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         out (count)
         {
@@ -296,6 +204,19 @@ else version (Windows)
             return lpNumber;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Sends data asynchronously to a connected socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  buffer     = Data to be sent.
+         *  flags      = Flags.
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to send.
+         */
         bool beginSend(ubyte[] buffer,
                        SocketState overlapped,
                        Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
@@ -308,10 +229,10 @@ else version (Windows)
             auto result = WSASend(handle_,
                                   &overlapped.buffer,
                                   1u,
-                                  NULL,
+                                  null,
                                   cast(DWORD) flags,
                                   &overlapped.overlapped,
-                                  NULL);
+                                  null);
 
             if (result == socketError && !wouldHaveBlocked)
             {
@@ -321,6 +242,18 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == 0;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Ends a pending asynchronous send.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes sent.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         *
+         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
+        */
         int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         out (count)
         {
@@ -342,11 +275,22 @@ else version (Windows)
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Windows stream socket overlapped I/O.
+     */
     class OverlappedStreamSocket : StreamSocket
     {
         // Accept extension function pointer.
         package LPFN_ACCEPTEX acceptExtension;
 
+        /**
+         * Create a socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  af = Address family.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on errors.
+         */
         this(AddressFamily af) @nogc @trusted
         {
             super(af);
@@ -366,8 +310,8 @@ else version (Windows)
                                    &acceptExtension,
                                    acceptExtension.sizeof,
                                    &dwBytes,
-                                   NULL,
+                                   null,
-                                   NULL);
+                                   null);
             if (!result == socketError)
             {
                 throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
@@ -375,6 +319,17 @@ else version (Windows)
             }
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Begins an asynchronous operation to accept an incoming connection attempt.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on accept errors.
+         */
         bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         {
             auto socket = cast(SocketType) socket(addressFamily, 1, 0);
@@ -410,6 +365,17 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == TRUE;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Asynchronously accepts an incoming connection attempt and creates a
+         * new socket to handle remote host communication.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Connected socket.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
+         */
         OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped)
         @nogc @trusted
         {
@@ -431,133 +397,6 @@ else version (Windows)
         }
     }
 }
-else version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-    /// Native socket representation type.
-    enum SocketType;
-
-    /**
-     * Socket returned if a connection has been established.
-     *
-     * Note: Available only on Windows.
-     */
-    class OverlappedConnectedSocket : ConnectedSocket
-    {
-        /**
-         * Create a socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  handle = Socket handle.
-         *  af     = Address family.
-         */
-        this(SocketType handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc;
-
-        /**
-         * Begins to asynchronously receive data from a connected socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  buffer     = Storage location for the received data.
-         *  flags      = Flags.
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         */
-        bool beginReceive(ubyte[] buffer,
-                          SocketState overlapped,
-                          Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Ends a pending asynchronous read.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Number of bytes received.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         *
-         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
-         */
-        int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Sends data asynchronously to a connected socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  buffer     = Data to be sent.
-         *  flags      = Flags.
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to send.
-         */
-        bool beginSend(ubyte[] buffer,
-                       SocketState overlapped,
-                       Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Ends a pending asynchronous send.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Number of bytes sent.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         *
-         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
-        */
-        int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Windows stream socket overlapped I/O.
-     */
-    class OverlappedStreamSocket : StreamSocket
-    {
-        /**
-         * Create a socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  af = Address family.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on errors.
-         */
-        this(AddressFamily af) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Begins an asynchronous operation to accept an incoming connection attempt.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on accept errors.
-         */
-        bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Asynchronously accepts an incoming connection attempt and creates a
-         * new socket to handle remote host communication.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Connected socket.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
-         */
-        OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped)
-        @nogc @trusted;
-    }
-}
 
 /**
  * Socket option that specifies what should happen when the socket that

source/tanya/os/error.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/error.d)
  */
 module tanya.os.error;
 
