container.array: Fix assigning non-copyable values

Fix #59.

.gitignore

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ dub.selections.json
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
 /tanya-test-*
-/dub_platform_probe-*
+/dub_platform_probe[_-]*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -7,32 +7,49 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
-  - dmd-2.081.0
+- dmd-2.083.1
-  - dmd-2.080.1
+- dmd-2.082.1
-  - dmd-2.079.1
-  - dmd-2.078.3
 
 env:
+  global:
+  - LATEST=2.083.1
+
   matrix:
   - ARCH=x86_64
   - ARCH=x86
 
+matrix:
+  include:
+  - name: D-Scanner
+    d: dmd-$LATEST
+    env: DSCANNER=0.5.11
+    os: linux
+  - name: DDoc
+    d: dmd-$LATEST
+    env: DDOC=true
+    os: linux
+
 addons:
   apt:
     packages:
     - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.081.0'`" ]; then
+- if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep v$LATEST`" ] &&
+     [ -z "$DSCANNER$DDOC" ]; then
     export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
   fi
 
 script:
-  - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
+- if [ -n "$DDOC" ]; then
-  - if [ "$UNITTEST" ] && [ "$ARCH" = "x86_64" ] && [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ];
+    dub build -b ddox --compiler=$DC;
-    then
+  elif [ -z "$DSCANNER" ]; then
-      dub fetch dscanner;
+    dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC;
-      dub run dscanner -- --styleCheck ./source/;
+  else
+    dub fetch dscanner --version=$DSCANNER;
+
+    FILES=$(find source -type f);
+    dub run dscanner -- --styleCheck $FILES;
   fi
 
 after_success:

README.md

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 
 * `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `bitmanip`: Bit manipulation.
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
 string, Set, Hash table.
 * `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
@@ -173,11 +174,9 @@ parameter is used)
 ### Supported compilers
 
 | DMD     | GCC             |
-|:-------:|:---------:|
+|:-------:|:---------------:|
-| 2.081.1 | *master*  |
+| 2.083.1 | gdc-8 (2.081.2) |
-| 2.080.1 |           |
+| 2.082.1 | gdc-7 (2.081.2) |
-| 2.079.1 |           |
-| 2.078.3 |           |
 
 ### Release management
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,28 +4,16 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      DVersion: 2.083.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      DVersion: 2.083.1
       arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.1
+      DVersion: 2.082.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.1
+      DVersion: 2.082.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.079.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.079.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.3
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.3
       arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
@@ -46,7 +34,7 @@ install:
 before_build:
   - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";
-          $env:Darch = "x86";
+          $env:Darch = "x86_mscoff";
         }
         elseif($env:arch -eq "x64"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "amd64";

arch/build.ninja

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ rule archive
 
 build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
 build log.o: gas x64/linux/math/log.S
-build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
+build equal.o: gas x64/linux/memory/equal.S
 build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
 build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
 build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
 
-build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o log.o abs.o
+build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o equal.o log.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/memory/equal.S

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 	.text
 
 /*
- * cmpMemory.
+ * equalMemory.
  *
  * rdi - r1 length
  * rsi - r1 data.
  * rdx - r2 length.
  * rcx - r2 data.
  */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb, @function
-
+_D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb:
-_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 		// Compare the lengths
 		cmp %rdx, %rdi
-		jl  less
+		jne not_equal
-		jg  greater
 
 		mov %rcx, %rdi
 
@@ -27,8 +25,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 
 	naligned:
 		cmpsb
-		jl less
+		jne not_equal
-		jg greater
 
 		dec %rdx
 		test $0x07, %edi
@@ -39,8 +36,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 		shr $0x03, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsq
-		jl less
+		jne not_equal
-		jg greater
 
 		and $0x07, %edx
 		jz equal
@@ -50,19 +46,14 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 		cmp $0x0, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsb
-		jl less
+		jne not_equal
-		jg greater
 
 	equal:
+		mov $0x01, %rax // Return 1
+		jmp end
+
+	not_equal:
 		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
-		jmp end
-
-	greater:
-		mov $0x01, %rax
-		jmp end
-
-	less:
-		mov $-0x01, %rax
 
 	end:
 		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ The returned value is placed in %rax.
 */
 	.text
 
-	.globl syscall1
+// 1 parameter.
-	.type syscall1, @function
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl, @function
 
-syscall1:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl:
 	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
 
 	syscall
@@ -23,10 +24,10 @@ syscall1:
 
 
 // 2 parameters.
-	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl
-	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl, @function
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl, @function
 
-_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl:
 	movq %rdx, %rax
 
 	syscall
@@ -34,11 +35,23 @@ _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl:
 	ret
 
 
-// 6 parameters.
+// 3 parameters.
-	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl
-	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl, @function
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl, @function
 
-_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl:
+	movq %rcx, %rax
+
+	syscall
+
+	ret
+
+
+// 6 parameters.
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl, @function
+
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl:
 	pushq %rbp
 	movq %rsp, %rbp
 

dub.json

@@ -34,5 +34,7 @@
 		}
 	],
 
-	"libs-windows": ["advapi32"]
+	"libs-windows": ["advapi32"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_mscoff": ["iphlpapi"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_64": ["iphlpapi"]
 }

source/tanya/algorithm/comparison.d

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 module tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math : isNaN;
+import tanya.math;
-import tanya.memory.op;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
  * If the ranges have different lengths, they aren't equal.
  *
  * Params:
+ *  pred = Predicate used to compare individual element pairs.
  *  R1   = First range type.
  *  R2   = Second range type.
  *  r1   = First range.
@@ -286,14 +287,16 @@ if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if both ranges are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
  *          otherwise.
  */
-bool equal(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+bool equal(alias pred = (auto ref a, auto ref b) => a == b, R1, R2)
-if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
+          (R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r1.front, r2.front)) == bool))
 {
     static if (isDynamicArray!R1
             && is(R1 == R2)
             && __traits(isPOD, ElementType!R1))
     {
-        return cmp(r1, r2) == 0;
+        return tanya.memory.op.equal(r1, r2);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -306,7 +309,7 @@ if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
         }
         for (; !r1.empty && !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
         {
-            if (r1.front != r2.front)
+            if (!pred(r1.front, r2.front))
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -331,3 +334,130 @@ if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
     int[3] range2 = [1, 2, 3];
     assert(!equal(range1[], range2[]));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Compares element-wise two ranges for ordering.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL compare) returns a negative value if $(D_PARAM r1) is less than
+ * $(D_PARAM r2), a positive value if $(D_PARAM r2) is less than $(D_PARAM r1),
+ * or `0` if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) equal.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL compare) iterates both ranges in lockstep. Whichever of them
+ * contains an element that is greater than the respective element at the same
+ * position in the other range is the greater one of the two.
+ *
+ * If one of the ranges becomes empty when iterating, but all elements equal so
+ * far, the range with more elements is the greater one.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM pred) is given, it is used for comparison. $(D_PARAM pred) is
+ * called as $(D_INLINECODE pred(r1.front, r2.front)) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE pred(r2.front, r1.front)) to perform three-way comparison.
+ * $(D_PARAM pred) should return a $(D_KEYWORD bool).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM pred) is not given, but the element type of $(D_PARAM R1)
+ * defines `opCmp()` for the element type of $(D_PARAM R2), `opCmp()` is used.
+ *
+ * Otherwise the comparison is perfomed using the basic comparison operators.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  pred = Predicate used for comparison.
+ *  R1   = First range type.
+ *  R2   = Second range type.
+ *  r1   = First range.
+ *  r2   = Second range.
+ *
+ * Returns: A negative value if $(D_PARAM r1) is less than $(D_PARAM r2), a
+ *          positive value if $D(_PARAM r2) is less than $(D_PARAM r1), `0`
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+int compare(alias pred, R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r1.front, r2.front)) == bool)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r2.front, r1.front)) == bool))
+{
+    alias predImpl = (ref r1, ref r2) {
+        return pred(r2.front, r1.front) - pred(r1.front, r2.front);
+    };
+    return compareImpl!(predImpl, R1, R2)(r1, r2);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+int compare(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(r1.front < r2.front || r2.front < r1.front)))
+{
+    static if (is(typeof(r1.front.opCmp(r2.front)) == int))
+    {
+        alias pred = (ref r1, ref r2) => r1.front.opCmp(r2.front);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias pred = (ref r1, ref r2) {
+            return (r2.front < r1.front) - (r1.front < r2.front);
+        };
+    }
+    return compareImpl!(pred, R1, R2)(r1, r2);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(compare("abc", "abc") == 0);
+    assert(compare("abcd", "abc") > 0);
+    assert(compare("ab", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "abcd") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "ab") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aec", "abc") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aac", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aec") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aab") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aacd", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aacd") > 0);
+
+    assert(compare!((a, b) => a > b)("aec", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare!((a, b) => a > b)("aac", "abc") > 0);
+}
+
+private int compareImpl(alias pred, R1, R2)(ref R1 r1, ref R2 r2)
+{
+    for (; !r1.empty || !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
+    {
+        if (r1.empty)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else if (r2.empty)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        const comparison = pred(r1, r2);
+        if (comparison != 0)
+        {
+            return comparison;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct OpCmp(int value)
+    {
+        int opCmp(OpCmp) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!(-1)[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) < 0);
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!1[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) > 0);
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!0[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) == 0);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d

@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Iteration algorithms.
+ *
+ * These algorithms wrap other ranges and modify the way, how the original
+ * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
+ *
+ * All algorithms in this module are lazy, they request the next element of the
+ * original range on demand.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/iteration.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.iteration;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.range;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
+
+private struct Take(R, bool exactly)
+{
+    private R source;
+    size_t length_;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(R source, size_t length)
+    {
+        this.source = source;
+        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
+        {
+            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.length_ = length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref front()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.source.front;
+    }
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.source.popFront();
+        --this.length_;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty()
+    {
+        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
+        {
+            return length == 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return this.length_ == 0 || this.source.empty;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (exactly || hasLength!R)
+    {
+        @property size_t length()
+        {
+            return this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+    {
+        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = move(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (isForwardRange!R)
+    {
+        typeof(this) save()
+        {
+            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
+    {
+        @property auto ref back()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[this.length - 1];
+        }
+
+        void popBack()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+
+        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i < length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[i];
+        }
+
+        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+        {
+            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = value;
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = move(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (!exactly && hasSlicing!R)
+    {
+        auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i <= j);
+            assert(j <= length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return typeof(this)(this.source[i .. j], length);
+        }
+    }
+
+    version (unittest) static assert(isInputRange!Take);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
+ * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
+ ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
+ * expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
+ *          $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
+ */
+auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (hasSlicing!R && hasLength!R)
+    {
+        if (range.length <= n)
+            return range;
+        else
+            return range[0 .. n];
+    }
+    // Special case: take(take(...), n)
+    else static if (is(Range == Take!(RRange, exact), RRange, bool exact))
+    {
+        if (n > range.length_)
+            n = range.length_;
+        static if (exact)
+            // `take(takeExactly(r, n0), n)` is rewritten `takeExactly(r, min(n0, n))`.
+            return Take!(RRange, true)(range.source, n);
+        else
+            // `take(take(r, n0), n)` is rewritten `take(r, min(n0, n))`.
+            return Take!(RRange, false)(range.source, n);
+    }
+    else static if (isInfinite!R)
+    {
+        // If the range is infinite then `take` is the same as `takeExactly`.
+        return Take!(R, true)(range, n);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return Take!(R, false)(range, n);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+// length is unknown when taking from a range without length
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct R
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+    }
+    auto actual = take(R(), 100);
+
+    static assert(!hasLength!(typeof(actual)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
+ ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
+ * which expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
+ */
+auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (hasSlicing!R)
+    {
+        return range[0 .. n];
+    }
+    // Special case: takeExactly(take(range, ...), n) is takeExactly(range, n)
+    else static if (is(Range == Take!(RRange, exact), RRange, bool exact))
+    {
+        assert(n <= range.length_);
+        return Take!(RRange, true)(range.source, n);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return Take!(R, true)(range, n);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+// Takes minimum length if the range length > n
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto range = take(cast(int[]) null, 8);
+    assert(range.length == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[9] range = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    {
+        auto slice = take(range[], 8)[1 .. 3];
+
+        assert(slice.length == 2);
+        assert(slice.front == 2);
+        assert(slice.back == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto slice = takeExactly(range[], 8)[1 .. 3];
+
+        assert(slice.length == 2);
+        assert(slice.front == 2);
+        assert(slice.back == 3);
+    }
+}
+
+// Reverse-access-order range returned by `retro`.
+private struct Retro(Range)
+{
+    Range source;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(Range source)
+    {
+        this.source = source;
+    }
+
+    Retro save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref front()
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        return this.source.back;
+    }
+
+    void popFront()
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        this.source.popBack();
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref back()
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        return this.source.front;
+    }
+
+    void popBack()
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        this.source.popFront();
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty()
+    {
+        return this.source.empty;
+    }
+
+    static if (hasLength!Range)
+    {
+        @property size_t length()
+        {
+            return this.source.length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (isRandomAccessRange!Range && hasLength!Range)
+    {
+        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+        in (i < length)
+        {
+            return this.source[$ - ++i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (hasAssignableElements!Range)
+    {
+        @property void front(ref ElementType!Range value)
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.back = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(ElementType!Range value)
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.back = move(value);
+        }
+
+        @property void back(ref ElementType!Range value)
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.front = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void back(ElementType!Range value)
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.front = move(value);
+        }
+
+        static if (isRandomAccessRange!Range && hasLength!Range)
+        {
+            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!Range value, size_t i)
+            in (i < length)
+            {
+                this.source[$ - ++i] = value;
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!Range value, size_t i)
+            in (i < length)
+            {
+                this.source[$ - ++i] = move(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    version (unittest) static assert(isBidirectionalRange!Retro);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Iterates a bidirectional range backwards.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Range) is a random-access range as well, the resulting range
+ * is a random-access range too.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Bidirectional range type.
+ *  range = Bidirectional range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Bidirectional range with the elements order reversed.
+ */
+auto retro(Range)(return Range range)
+if (isBidirectionalRange!Range)
+{
+    // Special case: retro(retro(range)) is range
+    static if (is(Range == Retro!RRange, RRange))
+        return range.source;
+    else
+        return Retro!Range(range);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[3] given = [1, 2, 3];
+    const int[3] expected = [3, 2, 1];
+
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    assert(actual.length == expected.length);
+    assert(!actual.empty);
+    assert(equal(actual, expected[]));
+}
+
+// Elements are accessible in reverse order
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[3] given = [1, 2, 3];
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    assert(actual.back == given[].front);
+    assert(actual[0] == 3);
+    assert(actual[2] == 1);
+
+    actual.popBack();
+    assert(actual.back == 2);
+    assert(actual[1] == 2);
+}
+
+// Elements can be assigned
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[4] given = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    actual.front = 5;
+    assert(given[].back == 5);
+
+    actual.back = 8;
+    assert(given[].front == 8);
+
+    actual[2] = 10;
+    assert(given[1] == 10);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d

