Replace memcpy/memmove with copy/copyBackward

Allocation schema is displayed incorrectly in HTML.
Add pre-tag for the schema.

.gitignore

@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@
 .dub
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
-/tanya-test-library*
+/tanya-test-*
+/dub_platform_probe-*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json
 
 /*.lst
+
+# Ninja build
+.ninja_*

.travis.yml

@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
-  - dmd-2.075.0
+  - dmd-2.076.0
+  - dmd-2.075.1
   - dmd-2.074.1
-  - dmd-2.073.2
-  - dmd-2.072.2
-  - dmd-2.071.2
 
 env: 
   matrix:
@@ -24,15 +22,12 @@ addons:
       - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.075.0)' ]; then
+  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.076.0)' ]; then
       export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
     fi
 
 script:
   - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
-  - if [ "$UNITTEST" = "unittest-cov" -a "$ARCH" = "x86_64" -a "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
-      dub fetch dscanner && dub run dscanner -- -Isource --styleCheck;
-    fi
 
 after_success:
   - test "$UNITTEST" = "unittest-cov" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

README.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
 data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
 
 * [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
-* [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+* [API Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
 * [Contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
 
@@ -27,14 +27,20 @@ Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
 string, Hash set.
+* `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
 * `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
 * `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
+* `meta`: Template metaprogramming. This package contains utilities to acquire
+type information at compile-time, to transform from one type to another. It has
+also different algorithms for iterating, searching and modifying template
+arguments.
 * `net`: URL-Parsing, network programming.
 * `network`: Socket implementation. `network` is currently under rework.
 After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
 `network` will be deprecated.
 * `os`: Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality.
+* `range`: Generic functions and templates for D ranges.
 * `typecons`: Templates that allow to build new types based on the available
 ones.
 
@@ -127,7 +133,7 @@ foreach (el; arr[0 .. 5])
 {
 }
 
-int i = arr[7]; // Access 7th element.
+int i = arr[7]; // Access 8th element.
 ```
 
 There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
@@ -137,13 +143,11 @@ There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-| dmd     |
+| DMD     | GCC            |
-|:-------:|
+|:-------:|:--------------:|
-| 2.075.0 |
+| 2.076.0 | *gdc-5* branch |
-| 2.074.1 |
+| 2.075.1 |                |
-| 2.073.2 |
+| 2.074.1 |                |
-| 2.072.2 |
-| 2.071.2 |
 
 ### Current status
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.075.0
+      DVersion: 2.076.0
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.075.0
+      DVersion: 2.076.0
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
       arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.074.1
@@ -15,24 +21,6 @@ environment:
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.074.1
       arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.073.2
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.073.2
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.072.2
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.072.2
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.071.2
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.071.2
-      arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
 
@@ -49,12 +37,6 @@ install:
         }
   - ps: SetUpDCompiler
 
-  - ps: if($env:DVersion -eq "2.071.2"){
-          Invoke-WebRequest "http://code.dlang.org/files/dub-1.2.1-windows-x86.zip" -OutFile "dub.zip";
-          7z x dub.zip -odub > $null;
-          Move-Item "dub/dub.exe" "C:\dmd2\windows\bin"
-        }
-
 before_build:
   - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";

arch/build.ninja

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+rule gas
+  command = gcc -c $in -o $out
+
+rule archive
+  command = ar rcs $out $in
+
+build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
+build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
+build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
+build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
+build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
+
+build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/concurrency/thread.S

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+	.text
+
+	.globl thrd_current
+	.type thrd_current, @function
+
+thrd_current:
+	mov %fs:0, %rax
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/abs.S

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+	.text
+
+
+// fabsf.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	mov $0x7fffffff, %eax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabs.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+	mov $0x7fffffffffffffff, %rax
+	movq %rax, %xmm1
+	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
+	ret
+
+
+// fabsl.
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+
+// Load the parameter from the stack onto FP stack, execute 'fabs' instruction
+// The result is returned in ST0.
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+	fldt 0x8(%rsp)
+	fabs
+	ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * cmpMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - r1 length
+ * rsi - r1 data.
+ * rdx - r2 length.
+ * rcx - r2 data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
+		// Compare the lengths
+		cmp %rdx, %rdi
+		jl  less
+		jg  greater
+
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		// Check if we're aligned
+		cmp $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		dec %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsq
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz equal
+
+	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		repe cmpsb
+		jl less
+		jg greater
+
+	equal:
+		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
+		jmp end
+
+	greater:
+		mov $0x01, %rax
+		jmp end
+
+	less:
+		mov $-0x01, %rax
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/copy.S

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * copyMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10copyMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+		mov %rcx, %rdi
+
+		cmp  $0x08, %rdx
+		jc aligned_1
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jz aligned_8
+
+	naligned:
+		movsb
+		dec  %rdx
+		test $0x07, %edi
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx,  %rcx
+		shr $0x03, %rcx
+		rep movsq
+		and $0x07, %edx
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		// Write the remaining bytes
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+		rep movsb
+
+	end:
+		ret
+
+/*
+ * moveMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - source length
+ * rsi - source data.
+ * rdx - target length.
+ * rcx - target data.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10moveMemoryFNaNbNixAvAvZv:
+		mov %rdi, %rdx
+
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rsi), %rsi
+		lea -1(%rdx, %rcx), %rdi
+		mov %rdx, %rcx
+
+		std // Set the direction flag
+
+		rep movsb
+
+		cld // Clear the direction flag
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/fill.S

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * fillMemory.
+ *
+ * rdi - length.
+ * rsi - pointer.
+ * rdx - value filled with a byte.
+ */
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv, @function
+
+_D5tanya6memory2op10fillMemoryFNaNbNiAvmZv:
+		// Check for zero length
+		test    %rdi, %rdi
+		jz end
+
+		mov     %rdi, %rax
+		mov     %rsi, %r8
+
+		movq    %rdx,  %xmm0
+		movlhps %xmm0, %xmm0
+
+		// Check if the pointer is aligned to a 16-byte boundary
+		and     $-0x10, %r8
+
+		// Compute the number of misaligned bytes
+		mov  %rsi, %r9
+		sub  %r8,  %r9
+
+		test %r9,  %r9
+		jz aligned
+
+		// Get the number of bytes to be written until we are aligned
+		mov $0x10, %rcx
+		sub %r9,   %rcx
+
+		mov %rsi,  %r8
+
+	naligned:
+		mov %dl, (%r8) // Write a byte
+
+		// Advance the pointer. Decrease the total number of bytes
+		// and the misaligned ones
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rcx
+		dec %rax
+
+		// Checks if we are aligned
+		test %rcx, %rcx
+		jnz naligned
+
+	aligned:
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+		// Write 32 bytes at a time
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jl aligned_32
+
+	aligned_64:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 32(%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 48(%r8)
+
+		add $64, %r8
+		sub $64, %rax
+
+		cmp $64, %rax
+		jge aligned_64
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+		// Write 16 bytes at a time
+		cmp $32, %rax
+		jl aligned_16
+
+	aligned_32:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+		movdqa %xmm0, 16(%r8)
+
+		add $32, %r8
+		sub $32, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+		// Write 8 bytes at a time
+		cmp $16, %rax
+		jl aligned_8
+
+	aligned_16:
+		movdqa %xmm0, (%r8)
+
+		add $16, %r8
+		sub $16, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+		// Write 1 byte at a time
+		cmp $8, %rax
+		jl aligned_1
+
+	aligned_8:
+		mov %rdx, (%r8)
+
+		add $8, %r8
+		sub $8, %rax
+
+		// Checks if we're done writing bytes
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jz end
+
+	aligned_1:
+		mov %dl, (%r8)
+
+		inc %r8
+		dec %rax
+
+		test %rax, %rax
+		jnz aligned_1
+
+	end:
+		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+The kernel uses the following registers:
+%rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %r8, %r9, %r10
+
+The number of the syscall is passed in %rax.
+
+A syscall clobbers:
+%rax, %rcx, %r11
+
+The returned value is placed in %rax.
+*/
+	.text
+
+	.globl syscall1
+	.type syscall1, @function
+
+syscall1:
+	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	syscall
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall2
+	.type syscall2, @function
+
+syscall2:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rdx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rsi, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rsi
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %rdi, %rsi
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret
+
+
+	.globl syscall3
+	.type syscall3, @function
+
+syscall3:
+	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdi, %r8
+
+	movq %rcx, %rax // Syscall number.
+
+	// Syscall arguments.
+	movq %rdx, %rdi
+	movq %r8, %rdx
+
+	syscall
+
+	// Restore registers.
+	movq %r8, %rdi
+
+	ret

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, memory management, utilities",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, metaprogramming, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [
@@ -11,7 +11,17 @@
 
 	"configurations": [
 		{
-			"name": "library"
+			"name": "library",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"versions": ["TanyaPhobos"]
+		},
+		{
+			"name": "native",
+			"targetType": "library",
+			"platforms": ["linux-x86_64-gdc"],
+			"preBuildCommands": ["ninja -C arch"],
+			"lflags": ["arch/tanya.a"],
+			"versions": ["TanyaNative"]
 		}
 	]
 }

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/*
+/**
  * Event loop implementation for Linux.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/*
+/**
  * Event loop implementation for Windows.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
@@ -25,10 +27,8 @@ import tanya.async.watcher;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
-import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
 import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
 import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
 /**
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
     {
         super();
 
-        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, null, 0, 0);
         if (!completionPort)
         {
             throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
             if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
                                        completionPort,
-                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(size_t) (cast(void*) watcher),
                                        0) !is completionPort)
             {
                 return false;
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
     override protected void poll() @nogc
     {
         DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-        ULONG_PTR key;
+        size_t key;
-        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+        OVERLAPPED* overlap;
         immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
 
         auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
                                                 &key,
                                                 &overlap,
                                                 timeout);
-        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+        if (result == FALSE && overlap is null)
         {
             return; // Timeout
         }
@@ -386,4 +386,4 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
                 assert(false, "Unknown event");
         }
     }
-}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/kqueue.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/selector.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/selector.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 
@@ -35,8 +37,7 @@ else version (D_Ddoc)
 
 version (WindowsDoc):
 
-import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-import core.sys.windows.windef;
 
 /**
  * Provides an extendable representation of a Win32 $(D_PSYMBOL OVERLAPPED)
@@ -52,4 +53,4 @@ class State
 
     /// For keeping events or event masks.