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this.value_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ErrorNo opCast(T : int)() const
     {
         return this.value_;
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref ErrorCode opAssign()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
     pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this.value_ == that;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
     const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.os;
 

source/tanya/range/array.d

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.range.array) implements range primitives for built-in arrays.
+ *
+ * This module is a submodule of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d, tanya.range).
+ *
+ * After importing of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d, tanya/range/array.d)
+ * built-in arrays can act as bidirectional ranges. For that to work the module
+ * defines a set of functions that accept a built-in array of any type as their
+ * first argument, so thanks to UFCS (Uniform Function Call Syntax) they can be
+ * called as if they were array member functions. For example the arrays the
+ * `.length`-property, but no `.empty` property. So here can be find the
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL empty) function. Since $(D_INLINECODE empty(array)) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE array.empty) are equal for the arrays, arrays get a faked
+ * property `empty`.
+ *
+ * The functions in this module don't change array elements or its underlying
+ * storage, but some functions alter the slice. Each array maintains a pointer
+ * to its data and the length and there can be several pointers which point to
+ * the same data. Array pointer can be advanced and the length can be reduced
+ * without changing the underlying storage. So slices offer the possibility to
+ * have multiple views into the same array, point to different positions inside
+ * it.
+ *
+ * Strings ($(D_INLINECODE char[]), (D_INLINECODE wchar[]) and
+ * (D_INLINECODE dchar[])) are treated as any other normal array, they aren't
+ * auto-decoded.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/array.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.array;
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL front) can be also used
+ * to change the first element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: First element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T front(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[0];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string s = "Wenn die Wunde nicht mehr wehtut, schmerzt die Narbe";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.front) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.front == 'W');
+
+    wstring w = "Волны несутся, гремя и сверкая";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.front) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.front == 'В');
+
+    dstring d = "Для писателя память - это почти все";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.front) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.front == 'Д');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the last element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL back) can be also used
+ * to change the last element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: Last element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T back(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[$ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string s = "Brecht";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.back) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.back == 't');
+
+    wstring w = "Тютчев";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.back) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.back == 'в');
+
+    dstring d = "Паустовский";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.back) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.back == 'й');
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) advance the $(D_PARAM array)
+ * and remove one element from its back, respectively.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) don't alter the array
+ * storage, they only narrow the view into the array.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+void popFront(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[1 .. $];
+}
+
+/// ditto
+void popBack(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[0 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    wstring array = "Der finstere Ozean der Metaphysik. Nietzsche";
+
+    array.popFront();
+    assert(array.length == 43);
+    assert(array.front == 'e');
+
+    array.popBack();
+    assert(array.length == 42);
+    assert(array.back == 'h');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether $(D_PARAM array) is empty.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM array) has no elements,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+@property bool empty(T)(const T[] array)
+{
+    return array.length == 0;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[1] array;
+    assert(!array.empty);
+    assert(array[1 .. 1].empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL save) doesn't copy the array itself, but only the data pointer
+ * and the length.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: A copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+@property T[] save(T)(T[] array)
+{
+    return array;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[8] array;
+    auto slice = array.save;
+
+    assert(slice.length == array.length);
+    slice.popFront();
+    assert(slice.length < array.length);
+}