@@ -14,8 +14,12 @@
  */
 module tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 
-import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.conv;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
 {
@@ -39,11 +43,12 @@ private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
         }
         static if (zero)
         {
-            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
+            tanya.memory.op.fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
         }
         else
         {
-            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size],
+                                 (&value)[0 .. 1]);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -81,9 +86,15 @@ do
 {
     static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
     {
-        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
 
         static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083) // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
+            {
+                deinitialize!(__traits(isZeroInit, T))(source);
+            }
+            else
             {
                 if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
                 {
@@ -95,6 +106,7 @@ do
                 }
             }
         }
+    }
     else
     {
         target = source;
@@ -273,3 +285,408 @@ void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
     assert(a == 5);
     assert(b == 3);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Copies the $(D_PARAM source) range into the $(D_PARAM target) range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Source = Input range type.
+ *  Target = Output range type.
+ *  source = Source input range.
+ *  target = Target output range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM target) range, whose front element is the one past the
+ *          last element copied.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_PARAM target) should be large enough to accept all
+ *               $(D_PARAM source) elements.
+ */
+Target copy(Source, Target)(Source source, Target target)
+if (isInputRange!Source && isOutputRange!(Target, Source))
+in
+{
+    static if (hasLength!Source && hasLength!Target)
+    {
+        assert(target.length >= source.length);
+    }
+}
+do
+{
+    alias E = ElementType!Source;
+    static if (isDynamicArray!Source
+            && is(Unqual!E == ElementType!Target)
+            && !hasElaborateCopyConstructor!E
+            && !hasElaborateAssign!E
+            && !hasElaborateDestructor!E)
+    {
+        if (source.ptr < target.ptr
+         && (() @trusted => (target.ptr - source.ptr) < source.length)())
+        {
+            tanya.memory.op.copyBackward(source, target);
+        }
+        else if (source.ptr !is target.ptr)
+        {
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(source, target);
+        }
+        return target[source.length .. $];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !source.empty; source.popFront())
+        {
+            put(target, source.front);
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[2] source = [1, 2];
+    int[2] target = [3, 4];
+
+    copy(source[], target[]);
+    assert(equal(source[], target[]));
+}
+
+// Returns advanced target
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[5] input = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    assert(copy(input[3 .. 5], input[]).front == 3);
+}
+
+// Copies overlapping arrays
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4];
+
+    copy(actual[0 .. 4], actual[2 .. 6]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(copy((ubyte[]).init, (ushort[]).init))));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(copy((ushort[]).init, (ubyte[]).init))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct OutPutRange
+    {
+        int value;
+        void put(int value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(this.value == 0);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+    }
+    int[1] source = [5];
+    OutPutRange target;
+
+    assert(copy(source[], target).value == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Filler type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Filler.
+ */
+void fill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (!isDynamicArray!Range && is(typeof(range[] = value)))
+    {
+        range[] = value;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            range.front = value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
+
+    fill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+// [] is called where possible
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct Slice
+    {
+        bool* slicingCalled;
+
+        int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        void front(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool empty() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            *this.slicingCalled = true;
+        }
+    }
+    bool slicingCalled;
+    auto range = Slice(&slicingCalled);
+    fill(range, 0);
+    assert(slicingCalled);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value) assuming the elements of the
+ * $(D_PARAM range) aren't initialized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Initializer type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Initializer.
+ */
+void uninitializedFill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range
+ && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(ElementType!Range))
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            ElementType!Range* p = &range.front;
+            emplace!(ElementType!Range)(cast(void[]) (p[0 .. 1]), value);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fill(range, value);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual = void;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
+
+    uninitializedFill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes all elements of the $(D_PARAM range) assuming that they are
+ * uninitialized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type
+ *  range = Input range.
+ */
+void initializeAll(Range)(Range range) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy, fill;
+    alias T = ElementType!Range;
+
+    static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083
+            && isDynamicArray!Range
+            && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+    {
+        fill!0(range);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static immutable init = T.init;
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            copy((&init)[0 .. 1], (&range.front)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[2] actual = void;
+    const int[2] expected = [0, 0];
+
+    initializeAll(actual[]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    NonCopyable[] nonCopyable;
+    initializeAll(nonCopyable);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys all elements in the $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * This function has effect only if the element type of $(D_PARAM Range) has
+ * an elaborate destructor, i.e. it is a $(D_PSYMBOL struct) with an explicit
+ * or generated by the compiler destructor.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ */
+void destroyAll(Range)(Range range)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(ElementType!Range))
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; range)
+        {
+            destroy(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted unittest
+{
+    static struct WithDtor
+    {
+        private size_t* counter;
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure
+        {
+            if (this.counter !is null)
+            {
+                ++(*this.counter);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t counter;
+    WithDtor[2] withDtor = [WithDtor(&counter), WithDtor(&counter)];
+
+    destroyAll(withDtor[]);
+
+    assert(counter == 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rotates the elements of a union of two ranges.
+ *
+ * Performs a left rotation on the given ranges, as if it would be a signle
+ * range, so that [`front.front`, `back.front`$(RPAREN) is a valid range, that
+ * is $(D_PARAM back) would continue $(D_PARAM front).
+ *
+ * The elements are moved so, that the first element of $(D_PARAM back) becomes
+ * the first element of $(D_PARAM front) without changing the relative order of
+ * their elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Range type.
+ *  front = Left half.
+ *  back  = Right half.
+ */
+void rotate(Range)(Range front, Range back)
+if (isForwardRange!Range && hasSwappableElements!Range)
+{
+    auto next = back.save();
+
+    while (!front.empty && !next.empty && !sameHead(front, next))
+    {
+        swap(front.front, next.front);
+        front.popFront();
+        next.popFront();
+
+        if (next.empty)
+        {
+            next = back.save();
+        }
+        else if (front.empty)
+        {
+            front = back.save();
+            back = next.save();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[7] expected = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
+    int[7] actual = [5, 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 7];
+
+    rotate(actual[0 .. 2], actual[4 .. 6]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[5] expected = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    int[5] actual = [4, 5, 1, 2, 3];
+
+    rotate(actual[0 .. 2], actual[2 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+// Doesn't cause an infinite loop if back is shorter than the front
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[5] expected = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    int[5] actual = [3, 4, 5, 1, 2];
+
+    rotate(actual[0 .. 3], actual[3 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+// Doesn't call .front on an empty front
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[2] expected = [2, 8];
+    int[2] actual = expected;
+
+    rotate(actual[0 .. 0], actual[]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@
 module tanya.algorithm;
 
 public import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+public import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
 public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/algorithm/searching.d

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Searching algorithms.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/searching.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/searching.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.searching;
+
+import tanya.range;
+
+/**
+ * Counts the elements in an input range.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM R) has length, $(D_PSYMBOL count) returns it, otherwise it
+ * iterates over the range and counts the elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Input range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM range) length.
+ */
+size_t count(R)(R range)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (hasLength!R)
+    {
+        return range.length;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_t counter;
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront(), ++counter)
+        {
+        }
+        return counter;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[3] array;
+    assert(count(array) == 3);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        private int counter = 3;
+
+        int front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.counter;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            --this.counter;
+        }
+
+        bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.counter == 0;
+        }
+    }
+    Range range;
+    assert(count(range) == 3);
+}

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -318,7 +318,9 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
                 connection.incoming.insertBack(transport);
 
-                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+                reify(transport,
+                      EventMask(Event.none),
+                      EventMask(Event.read | Event.write));
 
                 pendings.insertBack(connection);
                 listener.beginAccept(overlapped);

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
     {
         closing = true;
         loop.reify(this,
-                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.read | Event.write),
                    EventMask(Event.write));
     }
 
@@ -393,7 +393,9 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
                 transport.socket = client;
             }
 
-            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            reify(transport,
+                  EventMask(Event.none),
+                  EventMask(Event.read | Event.write));
             connection.incoming.insertBack(transport);
         }
 

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
 import core.time;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.bitmanip;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.container.list;
 import tanya.memory;

source/tanya/bitmanip.d

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Bit manipulation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/bitmanip.d,
+ *                 tanya/bitmanip.d)
+ */
+module tanya.bitmanip;
+
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM E) is a $(D_KEYWORD enum), whose members can be
+ * used as bit flags.
+ *
+ * This is the case if all members of $(D_PARAM E) are integral numbers that
+ * are either 0 or positive integral powers of 2.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM E) contains only bit flags,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isBitFlagEnum(E)
+{
+    enum bool isValid(OriginalType!E x) = x == 0
+                                       || (x > 0 && ((x & (x - 1)) == 0));
+    static if (isIntegral!E)
+    {
+        enum bool isBitFlagEnum = allSatisfy!(isValid, EnumMembers!E);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isBitFlagEnum = false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Valid
+    {
+        none = 0,
+        one = 1 << 0,
+        two = 1 << 1,
+    }
+    static assert(isBitFlagEnum!Valid);
+
+    enum Invalid
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+        three,
+        four,
+    }
+    static assert(!isBitFlagEnum!Invalid);
+
+    enum Negative
+    {
+        one = -1,
+        two = -2,
+    }
+    static assert(!isBitFlagEnum!Negative);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates that $(D_PARAM field) contains only bits from $(D_PARAM E).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E     = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *  field = Bit field.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM field) is valid, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+bool containsBitFlags(E)(E field)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    OriginalType!E fillField()
+    {
+        typeof(return) full;
+        static foreach (member; EnumMembers!E)
+        {
+            full |= member;
+        }
+        return full;
+    }
+    enum OriginalType!E full = fillField();
+    return (field & ~full) == OriginalType!E.init;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+        three,
+    }
+    assert(containsBitFlags(E.one | E.two));
+    assert(!containsBitFlags(cast(E) 0x8));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allows to use $(D_KEYWORD enum) values as a set of bit flags.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) behaves the same as a bit field of type $(D_PARAM E),
+ * but does additional cheks to ensure that the bit field contains only valid
+ * values, this is only values from $(D_PARAM E).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ */
+struct BitFlags(E)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    private OriginalType!E field;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) from $(D_PARAM field).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  field = Bits to be set.
+     */
+    this(E field)
+    {
+        this.field = field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) to a boolean.
+     *
+     * It is $(D_KEYWORD true) if any bit is set, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) contains any
+     *          set bits, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opCast(T : bool)()
+    {
+        return this.field != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts to the original type of $(D_PARAM E) ($(D_KEYWORD int) by
+     * default).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this) as $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T).
+     */
+    OriginalType!E opCast(T : OriginalType!E)() const
+    {
+        return this.field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests (&), sets (|) or toggles (^) bits.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  op   = Operation.
+     *  that = 0 or more bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: New $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object.
+     */
+    BitFlags opBinary(string op)(E that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    BitFlags opBinary(string op)(BitFlags that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    BitFlags opBinaryRight(string op)(E that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests (&), sets (|) or toggles (^) bits.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  op   = Operation.
+     *  that = 0 or more bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref BitFlags opOpAssign(string op)(E that)
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        mixin("this.field " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref BitFlags opOpAssign(string op)(BitFlags that)
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        mixin("this.field " ~ op ~ "= that.field;");
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inverts all bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: New $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object with all bits inverted.
+     */
+    BitFlags opUnary(string op : "~")() const
+    {
+        BitFlags result;
+        result.field  = ~this.field;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns a bit field.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Bit field of type $(D_PARAM E).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref BitFlags opAssign(E that)
+    {
+        this.field = that;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object to another bit field.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object or a bit field of type
+     *         $(D_PARAM E).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that)
+     *          contain the same bits ,$(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opEquals(E that) const
+    {
+        return this.field == that;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    bool opEquals(BitFlags that) const
+    {
+        return this.field == that.field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a hash value of this object.
+     *
+     * Returns: Hash value.
+     */
+    size_t toHash() const
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) this.field;
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E : int
+    {
+        one = 1,
+    }
+
+    // Casts to a boolean
+    assert(BitFlags!E(E.one));
+    assert(!BitFlags!E());
+
+    // Assigns to and compares with a single value
+    {
+        BitFlags!E bitFlags;
+        bitFlags = E.one;
+        assert(bitFlags == E.one);
+    }
+    // Assigns to and compares with the same type
+    {
+        auto bitFlags1 = BitFlags!E(E.one);
+        BitFlags!E bitFlags2;
+        bitFlags2 = bitFlags1;
+        assert(bitFlags1 == bitFlags2);
+    }
+    assert((BitFlags!E() | E.one) == BitFlags!E(E.one));
+    assert((BitFlags!E() | BitFlags!E(E.one)) == BitFlags!E(E.one));
+
+    assert(!(BitFlags!E() & BitFlags!E(E.one)));
+
+    assert(!(BitFlags!E(E.one) ^ E.one));
+    assert(BitFlags!E() ^ BitFlags!E(E.one));
+
+    assert(~BitFlags!E());
+
+    assert(BitFlags!E().toHash() == 0);
+    assert(BitFlags!E(E.one).toHash() != 0);
+
+    // opBinaryRight is allowed
+    static assert(is(typeof({ E.one | BitFlags!E(); })));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object initialized with $(D_PARAM field).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E     = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *  field = Bits to be set.
+ */
+BitFlags!E bitFlags(E)(E field)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    return BitFlags!E(field);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E
+    {
+        one = 1 << 0,
+        two = 1 << 1,
+        three = 1 << 2,
+    }
+    // Construct with E.one and E.two set
+    auto flags = bitFlags(E.one | E.two);
+
+    // Test wheter E.one is set
+    assert(flags & E.one);
+
+    // Toggle E.one
+    flags ^= E.one;
+    assert(!(flags & E.one));
+
+    // Set E.three
+    flags |= E.three;
+    assert(flags & E.three);
+
+    // Clear E.three
+    flags &= ~E.three;
+    assert(!(flags & E.three));
+}

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -15,19 +15,15 @@
 module tanya.container.array;
 
 import core.checkedint;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront,
-                                copy,
-                                fill,
-                                initializeAll,
-                                uninitializedFill;
-import std.meta;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.exception;
+import tanya.functional;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.range;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 /**
  * Random-access range for the $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
@@ -299,7 +295,9 @@ struct Array(T)
      *  init      = Initial value to fill the array with.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
-    this(size_t len, T init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this()(size_t len,
+           auto ref T init,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         reserve(len);
@@ -354,9 +352,8 @@ struct Array(T)
         (() @trusted => allocator.deallocate(slice(capacity)))();
     }
 
-    /**
+    static if (isCopyable!T)
-     * Copies the array.
+    {
-     */
         this(this)
         {
             auto buf = slice(this.length);
@@ -364,6 +361,11 @@ struct Array(T)
             this.data = null;
             insertBack(buf);
         }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Removes all elements.
@@ -419,28 +421,20 @@ struct Array(T)
      */
     @property void length(size_t len) @trusted
     {
-        if (len == length)
+        if (len > length)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        else if (len > length)
         {
             reserve(len);
             initializeAll(this.data[length_ .. len]);
         }
         else
         {
-            static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+            destroyAll(this.data[len .. this.length_]);
+        }
+        if (len != length)
         {
-                const T* end = this.data + length_ - 1;
-                for (T* e = this.data + len; e != end; ++e)
-                {
-                    destroy(*e);
-                }
-            }
-        }
             length_ = len;
         }
+    }
 
     ///
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -817,10 +811,11 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
     do
     {
-        const oldLen = length;
+        const oldLength = length;
-        const offset = r.end - this.data;
+        const after = r.end - this.data;
         const inserted = insertBack(el);
-        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
+
+        rotate(this.data[after .. oldLength], this.data[oldLength .. length]);
         return inserted;
     }
 
@@ -859,7 +854,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         {
             moveBack(el);
         }
-        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
+        rotate(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
 
         return 1;
     }
@@ -915,7 +910,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         {
             moveBack(el);
         }
-        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
+        rotate(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
 
         return 1;
     }
@@ -1006,7 +1001,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      */
     ref T opIndexAssign(E : T)(auto ref E value, size_t pos)
     {
-        return opIndex(pos) = value;
+        return opIndex(pos) = forward!value;
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -1040,7 +1035,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    Range opIndexAssign(Range value)
+    Range opIndexAssign()(Range value)
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
@@ -1334,7 +1329,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    Range opSliceAssign(Range value, size_t i, size_t j) @trusted
+    Range opSliceAssign()(Range value, size_t i, size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -1554,14 +1549,14 @@ struct Array(T)
 {
     struct MutableEqualsStruct
     {
-        int opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        bool opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
     }
     struct ConstEqualsStruct
     {
-        int opEquals(const typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        bool opEquals(const typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -1588,15 +1583,10 @@ struct Array(T)
     assert(v7[].equal(v8[]));
 }
 