     int event;
-}
+}

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/loop.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/loop.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/protocol.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/protocol.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/transport.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/transport.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/watcher.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/watcher.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/array.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/array.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.array;
 
@@ -17,10 +19,11 @@ import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.conv;
-import std.range.primitives;
 import std.meta;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Random-access range for the $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
     alias Range = .Range!Array;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = .Range!(const Array);
 
     private size_t length_;
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         insertBack(init[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
         if (is(R == Array))
     {
@@ -310,14 +313,14 @@ struct Array(T)
         length_ = len;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         length = len;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return length_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t opDollar() const
     {
         return length;
@@ -701,7 +704,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -711,7 +714,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
          && isInputRange!R
@@ -729,13 +732,13 @@ struct Array(T)
         return retLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertBack!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertBack;
 
     ///
@@ -810,7 +813,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return inserted;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     in
     {
@@ -823,7 +826,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
@@ -850,7 +853,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
          && isInputRange!R
@@ -866,7 +869,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return insertAfter(Range(this, this.data, r.begin), el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range r, T[R] el)
     in
     {
@@ -879,7 +882,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return insertBefore!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
@@ -995,7 +998,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opIndex(pos) = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opIndexAssign(E : T)(auto ref E value)
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
@@ -1025,7 +1028,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSliceAssign!R(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opIndexAssign(Range value)
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
@@ -1074,7 +1077,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const @trusted
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
@@ -1107,13 +1110,13 @@ struct Array(T)
         return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals()(auto ref const typeof(this) that) const @trusted
     {
         return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals(Range that)
     {
         return equal(opIndex(), that);
@@ -1230,7 +1233,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1314,7 +1317,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opSliceAssign(R : T)(auto ref R value, const size_t i, const size_t j)
     @trusted
     in
@@ -1328,7 +1331,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Range opSliceAssign(Range value, const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1413,7 +1416,7 @@ struct Array(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that) @trusted
         if (is(R == Array))
     {

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/buffer.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/buffer.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         return length_ - start;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     /**
@@ -393,7 +395,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/entry.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/entry.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.entry;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.typecons;
 
 package struct SEntry(T)
@@ -53,11 +55,6 @@ package enum BucketStatus : byte
 
 package struct Bucket(T)
 {
-    this(ref T content)
-    {
-        this.content = content;
-    }
-
     @property void content(ref T content)
     {
         this.content_ = content;
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ package struct Bucket(T)
         return false;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref T content) const
+    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
     {
         if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
         {

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -9,16 +9,19 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/list.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/list.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
-import std.range.primitives;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ struct SList(T)
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
     alias Range = SRange!SList;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = SRange!(const SList);
 
     private alias Entry = SEntry!T;
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(len, T.init, allocator);
@@ -195,7 +198,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         this(init[], allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     if (is(R == SList))
     {
@@ -353,7 +356,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return moveEntry(this.head, el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -375,7 +378,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l.front == 8);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(R el) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -405,13 +408,13 @@ struct SList(T)
         return retLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertFront;
 
     ///
@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -509,7 +512,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -743,7 +746,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.head);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.head);
@@ -770,7 +773,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
     if (is(R == SList))
     {
@@ -1016,7 +1019,7 @@ struct DList(T)
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL DList).
     alias Range = DRange!DList;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = DRange!(const DList);
 
     private alias Entry = DEntry!T;
@@ -1111,7 +1114,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(len, T.init, allocator);
@@ -1125,7 +1128,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -1159,7 +1162,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         this(init[], allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     if (is(R == DList))
     {
@@ -1350,7 +1353,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return moveFront(this.head, el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -1382,7 +1385,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.back == 5);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(R)(R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -1410,7 +1413,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1.head is l1.head.next.prev);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertFront(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
@@ -1476,7 +1479,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return moveBack(this.tail, el);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
     if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
@@ -1508,7 +1511,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.back == value);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -1533,7 +1536,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return inserted;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(size_t R)(T[R] el)
     {
         return insertBack!(T[])(el[]);
@@ -1558,7 +1561,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 9);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertBack;
 
     version (assert)
@@ -1605,7 +1608,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1640,7 +1643,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -1731,7 +1734,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.length == 1);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(Range r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1766,7 +1769,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, R el)
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -1922,7 +1925,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.empty);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     void removeBack()
     in
     {
@@ -1995,7 +1998,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l.removeFront(3) == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t removeBack(const size_t howMany)
     out (removed)
     {
@@ -2108,7 +2111,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.head, this.tail);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.head, this.tail);
@@ -2135,7 +2138,7 @@ struct DList(T)
         return this = that[];
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
     if (is(R == DList))
     {

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.container;
 

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/queue.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/queue.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 
 import core.exception;
-import std.traits;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
  * FIFO queue.
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ struct Queue(T)
         enqueueEntry(temp);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     void enqueue(T x)
     {
         auto temp = allocateEntry();
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ struct Queue(T)
         return result;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
     {
         int result;

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -10,14 +10,17 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/set.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/set.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.set;
 
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.container;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
@@ -153,7 +156,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
     alias Range = .Range!T;
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
 
     invariant
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         rehash(n);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
         if (is(S == Set))
     in
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ struct Set(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
         if (is(S == Set))
     {
@@ -349,7 +352,8 @@ struct Set(T)
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
-    static private size_t calculateHash(ref T value)
+    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
+    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
     {
         static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
         {
@@ -361,11 +365,26 @@ struct Set(T)
         }
     }
 
-    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets, size_t hash)
+    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
+                                       const size_t hash)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(buckets.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
     {
         return hash % buckets.length;
     }
 
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
+    {
+        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
+    }
+
     private enum InsertStatus : byte
     {
         found = -1,
@@ -376,7 +395,8 @@ struct Set(T)
     /*
      * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
      * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
-     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed.
+     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
+     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
      */
     private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
     {
@@ -456,12 +476,7 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     size_t remove(T value)
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
         foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
         {
             if (e == value) // Found.
@@ -478,7 +493,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -500,14 +515,9 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref T value)
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
         foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
         {
             if (e == value) // Found.
@@ -522,37 +532,15 @@ struct Set(T)
         return false;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
-    {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used && e.content == value) // Found.
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
 
         assert(5 !in set);
         set.insert(5);
         assert(5 in set);
+        assert(8 !in set);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -626,14 +614,14 @@ struct Set(T)
         return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set[].empty);
@@ -647,13 +635,34 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set[].empty);
     }
 
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        const Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(8);
+
+        auto r1 = set[];
+        auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+        r1.popFront();
+        assert(r1.empty);
+
+        r2.popBack();
+        assert(r2.empty);
+    }
+
     private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
     private DataType data;
     private size_t lengthIndex;
 }
 
 // Basic insertion logic.
-private unittest
+private @nogc unittest
 {
     Set!int set;
 
@@ -693,7 +702,7 @@ private unittest
 // Static checks.
 private unittest
 {
-    import std.range.primitives;
+    import tanya.range.primitive;
 
     static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
     static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/string.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/string.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.string;
 
@@ -28,31 +30,12 @@ import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
-import std.range;
+import std.range : isInfinite, isInputRange, ElementEncodingType, hasLength,
-import std.traits;
+                   popFrontN, empty;
 import tanya.memory;
-
+import tanya.meta.trait;
-private ref const(wchar) front(const wchar[] str)
+import tanya.meta.transform;
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+import tanya.range.array;
-in
-{
-    assert(str.length > 0);
-}
-body
-{
-    return str[0];
-}
-
-private void popFront(ref const(wchar)[] str, const size_t s = 1)
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-in
-{
-    assert(str.length >= s);
-}
-body
-{
-    str = str[s .. $];
-}
 
 /**
  * Thrown on encoding errors.
@@ -434,7 +417,7 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     nothrow @trusted @nogc
     if (is(Unqual!S == String))
@@ -445,7 +428,7 @@ struct String
         this.length_ = init.length;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     in
     {
@@ -602,7 +585,7 @@ struct String
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(const wchar chr) @trusted @nogc
     {
         reserve(length + 3);
@@ -637,7 +620,7 @@ struct String
         defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(const dchar chr) @trusted @nogc
     {
         reserve(length + dchar.sizeof);
@@ -747,7 +730,7 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R str) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -788,7 +771,7 @@ struct String
                     }
                     dchar d = (range[0] - 0xd800) | ((range[1] - 0xdc00) >> 10);
 
-                    range.popFront(2);
+                    range.popFrontN(2);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -813,7 +796,7 @@ struct String
         return this.length_ - oldLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R str) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
      && isInputRange!R
@@ -832,7 +815,7 @@ struct String
         return insertedLength;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     alias insert = insertBack;
 
     /**
@@ -960,7 +943,7 @@ struct String
         return target;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opSliceAssign(const char[] value,
                                   const size_t i,
                                   const size_t j)
@@ -976,7 +959,7 @@ struct String
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opSliceAssign(const char value,
                                   const size_t i,
                                   const size_t j)
@@ -1089,7 +1072,7 @@ struct String
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!(const char) opIndex() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
@@ -1122,7 +1105,7 @@ struct String
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodePoint!(const char) byCodePoint() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     {
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
@@ -1190,7 +1173,7 @@ struct String
         return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!(const char) opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j)
     const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     in
@@ -1257,7 +1240,7 @@ struct String
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref String opAssign(S)(ref S that) @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == String))
     {
@@ -1318,7 +1301,7 @@ struct String
         return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodeUnit!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
@@ -1326,7 +1309,7 @@ struct String
                    that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodePoint!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
@@ -1334,7 +1317,7 @@ struct String
                    that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opCmp()(const char[] that) const @trusted
     {
         return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that);
@@ -1379,7 +1362,7 @@ struct String
                      that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals(S)(ByCodePoint!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
@@ -1387,7 +1370,7 @@ struct String
                      that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals()(const char[] that) const @trusted
     {
         return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that);
@@ -1460,7 +1443,7 @@ struct String
         assert(s2 == "cup");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opIndexAssign(const char value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
@@ -1473,7 +1456,7 @@ struct String
         assert(s1 == "aaa");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ByCodeUnit!char opIndexAssign(const char[] value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);

source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Functions operating on ASCII characters.
+ *
+ * ASCII is $(B A)merican $(B S)tandard $(B C)ode for $(B I)nformation
+ * $(B I)nterchange.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/ascii.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding.ascii;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+const string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
+const string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
+const string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9a..f.
+const string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
+const string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
+
+/// A..Za..z.
+const string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+const string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
+const string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
+
+/**
+ * Whitespace, Horizontal Tab (HT), Line Feed (LF), Carriage Return (CR),
+ * Vertical Tab (VT) or Form Feed (FF).
+ */
+const string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
+
+/// Letter case specifier.
+enum LetterCase : bool
+{
+    upper, /// Uppercase.
+    lower, /// Lowercase.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an uppecase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an uppercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isUpper(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isUpper('A'));
+    assert(isUpper('Z'));
+    assert(isUpper('L'));
+    assert(!isUpper('a'));
+    assert(!isUpper('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a lowercase alphabetic character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a lowercase alphabetic
+ *          character, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isLower(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isLower('a'));
+    assert(isLower('z'));
+    assert(isLower('l'));
+    assert(!isLower('A'));
+    assert(!isLower('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlpha(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) || isLower(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlpha('A'));
+    assert(isAlpha('Z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('L'));
+    assert(isAlpha('a'));
+    assert(isAlpha('z'));
+    assert(isAlpha('l'));
+    assert(!isAlpha('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '9');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isDigit('0'));
+    assert(isDigit('1'));
+    assert(isDigit('2'));
+    assert(isDigit('3'));
+    assert(isDigit('4'));
+    assert(isDigit('5'));
+    assert(isDigit('6'));
+    assert(isDigit('7'));
+    assert(isDigit('8'));
+    assert(isDigit('9'));
+    assert(!isDigit('a'));
+    assert(!isDigit('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an alphabetic character (upper- or lowercase) or a digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an alphabetic character or a
+ *          digit, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isAlphaNum(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isAlpha(c) || isDigit(c);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isAlphaNum('0'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('1'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('9'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('A'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('Z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('L'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('a'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('z'));
+    assert(isAlphaNum('l'));
+    assert(!isAlphaNum('!'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a 7-bit ASCII character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an ASCII character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isASCII(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return c < 128;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isASCII('0'));
+    assert(isASCII('L'));
+    assert(isASCII('l'));
+    assert(isASCII('!'));
+    assert(!isASCII('©'));
+    assert(!isASCII('§'));
+    assert(!isASCII(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isASCII(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+    assert(!isASCII(dchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a control character.