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package contains generic functions and templates to be used with D
+ * ranges.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range;
+
+public import tanya.range.array;
+public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Base type definitions and aliases.
+ *
+ * This module doesn't provide aliases for all types used by Windows, but only
+ * for types that can vary on different platforms. For example there is no
+ * need to define `INT32` alias for D, since $(D_KEYWORD int) is always a
+ * 32-bit signed integer. But `int` and its Windows alias `INT` is not the
+ * same on all platforms in C, so its size can be something differen than
+ * 32 bit, therefore an $(D_PSYMBOL INT) alias is available in this module.
+ * $(D_PARAM TCHAR) can be a $(D_KEYWORD char) if Unicode isn't supported or
+ * $(D_KEYWORD wchar) if Unicode is supported, so $(D_PSYMBOL TCHAR) is
+ * defined here.
+ * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/def.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+alias BYTE = ubyte;
+alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
+alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias SHORT = short;
+alias USHORT = ushort;
+alias WORD = ushort;
+alias INT = int;
+alias UINT = uint;
+alias LONG = int;
+alias ULONG = uint;
+alias DWORD = uint;
+alias LONGLONG = long; // Or double.
+alias ULONGLONG = ulong; // Or double.
+alias DWORDLONG = ulong;
+alias FLOAT = float;
+alias BOOL = int;
+alias BOOLEAN = BYTE;
+
+alias HANDLE = void*;
+enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
+
+enum TRUE = 1;
+enum FALSE = 0;
+
+align(1) struct GUID
+{
+    uint Data1;
+    ushort Data2;
+    ushort Data3;
+    char[8] Data4;
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.error;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
+enum
+{
+    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
+    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
+    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
+    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
+    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
+    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
+
+    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
+    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
+    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
+    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
+    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
+    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
+    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
+    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
+    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
+    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
+    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
+    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
+    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
+    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
+    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
+    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
+    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
+    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
+    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
+    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
+    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
+    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
+    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
+    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
+    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
+    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
+    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
+    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
+    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
+    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
+    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
+    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
+    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
+    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
+    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
+    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
+    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
+
+    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
+    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
+    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
+    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
+    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
+    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
+    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
+    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
+    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
+    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
+    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
+    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
+    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
+    
+    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
+    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
+    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
+    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
+
+    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
+    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
+    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
+    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
+    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
+
+    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
+    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
+    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
+    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
+    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
+    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
+    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
+    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
+    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
+    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winbase.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+struct OVERLAPPED
+{
+    size_t Internal;
+    size_t InternalHigh;
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            DWORD Offset;
+            DWORD OffsetHigh;
+        }
+        void* Pointer;
+    }
+    HANDLE hEvent;
+}
+
+extern(Windows)
+HANDLE CreateIoCompletionPort(HANDLE FileHandle,
+                              HANDLE ExistingCompletionPort,
+                              size_t CompletionKey,
+                              DWORD NumberOfConcurrentThreads)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetQueuedCompletionStatus(HANDLE CompletionPort,
+                               DWORD* lpNumberOfBytes,
+                               size_t* lpCompletionKey,
+                               OVERLAPPED** lpOverlapped,
+                               DWORD dwMilliseconds) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
+                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                         DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
+                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+alias SOCKET = size_t;
+enum SOCKET INVALID_SOCKET = ~0;
+enum SOCKET_ERROR = -1;
+
+enum
+{
+    IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
+    IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
+    IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
+    IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
+    IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
+    IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
+    IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
+    IOC_WSK      = (IOC_WS2 | 0x07000000), // _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600.
+    IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
+}
+
+template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
+}
+
+alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
+alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
+alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
+alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
+alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
+alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
+alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
+alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
+alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
+alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
+alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
+alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
+alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
+alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
+alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
+
+alias GROUP = uint;
+
+enum
+{
+    WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_ROOT = 0x02,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_LEAF = 0x04,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_ROOT = 0x08,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_LEAF = 0x10,
+    WSA_FLAG_ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY = 0x40,
+    WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT = 0x80,
+    WSA_FLAG_REGISTERED_IO = 0x100,
+}
+
+enum MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7;
+enum BASE_PROTOCOL = 1;
+enum LAYERED_PROTOCOL = 0;
+enum WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255;
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
+{
+    int ChainLen;
+    DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
+}
+
+struct WSABUF
+{
+    ULONG len;
+    CHAR* buf;
+}
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
+{
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
+    GUID                       ProviderId;
+    DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
+    WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
+    int                        iVersion;
+    int                        iAddressFamily;
+    int                        iMaxSockAddr;
+    int                        iMinSockAddr;
+    int                        iSocketType;
+    int                        iProtocol;
+    int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
+    int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
+    int                        iSecurityScheme;
+    DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
+    TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
+}
+
+const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
+    0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+const GUID WSAID_ACCEPTEX = {
+    0xb5367df1, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE = void function(DWORD dwError,
+                                                         DWORD cbTransferred,
+                                                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                                                         DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+SOCKET WSASocket(int af,
+                 int type,
+                 int protocol,
+                 WSAPROTOCOL_INFO* lpProtocolInfo,
+                 GROUP g,
+                 DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD* lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSASend(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
+             uint dwIoControlCode,
+             void* lpvInBuffer,
+             uint cbInBuffer,
+             void* lpvOutBuffer,
+             uint cbOutBuffer,
+             uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
+             OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+             LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)             
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+alias ADDRESS_FAMILY = USHORT;
+
+struct SOCKADDR
+{
+    ADDRESS_FAMILY sa_family;           // Address family.
+    CHAR[14] sa_data;                   // Up to 14 bytes of direct address.
+}
+
+alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = void function(void*,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*) nothrow @nogc;
+
+alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = extern(Windows) BOOL function(SOCKET,
+                                                    SOCKET,
+                                                    void*,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD*,
+                                                    OVERLAPPED*) @nogc nothrow;
+
+enum
+{
+    SO_MAXDG = 0x7009,
+    SO_MAXPATHDG = 0x700A,
+    SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
+    SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
+    SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
+}