+// Destructor can destroy empty arrays
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    struct SWithDtor
+    auto v = Array!WithDtor();
-    {
-        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    auto v = Array!SWithDtor(); // Destructor can destroy empty arrays.
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -1607,7 +1597,6 @@ struct Array(T)
     A a1, a2;
     auto v1 = Array!A([a1, a2]);
 
-    // Issue 232: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/232.
     static assert(is(Array!(A*)));
 }
 
@@ -1692,3 +1681,10 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
     func(array);
 }
+
+// Can have non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Array!NonCopyable));
+    static assert(is(typeof({ Array!NonCopyable.init[0] = NonCopyable(); })));
+}

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.typecons;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 package struct SEntry(T)
 {
@@ -59,12 +60,12 @@ package struct Bucket(K, V = void)
     }
     BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
 
-    this(ref K key)
+    this()(ref K key)
     {
         this.key = key;
     }
 
-    @property void key(ref K key)
+    @property void key()(ref K key)
     {
         this.key() = key;
         this.status = BucketStatus.used;
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
         .swap(this.length, data.length);
     }
 
-    void opAssign(ref typeof(this) that)
+    void opAssign()(ref typeof(this) that)
     {
         this.array = that.array;
         this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
@@ -326,3 +327,13 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
         return false;
     }
 }
+
+// Can be constructed with non-copyable key/values
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Bucket!NonCopyable));
+    static assert(is(Bucket!(NonCopyable, NonCopyable)));
+
+    static assert(is(HashArray!((ref NonCopyable) => 0U, NonCopyable)));
+    static assert(is(HashArray!((ref NonCopyable) => 0U, NonCopyable, NonCopyable)));
+}

source/tanya/container/hashtable.d

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range whose element type is a tuple of a key and the
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ struct Range(T)
         return this.dataRange.empty();
     }
 
-    @property void popFront()
+    void popFront()
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ struct Range(T)
         while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
-    @property void popBack()
+    void popBack()
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ struct ByValue(T)
  *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM Key).
  */
 struct HashTable(Key, Value, alias hasher = hash)
-if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
+if (isHashFunction!(hasher, Key))
 {
     private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, Key, Value);
     private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
@@ -759,7 +760,7 @@ if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
      *
      * Returns: The number of the inserted elements with a unique key.
      */
-    size_t insert(ref KeyValue keyValue)
+    size_t insert()(ref KeyValue keyValue)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(keyValue.key);
         size_t inserted;
@@ -773,7 +774,7 @@ if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    size_t insert(KeyValue keyValue)
+    size_t insert()(KeyValue keyValue)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(keyValue.key);
         size_t inserted;
@@ -1197,3 +1198,16 @@ if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
     static assert(is(typeof("asdf" in HashTable!(String, int)())));
     static assert(is(typeof(HashTable!(String, int)()["asdf"])));
 }
+
+// Can have non-copyable keys and elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @NonCopyable @Hashable
+    static struct S
+    {
+        mixin StructStub;
+    }
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(S, int)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, S)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(S, S)));
+}

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
-import std.algorithm.searching;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.entry;
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.array;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 /**
  * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
@@ -156,8 +156,9 @@ struct SList(T)
      *  init      = Initial value to fill the list with.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
-    this(size_t len, T init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this()(size_t len,
-    @trusted
+           auto ref T init,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         if (len == 0)
@@ -183,7 +184,18 @@ struct SList(T)
     /// ditto
     this(size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
-        this(len, T.init, allocator);
+        this(allocator);
+        if (len == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Entry* next = this.head = allocator.make!Entry();
+        foreach (i; 1 .. len)
+        {
+            next.next = allocator.make!Entry();
+            next = next.next;
+        }
     }
 
     ///
@@ -272,15 +284,19 @@ struct SList(T)
         clear();
     }
 
-    /**
+    static if (isCopyable!T)
-     * Copies the list.
+    {
-     */
         this(this)
         {
             auto list = typeof(this)(this[], this.allocator);
             this.head = list.head;
             list.head = null;
         }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
 
     ///
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -513,7 +529,7 @@ struct SList(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
+    size_t insertBefore()(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
@@ -1121,8 +1137,9 @@ struct DList(T)
      *  init      = Initial value to fill the list with.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
-    this(size_t len, T init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this()(size_t len,
-    @trusted
+           auto ref T init,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         if (len == 0)
@@ -1151,7 +1168,20 @@ struct DList(T)
     /// ditto
     this(size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
-        this(len, T.init, allocator);
+        this(allocator);
+        if (len == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Entry* next = this.head = allocator.make!Entry();
+        foreach (i; 1 .. len)
+        {
+            next.next = allocator.make!Entry();
+            next.next.prev = next;
+            next = next.next;
+        }
+        this.tail = next;
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1243,9 +1273,8 @@ struct DList(T)
         clear();
     }
 
-    /**
+    static if (isCopyable!T)
-     * Copies the list.
+    {
-     */
         this(this)
         {
             auto list = typeof(this)(this[], this.allocator);
@@ -1253,6 +1282,11 @@ struct DList(T)
             this.tail = list.tail;
             list.head = list .tail = null;
         }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
 
     ///
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -1642,7 +1676,7 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
+    size_t insertBefore()(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
@@ -1759,7 +1793,7 @@ struct DList(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    size_t insertAfter(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
+    size_t insertAfter()(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
@@ -2356,3 +2390,10 @@ struct DList(T)
     assert(!l1.remove(r).empty);
     assert(l1 == l2);
 }
+
+// Can have non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SList!NonCopyable));
+    static assert(is(DList!NonCopyable));
+}

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ struct Range(T)
         return this.dataRange.empty();
     }
 
-    @property void popFront()
+    void popFront()
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ struct Range(T)
         while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
-    @property void popBack()
+    void popBack()
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ struct Range(T)
  *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM T).
  */
 struct Set(T, alias hasher = hash)
-if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
+if (isHashFunction!(hasher, T))
 {
     private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, T);
     private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
      *
      * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
      */
-    size_t insert(ref T value)
+    size_t insert()(ref T value)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
         if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
@@ -470,7 +471,7 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
         return 0;
     }
 
-    size_t insert(T value)
+    size_t insert()(T value)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
         if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
@@ -767,3 +768,20 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
     }
     testFunc(set);
 }
+
+// Hasher can take argument by ref
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Set!(int, (const ref x) => cast(size_t) x)));
+}
+
+// Can have non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @NonCopyable @Hashable
+    static struct S
+    {
+        mixin StructStub;
+    }
+    static assert(is(Set!S));
+}

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.string;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront, copy;
-import std.algorithm.searching;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.hash.lookup;
@@ -1284,14 +1281,14 @@ struct String
     int opCmp(S)(auto ref S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == String))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodeUnit!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length],
                        that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
@@ -1299,14 +1296,14 @@ struct String
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodePoint!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length],
                        that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     int opCmp()(const char[] that) const @trusted
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length], that);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1486,6 +1483,8 @@ struct String
     ///
     @nogc pure @safe unittest
     {
+        import tanya.algorithm.searching : count;
+
         auto s = String("Из пословицы слова не выкинешь.");
 
         assert(s.remove(s[5 .. 24]).length == 33);
@@ -1531,11 +1530,10 @@ struct String
     do
     {
         const oldLength = length;
-        const rangeEnd = r.end - this.data;
+        const after = r.end - this.data;
         const inserted = insertBack(el);
-        auto containerEnd = this.data + oldLength;
+
-        bringToFront(ByCodeUnit!char(this, this.data + rangeEnd, containerEnd),
+        rotate(this.data[after .. oldLength], this.data[oldLength .. length]);
-                     ByCodeUnit!char(this, containerEnd, this.data + length));
         return inserted;
     }
 

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.conv;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.format;
 import tanya.memory;
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import tanya.range.primitive;
 version (unittest)
 {
     import tanya.test.assertion;
+    import tanya.test.stub;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -161,43 +163,53 @@ do
     return result;
 }
 
-/// ditto
+private void initializeOne(T)(ref void[] memory, ref T* result) @trusted
-T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
-if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
-in
 {
-    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is result);
-}
-do
-{
-    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
     static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
     {
         *result = T.init;
     }
+    else static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083 // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
+        && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+    {
+        memory.ptr[0 .. T.sizeof].fill!0;
+    }
     else
     {
-        static const T init = T.init;
+        static immutable T init = T.init;
-        copy((cast(void*) &init)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
+        copy((&init)[0 .. 1], memory);
     }
+}
+
+/// ditto
+T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
+if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
+in(memory.length >= T.sizeof)
+out(result; memory.ptr is result)
+{
+    auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
 
     static if (Args.length == 0)
     {
         static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
                       "Default constructor is disabled");
-    }
+        initializeOne(memory, result);
-    else static if (is(typeof(T(args))))
-    {
-        *result = T(args);
     }
     else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
     {
+        initializeOne(memory, result);
         result.__ctor(args);
     }
+    else static if (Args.length == 1 && is(typeof({ T t = args[0]; })))
+    {
+        ((ref arg) @trusted =>
+            copy((cast(void*) &arg)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory))(args[0]);
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof({ T t = T(args); })))
+    {
+        auto init = T(args);
+        (() @trusted => moveEmplace(init, *result))();
+    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false,
@@ -245,6 +257,41 @@ do
     static assert(is(typeof(emplace!F((void[]).init))));
 }
 
+// Can emplace structs without a constructor
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!WithDtor(null, WithDtor()))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!WithDtor(null))));
+}
+
+// Doesn't call a destructor on uninitialized elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct SWithDtor
+    {
+        private bool canBeInvoked = false;
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(this.canBeInvoked);
+        }
+    }
+    void[SWithDtor.sizeof] memory = void;
+    auto actual = emplace!SWithDtor(memory[], SWithDtor(true));
+    assert(actual.canBeInvoked);
+}
+
+// Initializes structs if no arguments are given
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct SEntry
+    {
+        byte content;
+    }
+    ubyte[1] mem = [3];
+
+    assert(emplace!SEntry(cast(void[]) mem[0 .. 1]).content == 0);
+}
+
 /**
  * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
  */
@@ -308,11 +355,11 @@ do
         {
             digit = range.front - 'W';
         }
-        else if (range.front >= 'A')
+        else if (range.front >= 'A' && range.front <= 'Z')
         {
             digit = range.front - '7';
         }
-        else if (range.front >= '0')
+        else if (range.front >= '0' && range.front <= '9')
         {
             digit = range.front - '0';
         }
@@ -360,6 +407,15 @@ do
     return n;
 }
 
+// ':' is not a hex value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string colon = ":";
+    auto actual = readIntegral!ubyte(colon, 16);
+    assert(actual == 0);
+    assert(colon.length == 1);
+}
+
 // reads ubyte.max
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
@@ -847,35 +903,6 @@ if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
     assert(false.to!int == 0);
 }
 
-/**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM From) to a $(D_PSYMBOL String).
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PSYMBOL String).
- */
-To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
-if (is(Unqual!To == String))
-{
-    return format!"{}"(from);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(true.to!String == "true");
-    assert(false.to!String == "false");
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
-    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts a stringish range to an integral value.
  *

source/tanya/format.d

@@ -3,8 +3,32 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * This package doesn't yet contain public symbols. Refer to
+ * This module provides $(D_PSYMBOL format) function that can convert different
- * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.conv) for basic formatting and conversion functionality.
+ * data types to a $(D_PSYMBOL String) according to a specified format.
+ *
+ * Format string is a $(D_PSYMBOL string) which can contain placeholders for
+ * arguments. Placeholder marker is `{}`, i.e. all occurrences of `{}` are
+ * replaced by the arguments passed to $(D_PSYMBOL format). An argument will be
+ * first converted to a string, then inserted into the resulting string instead
+ * of the corresponding placeholder. The number of the placeholders and
+ * arguments must match. The placeholders are replaced with the arguments in
+ * the order arguments are passed to $(D_PSYMBOL format).
+ *
+ * To escape `{` or `}`, use `{{` and `}}` respectively. `{{` will be outputted
+ * as a single `{`, `}}` - as a single `}`.
+ *
+ * If a custom data type (like $(D_KEYWORD struct) or $(D_KEYWORD class))
+ * defines a `stringify()` function that is callable without arguments and
+ * returns a $(D_PSYMBOL String), this function is used to produce a string
+ * representation for the value. String conversions for the most built-in
+ * data types a also available.
+ *
+ * $(D_KEYWORD char), $(D_KEYWORD wchar) and $(D_KEYWORD dchar) ranges are
+ * outputted as plain strings (without any delimiters between their elements).
+ *
+ * All floating point numbers are handled as $(D_KEYWORD double)s.
+ *
+ * More advanced formatting is currently not implemented.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
@@ -19,7 +43,7 @@ import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.math;
-import tanya.memory.op;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -1233,7 +1257,7 @@ private uint128 raise2ToExp(double value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
 
 private int indexMismatch(ulong low, ulong high) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
 {
-    enum ulong power10 = 10000000000U;
+    enum ulong power10 = 10000000000UL;
     const ulong a = low / power10;
     const ulong b = high / power10;
     int index;
@@ -1327,7 +1351,7 @@ do
         intSlice.popBack();
     }
     const begin = buffer.length - intSlice.length;
-    copy(intSlice, buffer[begin .. $]);
+    tanya.memory.op.copy(intSlice, buffer[begin .. $]);
 
     exponent = cast(int) (intSlice.length + mismatch);
 