+ *
+ * Control characters are non-printable characters. Their ASCII codes are those
+ * between 0x00 (NUL) and 0x1f (US), and 0x7f (DEL).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isPrintable),  $(D_PSYMBOL isGraphical).
+ */
+bool isControl(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c <= 0x1f) || (c == 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isControl('\t'));
+    assert(isControl('\0'));
+    assert(isControl('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isControl(' '));
+    assert(!isControl('a'));
+    assert(!isControl(char.init)); // 0xFF
+    assert(!isControl(wchar.init)); // 0xFFFF
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a whitespace character.
+ *
+ * Whitespace characters are:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Whitespace)
+ *  $(LI Horizontal Tab (HT))
+ *  $(LI Line Feed (LF))
+ *  $(LI Carriage Return (CR))
+ *  $(LI Vertical Tab (VT))
+ *  $(LI Form Feed (FF))
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a whitespace character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL whitespace).
+ */
+bool isWhite(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x09) && (c <= 0x0d)) || (c == 0x20);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isWhite('\t'));
+    assert(isWhite('\n'));
+    assert(isWhite('\v'));
+    assert(isWhite('\f'));
+    assert(isWhite('\r'));
+    assert(isWhite(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a graphical character.
+ *
+ * Graphical characters are printable characters but whitespace characters.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl), $(D_PSYMBOL isWhite).
+ */
+bool isGraphical(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c > 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isGraphical('a'));
+    assert(isGraphical('0'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('§'));
+    assert(!isGraphical('\n'));
+    assert(!isGraphical(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a printable character.
+ *
+ * This is the opposite of a control character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a control character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isControl).
+ */
+bool isPrintable(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= 0x20) && (c < 0x7f);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPrintable('a'));
+    assert(isPrintable('0'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\u007f'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('§'));
+    assert(!isPrintable('\n'));
+    assert(isPrintable(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a hexadecimal digit.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a hexadecimal digit,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isHexDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
+        || ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'f'))
+        || ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'F'));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isHexDigit('0'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('1'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('8'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('9'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('A'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('F'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('G'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('a'));
+    assert(isHexDigit('f'));
+    assert(!isHexDigit('g'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for an octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is an octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isOctalDigit(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return (c >= '0') && (c <= '7');
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isOctalDigit('0'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('1'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('2'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('3'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('4'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('5'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('6'));
+    assert(isOctalDigit('7'));
+    assert(!isOctalDigit('8'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for a octal character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM c) is a octal character,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isPunctuation(C)(C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return ((c >= 0x21) && (c <= 0x2f))
+        || ((c >= 0x3a) && (c <= 0x40))
+        || ((c >= 0x5b) && (c <= 0x60))
+        || ((c >= 0x7b) && (c <= 0x7e));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isPunctuation('!'));
+    assert(isPunctuation(':'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('\\'));
+    assert(isPunctuation('|'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation('0'));
+    assert(!isPunctuation(' '));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to uppercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not a lowercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The lowercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toUpper(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isLower(c) ? (cast(C) (c - 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toUpper('a') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('A') == 'A');
+    assert(toUpper('!') == '!');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM c) to lowercase.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM c) is not an uppercase character, $(D_PARAM c) is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  C = Some character type.
+ *  c = Some character.
+ *
+ * Returns: The uppercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+C toLower(C)(const C c)
+if (isSomeChar!C)
+{
+    return isUpper(c) ? (cast(C) (c + 32)) : c;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(toLower('A') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('a') == 'a');
+    assert(toLower('!') == '!');
+}

source/tanya/encoding/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/encoding/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/encoding/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.encoding;
+
+public import tanya.encoding.ascii;

source/tanya/format/conv.d

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: Jeff Roberts, $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/conv.d)
  */
 module tanya.format.conv;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 /**
  * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ template to(To)
         return from;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     To to(From)(From from)
     if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
     {
@@ -273,18 +278,23 @@ private @nogc unittest
 }
 
 /**
- * Converts a number to a boolean.
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
  *
  * Params:
  *  From = Source type.
  *  To   = Target type.
  *  from = Source value.
  *
- * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_INLINECODE from > 0 && from <= 1),
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
- *          otherwise $(D_KEYWORD false).
  *
- * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is greater than `1` or
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
- *         less than `0`.
  */
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
@@ -306,15 +316,16 @@ if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
                              "Positive number overflow");
 }
 
-private @nogc unittest
+///
+@nogc unittest
 {
-    assert(0.0.to!bool == false);
+    assert(!0.0.to!bool);
-    assert(0.2.to!bool == true);
+    assert(0.2.to!bool);
-    assert(0.5.to!bool == true);
+    assert(0.5.to!bool);
-    assert(1.0.to!bool == true);
+    assert(1.0.to!bool);
 
-    assert(0.to!bool == false);
+    assert(!0.to!bool);
-    assert(1.to!bool == true);
+    assert(1.to!bool);
 }
 
 private @nogc unittest
@@ -322,7 +333,7 @@ private @nogc unittest
     ConvException exception;
     try
     {
-        assert((-1).to!bool == true);
+        assert((-1).to!bool);
     }
     catch (ConvException e)
     {
@@ -337,7 +348,48 @@ private @nogc unittest
     ConvException exception;
     try
     {
-        assert(2.to!bool == true);
+        assert(2.to!bool);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
+{
+    if (from == "true")
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (from == "false")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert("true".to!bool);
+    assert(!"false".to!bool);
+    assert(String("true").to!bool);
+    assert(!String("false").to!bool);
+
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert("1".to!bool);
     }
     catch (ConvException e)
     {
@@ -348,17 +400,22 @@ private @nogc unittest
 }
 
 /**
- * Converts a boolean to a number. $(D_KEYWORD true) is `1`, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
- * is `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
  *
  * Params:
  *  From = Source type.
  *  To   = Target type.
  *  from = Source value.
  *
- * Returns: `1` if $(D_PARAM from) is $(D_KEYWORD true), otherwise `0`.
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
  */
-To to(To, From)(From from)
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
 if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
 {
     return from;
@@ -386,6 +443,26 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
     assert(false.to!int == 0);
 }
 
+/// ditto
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && is(Unqual!To == String))
+{
+    return String(from ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!String == "true");
+    assert(false.to!String == "false");
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
+    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
+}
+
 /**
  * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
  *
@@ -486,7 +563,6 @@ private @nogc unittest
  *
  * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
  *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
-
  */
 To to(To, From)(From from)
 if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
@@ -535,3 +611,81 @@ private @nogc unittest
     assert(exception !is null);
     defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
 }
+
+// Returns the last part of buffer with converted number.
+package(tanya) char[] number2String(T)(const T number,
+                                       return ref char[21] buffer)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    // abs the integer.
+    ulong n64 = number < 0 ? -cast(long) number : number;
+
+    char* start = buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Do in 32-bit chunks (avoid lots of 64-bit divides even with constant
+        // denominators).
+        char* o = start - 8;
+        uint n;
+        if (n64 >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = n64 % 100000000;
+            n64 /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) n64;
+            n64 = 0;
+        }
+
+        while (n)
+        {
+            *--start = cast(char) (n % 10) + '0';
+            n /= 10;
+        }
+        // Ignore the leading zero if it was the last part of the integer.
+        if (n64 == 0)
+        {
+            if ((start[0] == '0')
+             && (start != (buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof -1)))
+            {
+                ++start;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        // Copy leading zeros if it wasn't the most significant part of the
+        // integer.
+        while (start != o)
+        {
+            *--start = '0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the length that we have copied.
+    uint l = cast(uint) ((buffer[].ptr + buffer.sizeof - 1) - start);
+    if (l == 0)
+    {
+        *--start = '0';
+        l = 1;
+    }
+    else if (number < 0) // Set the sign.
+    {
+        *--start = '-';
+        ++l;
+    }
+
+    return buffer[$ - l - 1 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+// Converting an integer to string.
+private pure nothrow @system @nogc unittest
+{
+    char[21] buf;
+
+    assert(number2String(80, buf) == "80");
+    assert(number2String(-80, buf) == "-80");
+    assert(number2String(0, buf) == "0");
+    assert(number2String(uint.max, buf) == "4294967295");
+    assert(number2String(int.min, buf) == "-2147483648");
+}

source/tanya/format/package.d

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.format;
 
-public import tanya.format.conv;
+public import tanya.format.conv;

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -9,15 +9,18 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/mp.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/mp.d)
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
 import std.algorithm;
-import std.ascii;
 import std.range;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 /**
  * Algebraic sign.
@@ -66,24 +69,23 @@ struct Integer
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
     this(T)(const T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (isIntegral!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T)
     {
         this(allocator);
         this = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(T)(ref T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+    if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this(allocator);
         this = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(T)(T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-    nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (is(T == Integer))
-        if (is(T == Integer))
     {
         this(allocator);
         if (allocator is value.allocator)
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     in
     {
@@ -126,8 +128,8 @@ struct Integer
     this(R)(const Sign sign,
             R value,
             shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
+    if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
-         && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
     {
         this(allocator);
         grow(value.length / (digitBitCount / 8) + 1);
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
+    ///
     nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
     {
         ubyte[8] range = [ 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xdd, 0xee ];
@@ -170,10 +173,9 @@ struct Integer
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(R)(R value,
+    this(R)(R value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-            shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
-        if (isBidirectionalRange!R && hasLength!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
-         && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte))
     {
         this(Sign.positive, value, allocator);
 
@@ -277,6 +279,19 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
+    ///
+    private nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        {
+            Integer i;
+            assert(i.length == 0);
+        }
+        {
+            auto i = Integer(-123456789);
+            assert(i.length == 4);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Assigns a new value.