source/tanya/test/assertion.d

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Additional assertions.
+ *
+ * This module provides functions that assert whether a given expression
+ * satisfies some complex condition, that can't be tested with
+ * $(D_KEYWORD assert) in a single line. Internally all the functions
+ * just evaluate the expression and call $(D_KEYWORD assert).
+ *
+ * The functions can cause segmentation fault if the module is compiled
+ * in production mode and the condition fails.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/assertion.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/assertion.d)
+ */
+module tanya.test.assertion;
+
+import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Asserts whether the function $(D_PARAM expr) throws an exception of type
+ * $(D_PARAM E). If it does, the exception is catched and properly destroyed.
+ * If it doesn't, an assertion error is thrown. If the exception doesn't match
+ * $(D_PARAM E) type, it isn't catched and escapes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E    = Expected exception type.
+ *  T    = Throwing function type.
+ *  Args = Argument types of the throwing function.
+ *  expr = Throwing function.
+ *  args = Arguments for $(D_PARAM expr).
+ */
+void assertThrown(E : Exception, T, Args...)(T expr, auto ref Args args)
+if (isSomeFunction!T)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        cast(void) expr(args);
+        assert(false, "Expected exception not thrown");
+    }
+    catch (E exception)
+    {
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // If you want to test that an expression throws, you can wrap it into an
+    // arrow function.
+    static struct CtorThrows
+    {
+        this(int i) @nogc pure @safe
+        {
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!Exception();
+        }
+    }
+    assertThrown!Exception(() => CtorThrows(8));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that the function $(D_PARAM expr) doesn't throw.
+ *
+ * If it does, the thrown exception is catched, properly destroyed and an
+ * assertion error is thrown instead.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T    = Tested function type.
+ *  Args = Argument types of $(D_PARAM expr).
+ *  expr = Tested function.
+ *  args = Arguments for $(D_PARAM expr).
+ */
+void assertNotThrown(T, Args...)(T expr, auto ref Args args)
+if (isSomeFunction!T)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        cast(void) expr(args);
+    }
+    catch (Exception exception)
+    {
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+        assert(false, "Unexpected exception thrown");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    // If you want to test that an expression doesn't throw, you can wrap it
+    // into an arrow function.
+    static struct S
+    {
+    }
+    assertNotThrown(() => S());
+}

source/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -3,17 +3,15 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Internet utilities.
+ * Test suite for $(D_KEYWORD unittest)-blocks.
- *
- * $(RED Deprecated. Use $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.net.inet) instead.
- * This module will be removed in 0.8.0.)
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/package.d)
  */
-deprecated("Use tanya.net.inet instead")
+module tanya.test;
-module tanya.network.inet;
 
-public import tanya.net.inet;
+public import tanya.test.assertion;

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/typecons.d,
+ *                 tanya/typecons.d)
  */
 module tanya.typecons;
 
-import std.meta;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.