@@ -1346,6 +1370,574 @@ do
     assert(e == 26);
 }
 
+private char[] errolFixed(double value,
+                          return ref char[512] buffer,
+                          out int exponent) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+in
+{
+    assert(value >= 16.0 && value <= 9.007199254740992e15);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto decimal = cast(ulong) value;
+    auto n = cast(double) decimal;
+
+    double midpoint = value - n;
+    double leftBoundary = (previous(value) - n + midpoint) / 2.0;
+    double rightBoundary = (next(value) - n + midpoint) / 2.0;
+
+    char[21] intBuffer;
+    auto intSlice = integral2String(decimal, intBuffer);
+    tanya.memory.op.copy(intSlice, buffer);
+    exponent = cast(int) intSlice.length;
+
+    size_t position = exponent;
+    if (midpoint != 0.0)
+    {
+        while (midpoint != 0.0)
+        {
+            leftBoundary *= 10.0;
+            const leftDigit = cast(ubyte) leftBoundary;
+            leftBoundary -= leftDigit;
+
+            midpoint *= 10.0;
+            const middleDigit = cast(ubyte) midpoint;
+            midpoint -= middleDigit;
+
+            rightBoundary *= 10.0;
+            const rightDigit = cast(ubyte) rightBoundary;
+            rightBoundary -= rightDigit;
+
+            buffer[position++] = cast(char) (middleDigit + '0');
+
+            if (rightDigit != leftDigit || position > 50)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (midpoint > 0.5
+         || ((midpoint == 0.5) && (buffer[position - 1] & 0x1)))
+        {
+            ++buffer[position - 1];
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; buffer[position - 1] == '0'; --position)
+        {
+            buffer[position - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    return buffer[0 .. position];
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char[512] num;
+    int exponent;
+    {
+        assert(errolFixed(16.0, num, exponent) == "16");
+        assert(exponent == 2);
+    }
+    {
+        assert(errolFixed(38234.1234, num, exponent) == "382341234");
+        assert(exponent == 5);
+    }
+}
+
+private char[] errol3(double value,
+                      return ref char[512] buffer,
+                      out int exponent) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+{
+    static struct Pathology
+    {
+        ulong representation;
+        string digits;
+        int exponent;
+    }
+
+    static immutable Pathology[432] pathologies = [
+        { 0x001d243f646eaf51, "40526371999771488", -307 },
+        { 0x002d243f646eaf51, "81052743999542975", -307 },
+        { 0x00ab7aa3d73f6658, "1956574196882425", -304 },
+        { 0x00bb7aa3d73f6658, "391314839376485", -304 },
+        { 0x00cb7aa3d73f6658, "78262967875297", -304 },
+        { 0x00f5d15b26b80e30, "4971131903427841", -303 },
+        { 0x010b7aa3d73f6658, "1252207486004752", -302 },
+        { 0x011b7aa3d73f6658, "2504414972009504", -302 },
+        { 0x012b7aa3d73f6658, "5008829944019008", -302 },
+        { 0x0180a0f3c55062c5, "19398723835545928", -300 },
+        { 0x0180a0f3c55062c6, "1939872383554593", -300 },
+        { 0x0190a0f3c55062c5, "38797447671091856", -300 },
+        { 0x0190a0f3c55062c6, "3879744767109186", -300 },
+        { 0x01f393b456eef178, "29232758945460627", -298 },
+        { 0x03719f08ccdccfe5, "44144884605471774", -291 },
+        { 0x037be9d5a60850b5, "69928982131052126", -291 },
+        { 0x03dc25ba6a45de02, "45129663866844427", -289 },
+        { 0x05798e3445512a6e, "27497183057384368", -281 },
+        { 0x05798e3445512a6f, "2749718305738437", -281 },
+        { 0x05898e3445512a6e, "54994366114768736", -281 },
+        { 0x05898e3445512a6f, "5499436611476874", -281 },
+        { 0x06afdadafcacdf85, "17970091719480621", -275 },
+        { 0x06bfdadafcacdf85, "35940183438961242", -275 },
+        { 0x06ceb7f2c53db97f, "69316187906522606", -275 },
+        { 0x06cfdadafcacdf85, "71880366877922484", -275 },
+        { 0x06e8b03fd6894b66, "22283747288943228", -274 },
+        { 0x06f8b03fd6894b66, "44567494577886457", -274 },
+        { 0x07bfe89cf1bd76ac, "23593494977819109", -270 },
+        { 0x07c1707c02068785, "25789638850173173", -270 },
+        { 0x07cfe89cf1bd76ac, "47186989955638217", -270 },
+        { 0x08567a3c8dc4bc9c, "17018905290641991", -267 },
+        { 0x08667a3c8dc4bc9c, "34037810581283983", -267 },
+        { 0x089c25584881552a, "3409719593752201", -266 },
+        { 0x08ac25584881552a, "6819439187504402", -266 },
+        { 0x08dfa7ebe304ee3d, "6135911659254281", -265 },
+        { 0x08dfa7ebe304ee3e, "61359116592542813", -265 },
+        { 0x096822507db6a8fd, "23951010625355228", -262 },
+        { 0x097822507db6a8fd, "47902021250710456", -262 },
+        { 0x09e41934d77659be, "51061856989121905", -260 },
+        { 0x0b8f3d82e9356287, "53263359599109627", -252 },
+        { 0x0c27b35936d56e27, "4137829457097561", -249 },
+        { 0x0c27b35936d56e28, "41378294570975613", -249 },
+        { 0x0c43165633977bc9, "13329597309520689", -248 },
+        { 0x0c43165633977bca, "1332959730952069", -248 },
+        { 0x0c53165633977bc9, "26659194619041378", -248 },
+        { 0x0c53165633977bca, "2665919461904138", -248 },
+        { 0x0c63165633977bc9, "53318389238082755", -248 },
+        { 0x0c63165633977bca, "5331838923808276", -248 },
+        { 0x0c7e9eddbbb259b4, "1710711888535566", -247 },
+        { 0x0c8e9eddbbb259b4, "3421423777071132", -247 },
+        { 0x0c9e9eddbbb259b4, "6842847554142264", -247 },
+        { 0x0e104273b18918b0, "6096109271490509", -240 },
+        { 0x0e104273b18918b1, "609610927149051", -240 },
+        { 0x0e204273b18918b0, "12192218542981019", -239 },
+        { 0x0e204273b18918b1, "1219221854298102", -239 },
+        { 0x0e304273b18918b0, "24384437085962037", -239 },
+        { 0x0e304273b18918b1, "2438443708596204", -239 },
+        { 0x0f1d16d6d4b89689, "7147520638007367", -235 },
+        { 0x0fd6ba8608faa6a8, "2287474118824999", -231 },
+        { 0x0fd6ba8608faa6a9, "22874741188249992", -231 },
+        { 0x0fe6ba8608faa6a8, "4574948237649998", -231 },
+        { 0x0fe6ba8608faa6a9, "45749482376499984", -231 },
+        { 0x1006b100e18e5c17, "18269851255456139", -230 },
+        { 0x1016b100e18e5c17, "36539702510912277", -230 },
+        { 0x104f48347c60a1be, "40298468695006992", -229 },
+        { 0x105f48347c60a1be, "80596937390013985", -229 },
+        { 0x10a4139a6b17b224, "16552474403007851", -227 },
+        { 0x10b4139a6b17b224, "33104948806015703", -227 },
+        { 0x12cb91d317c8ebe9, "39050270537318193", -217 },
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+        { 0x6c06c9e14b7c22c4, "23974220264624462", 213 },
+        { 0x6c16c9e14b7c22c3, "4794844052924892", 213 },
+        { 0x6c16c9e14b7c22c4, "47948440529248924", 213 },
+        { 0x6ce75d226331d03a, "40270821632825953", 217 },
+        { 0x6cf75d226331d03a, "8054164326565191", 217 },
+        { 0x6d075d226331d03a, "16108328653130381", 218 },
+        { 0x6d175d226331d03a, "32216657306260762", 218 },
+        { 0x6d275d226331d03a, "64433314612521525", 218 },
+        { 0x6d4b9445072f4374, "30423431424080128", 219 },
+        { 0x6d5a3bdac4f00f33, "57878622568856074", 219 },
+        { 0x6d5b9445072f4374, "60846862848160256", 219 },
+        { 0x6e4a2fbffdb7580c, "18931483477278361", 224 },
+        { 0x6e5a2fbffdb7580c, "37862966954556723", 224 },
+        { 0x6e927edd0dbb8c08, "4278822588984689", 225 },
+        { 0x6e927edd0dbb8c09, "42788225889846894", 225 },
+        { 0x6ee1c382c3819a0a, "1315044757954692", 227 },
+        { 0x6ef1c382c3819a0a, "2630089515909384", 227 },
+        { 0x70f60cf8f38b0465, "14022275014833741", 237 },
+        { 0x71060cf8f38b0465, "28044550029667482", 237 },
+        { 0x7114390c68b888ce, "5143975308105889", 237 },
+        { 0x71160cf8f38b0465, "56089100059334965", 237 },
+        { 0x714fb4840532a9e5, "64517311884236306", 238 },
+        { 0x71b1d7cb7eae05d9, "46475406389115295", 240 },
+        { 0x727fca36c06cf106, "3391607972972965", 244 },
+        { 0x728fca36c06cf106, "678321594594593", 244 },
+        { 0x72eba10d818fdafd, "3773057430100257", 246 },
+        { 0x72fba10d818fdafd, "7546114860200514", 246 },
+        { 0x737a37935f3b71c9, "1833078106007497", 249 },
+        { 0x738a37935f3b71c9, "3666156212014994", 249 },
+        { 0x73972852443155ae, "64766168833734675", 249 },
+        { 0x739a37935f3b71c9, "7332312424029988", 249 },
+        { 0x754fe46e378bf132, "1197160149212491", 258 },
+        { 0x754fe46e378bf133, "11971601492124911", 258 },
+        { 0x755fe46e378bf132, "2394320298424982", 258 },
+        { 0x755fe46e378bf133, "23943202984249821", 258 },
+        { 0x756fe46e378bf132, "4788640596849964", 258 },
+        { 0x756fe46e378bf133, "47886405968499643", 258 },
+        { 0x76603d7cb98edc58, "1598075144577112", 263 },
+        { 0x76603d7cb98edc59, "15980751445771122", 263 },
+        { 0x76703d7cb98edc58, "3196150289154224", 263 },
+        { 0x76703d7cb98edc59, "31961502891542243", 263 },
+        { 0x782f7c6a9ad432a1, "83169412421960475", 271 },
+        { 0x78447e17e7814ce7, "21652206566352648", 272 },
+        { 0x78547e17e7814ce7, "43304413132705296", 272 },
+        { 0x7856d2aa2fc5f2b5, "48228872759189434", 272 },
+        { 0x7964066d88c7cab8, "5546524276967009", 277 },
+        { 0x799d696737fe68c7, "65171333649148234", 278 },
+        { 0x7ace779fddf21621, "3539481653469909", 284 },
+        { 0x7ace779fddf21622, "35394816534699092", 284 },
+        { 0x7ade779fddf21621, "7078963306939818", 284 },
+        { 0x7ade779fddf21622, "70789633069398184", 284 },
+        { 0x7bc3b063946e10ae, "14990287287869931", 289 },
+        { 0x7bd3b063946e10ae, "29980574575739863", 289 },
+        { 0x7c0c283ffc61c87d, "34300126555012788", 290 },
+        { 0x7c1c283ffc61c87d, "68600253110025576", 290 },
+        { 0x7c31926c7a7122ba, "17124434349589332", 291 },
+        { 0x7c41926c7a7122ba, "34248868699178663", 291 },
+        { 0x7d0a85c6f7fba05d, "2117392354885733", 295 },
+        { 0x7d1a85c6f7fba05d, "4234784709771466", 295 },
+        { 0x7d52a5daf9226f04, "47639264836707725", 296 },
+        { 0x7d8220e1772428d7, "37049827284413546", 297 },
+        { 0x7d9220e1772428d7, "7409965456882709", 297 },
+        { 0x7da220e1772428d7, "14819930913765419", 298 },
+        { 0x7db220e1772428d7, "29639861827530837", 298 },
+        { 0x7df22815078cb97b, "47497368114750945", 299 },
+        { 0x7dfe5aceedf1c1f1, "79407577493590275", 299 },
+        { 0x7e022815078cb97b, "9499473622950189", 299 },
+        { 0x7e122815078cb97b, "18998947245900378", 300 },
+        { 0x7e222815078cb97b, "37997894491800756", 300 },
+        { 0x7e8a9b45a91f1700, "35636409637317792", 302 },
+        { 0x7e9a9b45a91f1700, "71272819274635585", 302 },
+        { 0x7eb6202598194bee, "23707742595255608", 303 },
+        { 0x7ec490abad057752, "4407140524515149", 303 },
+        { 0x7ec6202598194bee, "47415485190511216", 303 },
+        { 0x7ee3c8eeb77b8d05, "16959746108988652", 304 },
+        { 0x7ef3c8eeb77b8d05, "33919492217977303", 304 },
+        { 0x7ef5bc471d5456c7, "37263572163337027", 304 },
+        { 0x7f03c8eeb77b8d05, "6783898443595461", 304 },
+        { 0x7f13c8eeb77b8d05, "13567796887190921", 305 },
+        { 0x7f23c8eeb77b8d05, "27135593774381842", 305 },
+        { 0x7f33c8eeb77b8d05, "54271187548763685", 305 },
+        { 0x7f5594223f5654bf, "2367662756557091", 306 },
+        { 0x7f6594223f5654bf, "4735325513114182", 306 },
+        { 0x7f9914e03c9260ee, "44032152438472327", 307 },
+        { 0x7fb82baa4ae611dc, "16973149506391291", 308 },
+        { 0x7fc82baa4ae611dc, "33946299012782582", 308 },
+        { 0x7fd82baa4ae611dc, "67892598025565165", 308 },
+        { 0x7fefffffffffffff, "17976931348623157", 309 },
+    ];
+
+    short low;
+    short high = pathologies.length - 1;
+    const FloatBits!double bits = { value };
+
+    while (high >= low)
+    {
+        const short middle = (low + high) / 2;
+        if (pathologies[middle].representation == bits.integral)
+        {
+            exponent = pathologies[middle].exponent;
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(pathologies[middle].digits, buffer);
+            return buffer[0 .. pathologies[middle].digits.length];
+        }
+        else if (pathologies[middle].representation < bits.integral)
+        {
+            low = cast(short) (middle + 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            high = cast(short) (middle - 1);
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int exponent;
+    char[512] buffer;
+
+    assert(errol3(double.max, buffer, exponent) == "17976931348623157");
+    assert(exponent == 309);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.67892598025565165e308, buffer, exponent) == "67892598025565165");
+    assert(exponent == 308);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.40526371999771488e-307, buffer, exponent) == "40526371999771488");
+    assert(exponent == -307);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.81052743999542975e-307, buffer, exponent) == "81052743999542975");
+    assert(exponent == -307);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.810307, buffer, exponent) is null);
+}
+
 /*
  * Given a float value, returns the significant bits, and the position of the
  * decimal point in $(D_PARAM exponent). +/-Inf and NaN are specified by
@@ -1371,22 +1963,23 @@ private const(char)[] real2String(double value,
         exponent = special;
         return (bits.integral & ((1UL << 52) - 1)) != 0 ? "NaN" : "Inf";
     }
-
+    else if (exponent == 0 && (bits.integral << 1) == 0) // Is zero?
-    if (exponent == 0 && (bits.integral << 1) == 0) // Is zero?
     {
         exponent = 1;
         buffer[0] = '0';
         return buffer[0 .. 1];
     }
 
-    if (value == double.max)
+    auto digits = errol3(value, buffer, exponent);
+    if (digits !is null)
     {
-        copy("17976931348623157", buffer);
-        exponent = 309;
         return buffer;
     }
-
+    else if (value >= 16.0 && value <= 9.007199254740992e15)
-    if (value > 9.007199254740992e15 && value < 3.40282366920938e38)
+    {
+        return errolFixed(value, buffer, exponent);
+    }
+    else if (value > 9.007199254740992e15 && value < 3.40282366920938e38)
     {
         return errol2(value, buffer, exponent);
     }
@@ -1461,7 +2054,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
         {
             length = precision + 1;
         }
-        realString[1 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[1 .. length], bufferSlice);
         bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - 1);
 
         // Dump the exponent.
@@ -1523,7 +2116,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 n = precision;
             }
 
-            fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+            tanya.memory.op.fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
 
             if ((length + n) > precision)
@@ -1531,7 +2124,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 length = precision - n;
             }
 
-            realString[0 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[0 .. length], bufferSlice);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length);
         }
         else if (cast(uint) decimalPoint >= length)
@@ -1549,7 +2142,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
             {
                 n = decimalPoint - n;
 
-                fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                tanya.memory.op.fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
                 bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
             }
             if (precision != 0)
@@ -1580,7 +2173,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 length = precision + decimalPoint;
             }
 
-            realString[n .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[n .. length], bufferSlice);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - n);
         }
     }
@@ -1745,7 +2338,17 @@ private ref String printToString(string fmt, Args...)(return ref String result,
     return result;
 }
 
-package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+/**
+ * Produces a string according to the specified format.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  fmt  = Format.
+ *  Args = Types of the arguments.
+ *  args = Arguments.
+ *
+ * Returns: Formatted string.
+ */
+String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
 {
     String formatted;
 
@@ -1758,7 +2361,7 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     {
         static if (FormatSpecFilter!spec)
         {
-            printToString!"{}"(formatted, args);
+            printToString!"{}"(formatted, args[spec.position]);
         }
         else static if (isSomeString!(typeof(spec)))
         {
@@ -1772,6 +2375,12 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     return formatted;
 }
 
+// doesn't print the first argument repeatedly
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(format!"{}{}"(1, 2) == "12");
+}
+
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(format!"Without arguments"() == "Without arguments");
@@ -1845,6 +2454,7 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     assert(format!"{}"(0x1p-16382L) == "0");
     assert(format!"{}"(1e+3) == "1000");
     assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.max) == "1.79769e+308");
 
     // typeof(null).
     assert(format!"{}"(null) == "null");
@@ -2004,6 +2614,7 @@ nothrow pure @safe unittest
 
 private struct FormatSpec
 {
+    const size_t position;
 }
 
 // Returns the position of `tag` in `fmt`. If `tag` can't be found, returns the
@@ -2020,7 +2631,7 @@ private size_t specPosition(string fmt, char tag)()
     return fmt.length;
 }
 