      *
@@ -287,7 +302,7 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref Integer opAssign(T)(const T value)
-        if (isIntegral!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T)
     {
         rep[0 .. this.size].fill(digit.init);
         grow(digitBitCount / 8 + 1);
@@ -320,9 +335,9 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opAssign(T)(ref T value) @trusted
-        if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
+    if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this.rep = allocator.resize(this.rep, value.size);
         value.rep[0 .. value.size].copy(this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
@@ -332,9 +347,9 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opAssign(T)(T value) nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if (is(T == Integer))
+    if (is(T == Integer))
     {
         swap(this.rep, value.rep);
         swap(this.sign, value.sign);
@@ -356,9 +371,9 @@ struct Integer
         return this.size > 0;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     T opCast(T)() const
-        if (isIntegral!T && isUnsigned!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T && isUnsigned!T)
     {
         T ret;
         ubyte shift;
@@ -370,9 +385,9 @@ struct Integer
         return ret;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     T opCast(T)() const
-        if (isIntegral!T && isSigned!T)
+    if (isIntegral!T && isSigned!T)
     {
         return this.sign ? -(cast(Unsigned!T) this) : cast(Unsigned!T) this;
     }
@@ -402,7 +417,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(cast(long) integer == 0);
     }
 
-    /* trim unused digits 
+    /* Trim unused digits.
      *
      * This is used to ensure that leading zero digits are
      * trimed and the leading "size" digit will be non-zero
@@ -662,9 +677,9 @@ struct Integer
         assert(integer1 > integer2);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     int opCmp(I)(const I that) const
-        if (isIntegral!I)
+    if (isIntegral!I)
     {
         if (that < 0 && !this.sign)
         {
@@ -710,7 +725,7 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: Whether the two integers are equal.
      */
     bool opEquals(I)(auto ref const I that) const
-        if (is(I : Integer) || isIntegral!I)
+    if (is(I : Integer) || isIntegral!I)
     {
         return opCmp!I(that) == 0;
     }
@@ -774,7 +789,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "-")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     {
         if (this.sign != operand.sign)
@@ -822,7 +837,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "*")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     {
         const digits = this.size + operand.size + 1;
@@ -846,7 +861,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h1 == 56088);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "/")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     in
     {
@@ -858,7 +873,7 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-     /// Ditto.
+     /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "%")(auto ref const Integer operand)
     in
     {
@@ -891,7 +906,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h1 == 123);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : ">>")(const size_t operand)
     {
         if (operand == 0)
@@ -953,7 +968,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(integer == 0);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opOpAssign(string op : "<<")(const size_t operand)
     {
         const step = operand / digitBitCount;
@@ -1012,7 +1027,7 @@ struct Integer
         return ret;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opUnary(string op : "-")() const
     {
         auto ret = Integer(this, allocator);
@@ -1053,7 +1068,7 @@ struct Integer
         assert(h2 == ~cast(ubyte) 79);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opUnary(string op : "++")()
     {
         if (this.sign)
@@ -1067,7 +1082,7 @@ struct Integer
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref Integer opUnary(string op : "--")()
     {
         if (this.size == 0)
@@ -1132,14 +1147,14 @@ struct Integer
      * Returns: Result.
      */
     Integer opBinary(string op)(auto ref const Integer operand) const
-        if ((op == "+" || op == "-") || (op == "*"))
+    if ((op == "+" || op == "-") || (op == "*"))
     {
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opBinary(string op)(const auto ref Integer operand) const
-        if (op == "/" || op == "%")
+    if (op == "/" || op == "%")
     in
     {
         assert(operand.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -1149,9 +1164,9 @@ struct Integer
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     Integer opBinary(string op)(const size_t operand) const
-        if (op == "<<" || op == ">>")
+    if (op == "<<" || op == ">>")
     {
         mixin("return Integer(this, allocator) " ~ op ~ "= operand;");
     }
@@ -1257,9 +1272,9 @@ struct Integer
                                     auto ref Q quotient,
                                     ref ARGS args)
     const nothrow @safe @nogc
-        if ((is(Q : typeof(null))
+    if ((is(Q : typeof(null))
-         || (is(Q : Integer) && __traits(isRef, quotient)))
+     || (is(Q : Integer) && __traits(isRef, quotient)))
-         && (ARGS.length == 0 || (ARGS.length == 1 && is(ARGS[0] : Integer))))
+     && (ARGS.length == 0 || (ARGS.length == 1 && is(ARGS[0] : Integer))))
     in
     {
         assert(divisor != 0, "Division by zero.");

source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Number theory.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/nbtheory.d)
+ */
+module tanya.math.nbtheory;
+
+import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the absolute value of a number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  I = Value type.
+ *  x = Value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Absolute value of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+I abs(I)(I x)
+if (isIntegral!I)
+{
+    static if (isSigned!I)
+    {
+        return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    int i = -1;
+    assert(i.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(i.abs) == int));
+
+    uint u = 1;
+    assert(u.abs == 1);
+    static assert(is(typeof(u.abs) == uint));
+}
+
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    /// ditto
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+else version (TanyaPhobos)
+{
+    import core.math;
+
+    I abs(I)(I x)
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I)
+    {
+        return fabs(cast(real) x);
+    }
+}
+else
+{
+    extern I abs(I)(I number) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (isFloatingPoint!I);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    float f = -1.64;
+    assert(f.abs == 1.64F);
+    static assert(is(typeof(f.abs) == float));
+
+    double d = -1.64;
+    assert(d.abs == 1.64);
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.abs) == double));
+
+    real r = -1.64;
+    assert(r.abs == 1.64L);
+    static assert(is(typeof(r.abs) == real));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
+{
+    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// ditto
+I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+{
+    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    return x;
+}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -5,20 +5,558 @@
 /**
  * This package provides mathematical functions.
  *
+ * The $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) package itself provides only representation
+ * functions for built-in types, such as functions that provide information
+ * about internal representation of floating-point numbers and low-level
+ * operatons on these. Actual mathematical functions and additional types can
+ * be found in its submodules. $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.math) doesn't import any
+ * submodules publically, they should be imported explicitly.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.math;
 
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.math.mp;
-public import tanya.math.mp;
+import tanya.math.nbtheory;
-public import tanya.math.random;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
-version (unittest)
+/// Floating-point number precisions according to IEEE-754.
+enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
 {
-    import std.algorithm.iteration;
+    single = 4, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    double_ = 8, /// Single precision: 64-bit.
+    doubleExtended = 10, /// Double extended precision: 80-bit.
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
+ * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
+ * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM F) is a $(D_KEYWORD real) and the target platform isn't
+ * currently supported, static assertion error will be raised (you can use
+ * $(D_INLINECODE is(typeof(ieeePrecision!F))) for testing the platform support
+ * without a compilation error).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: Precision according to IEEE-754.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL IEEEPrecision).
+ */
+template ieeePrecision(F)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (F.sizeof == float.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.single;
+    }
+    else static if (F.sizeof == double.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.double_;
+    }
+    else version (X86)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else version (X86_64)
+    {
+        enum IEEEPrecision ieeePrecision = IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.single);
+    static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
+}
+
+private union FloatBits(F)
+{
+    F floating;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        uint integral;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7f800000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        ulong integral;
+        enum ulong expMask = 0x7ff0000000000000;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        struct // Little-endian.
+        {
+            ulong mantissa;
+            ushort exp;
+        }
+        enum ulong mantissaMask = 0x7fffffffffffffff;
+        enum uint expMask = 0x7fff;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, "Unsupported IEEE 754 floating point precision");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Floating-point number classifications.
+ */
+enum FloatingPointClass : ubyte
+{
+    /**
+     * Not a Number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNaN).
+     */
+    nan,
+
+    /// Zero.
+    zero,
+
+    /**
+     * Infinity.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+     */
+    infinite,
+
+    /**
+     * Denormalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+     */
+    subnormal,
+
+    /**
+     * Normalized number.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+     */
+    normal,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns whether $(D_PARAM x) is a NaN, zero, infinity, subnormal or
+ * normalized number.
+ *
+ * This function doesn't distinguish between negative and positive infinity,
+ * negative and positive NaN or negative and positive zero.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: Classification of $(D_PARAM x).
+ */
+FloatingPointClass classify(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    if (x == 0)
+    {
+        return FloatingPointClass.zero;
+    }
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1 << 23))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        if (bits.integral > bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+        }
+        else if (bits.integral < (1L << 52))
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        if (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+        {
+            if ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0)
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.infinite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (bits.exp == 0)
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.subnormal;
+        }
+        else if (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63)) // "Unnormal".
+        {
+            return FloatingPointClass.nan;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return FloatingPointClass.normal;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(classify(0.0) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(double.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-double.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(1.4) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(1.11254e-307 / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0f) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(float.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-float.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(0.3) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+    assert(classify(5.87747e-38f / 10) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+    assert(classify(0.0L) == FloatingPointClass.zero);
+    assert(classify(real.nan) == FloatingPointClass.nan);
+    assert(classify(real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+    assert(classify(-real.infinity) == FloatingPointClass.infinite);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @nogc @safe unittest
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!float == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-10) == FloatingPointClass.normal);
+        assert(classify(1.68105e-4932L) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+
+        // Emulate unnormals, because they aren't generated anymore since i386
+        FloatBits!real unnormal;
+        unnormal.exp = 0x123;
+        unnormal.mantissa = 0x1;
+        assert(classify(unnormal) == FloatingPointClass.subnormal);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a finite number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinity).
+ */
+bool isFinite(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        bits.floating = abs(x);
+        return (bits.exp != bits.expMask)
+            && (bits.exp == 0 || bits.mantissa >= (1L << 63));
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(!isFinite(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isFinite(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isFinite(0.0));
+    assert(!isFinite(float.nan));
+    assert(isFinite(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+    assert(isFinite(0.5));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is $(B n)ot $(B a) $(B n)umber (NaN).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is not a number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool isNaN(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral > bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        const maskedMantissa = bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask;
+        if ((bits.exp == bits.expMask && maskedMantissa != 0)
+         || ((bits.exp != 0) && (bits.mantissa < (1L << 63))))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isNaN(float.init));
+    assert(isNaN(double.init));
+    assert(isNaN(real.init));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a positive or negative infinity.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is infinity, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isFinite).
+ */
+bool isInfinity(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral == bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp == bits.expMask)
+            && ((bits.mantissa & bits.mantissaMask) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(isInfinity(float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-float.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-double.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(real.infinity));
+    assert(isInfinity(-real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
+
+ * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
+ * represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNormal).
+ */
+bool isSubnormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = abs(x);
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1 << 23) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return bits.integral < (1L << 52) && bits.integral > 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return bits.exp == 0 && bits.mantissa != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.3f));
+    assert(isSubnormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(1.4));
+    assert(isSubnormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isSubnormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isSubnormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
+
+ * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * m*2<sup>e</sup>
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * where $(I m) is the mantissa and $(I e) is an exponent that fits into the
+ * exponent field of the type $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * `0` is neither normalized nor denormalized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSubnormal).
+ */
+bool isNormal(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single
+            || ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        FloatBits!F bits;
+        bits.floating = x;
+        bits.integral &= bits.expMask;
+        return bits.integral != 0 && bits.integral != bits.expMask;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return classify(x) == FloatingPointClass.normal;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0f));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(float.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(0.3f));
+    assert(!isNormal(5.87747e-38f / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(double.infinity));
+    assert(isNormal(1.4));
+    assert(!isNormal(1.11254e-307 / 10));
+
+    assert(!isNormal(0.0L));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.nan));
+    assert(!isNormal(real.infinity));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set or not.
+ *
+ * If the sign bit, $(D_PARAM x) is a negative number, otherwise positive.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Type of the floating point number.