-private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
+private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t arg = 0, size_t pos = 0)
 {
     static if (fmt.length == 0)
     {
@@ -2032,7 +2643,7 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
         {
             enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[2 .. $], '{') + 2;
             alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[1 .. pos],
-                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], arg, pos));
         }
         else
         {
@@ -2043,8 +2654,8 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
             }
             else static if (pos == 1)
             {
-                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(),
+                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(arg),
-                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[pos + 1 .. $], pos + 1));
+                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[2 .. $], arg + 1, 2));
             }
             else
             {
@@ -2056,7 +2667,7 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
     {
         enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt, '{');
         alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[0 .. pos],
-                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], arg, pos));
     }
 }
 

source/tanya/functional.d

@@ -17,21 +17,6 @@ module tanya.functional;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 
-private template forwardOne(alias arg)
-{
-    static if (__traits(isRef, arg) || __traits(isOut, arg))
-    {
-        alias forwardOne = arg;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        @property auto forwardOne()
-        {
-            return move(arg);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Forwards its argument list preserving $(D_KEYWORD ref) and $(D_KEYWORD out)
  * storage classes.
@@ -46,14 +31,36 @@ private template forwardOne(alias arg)
  * Returns: $(D_PARAM args) with their original storage classes.
  */
 template forward(args...)
+{
+    static if (args.length == 0)
+    {
+        alias forward = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else static if (__traits(isRef, args[0]) || __traits(isOut, args[0]))
     {
         static if (args.length == 1)
         {
-        alias forward = forwardOne!(args[0]);
+            alias forward = args[0];
         }
         else
         {
-        alias forward = Map!(forwardOne, args);
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(args[0], forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @property auto forwardOne()
+        {
+            return move(args[0]);
+        }
+        static if (args.length == 1)
+        {
+            alias forward = forwardOne;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(forwardOne, forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
     }
 }
 

source/tanya/hash/lookup.d

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module tanya.hash.lookup;
 
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 private struct FNV
 {
@@ -29,6 +30,11 @@ private struct FNV
         enum ulong offsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
         enum ulong prime = 1099511628211UL;
     }
+    else static if (size_t.sizeof == 16)
+    {
+        enum size_t offsetBasis = (size_t(0x6c62272e07bb0142UL) << 64) + 0x62b821756295c58dUL;
+        enum size_t prime = (size_t(1) << 88) + (1 << 8) + 0x3b;
+    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false, "FNV requires at least 32-bit hash length");
@@ -89,7 +95,10 @@ private struct FNV
  * }
  * ---
  *
- * For scalar types FNV-1a (Fowler-Noll-Vo) hash function is used internally.
+ * For pointers and for scalar types implicitly convertible to `size_t` this
+ * is an identity operation (i.e. the value is cast to `size_t` and returned
+ * unaltered). Integer types wider than `size_t` are XOR folded down to
+ * `size_t`. Other scalar types use the FNV-1a (Fowler-Noll-Vo) hash function.
  * If the type provides a `toHash`-function, only `toHash()` is called and its
  * result is returned.
  *
@@ -110,6 +119,19 @@ size_t hash(T)(auto ref T key)
     {
         return key.toHash();
     }
+    else static if ((isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T)
+            && T.sizeof <= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) key;
+    }
+    else static if (isIntegral!T && T.sizeof > size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) (key ^ (key >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8)));
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!T || is(T : typeof(null)))
+    {
+        return (() @trusted => cast(size_t) key)();
+    }
     else
     {
         FNV fnv;
@@ -125,14 +147,6 @@ version (unittest)
                                ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x;
     enum string r500(string x) = r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x;
 
-    private static struct ToHash
-    {
-        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
     private static struct HashRange
     {
         string fo = "fo";
@@ -157,9 +171,9 @@ version (unittest)
     {
         bool empty_;
 
-        @property ToHash front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        @property Hashable front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
-            return ToHash();
+            return Hashable();
         }
 
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
@@ -177,30 +191,29 @@ version (unittest)
 // Tests that work for any hash size
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(null) == FNV.offsetBasis);
+    assert(hash(null) == 0);
-    assert(hash(ToHash()) == 0U);
+    assert(hash(Hashable()) == 0U);
+    assert(hash('a') == 'a');
 }
 
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash('a') == 0xe40c292cU);
     assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x6222e842U);
     assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 1268118805U);
 }
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash('a') == 0xaf63dc4c8601ec8cUL);
     assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x08985907b541d342UL);
     assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 12161962213042174405UL);
 }
 
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x6e6f6863) == 0xac297727U);
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x6e6f6863) == 0x6e6f6863);
 }
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x77206f676e6f6863) == 0xd1edd10b507344d0UL);
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x77206f676e6f6863) == 0x77206f676e6f6863);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -621,3 +634,27 @@ static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     assert(hash(r500!"~") == 0xc1af12bdfe16b5b5UL);
     assert(hash(r500!"\x7f") == 0x39e9f18f2f85e221UL);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM hasher) is hash function for $(D_PARAM T), i.e.
+ * it is callable with a value of type $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL size_t) value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  hasher = Hash function candidate.
+ *  T      = Type to test the hash function with.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM hasher) is a hash function for
+ *          $(D_PARAM T), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isHashFunction(alias hasher, T)
+{
+    private alias wrapper = (T x) => hasher(x);
+    enum bool isHashFunction = is(typeof(wrapper(T.init)) == size_t);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isHashFunction!(hash, int));
+}

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -14,17 +14,15 @@
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : copy, fill, reverse;
-import std.range;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.memory;
-static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Algebraic sign.
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ struct Integer
     this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         auto tmp = allocator.resize!digit(null, this.size);
-        tanya.memory.op.copy(this.rep[0 .. this.size], tmp);
+        copy(this.rep[0 .. this.size], tmp);
         this.rep = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -344,8 +342,7 @@ struct Integer
     if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this.rep = allocator.resize(this.rep, value.size);
-        tanya.memory.op.copy(value.rep[0 .. value.size],
+        copy(value.rep[0 .. value.size], this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
-                             this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
         this.size = value.size;
         this.sign = value.sign;
 
@@ -631,7 +628,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
         return this.rep[0 .. this.size]
                    .retro
-                   .cmp(that.rep[0 .. that.size].retro);
+                   .compare(that.rep[0 .. that.size].retro);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -932,7 +929,7 @@ struct Integer
             const shift = digitBitCount - bit;
             digit carry;
 
-            foreach (ref d; this.rep[0 .. this.size].retro)
+            foreach_reverse (ref d; this.rep[0 .. this.size])
             {
                 const newCarry = d & mask;
                 d = (d >> bit) | (carry << shift);
@@ -1508,14 +1505,11 @@ struct Integer
             tmp = this;
         }
 
-        do
+        array.length = length;
+        for (size_t i = array.length - 1; tmp != 0; tmp >>= 8, --i)
         {
-            array.insertBack(cast(ubyte) (tmp.rep[0] & 0xff));
+            array[i] = (cast(ubyte) (tmp.rep[0] & 0xff));
-            tmp >>= 8;
         }
-        while (tmp != 0);
-
-        array[].reverse();
 
         return array;
     }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@
 module tanya.math.random;
 
 import std.digest.sha;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.typecons;
 
 /// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
+deprecated
 enum blockSize = 64;
 
 /// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class EntropyException : Exception
     this(string msg,
          string file = __FILE__,
          size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+         Throwable next = null) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
@@ -56,17 +57,17 @@ abstract class EntropySource
     /**
      * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
      */
-    @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
      */
-    @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
      */
-    @property ushort size() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property ushort size() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return size_;
     }
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
      *         already set value.
      */
-    @property void size(ushort size) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void size(ushort size) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         size_ = size;
     }
@@ -89,9 +90,13 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *           to fill the buffer).
      *
      * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     *          or nothing on error.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: Returned length is less than or equal to
+     *                $(D_PARAM output) length.
      */
-    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc;
+    Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc
+    out (length; length.isNothing || length.get <= maxGather);
 }
 
 version (CRuntime_Bionic)
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ else version (Solaris)
 version (linux)
 {
     import core.stdc.config : c_long;
-    extern (C) c_long syscall(c_long number, ...) nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private extern(C) c_long syscall(c_long number, ...) @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
      * Uses getrandom system call.
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -136,7 +141,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -149,19 +154,14 @@ version (linux)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc nothrow
-        out (length)
-        {
-            assert(length <= maxGather);
-        }
-        do
         {
             // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
             import mir.linux._asm.unistd : NR_getrandom;
             auto length = syscall(NR_getrandom, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
-            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+            Option!ubyte ret;
 
             if (length >= 0)
             {
@@ -170,19 +170,11 @@ version (linux)
             return ret;
         }
     }
-
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-    }
 }
 else version (SecureARC4Random)
 {
-    private extern (C) void arc4random_buf(scope void* buf, size_t nbytes) nothrow @nogc @system;
+    private extern(C) void arc4random_buf(scope void* buf, size_t nbytes)
+    @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
      * Uses arc4random_buf.
@@ -192,7 +184,7 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -200,7 +192,7 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -213,23 +205,15 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc @safe
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
             (() @trusted => arc4random_buf(output.ptr, output.length))();
-            return Nullable!ubyte(cast(ubyte) (output.length));
+            return Option!ubyte(cast(ubyte) (output.length));
         }
     }
-
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-    }
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
@@ -248,22 +232,31 @@ else version (Windows)
         BOOL CryptReleaseContext(HCRYPTPROV, ULONG_PTR);
     }
 
-    private bool initCryptGenRandom(scope ref HCRYPTPROV hProvider) @nogc nothrow @trusted
+    private bool initCryptGenRandom(scope ref HCRYPTPROV hProvider)
+    @nogc nothrow @trusted
     {
         // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379886(v=vs.85).aspx
         // For performance reasons, we recommend that you set the pszContainer
         // parameter to NULL and the dwFlags parameter to CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT
         // in all situations where you do not require a persisted key.
-        // CRYPT_SILENT is intended for use with applications for which the UI cannot be displayed by the CSP.
+        // CRYPT_SILENT is intended for use with applications for which the UI
-        if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider, null, null, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT | CRYPT_SILENT))
+        // cannot be displayed by the CSP.
+        if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider,
+                                  null,
+                                  null,
+                                  PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                  CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT | CRYPT_SILENT))
         {
-            if (GetLastError() == NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
+            if (GetLastError() != NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
             {
-                // Attempt to create default container
-                if (!CryptAcquireContextA(&hProvider, null, null, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_NEWKEYSET | CRYPT_SILENT))
                 return false;
             }
-            else
+            // Attempt to create default container
+            if (!CryptAcquireContextA(&hProvider,
+                                      null,
+                                      null,
+                                      PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                      CRYPT_NEWKEYSET | CRYPT_SILENT))
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -299,7 +292,7 @@ else version (Windows)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -307,7 +300,7 @@ else version (Windows)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -320,16 +313,14 @@ else version (Windows)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc nothrow @safe
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
-        in
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
-            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized.");
+            Option!ubyte ret;
-        }
+
-        do
+            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized");
-        {
-            Nullable!ubyte ret;
             if ((() @trusted => CryptGenRandom(hProvider, output.length, cast(PBYTE) output.ptr))())
             {
                 ret = cast(ubyte) (output.length);
@@ -337,15 +328,16 @@ else version (Windows)
             return ret;
         }
     }
-
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
 }
+
+static if (is(PlatformEntropySource)) @nogc @system unittest
+{
+    import tanya.memory.smartref : unique;
+
+    auto source = defaultAllocator.unique!PlatformEntropySource();
+
+    assert(source.threshold == 32);
+    assert(source.strong);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -360,6 +352,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
  * ---
  */
+deprecated
 class Entropy
 {
     /// Entropy sources.
@@ -396,7 +389,7 @@ class Entropy
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
      */
-    @property ubyte sourceCount() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return sourceCount_;
     }
@@ -413,7 +406,7 @@ class Entropy
      *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
      */
     Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     if (op == "~")
     in
     {
@@ -451,7 +444,7 @@ class Entropy
             {
                 auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
 
-                if (!outputLength.isNull)
+                if (!outputLength.isNothing)
                 {
                     if (outputLength > 0)
                     {
@@ -502,7 +495,7 @@ class Entropy
      */
     protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
                           ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-                          ubyte length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+                          ubyte length) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         ubyte[2] header;
 

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ version (TanyaNative)
     extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
-    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
+    extern private bool equalMemory(const void[], const void[])
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 }
 else
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ version (TanyaNative)
 
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
-        assert(cmp(null, null) == 0);
+        assert(equal(null, null));
     }
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ do
     ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
     ubyte[9] target;
     source.copy(target);
-    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    assert(equal(source, target));
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ do
         ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
         ubyte[8] target;
         source.copy(target);
-        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+        assert(equal(source, target));
     }
 }
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ do
     ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
 
     copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
-    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+    assert(equal(expected, mem));
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ do
     ubyte[9] r2;
 
     copyBackward(r1, r2);
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(equal(r1, r2));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ do
  *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
  *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.memory.op.equal() or tanya.algorithm.comparison.compare() instead")
 int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 in
 {
@@ -249,49 +250,14 @@ in
 }
 do
 {
-    version (TanyaNative)
+    import core.stdc.string : memcmp;
-    {
+
-        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
-    }
-    else
-    {
     if (r1.length > r2.length)
     {
         return 1;
     }
     return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
 }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
-    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[16] r1 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-    ubyte[16] r2 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
-}
 
 /**
  * Finds the first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle) in $(D_PARAM haystack) if
@@ -305,7 +271,7 @@ do
  *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
  *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
  */
-inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, ubyte needle)
 @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 in
 {
@@ -326,19 +292,19 @@ do
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
+        ++bytes;
-        length--;
+        --length;
     }
 
     // Check if some of the words has the needle
     auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
     while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
     {
-        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        if ((((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
         {
             break;
         }
-        words++;
+        ++words;
         length -= size_t.sizeof;
     }
 
@@ -350,8 +316,8 @@ do
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
+        ++bytes;
-        length--;
+        --length;
     }
 
     return haystack[$ .. $];
@@ -362,14 +328,145 @@ do
 {
     const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
 
-    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'a'), haystack[]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'b'), haystack[1 .. $]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'c'), haystack[2 .. $]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'd'), haystack[3 .. $]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'e'), haystack[4 .. $]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'f'), haystack[5 .. $]));
-    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'h'), haystack[8 .. $]));
     assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
 
     assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Looks for `\0` in the $(D_PARAM haystack) and returns the part of the
+ * $(D_PARAM haystack) ahead of it.
+ *
+ * Returns $(D_KEYWORD null) if $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain a null
+ * character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange that spans all bytes before the null character or
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD null) if the $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain any.
+ */
+inout(char[]) findNullTerminated(return inout char[] haystack)
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words contains 0
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        ++words;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact 0 position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("abcdef\0gh"), "abcdef"));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0garbage"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("cstring\0"), "cstring"));
+    assert(findNullTerminated(null) is null);
+    assert(findNullTerminated("abcdef") is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) for equality.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  r1 = First memory block.
+ *  r2 = Second memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) are equal,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool equal(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
+    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        return equalMemory(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return r1.length == r2.length
+            && memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length) == 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal("asdf", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asd", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "asd"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "qwer"));
+}
+
+// Compares unanligned memory
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(equal(r1, r2));
+    assert(equal(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]));
+    assert(equal(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]));
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.conv;
 import tanya.exception;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
@@ -341,13 +341,7 @@ if (isPolymorphicType!T)
 
 package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
 {
-    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
+    destroyAll(p);
-    {
-        foreach (ref e; p)
-        {
-            destroy(e);
-        }
-    }
     return p;
 }
 

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 private template Payload(T)
 {
@@ -611,19 +612,11 @@ do
 
 @nogc @system unittest
 {
-    static bool destroyed;
+    size_t destroyed;
-
-    static struct F
     {
-        ~this() @nogc nothrow @safe
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!WithDtor(destroyed);
-        {
-            destroyed = true;
     }
-    }
+    assert(destroyed == 1);
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
-    }
-    assert(destroyed);
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/meta/metafunction.d

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
 }
 
 /**
- * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple)s with $(D_PARAM f).
+ * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Pack)s with $(D_PARAM f).
  *
  * Given $(D_PARAM f) and tuples t1, t2, ..., tk, where tk[i] denotes the
  * $(I i)-th element of the tuple $(I k)-th tuple, $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
  * f(tk[0], tk[1], ... tk[i]),
  * ---
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Tuples)
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Packs)
  * and applies $(D_PARAM f) to them, then it takes the second
  * ones and does the same, and so on.
  *
@@ -140,16 +140,17 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
  *
  * Params:
  *  f      = Some template that can be applied to the elements of
- *           $(D_PARAM Tuples).
+ *           $(D_PARAM Packs).
- *  Tuples = $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) instances.
+ *  Packs  = $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) instances.
  *
  * Returns: A sequence, whose $(I i)-th element contains the $(I i)-th element
- *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Tuples).
+ *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Packs).
  */
-template ZipWith(alias f, Tuples...)
+template ZipWith(alias f, Packs...)
-if (Tuples.length > 0
+if (Packs.length > 0
  && __traits(isTemplate, f)
- && allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Tuples))
+ && (allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Pack), Packs)
+ || allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Packs)))
 {
     private template GetIth(size_t i, Args...)
     {
@@ -164,43 +165,37 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
     }
     private template Iterate(size_t i, Args...)
     {
-        alias Tuple = GetIth!(i, Args);
+        alias Pack = GetIth!(i, Args);
 
-        static if (Tuple.length < Tuples.length)
+        static if (Pack.length < Packs.length)
         {
             alias Iterate = AliasSeq!();
         }
         else
         {
-            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Tuple,
+            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Pack, Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
-                                      Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
         }
     }
-    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Tuples);
+    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Packs);
 }
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
+    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2), Pack!(5, 6), Pack!(9, 10));
-                             Tuple!(1, 2),
-                             Tuple!(5, 6),
-                             Tuple!(9, 10));
     static assert(Result1 == AliasSeq!(1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 10));
 
-    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
+    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2, 3), Pack!(4, 5));
-                             Tuple!(1, 2, 3),
-                             Tuple!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result2 == AliasSeq!(1, 4, 2, 5));
 
-    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Tuple!(), Tuple!(4, 5));
+    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(), Pack!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result3.length == 0);
 }
 
 /**
  * Holds a typed sequence of template parameters.
  *
- * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) doesn't unpack
+ * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) doesn't unpack
  * its template parameters automatically. Consider:
  *
  * ---
@@ -215,7 +210,7 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  * Using $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) template `A` gets 4 parameters instead of 2,
  * because $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) is just an alias for its template parameters.
  *
- * With $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) it is possible to pass distinguishable
+ * With $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) it is possible to pass distinguishable
  * sequences of parameters to a template. So:
  *
  * ---
@@ -224,15 +219,15 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  *  static assert(Args.length == 2);
  * }
  *
- * alias BInstance = B!(Tuple!(int, uint), Tuple!(float, double));
+ * alias BInstance = B!(Pack!(int, uint), Pack!(float, double));
  * ---
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Pack).
  *
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
  */
-struct Tuple(Args...)
+struct Pack(Args...)
 {
     /// Elements in this tuple as $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
     alias Seq = Args;
@@ -246,9 +241,9 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias A = Tuple!short;
+    alias A = Pack!short;
-    alias B = Tuple!(3, 8, 9);
+    alias B = Pack!(3, 8, 9);
-    alias C = Tuple!(A, B);
+    alias C = Pack!(A, B);
 
     static assert(C.length == 2);
 
@@ -257,7 +252,7 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
     static assert(B.length == 3);
     static assert(B.Seq == AliasSeq!(3, 8, 9));
 
-    alias D = Tuple!();
+    alias D = Pack!();
     static assert(D.length == 0);
     static assert(is(D.Seq == AliasSeq!()));
 }
@@ -270,7 +265,7 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
  * for determining if two items are equal.
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
  */
 struct Set(Args...)
 {

source/tanya/meta/trait.d

@@ -1493,6 +1493,8 @@ if (F.length == 1)
 }
 
 /**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM T) defines a symbol $(D_PARAM member).
+ *
  * Params:
  *  T      = Aggregate type.
  *  member = Symbol name.
@@ -1601,7 +1603,7 @@ if (is(T == class) || is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe unittest
+@nogc pure nothrow @safe unittest
 {
     static struct S
     {
@@ -2613,14 +2615,23 @@ if (is(T == enum))
         }
         else
         {
-            alias getEnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, Args[0]), getEnumMembers!(Args[1 .. $]));
+            alias getEnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, Args[0]),
+                                             getEnumMembers!(Args[1 .. $]));
         }
     }
-    alias EnumMembers = getEnumMembers!(__traits(allMembers, T));
+    private alias allMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(allMembers, T));
+    static if (allMembers.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias EnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, allMembers));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias EnumMembers = getEnumMembers!allMembers;
+    }
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @nogc @safe unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     enum E : int
     {
@@ -2628,7 +2639,17 @@ pure nothrow @nogc @safe unittest
         two,
         three,
     }
-    static assert([E.one, E.two, E.three] == [ EnumMembers!E ]);
+    static assert([EnumMembers!E] == [E.one, E.two, E.three]);
+}
+
+// Produces a tuple for an enum with only one member
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E : int
+    {
+        one = 0,
+    }
+    static assert(EnumMembers!E == AliasSeq!0);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2835,6 +2856,46 @@ template hasUDA(alias symbol, alias attr)
     static assert(!hasUDA!(a, Attr2));
 }
 
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is a type, constructs its default value, otherwise
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL evalUDA) aliases itself to $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This template is useful when working with UDAs with default parameters,
+ * i.e. if an attribute can be given as `@Attr` or `@Attr("param")`,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL evalUDA) makes `@Attr()` from `@Attr`, but returns
+ * `@Attr("param")` as is.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM T) (or its type if it isn't a type already) should have a default
+ * constructor.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = User Defined Attribute.
+ */
+alias evalUDA(alias T) = T;
+
+/// ditto
+alias evalUDA(T) = Alias!(T());
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Length
+    {
+        size_t length = 8;
+    }
+    @Length @Length(0) int i;
+    alias uda = AliasSeq!(__traits(getAttributes, i));
+
+    alias attr1 = evalUDA!(uda[0]);
+    alias attr2 = evalUDA!(uda[1]);
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(attr1) == Length));
+    static assert(is(typeof(attr2) == Length));
+
+    static assert(attr1.length == 8);
+    static assert(attr2.length == 0);
+}
+
 /**
  * Tests whether $(D_PARAM T) is an inner class, i.e. a class nested inside
  * another class.

source/tanya/net/iface.d

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network interfaces.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/iface.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/iface.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.iface;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    import mir.linux._asm.unistd;
+    import tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.ioctl;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.net.if_;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.socket;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+    import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
+}
+else version (Posix)
+{
+    import core.sys.posix.net.if_;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the name of a network interface to its index.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the name $(D_PARAM name) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns 0.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  name = Interface name.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface index or 0.
+ */
+uint nameToIndex(R)(R name) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!R && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == char) && hasLength!R)
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        if (name.length >= IF_NAMESIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        ifreq ifreq_ = void;
+
+        copy(name, ifreq_.ifr_name[]);
+        ifreq_.ifr_name[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        auto socket = syscall(AF_INET,
+                              SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+                              0,
+                              NR_socket);
+        if (socket <= 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        scope (exit)
+        {
+            syscall(socket, NR_close);
+        }
+        if (syscall(socket,
+                    SIOCGIFINDEX,
+                    cast(ptrdiff_t) &ifreq_,
+                    NR_ioctl) == 0)
+        {
+            return ifreq_.ifr_ifindex;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        if (name.length > IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        NET_LUID luid;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        if (ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(buffer.ptr, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        NET_IFINDEX index;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(&luid, &index) == 0)
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        if (name.length >= IF_NAMESIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        return if_nametoindex(buffer.ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow @safe unittest
+{
+    version (linux)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo") == 1);
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("loopback_0") == 1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo0") == 1);
+    }
+    assert(nameToIndex("ecafretni") == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the index of a network interface to its name.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the $(D_PARAM index) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  index = Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface name or an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ */
+String indexToName(uint index) @nogc nothrow @trusted
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : findNullTerminated;
+
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        ifreq ifreq_ = void;
+        ifreq_.ifr_ifindex = index;
+
+        auto socket = syscall(AF_INET,
+                              SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+                              0,
+                              NR_socket);
+        if (socket <= 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        scope (exit)
+        {
+            syscall(socket, NR_close);
+        }
+        if (syscall(socket,
+                    SIOCGIFNAME,
+                    cast(ptrdiff_t) &ifreq_,
+                    NR_ioctl) == 0)
+        {
+            return String(findNullTerminated(ifreq_.ifr_name));
+        }
+        return String();
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        NET_LUID luid;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(index, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(&luid,
+                                        buffer.ptr,
+                                        IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+        if (if_indextoname(index, buffer.ptr) is null)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow @safe unittest
+{
+    version (linux)
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "lo"));
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "loopback_0"));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "lo0"));
+    }
+    assert(indexToName(uint.max).empty);
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module tanya.net.inet;
 
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ module tanya.network.socket;
 import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.time;
 public import std.socket : SocketOption, SocketOptionLevel;
-import std.traits;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.bitmanip;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.os.error;
 
 /// Value returned by socket operations on error.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ struct Linger
      *
      * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL time).
      */
-    @property enabled(const bool value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void enabled(const bool value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         this.l_onoff = value;
     }

source/tanya/range/adapter.d

@@ -5,12 +5,6 @@
 /**
  * Range adapters.
  *
- * A range adapter wraps another range and modifies the way, how the original
- * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
- *
- * All adapters are lazy algorithms, they request the next element of the
- * adapted range on demand.
- *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
@@ -19,357 +13,3 @@
  *                 tanya/range/adapter.d)
  */
 module tanya.range.adapter;
-
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
-
-private mixin template Take(R, bool exactly)
-{
-    private R source;
-    size_t length_;
-
-    @disable this();
-
-    private this(R source, size_t length)
-    {
-        this.source = source;
-        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
-        {
-            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            this.length_ = length;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @property auto ref front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        return this.source.front;
-    }
-
-    void popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        this.source.popFront();
-        --this.length_;
-    }
-
-    @property bool empty()
-    {
-        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
-        {
-            return length == 0;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return length == 0 || this.source.empty;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @property size_t length()
-    {
-        return this.length_;
-    }
-
-    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
-    {
-        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            this.source.front = value;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            this.source.front = move(value);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static if (isForwardRange!R)
-    {
-        typeof(this) save()
-        {
-            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
-        }
-    }
-    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
-    {
-        @property auto ref back()
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return this.source[this.length - 1];
-        }
-
-        void popBack()
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            --this.length_;
-        }
-
-        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(i < length);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return this.source[i];
-        }
-
-        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
-        {
-            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(!empty);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[length - 1] = value;
-            }
-
-            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(!empty);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
-            }
-
-            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(i < length);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[i] = value;
-            }
-
-            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(i < length);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[i] = move(value);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    static if (hasSlicing!R)
-    {
-        auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(i <= j);
-            assert(j <= length);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return take(this.source[i .. j], length);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
- * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
- ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
- * expects a finit range.
- *
- * Params:
- *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
- *  range = The range to take the elements from.
- *  n     = The number of elements to take.
- *
- * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
- *          $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
- */
-auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
-if (isInputRange!R)
-{
-    struct Take
-    {
-        mixin .Take!(R, false);
-    }
-    return Take(range, n);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static struct InfiniteRange
-    {
-        private size_t front_ = 1;
-
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front_ = i;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            ++this.front_;
-        }
-
-        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_ + i;
-        }
-
-        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front = i + value;
-        }
-
-        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
-    assert(t.length == 3);
-    assert(t.front == 1);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popBack();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 2);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.empty);
-}
-
-/**
- * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
- ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
- * which expects a finit range.
- *
- * Params:
- *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
- *  range = The range to take the elements from.
- *  n     = The number of elements to take.
- *
- * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
- */
-auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
-if (isInputRange!R)
-{
-    struct TakeExactly
-    {
-        mixin Take!(R, true);
-    }
-    return TakeExactly(range, n);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static struct InfiniteRange
-    {
-        private size_t front_ = 1;
-
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front_ = i;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            ++this.front_;
-        }
-
-        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_ + i;
-        }
-
-        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front = i + value;
-        }
-
-        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
-    assert(t.length == 3);
-    assert(t.front == 1);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popBack();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 2);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.empty);
-}

source/tanya/range/array.d

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module tanya.range.array;
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-@property ref T front(T)(T[] array)
+@property ref inout(T) front(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ do
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-@property ref T back(T)(T[] array)
+@property ref inout(T) back(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ do
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
  */
-void popFront(T)(ref T[] array)
+void popFront(T)(scope ref inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ do
 }
 
 /// ditto
-void popBack(T)(ref T[] array)
+void popBack(T)(scope ref inout(T)[] array)
 in
 {
     assert(array.length > 0);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ do
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM array) has no elements,
  *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-@property bool empty(T)(const T[] array)
+@property bool empty(T)(scope const T[] array)
 {
     return array.length == 0;
 }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ do
  *
  * Returns: A copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
  */
-@property T[] save(T)(T[] array)
+@property inout(T)[] save(T)(return scope inout(T)[] array)
 {
     return array;
 }

source/tanya/range/primitive.d

@@ -20,6 +20,19 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.array;
 
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.test.stub;
+
+    private struct AssertPostblit
+    {
+        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the element type of the range $(D_PARAM R).
  *
@@ -73,10 +86,7 @@ template ElementType(R)
  *
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinite).
  */
-template hasLength(R)
+enum bool hasLength(R) = is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.length) == size_t);
-{
-    enum bool hasLength = is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.length) == size_t);
-}
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -294,34 +304,6 @@ template hasSlicing(R)
     static assert(hasSlicing!D);
 }
 
-version (unittest)
-{
-    mixin template InputRangeStub()
-    {
-        @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        @property bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-    mixin template BidirectionalRangeStub()
-    {
-        @property int back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 private template isDynamicArrayRange(R)
 {
     static if (is(R E : E[]))
@@ -334,6 +316,26 @@ private template isDynamicArrayRange(R)
     }
 }
 
+private struct Primitive(Candidate, string primitive)
+{
+    auto ref returnType(Candidate candidate)
+    {
+        mixin("return candidate." ~ primitive ~ ";");
+    }
+
+    alias ReturnType = .ReturnType!returnType;
+    static assert(!is(ReturnType == void));
+
+    enum uint attributes = functionAttributes!returnType
+                         & FunctionAttribute.ref_;
+
+    bool opEquals(That)(That) const
+    {
+        return is(ReturnType == That.ReturnType)
+            && attributes == That.attributes;
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is an input range.
  *
@@ -353,11 +355,11 @@ private template isDynamicArrayRange(R)
  */
 template isInputRange(R)
 {
-    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()) U)
+    static if (is(Primitive!(R, "front()") U)
             && is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.empty) == bool)
             && is(typeof(R.popFront())))
     {
-        enum bool isInputRange = !is(U == void);
+        enum bool isInputRange = true;
     }
     else
     {
@@ -373,10 +375,12 @@ template isInputRange(R)
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
+
         int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
@@ -391,13 +395,8 @@ template isInputRange(R)
 {
     static struct Range1(T)
     {
-        void popFront()
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
-        int front()
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         T empty() const
         {
             return true;
@@ -408,50 +407,56 @@ template isInputRange(R)
 
     static struct Range2
     {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+
         int popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 100;
         }
-        int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 100;
-        }
-        bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
     }
     static assert(isInputRange!Range2);
 
     static struct Range3
     {
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
         void front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
-        bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
     }
     static assert(!isInputRange!Range3);
 
     static struct Range4
     {
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
-        int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         enum bool empty = false;
     }
     static assert(isInputRange!Range4);
 }
 