+ *  x = Floating point number.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the sign bit of $(D_PARAM x) is set,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool signBit(F)(F x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!F)
+{
+    FloatBits!F bits;
+    bits.floating = x;
+    static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1 << 31)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.double_)
+    {
+        return (bits.integral & (1L << 63)) != 0;
+    }
+    else static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.doubleExtended)
+    {
+        return (bits.exp & (1 << 15)) != 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(signBit(-1.0f));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0f));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0));
+
+    assert(signBit(-1.0L));
+    assert(!signBit(1.0L));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -41,7 +579,7 @@ version (unittest)
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE z > 0)
  */
 H pow(I, G, H)(in auto ref I x, in auto ref G y, in auto ref H z)
-    if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
+if (isIntegral!I && isIntegral!G && isIntegral!H)
 in
 {
     assert(z > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -80,9 +618,9 @@ body
     return result;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+/// ditto
 I pow(I)(const auto ref I x, const auto ref I y, const auto ref I z)
-    if (is(I == Integer))
+if (is(I == Integer))
 in
 {
     assert(z.length > 0, "Division by zero.");
@@ -135,7 +673,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 {
     assert(pow(Integer(3), Integer(5), Integer(7)) == 5);
     assert(pow(Integer(2), Integer(2), Integer(1)) == 0);
@@ -163,41 +701,40 @@ bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) nothrow pure @safe @nogc
 }
 
 ///
-unittest
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
 {
-    uint[30] known = [74623, 74653, 74687, 74699, 74707, 74713, 74717, 74719,
+    assert(74623.isPseudoprime);
-                      74843, 74747, 74759, 74761, 74771, 74779, 74797, 74821,
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
-                      74827, 9973, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
-                      593441861, 104729, 15485867, 49979693, 104395303,
+    assert(!15485868.isPseudoprime);
-                      593441861, 899809363, 982451653];
-
-    known.each!((ref x) => assert(isPseudoprime(x)));
 }
 
-/**
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
- * Params:
- *  I = Value type.
- *  x = Value.
- *
- * Returns: The absolute value of a number.
- */
-I abs(I : Integer)(const auto ref I x)
 {
-    auto result = Integer(x, x.allocator);
+    assert(74653.isPseudoprime);
-    result.sign = Sign.positive;
+    assert(74687.isPseudoprime);
-    return result;
+    assert(74699.isPseudoprime);
-}
+    assert(74707.isPseudoprime);
-
+    assert(74713.isPseudoprime);
-/// Ditto.
+    assert(74717.isPseudoprime);
-I abs(I : Integer)(I x)
+    assert(74719.isPseudoprime);
-{
+    assert(74747.isPseudoprime);
-    x.sign = Sign.positive;
+    assert(74759.isPseudoprime);
-    return x;
+    assert(74761.isPseudoprime);
-}
+    assert(74771.isPseudoprime);
-
+    assert(74779.isPseudoprime);
-/// Ditto.
+    assert(74797.isPseudoprime);
-I abs(I)(const I x)
+    assert(74821.isPseudoprime);
-    if (isIntegral!I)
+    assert(74827.isPseudoprime);
-{
+    assert(9973.isPseudoprime);
-    return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104729.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(15485867.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(49979693.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(104395303.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(593441861.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
+    assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
 }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/random.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/random.d)
  */
 module tanya.math.random;
 
@@ -225,8 +227,9 @@ class Entropy
      * See_Also:
      *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
      */
-    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
-        if (Op == "~")
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    if (op == "~")
     in
     {
         assert(sourceCount_ <= sources.length);

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -9,9 +9,13 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mallocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mallocator;
 
+version (TanyaPhobos):
+
 import core.stdc.stdlib;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
 

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mmappool.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
-import core.stdc.string;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.op;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ version (Posix)
                                      MAP_ANON, MAP_FAILED;
     import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 
-    extern (C)
+    extern(C)
     private void* mmap(void* addr,
                        size_t len,
                        int prot,
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ version (Posix)
                        int fd,
                        off_t offset) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
-    extern (C)
+    extern(C)
     private int munmap(void* addr, size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
     private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
@@ -54,11 +56,11 @@ else version (Windows)
 {
     import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetSystemInfo, SYSTEM_INFO;
 
-    extern (Windows)
+    extern(Windows)
     private void* VirtualAlloc(void*, size_t, uint, uint)
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
-    extern (Windows)
+    extern(Windows)
     private int VirtualFree(void* addr, size_t len, uint)
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * block as free and only if all blocks in the region are free, the complete
  * region is deallocated.
  *
+ * <pre>
  * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * |      |prev <-----------    |            ||      |     |                  |
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * |  N   |    -----------> next|            ||   N  |     |                  |
  * |      |     |         |     |            ||      |     |                  |
  * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ * </pre>
  */
 final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
@@ -343,10 +347,10 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
          || dataSize < size
          || block1.next.size + BlockEntry.sizeof < delta)
         {
-            /* * It is the last block in the region
+            /* - It is the last block in the region
-             * * The next block is too small
+             * - The next block isn't free
-             * * The next block isn't free
+             * - The next block is too small
-             * * Requested size is too large
+             * - Requested size is too large
              */
             return false;
         }
@@ -361,8 +365,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             {
                 block1.next.next.prev = block2;
             }
-            // block1.next and block2 can overlap.
+            copyBackward((cast(void*) block1.next)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof],
-            memmove(cast(void*) block2, cast(void*) block1.next, BlockEntry.sizeof);
+                         (cast(void*) block2)[0 .. BlockEntry.sizeof]);
             block1.next = block2;
         }
         else
@@ -434,7 +438,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         }
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            memcpy(reallocP.ptr, p.ptr, min(p.length, size));
+            copy(p[0 .. min(p.length, size)], reallocP);
             deallocate(p);
         }
         p = reallocP;
@@ -498,7 +502,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
             void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head, pageSize);
             if (data !is null)
             {
-                memcpy(data, typeid(MmapPool).initializer.ptr, instanceSize);
+                copy(typeid(MmapPool).initializer, data[0 .. instanceSize]);
                 instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
                 instance_.pageSize = pageSize;

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Set of operations on memory blocks.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/op.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/op.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.op;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    extern private void fillMemory(void[], size_t) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void copyMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
+    pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+}
+else
+{
+    import core.stdc.string;
+}
+
+private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;
+
+/**
+ * Copies $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM source) points ahead of $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copy(const void[] source, void[] target) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        copyMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memcpy(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    ubyte[9] target;
+    source.copy(target);
+    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    {
+        ubyte[0] source, target;
+        source.copy(target);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[1] source = [1];
+        ubyte[1] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(target[0] == 1);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
+        ubyte[8] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * size_t value each of which bytes is set to `Byte`.
+ */
+private template filledBytes(ubyte Byte, ubyte I = 0)
+{
+    static if (I == size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = Byte;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t filledBytes = (filledBytes!(Byte, I + 1) << 8) | Byte;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM memory) with the single byte $(D_PARAM c).
+ *
+ * Param:
+ *  c      = The value to fill $(D_PARAM memory) with.
+ *  memory = Memory block.
+ */
+void fill(ubyte c = 0)(void[] memory) @trusted
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        fillMemory(memory, filledBytes!c);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memset(memory.ptr, c, memory.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] memory = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    memory.fill!0();
+    foreach (ubyte v; memory)
+    {
+        assert(v == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+// Stress test. Checks that `fill` can handle unaligned pointers and different
+// lengths.
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc private unittest
+{
+    ubyte[192] memory;
+
+    foreach (j; 0 .. 192)
+    {
+        foreach (ubyte i, ref ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            v = i;
+        }
+        fill(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 0);
+        }
+        fill!1(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies starting from the end of $(D_PARAM source) into the end of
+ * $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward) copies the elements in reverse order, but the
+ * order of elements in the $(D_PARAM target) is exactly the same as in the
+ * $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) points ahead of $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copy).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copyBackward(const void[] source, void[] target) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        moveMemory(source, target);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memmove(target.ptr, source.ptr, source.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[6] mem = [ 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c' ];
+    ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
+
+    copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
+    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+}
+
+private nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i' ];
+    ubyte[9] r2;
+
+    copyBackward(r1, r2);
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a positive integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r1.length > r2.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be greater than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a negative integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r2.length > r1.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be less than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * `0` is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * Returns: Positive integer if $(D_INLINECODE r1 > r2),
+ *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
+ *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
+ */
+int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (r1.length > r2.length)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
+    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle) in $(D_PARAM haystack) if
+ * any.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *  needle   = A byte.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange of $(D_PARAM haystack) whose first element is the
+ *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
+ *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
+ */
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    const size_t needleWord = size_t.max * needle;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words has the needle
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        words++;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact needle position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == needle)
+        {
+            return bytes[0 .. length];
+        }
+        bytes++;
+        length--;
+    }
+
+    return haystack[$ .. $];
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
+
+    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
+
+    assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
@@ -16,10 +18,10 @@ import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.iteration;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.conv;
-import std.range;
-import std.traits;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
  * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
         return allocator_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     out (allocator)
     {
@@ -135,17 +137,6 @@ body
     .allocator = allocator;
 }
 
-private nothrow @nogc unittest
-{
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
-
-    auto oldAllocator = defaultAllocator;
-    defaultAllocator = Mallocator.instance;
-    assert(defaultAllocator is Mallocator.instance);
-
-    defaultAllocator = oldAllocator;
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
  * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -178,7 +169,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
 }
 
-/**
+/*
  * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
  * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
  * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
@@ -381,10 +372,7 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    T ret;
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
-    const size = stateSize!T;
-
-    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
     if (mem is null)
     {
         onOutOfMemoryError();
@@ -394,9 +382,7 @@ body
         () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
     }
 
-    ret = emplace!T(mem[0 .. size], args);
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
-
-    return ret;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -425,10 +411,7 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    typeof(return) ret;
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
-    const size = stateSize!T;
-
-    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
     if (mem is null)
     {
         onOutOfMemoryError();
@@ -438,10 +421,8 @@ body
         () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
     }
 
-    auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[0 .. size].ptr))();
+    auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[0 .. stateSize!T].ptr))();
-    ret = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+    return emplace!T(ptr, args);
-
-    return ret;
 }
 
 ///
@@ -453,12 +434,12 @@ unittest
 }
 
 /**
- * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements.
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
  *
  * Params:
  *  T         = Array type.
  *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  size      = Array size.
+ *  n         = Array size.
  *
  * Returns: Newly created array.
  *

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/smartref.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.smartref;
 
@@ -19,9 +21,9 @@ import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.conv;
-import std.range;
-import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 private template Payload(T)
 {
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         this.storage.payload = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         assert(*rc == 7);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
     {
         if (this.storage is null)
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
         assert(!rc.isInitialized);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
     {
         swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
@@ -658,7 +660,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
         this.payload = value;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     this(shared Allocator allocator)
     in
     {
@@ -704,14 +706,14 @@ struct Unique(T)
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
     {
         allocator.dispose(this.payload);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
     {
         swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);

source/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Template metaprogramming.