+// Ranges with non-copyable elements can be input ranges
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @WithLvalueElements
+    static struct R
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!NonCopyable;
+    }
+    static assert(isInputRange!R);
+}
+
+// Ranges with const non-copyable elements can be input ranges
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @WithLvalueElements
+    static struct R
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!(const(NonCopyable));
+    }
+    static assert(isInputRange!R);
+}
+
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a forward range.
  *
@@ -489,14 +494,17 @@ template isForwardRange(R)
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
+
         int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
+
         typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return this;
@@ -515,6 +523,7 @@ template isForwardRange(R)
     static struct Range2
     {
         mixin InputRangeStub;
+
         Range1 save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return Range1();
@@ -525,6 +534,7 @@ template isForwardRange(R)
     static struct Range3
     {
         mixin InputRangeStub;
+
         const(typeof(this)) save() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return this;
@@ -553,11 +563,11 @@ template isForwardRange(R)
  */
 template isBidirectionalRange(R)
 {
-    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.back()) U)
+    static if (is(Primitive!(R, "back()") U)
             && is(typeof(R.popBack())))
     {
         enum bool isBidirectionalRange = isForwardRange!R
-                                      && is(U == ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()));
+                                      && (U() == Primitive!(R, "front()")());
     }
     else
     {
@@ -573,21 +583,26 @@ template isBidirectionalRange(R)
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
+
         void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
+
         @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         @property int back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
+
         Range save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return this;
@@ -602,33 +617,33 @@ template isBidirectionalRange(R)
 {
     static struct Range(T, U)
     {
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
-        void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
         @property T front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return T.init;
         }
+
         @property U back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return U.init;
         }
-        bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-        Range save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
     }
     static assert(!isBidirectionalRange!(Range!(int, uint)));
     static assert(!isBidirectionalRange!(Range!(int, const int)));
 }
 
+// Ranges with non-copyable elements can be bidirectional ranges
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @WithLvalueElements
+    static struct R
+    {
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub!NonCopyable;
+    }
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!R);
+}
+
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a random-access range.
  *
@@ -654,11 +669,11 @@ template isBidirectionalRange(R)
  */
 template isRandomAccessRange(R)
 {
-    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.opIndex(size_t.init)) U))
+    static if (is(Primitive!(R, "opIndex(size_t.init)") U))
     {
         enum bool isRandomAccessRange = isInputRange!R
                                      && (hasLength!R || isInfinite!R)
-                                     && is(U == ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()));
+                                     && (U() == Primitive!(R, "front()")());
     }
     else
     {
@@ -674,29 +689,22 @@ template isRandomAccessRange(R)
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
-        void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+
-        {
-        }
         @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
-        @property int back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+
-        {
+        int opIndex(size_t) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-            return this;
-        }
-        int opIndex(const size_t pos) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
@@ -711,15 +719,14 @@ template isRandomAccessRange(R)
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
         }
+
         @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
         enum bool empty = false;
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
         int opIndex(const size_t pos) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
@@ -732,76 +739,43 @@ template isRandomAccessRange(R)
 {
     static struct Range1
     {
-        mixin InputRangeStub;
         mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
-
+        mixin RandomAccessRangeStub;
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-        int opIndex(const size_t pos) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
     }
     static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!Range1);
 
+    @Length
     static struct Range2(Args...)
     {
-        mixin InputRangeStub;
         mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
 
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
         int opIndex(Args) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
-        size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
     }
     static assert(isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!size_t));
     static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!()));
     static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!(size_t, size_t)));
 
+    @Length
     static struct Range3
     {
-        mixin InputRangeStub;
         mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
 
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
         int opIndex(const size_t pos1, const size_t pos2 = 0)
         @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
         }
-        size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
     }
     static assert(isRandomAccessRange!Range3);
 
     static struct Range4
     {
-        mixin InputRangeStub;
         mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
+        mixin RandomAccessRangeStub;
 
-        typeof(this) save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-        int opIndex(const size_t pos1) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         size_t opDollar() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 0;
@@ -810,19 +784,41 @@ template isRandomAccessRange(R)
     static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!Range4);
 }
 
+// Ranges with non-copyable elements can be random-access ranges
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    @WithLvalueElements @Infinite
+    static struct R
+    {
+        mixin RandomAccessRangeStub!NonCopyable;
+    }
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!R);
+}
+
 /**
  * Puts $(D_PARAM e) into the $(D_PARAM range).
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL R) should be an output range for $(D_PARAM E).
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL R) should be an output range for $(D_PARAM E). It doesn't mean
- *
+ * that everything $(D_PARAM range) is an output range for can be put into it,
- * $(D_PARAM range) is advanced after putting an element into it if all of the
+ * but only if one of the following conditions is met:
- * following conditions are met:
  *
  * $(OL
- *  $(LI $(D_PSYMBOL R) is an input range)
+ *  $(LI $(D_PARAM R) defines a `put`-method for $(D_PARAM E))
- *  $(LI $(D_PSYMBOL R) doesn't define a `put`-method)
  *  $(LI $(D_PARAM e) can be assigned to $(D_INLINECODE range.front))
+ *  $(LI $(D_PARAM e) can be put into $(D_PARAM range) using
+ *       $(D_INLINECODE range(e))
  *  )
+ * )
+ *
+ * The method to put $(D_PARAM e) into $(D_PARAM range) is chosen based on the
+ * order specified above.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM E) is an input range and $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for
+ * its elements as well, use $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.algorithm.mutation.copy)
+ * instead.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) is advanced after putting an element into it if it is an
+ * input range that doesn't define a `put`-method.
  *
  * Params:
  *  R     = Target range type.
@@ -849,13 +845,6 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
     {
         range(e);
     }
-    else static if (isInputRange!E)
-    {
-        for (; !e.empty; e.popFront())
-        {
-            put(range, e.front);
-        }
-    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false, R.stringof ~ " is not an output range for "
@@ -907,17 +896,6 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
     assert(oc.e == 2);
 }
 
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    int[2] actual;
-    int[2] expected = [2, 3];
-    auto slice = actual[];
-
-    put(slice, expected[]);
-    assert(actual == expected);
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for the elemens of type
  * $(D_PARAM E).
@@ -963,7 +941,22 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for the
  *          elements of the type $(D_PARAM E), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-enum bool isOutputRange(R, E) = is(typeof((ref R r, ref E e) => put(r, e)));
+template isOutputRange(R, E)
+{
+    static if (is(typeof((R r, E e) => put(r, e))))
+    {
+        enum bool isOutputRange = true;
+    }
+    else static if (isInputRange!E)
+    {
+        alias ET = ElementType!E;
+        enum bool isOutputRange = is(typeof((R r, ET e) => put(r, e)));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isOutputRange = false;
+    }
+}
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -1089,28 +1082,20 @@ template isInfinite(R)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
+    @Infinite
     static struct StaticConstRange
     {
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
-        @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         static bool empty = false;
     }
     static assert(!isInfinite!StaticConstRange);
 
+    @Infinite
     static struct TrueRange
     {
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
-        {
+
-        }
-        @property int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
         static const bool empty = true;
     }
     static assert(!isInfinite!TrueRange);
@@ -1340,15 +1325,12 @@ if (isBidirectionalRange!R)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
+    @Infinite
     static struct InfiniteRange
     {
+        mixin ForwardRangeStub;
         private int i;
 
-        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-
         void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             ++this.i;
@@ -1368,8 +1350,6 @@ if (isBidirectionalRange!R)
         {
             return this.i;
         }
-
-        enum bool empty = false;
     }
     {
         InfiniteRange range;
@@ -1489,44 +1469,19 @@ if (isInputRange!R)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct Element
-    {
-        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Returns its elements by reference.
+    @Infinite @WithLvalueElements
     static struct R1
     {
-        Element element;
+        mixin InputRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        ref Element front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return element;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
     }
     static assert(is(typeof(moveFront(R1()))));
 
     // Returns elements with a postblit constructor by value. moveFront fails.
+    @Infinite
     static struct R2
     {
-        enum bool empty = false;
+        mixin InputRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-
-        Element front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return Element();
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
     }
     static assert(!is(typeof(moveFront(R2()))));
 }
@@ -1574,58 +1529,19 @@ if (isBidirectionalRange!R)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct Element
-    {
-        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Returns its elements by reference.
+    @Infinite @WithLvalueElements
     static struct R1
     {
-        Element element;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        ref Element back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return element;
-        }
-        alias front = back;
-
-        void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-        alias popFront = popBack;
-
-        R1 save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
     }
     static assert(is(typeof(moveBack(R1()))));
 
     // Returns elements with a postblit constructor by value. moveBack fails.
+    @Infinite
     static struct R2
     {
-        enum bool empty = false;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-
-        Element back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return Element();
-        }
-        alias front = back;
-
-        void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-        alias popFront = popBack;
-
-        R2 save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
     }
     static assert(!is(typeof(moveBack(R2()))));
 }
@@ -1672,54 +1588,19 @@ if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct Element
-    {
-        this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Returns its elements by reference.
+    @Infinite @WithLvalueElements
     static struct R1
     {
-        Element element;
+        mixin RandomAccessRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        ref Element front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return element;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-
-        ref Element opIndex(size_t)
-        {
-            return element;
-        }
     }
     static assert(is(typeof(moveAt(R1(), 0))));
 
     // Returns elements with a postblit constructor by value. moveAt fails.
+    @Infinite
     static struct R2
     {
-        enum bool empty = false;
+        mixin RandomAccessRangeStub!AssertPostblit;
-
-        Element front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return Element();
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-        }
-
-        Element opIndex() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return Element();
-        }
     }
     static assert(!is(typeof(moveAt(R2(), 0))));
 }
@@ -1820,7 +1701,7 @@ template hasMobileElements(R)
  */
 template hasLvalueElements(R)
 {
-    private alias refDg = (ref ElementType!R e) => e;
+    private alias refDg = (ref ElementType!R e) => &e;
 
     static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
     {
@@ -1878,6 +1759,12 @@ template hasLvalueElements(R)
     static assert(hasLvalueElements!R2);
 }
 
+// Works with non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(hasLvalueElements!(NonCopyable[]));
+}
+
 /**
  * Determines whether the elements of $(D_PARAM R) are assignable.
  *
@@ -2033,3 +1920,41 @@ template hasSwappableElements(R)
     }
     static assert(!hasSwappableElements!R2);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether `r1.front` and `r2.front` point to the same element.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  r1 = First range.
+ *  r2 = Second range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) have the same
+ *          head, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool sameHead(Range)(Range r1, Range r2) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
+{
+    return &r1.front is &r2.front;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[2] array;
+
+    auto r1 = array[];
+    auto r2 = array[];
+
+    assert(sameHead(r1, r2));
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[2] array;
+
+    auto r1 = array[];
+    auto r2 = array[1 .. $];
+
+    assert(!sameHead(r1, r2));
+}

source/tanya/sys/linux/syscall.d

@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ module tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
 
 version (TanyaNative):
 
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
 @nogc nothrow @system;
 
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t,
                          ptrdiff_t,
                          ptrdiff_t,
@@ -34,10 +40,18 @@ private template getOverloadMangling(size_t n)
 }
 
 pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!0)
-extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
 @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
 pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!1)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow pure @system;
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!2)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow pure @system;
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!3)
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t,
                           ptrdiff_t,
                           ptrdiff_t,

source/tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.ioctl;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+enum
+{
+    SIOCADDRT = 0x890B, // Add routing table entry.
+    SIOCDELRT = 0x890C, // Delete routing table entry.
+    SIOCRTMSG = 0x890D, // Call to routing system.
+
+    SIOCGIFNAME = 0x8910, // Get iface name.
+    SIOCSIFLINK = 0x8911, // Set iface channel.
+    SIOCGIFCONF = 0x8912, // Get iface list.
+    SIOCGIFFLAGS = 0x8913, // Get flags.
+    SIOCSIFFLAGS = 0x8914, // Set flags.
+    SIOCGIFADDR = 0x8915, // Get PA address.
+    SIOCSIFADDR = 0x8916, // Set PA address.
+    SIOCGIFDSTADDR = 0x8917, // Get remote PA address.
+    SIOCSIFDSTADDR = 0x8918, // Set remote PA address.
+    SIOCGIFBRDADDR = 0x8919, // Get broadcast PA address.
+    SIOCSIFBRDADDR = 0x891a, // Set broadcast PA address.
+    SIOCGIFNETMASK = 0x891b, // Get network PA mask.
+    SIOCSIFNETMASK = 0x891c, // Set network PA mask.
+    SIOCGIFMETRIC = 0x891d, // Get metric.
+    SIOCSIFMETRIC = 0x891e, // Set metric.
+    SIOCGIFMEM = 0x891f, // Get memory address (BSD).
+    SIOCSIFMEM = 0x8920, // Set memory address (BSD).
+    SIOCGIFMTU = 0x8921, // Get MTU size.
+    SIOCSIFMTU = 0x8922, // Set MTU size.
+    SIOCSIFNAME = 0x8923, // Set interface name.
+    SIOCSIFHWADDR = 0x8924, // Set hardware address.
+    SIOCGIFENCAP = 0x8925, // Get/set encapsulations.
+    SIOCSIFENCAP = 0x8926,
+    SIOCGIFHWADDR = 0x8927, // Get hardware address.
+    SIOCGIFSLAVE = 0x8929, // Driver slaving support.
+    SIOCSIFSLAVE = 0x8930,
+    SIOCADDMULTI = 0x8931, // Multicast address lists.
+    SIOCDELMULTI = 0x8932,
+    SIOCGIFINDEX = 0x8933, // Name -> if_index mapping.
+    SIOGIFINDEX = SIOCGIFINDEX, // Misprint compatibility.
+    SIOCSIFPFLAGS = 0x8934, // Set/get extended flags set.
+    SIOCGIFPFLAGS = 0x8935,
+    SIOCDIFADDR = 0x8936, // Delete PA address.
+    SIOCSIFHWBROADCAST = 0x8937, // Set hardware broadcast address.
+    SIOCGIFCOUNT = 0x8938, // Get number of devices.
+
+    SIOCGIFBR = 0x8940, // Bridging support.
+    SIOCSIFBR = 0x8941, // Set bridging options.
+
+    SIOCGIFTXQLEN = 0x8942, // Get the tx queue length.
+    SIOCSIFTXQLEN = 0x8943, // Set the tx queue length.
+
+    SIOCDARP = 0x8953, // Delete ARP table entry.
+    SIOCGARP = 0x8954, // Get ARP table entry.
+    SIOCSARP = 0x8955, // Set ARP table entry.
+
+    SIOCDRARP = 0x8960, // Delete RARP table entry.
+    SIOCGRARP = 0x8961, // Get RARP table entry.
+    SIOCSRARP = 0x8962, // Set RARP table entry.
+
+    SIOCGIFMAP = 0x8970, // Get device parameters.
+    SIOCSIFMAP = 0x8971, // Set device parameters.
+
+    SIOCADDDLCI = 0x8980, // Create new DLCI device.
+    SIOCDELDLCI = 0x8981, // Delete DLCI device.
+}

source/tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.net.if_;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+enum size_t IF_NAMESIZE = 16;
+
+struct ifreq
+{
+    char[IF_NAMESIZE] ifr_name;
+
+    union
+    {
+        int ifr_ifindex;
+    }
+}