+ *
+ * This package contains utilities to acquire type information at compile-time,
+ * to transform from one type to another. It has also different algorithms for
+ * iterating, searching and modifying template arguments.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta;
+
+public import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+public import tanya.meta.trait;
+public import tanya.meta.transform;

source/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type transformations.
+ *
+ * Templates in this module can be used to modify type qualifiers or transform
+ * types. They take some type as argument and return a different type after
+ * perfoming the specified transformation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/transform.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/transform.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (TanyaPhobos)
+{
+    public import std.traits : Unqual,
+                               OriginalType,
+                               CopyConstness,
+                               CopyTypeQualifiers,
+                               Unsigned,
+                               Signed,
+                               PointerTarget,
+                               KeyType,
+                               ValueType,
+                               Promoted,
+                               InoutOf,
+                               ConstOf,
+                               SharedOf,
+                               SharedInoutOf,
+                               SharedConstOf,
+                               ImmutableOf,
+                               QualifierOf;
+}
+else:
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Removes any type qualifiers from $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Removed qualifiers are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * If the type $(D_PARAM T) doesn't have any qualifieres,
+ * $(D_INLINECODE Unqual!T) becomes an alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) without any type qualifiers.
+ */
+template Unqual(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U)
+            || is(T U == immutable U)
+            || is(T U == inout U)
+            || is(T U == inout const U)
+            || is(T U == shared U)
+            || is(T U == shared const U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias Unqual = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unqual = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unqual!bool == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(immutable bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared inout const bool) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is an $(D_KEYWORD enum), $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T)
+ * evaluates to the most base type of that $(D_KEYWORD enum) and to
+ * $(D_PARAM T) otherwise.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Base type of the $(D_KEYWORD enum) $(D_PARAM T) or $(D_PARAM T)
+ *          itself.
+ */
+template OriginalType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == enum))
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = OriginalType!U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum E1 : const(int)
+    {
+        n = 0,
+    }
+    enum E2 : bool
+    {
+        t = true,
+    }
+    enum E3 : E2
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+    enum E4 : const(E2)
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E1 == const int));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E2 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E3 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E4 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!(const E4) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies constness of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * The following type qualifiers affect the constness and hence are copied:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI inout const)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the constness of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyTypeQualifiers).
+ */
+template CopyConstness(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T) || is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T) || is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T)
+                 || is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, shared char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, immutable char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, const char) == immutable char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Type qualifiers copied are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyConstness).
+ */
+template CopyTypeQualifiers(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared int, char) == shared char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared const int, char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout int, char) == shared inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout const int, char) == shared inout const char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the unsigned counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already unsigned, $(D_INLINECODE Unsigned!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Unsigned counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSigned).
+ */
+template Unsigned(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == byte))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ubyte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == short))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ushort);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == int))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, uint);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == long))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ulong);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!byte == ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!short == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!int == uint));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!long == ulong));
+
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(const byte) == const ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared byte) == shared ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared const byte) == shared const ubyte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Unsigned!float));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!ubyte == ubyte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the signed counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already signed, $(D_INLINECODE Signed!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Signed counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isUnsigned).
+ */
+template Signed(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == ubyte))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, byte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ushort))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, short);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == uint))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, int);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ulong))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, long);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Signed = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Signed!ubyte == byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ushort == short));
+    static assert(is(Signed!uint == int));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ulong == long));
+
+    static assert(is(Signed!(const ubyte) == const byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared ubyte) == shared byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared const ubyte) == shared const byte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Signed!float));
+    static assert(is(Signed!byte == byte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retrieves the target type `U` of a pointer `U*`.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Pointer type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Pointer target type.
+ */
+template PointerTarget(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U : U*))
+    {
+        alias PointerTarget = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(T.stringof ~ " isn't a pointer type");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(bool*) == bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const bool*) == const bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const shared bool*) == const shared bool));
+    static assert(!is(PointerTarget!bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The key type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template KeyType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias KeyType = K;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(KeyType!(int[string]) == string));
+    static assert(!is(KeyType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The value type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template ValueType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias ValueType = V;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ValueType!(int[string]) == int));
+    static assert(!is(ValueType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Scalar type.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type $(D_PARAM T) will promote to.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
+ *                   Integer Promotions).
+ */
+template Promoted(T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
+{
+    alias Promoted = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, typeof(T.init + T.init));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Promoted!bool == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!byte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!short == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ushort == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!char == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!wchar == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!dchar == uint));
+
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(const bool) == const int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(shared bool) == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias InoutOf(T) = inout(T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!int == inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias ConstOf(T) = const(T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!int == const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedOf(T) = shared(T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!int == shared int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutOf(T) = shared(inout T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!int == shared inout int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedConstOf(T) = shared(const T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!int == shared const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD immutable) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE immutable(T)).
+ */
+alias ImmutableOf(T) = immutable(T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!int == immutable int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE inout(const T)).
+ */
+alias InoutConstOf(T) = inout(const T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!int == inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds $(D_KEYWORD shared inout const) qualifier to the type $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+alias SharedInoutConstOf(T) = shared(inout const T);
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!int == shared inout const int));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a template with one argument which applies all qualifiers of
+ * $(D_PARAM T) on its argument if instantiated.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_INLINECODE shared(inout const T)).
+ */
+template QualifierOf(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == immutable U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = ImmutableOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = InoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedConstOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutOf;
+    }
+    else static if (is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf = SharedInoutConstOf;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias QualifierOf(T) = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias MutableOf = QualifierOf!int;
+    static assert(is(MutableOf!uint == uint));
+
+    alias ConstOf = QualifierOf!(const int);
+    static assert(is(ConstOf!uint == const uint));
+
+    alias InoutOf = QualifierOf!(inout int);
+    static assert(is(InoutOf!uint == inout uint));
+
+    alias InoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(inout const int);
+    static assert(is(InoutConstOf!uint == inout const uint));
+
+    alias ImmutableOf = QualifierOf!(immutable int);
+    static assert(is(ImmutableOf!uint == immutable uint));
+
+    alias SharedOf = QualifierOf!(shared int);
+    static assert(is(SharedOf!uint == shared uint));
+
+    alias SharedConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedConstOf!uint == shared const uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutOf!uint == shared inout uint));
+
+    alias SharedInoutConstOf = QualifierOf!(shared inout const int);
+    static assert(is(SharedInoutConstOf!uint == shared inout const uint));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines the type of $(D_PARAM T). If $(D_PARAM T) is already a type,
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) aliases itself to $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf) evaluates to $(D_KEYWORD void) for template arguments.
+ *
+ * The symbols that don't have a type and aren't types cannot be used as
+ * arguments to $(D_PSYMBOL TypeOf).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Expression, type or template.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type of $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+alias TypeOf(T) = T;
+
+/// ditto
+template TypeOf(alias T)
+if (isExpressions!T || isTemplate!T)
+{
+    alias TypeOf = typeof(T);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    struct S(T)
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!S == void));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!int == int));
+    static assert(is(TypeOf!true == bool));
+    static assert(!is(TypeOf!(tanya.meta)));
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -9,26 +9,15 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/inet.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/inet.d)
  */
 module tanya.net.inet;
 
 import std.math;
-import std.range.primitives;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
-import std.traits;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
-
+import tanya.range.primitive;
-version (unittest)
-{
-    version (Windows)
-    {
-        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
-        version = PlattformUnittest;
-    }
-    else version (Posix)
-    {
-        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
-        version = PlattformUnittest;
-    }
-}
 
 /**
  * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
@@ -210,79 +199,6 @@ private unittest
     static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
 }
 
-// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
-version (PlattformUnittest)
-{
-    private unittest
-    {
-        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
-            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
-
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
-            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-        }
-
-        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
-            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
-            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
-
-            networkOrder.popBack();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-
-            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
-            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
-            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
-
-            networkOrder.popFront();
-            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
-            assert(networkOrder.empty);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
  * $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -328,29 +244,3 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
     auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
     assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
 }
-
-// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
-version (PlattformUnittest)
-{
-    private unittest
-    {
-        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
-            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
-
-            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
-        }
-        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
-        {
-            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
-            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
-            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
-            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
-
-            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
-        }
-    }
-}

source/tanya/net/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.net;
 

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/uri.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/uri.d)
  */
 module tanya.net.uri;
 
-import std.ascii : isAlphaNum, isDigit;
+import tanya.encoding.ascii;
-import std.uni : isAlpha, isNumber;
 import tanya.memory;
 
 /**
@@ -197,8 +198,8 @@ struct URL
                         this.pass = source[start + i + 1 .. pos]; 
                     }
                 }
-                else if (!c.isAlpha &&
+                else if (!c.isAlpha() &&
-                         !c.isNumber &&
+                         !c.isDigit() &&
                          c != '!' &&
                          c != ';' &&
                          c != '=' &&
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@ if (T == "scheme"
     return mixin("ret." ~ T);
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+/// ditto
 URL parseURL(const char[] source) @nogc
 {
     return URL(source);

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.network;
 

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/socket.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/socket.d)
  */
 module tanya.network.socket;
 
@@ -42,12 +44,52 @@ version (Posix)
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase : GetModuleHandle,
+                                      GetProcAddress,
+                                      ERROR_IO_PENDING,
+                                      ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE;
+    import core.sys.windows.winsock2 : sockaddr,
+                                       freeaddrinfo,
+                                       getaddrinfo,
+                                       SD_RECEIVE,
+                                       SD_SEND,
+                                       SD_BOTH,
+                                       MSG_OOB,
+                                       MSG_PEEK,
+                                       MSG_DONTROUTE,
+                                       socklen_t,
+                                       SOCKADDR,
+                                       SOCKADDR_STORAGE,
+                                       addrinfo,
+                                       sockaddr_in,
+                                       sockaddr_in6,
+                                       shutdown,
+                                       closesocket,
+                                       listen,
+                                       socket,
+                                       bind,
+                                       accept,
+                                       WSAGetLastError,
+                                       recv,
+                                       send,
+                                       getsockopt,
+                                       setsockopt,
+                                       ioctlsocket,
+                                       FIONBIO,
+                                       SOL_SOCKET,
+                                       SO_TYPE;
     import tanya.async.iocp;
-    import core.sys.windows.basetyps;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.error : EWOULDBLOCK = WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
-    import core.sys.windows.mswsock;
+                                     ECONNABORTED = WSAECONNABORTED,
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
+                                     ENOBUFS = WSAENOBUFS,
-    import core.sys.windows.windef;
+                                     EOPNOTSUPP = WSAEOPNOTSUPP,
-    import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+                                     EPROTONOSUPPORT = WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT,
+                                     EPROTOTYPE = WSAEPROTOTYPE,
+                                     ETIMEDOUT = WSAETIMEDOUT,
+                                     ESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+    public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+    public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
     enum SocketType : size_t
     {
@@ -56,177 +98,6 @@ else version (Windows)
 
     private alias LingerField = ushort;
 
-    enum : uint
-    {
-        IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
-        IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
-        IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
-        IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
-        IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
-        IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
-        IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
-        IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
-    }
-
-    template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
-    }
-    template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
-    {
-        enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
-    }
-
-    alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
-    alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
-    alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
-    alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
-    alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
-    alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
-    alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
-    alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
-    alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
-    alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
-    alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
-    alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
-    alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
-    alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
-    alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
-    alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
-    alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
-    alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
-    alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
-
-    private alias GROUP = uint;
-
-    enum
-    {
-        WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
-        MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7,
-        WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255,
-    }
-
-    struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
-    {
-        int                       ChainLen;
-        DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAPROTOCOLCHAIN = WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN*;
-
-    struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
-    {
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
-        DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
-        DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
-        GUID                       ProviderId;
-        DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
-        WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
-        int                        iVersion;
-        int                        iAddressFamily;
-        int                        iMaxSockAddr;
-        int                        iMinSockAddr;
-        int                        iSocketType;
-        int                        iProtocol;
-        int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
-        int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
-        int                        iSecurityScheme;
-        DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
-        DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
-        TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAPROTOCOL_INFO = WSAPROTOCOL_INFO*;
-
-    extern (Windows) @nogc nothrow
-    {
-        private SOCKET WSASocketW(int af,
-                                  int type,
-                                  int protocol,
-                                  LPWSAPROTOCOL_INFO lpProtocolInfo,
-                                  GROUP g,
-                                  DWORD dwFlags);
-        int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
-                    LPWSABUF lpBuffers,
-                    DWORD dwBufferCount,
-                    LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-                    LPDWORD lpFlags,
-                    LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                    LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        int WSASend(SOCKET s,
-                    LPWSABUF lpBuffers,
-                    DWORD dwBufferCount,
-                    LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
-                    DWORD lpFlags,
-                    LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                    LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
-                     uint dwIoControlCode,
-                     void* lpvInBuffer,
-                     uint cbInBuffer,
-                     void* lpvOutBuffer,
-                     uint cbOutBuffer,
-                     uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
-                     LPWSAOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped,
-                     LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine);
-        alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = BOOL function(SOCKET,
-                                            SOCKET,
-                                            PVOID,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            DWORD,
-                                            LPDWORD,
-                                            LPOVERLAPPED);
-    }
-    alias WSASocket = WSASocketW;
-
-    alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = VOID function(PVOID,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    DWORD,
-                                                    SOCKADDR**,
-                                                    LPINT,
-                                                    SOCKADDR**,
-                                                    LPINT);
-    const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
-        0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
-        [ 0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92 ],
-    };
-
-    struct WSABUF
-    {
-        ULONG len;
-        CHAR* buf;
-    }
-    alias WSABUF* LPWSABUF;
-
-    struct WSAOVERLAPPED
-    {
-        ULONG_PTR Internal;
-        ULONG_PTR InternalHigh;
-        union
-        {
-            struct
-            {
-                DWORD Offset;
-                DWORD OffsetHigh;
-            }
-            PVOID  Pointer;
-        }
-        HANDLE hEvent;
-    }
-    alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED = WSAOVERLAPPED*;
-
-    enum SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B;
-
     enum OverlappedSocketEvent
     {
         accept = 1,
@@ -239,13 +110,38 @@ else version (Windows)
         private WSABUF buffer;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Socket returned if a connection has been established.
+     *
+     * Note: Available only on Windows.
+     */
     class OverlappedConnectedSocket : ConnectedSocket
     {
+        /**
+         * Create a socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  handle = Socket handle.
+         *  af     = Address family.
+         */
         this(SocketType handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc
         {
             super(handle, af);
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Begins to asynchronously receive data from a connected socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  buffer     = Storage location for the received data.
+         *  flags      = Flags.
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         */
         bool beginReceive(ubyte[] buffer,
                           SocketState overlapped,
                           Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
@@ -258,12 +154,12 @@ else version (Windows)
             overlapped.buffer.buf = cast(char*) buffer.ptr;
 
             auto result = WSARecv(handle_,
-                                  &overlapped.buffer,
+                                  cast(WSABUF*) &overlapped.buffer,
                                   1u,
-                                  NULL,
+                                  null,
                                   &receiveFlags,
                                   &overlapped.overlapped,
-                                  NULL);
+                                  null);
 
             if (result == socketError && !wouldHaveBlocked)
             {
@@ -272,6 +168,18 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == 0;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Ends a pending asynchronous read.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes received.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         *
+         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
+         */
         int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         out (count)
         {
@@ -296,6 +204,19 @@ else version (Windows)
             return lpNumber;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Sends data asynchronously to a connected socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  buffer     = Data to be sent.
+         *  flags      = Flags.
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to send.
+         */
         bool beginSend(ubyte[] buffer,
                        SocketState overlapped,
                        Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted
@@ -308,10 +229,10 @@ else version (Windows)
             auto result = WSASend(handle_,
                                   &overlapped.buffer,
                                   1u,
-                                  NULL,
+                                  null,
                                   cast(DWORD) flags,
                                   &overlapped.overlapped,
-                                  NULL);
+                                  null);
 
             if (result == socketError && !wouldHaveBlocked)
             {
@@ -321,6 +242,18 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == 0;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Ends a pending asynchronous send.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Number of bytes sent.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
+         *
+         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
+        */
         int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         out (count)
         {
@@ -342,11 +275,22 @@ else version (Windows)
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Windows stream socket overlapped I/O.
+     */
     class OverlappedStreamSocket : StreamSocket
     {
         // Accept extension function pointer.
         package LPFN_ACCEPTEX acceptExtension;
 
+        /**
+         * Create a socket.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  af = Address family.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on errors.
+         */
         this(AddressFamily af) @nogc @trusted
         {
             super(af);
@@ -366,8 +310,8 @@ else version (Windows)
                                    &acceptExtension,
                                    acceptExtension.sizeof,
                                    &dwBytes,
-                                   NULL,
+                                   null,
-                                   NULL);
+                                   null);
             if (!result == socketError)
             {
                 throw make!SocketException(defaultAllocator,
@@ -375,6 +319,17 @@ else version (Windows)
             }
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Begins an asynchronous operation to accept an incoming connection attempt.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
+         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on accept errors.
+         */
         bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted
         {
             auto socket = cast(SocketType) socket(addressFamily, 1, 0);
@@ -410,6 +365,17 @@ else version (Windows)
             return result == TRUE;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Asynchronously accepts an incoming connection attempt and creates a
+         * new socket to handle remote host communication.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
+         *
+         * Returns: Connected socket.
+         *
+         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
+         */
         OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped)
         @nogc @trusted
         {
@@ -431,133 +397,6 @@ else version (Windows)
         }
     }
 }
-else version (D_Ddoc)
-{
-    /// Native socket representation type.
-    enum SocketType;
-
-    /**
-     * Socket returned if a connection has been established.
-     *
-     * Note: Available only on Windows.
-     */
-    class OverlappedConnectedSocket : ConnectedSocket
-    {
-        /**
-         * Create a socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  handle = Socket handle.
-         *  af     = Address family.
-         */
-        this(SocketType handle, AddressFamily af) @nogc;
-
-        /**
-         * Begins to asynchronously receive data from a connected socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  buffer     = Storage location for the received data.
-         *  flags      = Flags.
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         */
-        bool beginReceive(ubyte[] buffer,
-                          SocketState overlapped,
-                          Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Ends a pending asynchronous read.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Number of bytes received.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         *
-         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
-         */
-        int endReceive(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Sends data asynchronously to a connected socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  buffer     = Data to be sent.
-         *  flags      = Flags.
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to send.
-         */
-        bool beginSend(ubyte[] buffer,
-                       SocketState overlapped,
-                       Flags flags = Flags(Flag.none)) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Ends a pending asynchronous send.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Number of bytes sent.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to receive.
-         *
-         * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE result >= 0).
-        */
-        int endSend(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Windows stream socket overlapped I/O.
-     */
-    class OverlappedStreamSocket : StreamSocket
-    {
-        /**
-         * Create a socket.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  af = Address family.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on errors.
-         */
-        this(AddressFamily af) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Begins an asynchronous operation to accept an incoming connection attempt.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be finished synchronously.
-         *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) on accept errors.
-         */
-        bool beginAccept(SocketState overlapped) @nogc @trusted;
-
-        /**
-         * Asynchronously accepts an incoming connection attempt and creates a
-         * new socket to handle remote host communication.
-         *
-         * Params:
-         *  overlapped = Unique operation identifier.
-         *
-         * Returns: Connected socket.
-         *
-         * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) if unable to accept.
-         */
-        OverlappedConnectedSocket endAccept(SocketState overlapped)
-        @nogc @trusted;
-    }
-}
 
 /**
  * Socket option that specifies what should happen when the socket that
@@ -1622,4 +1461,4 @@ private @property int lastError() nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return errno;
     }
-}
+}

source/tanya/os/error.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/error.d)
  */
 module tanya.os.error;
 
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this.value_;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ErrorNo opCast(T : int)() const
     {
         return this.value_;
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     ref ErrorCode opAssign()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
     pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ struct ErrorCode
         return this.value_ == that;
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
+    /// ditto
     bool opEquals()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
     const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.os;
 

source/tanya/range/array.d

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.range.array) implements range primitives for built-in arrays.
+ *
+ * This module is a submodule of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d, tanya.range).
+ *
+ * After importing of
+ * $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d, tanya/range/array.d)
+ * built-in arrays can act as bidirectional ranges. For that to work the module
+ * defines a set of functions that accept a built-in array of any type as their
+ * first argument, so thanks to UFCS (Uniform Function Call Syntax) they can be
+ * called as if they were array member functions. For example the arrays the
+ * `.length`-property, but no `.empty` property. So here can be find the
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL empty) function. Since $(D_INLINECODE empty(array)) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE array.empty) are equal for the arrays, arrays get a faked
+ * property `empty`.
+ *
+ * The functions in this module don't change array elements or its underlying
+ * storage, but some functions alter the slice. Each array maintains a pointer
+ * to its data and the length and there can be several pointers which point to
+ * the same data. Array pointer can be advanced and the length can be reduced
+ * without changing the underlying storage. So slices offer the possibility to
+ * have multiple views into the same array, point to different positions inside
+ * it.
+ *
+ * Strings ($(D_INLINECODE char[]), (D_INLINECODE wchar[]) and
+ * (D_INLINECODE dchar[])) are treated as any other normal array, they aren't
+ * auto-decoded.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/array.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/array.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.array;
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL front) can be also used
+ * to change the first element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: First element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T front(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[0];
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    string s = "Wenn die Wunde nicht mehr wehtut, schmerzt die Narbe";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.front) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.front == 'W');
+
+    wstring w = "Волны несутся, гремя и сверкая";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.front) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.front == 'В');
+
+    dstring d = "Для писателя память - это почти все";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.front) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.front == 'Д');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the last element of the $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * The element is returned by reference, so $(D_PSYMBOL back) can be also used
+ * to change the last element of $(D_PARAM array) if it is mutable.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: Last element.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+@property ref T back(T)(T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    return array[$ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    string s = "Brecht";
+    static assert(is(typeof(s.back) == immutable char));
+    assert(s.back == 't');
+
+    wstring w = "Тютчев";
+    static assert(is(typeof(w.back) == immutable wchar));
+    assert(w.back == 'в');
+
+    dstring d = "Паустовский";
+    static assert(is(typeof(d.back) == immutable dchar));
+    assert(d.back == 'й');
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) advance the $(D_PARAM array)
+ * and remove one element from its back, respectively.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL popFront) and $(D_PSYMBOL popBack) don't alter the array
+ * storage, they only narrow the view into the array.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE array.length > 0).