source/tanya/sys/posix/socket.d

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/socket.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/socket.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.socket;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+/*
+ * Protocol families.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    PF_UNSPEC = 0, // Unspecified.
+    PF_LOCAL = 1, // Local to host (pipes and file-domain).
+    PF_UNIX = PF_LOCAL, // POSIX name for PF_LOCAL.
+    PF_FILE = PF_LOCAL, // Another non-standard name for PF_LOCAL.
+    PF_INET = 2, // IP protocol family.
+    PF_AX25 = 3, // Amateur Radio AX.25.
+    PF_IPX = 4, // Novell Internet Protocol.
+    PF_APPLETALK = 5, // Appletalk DDP.
+    PF_NETROM = 6, // Amateur radio NetROM.
+    PF_BRIDGE = 7, // Multiprotocol bridge.
+    PF_ATMPVC = 8, // ATM PVCs.
+    PF_X25 = 9, // Reserved for X.25 project.
+    PF_INET6 = 10, // IP version 6.
+    PF_ROSE = 11, // Amateur Radio X.25 PLP.
+    PF_DECnet = 12, // Reserved for DECnet project.
+    PF_NETBEUI = 13, // Reserved for 802.2LLC project.
+    PF_SECURITY = 14, // Security callback pseudo AF.
+    PF_KEY = 15, // PF_KEY key management API.
+    PF_NETLINK = 16, // Kernel user interface device.
+    PF_ROUTE = PF_NETLINK, // Alias to emulate 4.4BSD.
+    PF_PACKET = 17, // Packet family.
+    PF_ASH = 18, // Ash.
+    PF_ECONET = 19, // Acorn Econet.
+    PF_ATMSVC = 20, // ATM SVCs.
+    PF_RDS = 21, // RDS sockets.
+    PF_SNA = 22, // Linux SNA Project.
+    PF_IRDA = 23, // IRDA sockets.
+    PF_PPPOX = 24, // PPPoX sockets.
+    PF_WANPIPE = 25, // Wanpipe API sockets.
+    PF_LLC = 26, // Linux LLC.
+    PF_IB = 27, // Native InfiniBand address.
+    PF_MPLS = 28, // MPLS.
+    PF_CAN = 29, // Controller Area Network.
+    PF_TIPC = 30, // TIPC sockets.
+    PF_BLUETOOTH = 31, // Bluetooth sockets.
+    PF_IUCV = 32, // IUCV sockets.
+    PF_RXRPC = 33, // RxRPC sockets.
+    PF_ISDN = 34, // mISDN sockets.
+    PF_PHONET = 35, // Phonet sockets.
+    PF_IEEE802154 = 36, // IEEE 802.15.4 sockets.
+    PF_CAIF = 37, // CAIF sockets.
+    PF_ALG = 38, // Algorithm sockets.
+    PF_NFC = 39, // NFC sockets.
+    PF_VSOCK = 40, // vSockets.
+    PF_MAX = 41, // For now.
+}
+
+/*
+ * Address families.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    AF_UNSPEC = PF_UNSPEC,
+    AF_LOCAL = PF_LOCAL,
+    AF_UNIX = PF_UNIX,
+    AF_FILE = PF_FILE,
+    AF_INET = PF_INET,
+    AF_AX25 = PF_AX25,
+    AF_IPX = PF_IPX,
+    AF_APPLETALK = PF_APPLETALK,
+    AF_NETROM = PF_NETROM,
+    AF_BRIDGE = PF_BRIDGE,
+    AF_ATMPVC = PF_ATMPVC,
+    AF_X25 = PF_X25,
+    AF_INET6 = PF_INET6,
+    AF_ROSE = PF_ROSE,
+    AF_DECnet = PF_DECnet,
+    AF_NETBEUI = PF_NETBEUI,
+    AF_SECURITY = PF_SECURITY,
+    AF_KEY = PF_KEY,
+    AF_NETLINK = PF_NETLINK,
+    AF_ROUTE = PF_ROUTE,
+    AF_PACKET = PF_PACKET,
+    AF_ASH = PF_ASH,
+    AF_ECONET = PF_ECONET,
+    AF_ATMSVC = PF_ATMSVC,
+    AF_RDS = PF_RDS,
+    AF_SNA = PF_SNA,
+    AF_IRDA = PF_IRDA,
+    AF_PPPOX = PF_PPPOX,
+    AF_WANPIPE = PF_WANPIPE,
+    AF_LLC = PF_LLC,
+    AF_IB = PF_IB,
+    AF_MPLS = PF_MPLS,
+    AF_CAN = PF_CAN,
+    AF_TIPC = PF_TIPC,
+    AF_BLUETOOTH = PF_BLUETOOTH,
+    AF_IUCV = PF_IUCV,
+    AF_RXRPC = PF_RXRPC,
+    AF_ISDN = PF_ISDN,
+    AF_PHONET = PF_PHONET,
+    AF_IEEE802154 = PF_IEEE802154,
+    AF_CAIF = PF_CAIF,
+    AF_ALG = PF_ALG,
+    AF_NFC = PF_NFC,
+    AF_VSOCK = PF_VSOCK,
+    AF_MAX = PF_MAX,
+}
+
+/*
+ * Types of sockets.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    // Sequenced, reliable, connection-based byte streams.
+    SOCK_STREAM = 1,
+    // Connectionless, unreliable datagrams of fixed maximum length.
+    SOCK_DGRAM = 2,
+    // Raw protocol interface.
+    SOCK_RAW = 3,
+    // Reliably-delivered messages.
+    SOCK_RDM = 4,
+    // Sequenced, reliable, connection-based, datagrams of fixed maximum
+    // length.
+    SOCK_SEQPACKET = 5,
+    // Datagram Congestion Control Protocol.
+    SOCK_DCCP = 6,
+    // Linux specific way of getting packets at the dev level. For writing rarp
+    // and other similar things on the user level.
+    SOCK_PACKET = 10,
+}
+
+/*
+ * Flags to be ORed into the type parameter of socket and socketpair and used
+ * for the flags parameter of paccept.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    SOCK_CLOEXEC = 0x80000, // Atomically set close-on-exec flag for the new descriptor(s).
+    SOCK_NONBLOCK = 0x800, // Atomically mark descriptor(s) as non-blocking.
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ version (Windows):
 alias BYTE = ubyte;
 alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
 alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
+alias WCHAR = wchar;
 alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
 alias SHORT = short;
 alias USHORT = ushort;
@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
 enum TRUE = 1;
 enum FALSE = 0;
 
+alias PSTR = CHAR*;
+alias PWSTR = WCHAR*;
+alias PTSTR = TCHAR*;
+
 align(1) struct GUID
 {
     uint Data1;

source/tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+union NET_LUID_LH
+{
+    ulong Value;
+    ulong Info;
+}
+
+alias NET_LUID = NET_LUID_LH;
+alias IF_LUID = NET_LUID_LH;
+
+alias NET_IFINDEX = ULONG;
+
+enum size_t IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE = 256;

source/tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(const(CHAR)* InterfaceName,
+                                  NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+                                  NET_IFINDEX* InterfaceIndex)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(NET_IFINDEX InterfaceIndex,
+                                  NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+                                  PSTR InterfaceName,
+                                  size_t Length)
+@nogc nothrow @system;

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -15,5 +15,7 @@ module tanya.sys.windows;
 version (Windows):
 
 public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@
 module tanya.test;
 
 public import tanya.test.assertion;
+public import tanya.test.stub;

source/tanya/test/stub.d

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range and generic type generators.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/test/stub.d,
+ *                 tanya/test/stub.d)
+ */
+module tanya.test.stub;
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should contain the given
+ * number of elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Count) should be always specified with some value and not as a
+ * type, so $(D_INLINECODE Count(1)) instead just $(D_INLINECODE Count),
+ * otherwise you can just omit $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and it will default to 0.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Count) doesn't generate `.length` property - use
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Length) for that.
+ *
+ * If neither $(D_PSYMBOL Length) nor $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite) is given,
+ * $(D_ILNINECODE Count(0)) is assumed.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite) and $(D_PSYMBOL Length).
+ */
+struct Count
+{
+    /// Original range length.
+    size_t count = 0;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs the attribute with the given length.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  count = Original range length.
+     */
+    this(size_t count) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        this.count = count;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should be infinite.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and $(D_PSYMBOL Length).
+ */
+struct Infinite
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates `.length` property for the range.
+ *
+ * The length of the range can be specified as a constructor argument,
+ * otherwise it is 0.
+ *
+ * This attribute conflicts with $(D_PSYMBOL Count) and $(D_PSYMBOL Infinite).
+ */
+struct Length
+{
+    /// Original range length.
+    size_t length = 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attribute signalizing that the generated range should return values by
+ * reference.
+ *
+ * This atribute affects the return values of `.front`, `.back` and `[]`.
+ */
+struct WithLvalueElements
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates an input range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template InputRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    import tanya.meta.metafunction : Alias;
+    import tanya.meta.trait : evalUDA, getUDAs, hasUDA;
+
+    /*
+     * Aliases for the attribute lookups to access them faster
+     */
+    private enum bool infinite = hasUDA!(typeof(this), Infinite);
+    private enum bool withLvalueElements = hasUDA!(typeof(this),
+                                                   WithLvalueElements);
+    private alias Count = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Count);
+    private alias Length = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Length);
+
+    static if (Count.length != 0)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = Count[0].count;
+
+        static assert (!infinite,
+                       "Range cannot have count and be infinite at the same time");
+        static assert (Length.length == 0,
+                       "Range cannot have count and length at the same time");
+    }
+    else static if (Length.length != 0)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = evalUDA!(Length[0]).length;
+
+        static assert (!infinite,
+                       "Range cannot have length and be infinite at the same time");
+    }
+    else static if (!infinite)
+    {
+        private enum size_t count = 0;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Member generation
+     */
+    static if (infinite)
+    {
+        enum bool empty = false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private size_t length_ = count;
+
+        @property bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.length_ == 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        private E* element; // Pointer to enable range copying in save()
+    }
+
+    void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        static if (!infinite)
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (Length.length != 0)
+    {
+        size_t length() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a forward range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes input range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RandomAccessRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template ForwardRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    static if (!is(typeof(this.InputRangeMixin) == void))
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!E InputRangeMixin;
+    }
+
+    auto save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a bidirectional range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes forward range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RandomAccessRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template BidirectionalRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    mixin ForwardRangeStub!E;
+
+    void popBack() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    in (!empty)
+    {
+        static if (!infinite)
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E back() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a random-access range.
+ *
+ * This mixin includes input range primitives as well, but can be combined with
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL ForwardRangeStub) or $(D_PSYMBOL BidirectionalRangeStub).
+ *
+ * Note that a random-access range also requires $(D_PSYMBOL Length) or
+ * $(D_PARAM Infinite) by definition.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+mixin template RandomAccessRangeStub(E = int)
+{
+    static if (!is(typeof(this.InputRangeMixin) == void))
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub!E InputRangeMixin;
+    }
+
+    static if (withLvalueElements)
+    {
+        ref E opIndex(size_t) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return *this.element;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        E opIndex(size_t) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return E.init;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct with a disabled postblit constructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL NonCopyable) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ */
+struct NonCopyable
+{
+    @disable this(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct with an elaborate destructor.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ *
+ * When used as a standalone object the constructor of $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor)
+ * accepts an additional `counter` argument, which is incremented by the
+ * destructor. $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor) stores a pointer to the passed variable,
+ * so the variable can be investigated after the struct isn't available
+ * anymore.
+ */
+struct WithDtor
+{
+    size_t* counter;
+
+    this(ref size_t counter) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+    {
+        this.counter = &counter;
+    }
+
+    ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        if (this.counter !is null)
+        {
+            ++*this.counter;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Struct supporting hashing.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Hashable) can be used as an attribute for
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) or as a standalone type.
+ *
+ * The constructor accepts an additional parameter, which is returned by the
+ * `toHash()`-function. `0U` is returned if no hash value is given.
+ */
+struct Hashable
+{
+    size_t hash;
+
+    size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return this.hash;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a $(D_KEYWORD struct) with common functionality.
+ *
+ * To specify the needed functionality use user-defined attributes on the
+ * $(D_KEYWORD struct) $(D_PSYMBOL StructStub) is mixed in.
+ *
+ * Supported attributes are: $(D_PSYMBOL NonCopyable), $(D_PSYMBOL Hashable),
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL WithDtor).
+ */
+mixin template StructStub()
+{
+    import tanya.meta.trait : evalUDA, getUDAs, hasUDA;
+
+    static if (hasUDA!(typeof(this), NonCopyable))
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+
+    private alias Hashable = getUDAs!(typeof(this), .Hashable);
+    static if (Hashable.length > 0)
+    {
+        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return evalUDA!(Hashable[0]).hash;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (hasUDA!(typeof(this), WithDtor))
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ module tanya.typecons;
 
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.format;
-import tanya.meta.metafunction : AliasSeq, AliasTuple = Tuple, Map;
+import tanya.functional;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
+version (unittest) import tanya.test.stub;
 
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) can store two or more heterogeneous objects.
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
  *
  * Params:
  *  Specs = Field types and names.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL tuple).
  */
 template Tuple(Specs...)
 {
@@ -49,13 +53,13 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
             static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(Pack!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
             }
             else
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(Pack!(Specs[0]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
             }
         }
@@ -133,11 +137,50 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
     static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first", double, "second", char, "third")));
 }
 
+/**
+ * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Names = Field names.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ */
+template tuple(Names...)
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  Args = Field types.
+     *  args = Field values.
+     *
+     * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+     */
+    auto tuple(Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+    if (Args.length >= Names.length && isTypeTuple!Args)
+    {
+        alias Zipped = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!Args, Pack!Names);
+        alias Nameless = Args[Names.length .. $];
+
+        return Tuple!(Zipped, Nameless)(forward!args);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto t = tuple!("one", "two")(20, 5);
+    assert(t.one == 20);
+    assert(t.two == 5);
+}
+
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is a type that contains an optional value.
  *
  * Params:
  *  T = Type of the encapsulated value.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL option).
  */
 struct Option(T)
 {
@@ -338,6 +381,24 @@ struct Option(T)
         return this;
     }
 
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * If $(D_PARAM T) has a `toHash()` method, $(D_PSYMBOL Option) defines
+         * `toHash()` which returns `T.toHash()` if it is set or 0 otherwise.
+         *
+         * Returns: Hash value.
+         */
+        size_t toHash() const;
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(T.init.toHash()) == size_t))
+    {
+        size_t toHash() const
+        {
+            return isNothing ? 0U : this.value.toHash();
+        }
+    }
+
     alias get this;
 }
 
@@ -394,29 +455,24 @@ struct Option(T)
 // Moving
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static struct NotCopyable
+    static assert(is(typeof(Option!NonCopyable(NonCopyable()))));
-    {
-        @disable this(this);
-    }
-
-    static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable()))));
     // The value cannot be returned by reference because the default value
     // isn't passed by reference
-    static assert(!is(typeof(Option!DisabledPostblit().or(NotCopyable()))));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(Option!DisabledPostblit().or(NonCopyable()))));
     {
-        NotCopyable notCopyable;
+        NonCopyable notCopyable;
-        static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable().or(notCopyable))));
+        static assert(is(typeof(Option!NonCopyable().or(notCopyable))));
     }
     {
-        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        Option!NonCopyable option;
         assert(option.isNothing);
-        option = NotCopyable();
+        option = NonCopyable();
         assert(!option.isNothing);
     }
     {
-        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        Option!NonCopyable option;
         assert(option.isNothing);
-        option = Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable());
+        option = Option!NonCopyable(NonCopyable());
         assert(!option.isNothing);
     }
 }
@@ -446,9 +502,42 @@ struct Option(T)
 
 // Returns default value
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
 {
     int i = 5;
     assert(((ref e) => e)(Option!int().or(i)) == 5);
 }
+
+// Implements toHash() for nothing
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    alias OptionT = Option!Hashable;
+    assert(OptionT().toHash() == 0U);
+    assert(OptionT(Hashable(1U)).toHash() == 1U);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Option type.
+ *  value = Initial value.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+ */
+Option!T option(T)(auto ref T value)
+{
+    return Option!T(forward!value);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+Option!T option(T)()
+{
+    return Option!T();
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(option!int().isNothing);
+    assert(option(5) == 5);
 }