+ */
+void popFront(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[1 .. $];
+}
+
+/// ditto
+void popBack(T)(ref T[] array)
+in
+{
+    assert(array.length > 0);
+}
+body
+{
+    array = array[0 .. $ - 1];
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    wstring array = "Der finstere Ozean der Metaphysik. Nietzsche";
+
+    array.popFront();
+    assert(array.length == 43);
+    assert(array.front == 'e');
+
+    array.popBack();
+    assert(array.length == 42);
+    assert(array.back == 'h');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether $(D_PARAM array) is empty.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM array) has no elements,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+@property bool empty(T)(const T[] array)
+{
+    return array.length == 0;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    int[1] array;
+    assert(!array.empty);
+    assert(array[1 .. 1].empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL save) doesn't copy the array itself, but only the data pointer
+ * and the length.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Element type of $(D_PARAM array).
+ *  array = Built-in array.
+ *
+ * Returns: A copy of the slice $(D_PARAM array).
+ */
+@property T[] save(T)(T[] array)
+{
+    return array;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[8] array;
+    auto slice = array.save;
+
+    assert(slice.length == array.length);
+    slice.popFront();
+    assert(slice.length < array.length);
+}

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package contains generic functions and templates to be used with D
+ * ranges.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range;
+
+public import tanya.range.array;
+public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/range/primitive.d

@@ -0,0 +1,908 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module defines primitives for working with ranges.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/primitive.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/primitive.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.primitive;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Returns the element type of the range $(D_PARAM R).
+ *
+ * Element type is the return type of such primitives like
+ * $(D_INLINECODE R.front) and (D_INLINECODE R.back) or the array base type.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM R) is a string, $(D_PSYMBOL ElementType) doesn't distinguish
+ * between narrow and wide strings, it just returns the base type of the
+ * underlying array ($(D_KEYWORD char), $(D_KEYWORD wchar) or
+ * $(D_KEYWORD dchar)).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = Any range type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Element type of the range $(D_PARAM R).
+ */
+template ElementType(R)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (is(R U : U[]))
+    {
+        alias ElementType = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias ElementType = ReturnType!((R r) => r.front());
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detects whether $(D_PARAM R) has a length property.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM R) does not have to be a range to support the length.
+ *
+ * Length mustn't be a $(D_KEYWORD @property) or a function, it can be a member
+ * variable or $(D_KEYWORD enum). But its type (or the type returned by the
+ * appropriate function) should be $(D_KEYWORD size_t), otherwise
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL hasLength) is $(D_KEYWORD false).
+ *
+ * All dynamic arrays except $(D_KEYWORD void)-arrays have length.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) has a length property,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinite).
+ */
+template hasLength(R)
+{
+    enum bool hasLength = is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.length) == size_t)
+                       && !is(ElementType!R == void);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(hasLength!(char[]));
+    static assert(hasLength!(int[]));
+    static assert(hasLength!(const(int)[]));
+
+    struct A
+    {
+        enum size_t length = 1;
+    }
+    static assert(hasLength!(A));
+
+    struct B
+    {
+        @property size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(hasLength!(B));
+
+    struct C
+    {
+        @property const(size_t) length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!hasLength!(C));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a forward range with slicing support
+ * ($(D_INLINECODE R[i .. j])).
+ *
+ * For finite ranges, the result of `opSlice()` must be of the same type as the
+ * original range. If the range defines opDollar, it must support subtraction.
+ *
+ * For infinite ranges, the result of `opSlice()` must be of the same type as
+ * the original range only if it defines `opDollar()`. Otherwise it can be any
+ * forward range.
+ *
+ * For both finite and infinite ranges, the result of `opSlice()` must have
+ * length.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = The type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) supports slicing,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template hasSlicing(R)
+{
+    private enum bool hasDollar = is(typeof((R r) => r[0 .. $]));
+    private enum bool subDollar = !hasDollar
+                               || isInfinite!R
+                               || is(ReturnType!((R r) => r[0 .. $ - 1]) == R);
+
+    static if (isForwardRange!R
+            && is(ReturnType!((R r) => r[0 .. 0]) T)
+            && (!hasDollar || is(ReturnType!((R r) => r[0 .. $]) == R))
+            && subDollar
+            && isForwardRange!(ReturnType!((ref R r) => r[0 .. 0])))
+    {
+        enum bool hasSlicing = (is(T == R) || isInfinite!R)
+                            && hasLength!T;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool hasSlicing = false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(hasSlicing!(int[]));
+    static assert(hasSlicing!(const(int)[]));
+    static assert(hasSlicing!(dstring));
+    static assert(hasSlicing!(string));
+    static assert(!hasSlicing!(const int[]));
+    static assert(!hasSlicing!(void[]));
+
+    struct A
+    {
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        @property size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        typeof(this) opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j)
+        pure nothrow  @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(hasSlicing!A);
+
+    struct B
+    {
+        struct Dollar
+        {
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        @property size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @property Dollar opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return Dollar();
+        }
+        typeof(this) opSlice(const size_t i, const Dollar j)
+        pure nothrow  @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!hasSlicing!B);
+
+    struct C
+    {
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        enum bool empty = false;
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        typeof(this) opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j)
+        pure nothrow  @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!hasSlicing!C);
+
+    struct D
+    {
+        struct Range
+        {
+            int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+            }
+            bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                return this;
+            }
+            @property size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        enum bool empty = false;
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        Range opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j)
+        pure nothrow  @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return Range();
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(hasSlicing!D);
+}
+
+version (TanyaPhobos)
+{
+    public import std.range.primitives : isInputRange,
+                                         isForwardRange,
+                                         isBidirectionalRange,
+                                         isRandomAccessRange,
+                                         isInfinite;
+}
+else:
+
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    mixin template InputRangeStub()
+    {
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @property bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    mixin template BidirectionalRangeStub()
+    {
+        @property int back() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void popBack() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private template isDynamicArrayRange(R)
+{
+    static if (is(R E : E[]))
+    {
+        enum bool isDynamicArrayRange = !is(E == void);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isDynamicArrayRange = false;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is an input range.
+ *
+ * An input range should define following primitives:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI front)
+ *  $(LI empty)
+ *  $(LI popFront)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = The type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is an input range,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isInputRange(R)
+{
+    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()) U)
+            && is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.empty) == bool))
+    {
+        enum bool isInputRange = !is(U == void)
+                              && is(typeof(R.popFront()));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isInputRange = isDynamicArrayRange!R;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isInputRange!Range);
+    static assert(isInputRange!(int[]));
+    static assert(!isInputRange!(void[]));
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range1(T)
+    {
+        void popFront()
+        {
+        }
+        int front()
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        T empty() const
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isInputRange!(Range1!int));
+    static assert(!isInputRange!(Range1!(const bool)));
+
+    static struct Range2
+    {
+        int popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 100;
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 100;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isInputRange!Range2);
+
+    static struct Range3
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        void front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isInputRange!Range3);
+
+    static struct Range4
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        enum bool empty = false;
+    }
+    static assert(isInputRange!Range4);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a forward range.
+ *
+ * A forward range is an input range that also defines:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI save)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = The type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is a forward range,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isInputRange).
+ */
+template isForwardRange(R)
+{
+    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.save()) U))
+    {
+        enum bool isForwardRange = isInputRange!R && is(U == R);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isForwardRange = isDynamicArrayRange!R;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isForwardRange!Range);
+    static assert(isForwardRange!(int[]));
+    static assert(!isForwardRange!(void[]));
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range1
+    {
+    }
+    static struct Range2
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        Range1 save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return Range1();
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isForwardRange!Range2);
+
+    static struct Range3
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        const(typeof(this)) save() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isForwardRange!Range3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a bidirectional range.
+ *
+ * A bidirectional range is a forward range that also defines:
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI back)
+ *  $(LI popBack)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = The type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is a bidirectional range,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isForwardRange).
+ */
+template isBidirectionalRange(R)
+{
+    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.back()) U))
+    {
+        enum bool isBidirectionalRange = isForwardRange!R
+                                      && is(U == ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()))
+                                      && is(typeof(R.popBack()));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isBidirectionalRange = isDynamicArrayRange!R;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        void popBack() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @property int back() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        Range save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!Range);
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(int[]));
+    static assert(!isBidirectionalRange!(void[]));
+}
+
+private nothrow  @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range(T, U)
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        void popBack() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property T front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return T.init;
+        }
+        @property U back() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return U.init;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        Range save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isBidirectionalRange!(Range!(int, uint)));
+    static assert(!isBidirectionalRange!(Range!(int, const int)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is a random-access range.
+ *
+ * A random-access range is a range that allows random access to its
+ * elements by index using $(D_INLINECODE [])-operator (defined with
+ * $(D_INLINECODE opIndex())). Further a random access range should be a
+ * bidirectional range that also has a length or an infinite forward range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = The type to be tested.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is a random-access range,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isBidirectionalRange),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL isForwardRange),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL isInfinite),
+ *           $(D_PSYMBOL hasLength).
+ */
+template isRandomAccessRange(R)
+{
+    static if (is(ReturnType!((R r) => r.opIndex(size_t.init)) U))
+    {
+        private enum bool isBidirectional = isBidirectionalRange!R
+                                         && hasLength!R;
+        private enum bool isForward = isInfinite!R && isForwardRange!R;
+        enum bool isRandomAccessRange = (isBidirectional || isForward)
+                                     && is(U == ReturnType!((R r) => r.front()));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isRandomAccessRange = isDynamicArrayRange!R;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct A
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        void popBack() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @property int back() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(const size_t pos) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!A);
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!(int[]));
+    static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!(void[]));
+
+    static struct B
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        enum bool empty = false;
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(const size_t pos) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!B);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct Range1
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
+
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(const size_t pos) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!Range1);
+
+    static struct Range2(Args...)
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
+
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(Args) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!size_t));
+    static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!()));
+    static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!(Range2!(size_t, size_t)));
+
+    static struct Range3
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
+
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(const size_t pos1, const size_t pos2 = 0)
+        pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        size_t length() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isRandomAccessRange!Range3);
+
+    static struct Range4
+    {
+        mixin InputRangeStub;
+        mixin BidirectionalRangeStub;
+
+        typeof(this) save() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int opIndex(const size_t pos1) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        size_t opDollar() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isRandomAccessRange!Range4);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is an infinite range.
+ *
+ * An infinite range is an input range whose `empty` member is defined as
+ * $(D_KEYWORD enum) which is always $(D_KEYWORD false).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is an infinite range,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isInfinite(R)
+{
+    static if (isInputRange!R && is(typeof({enum bool e = R.empty;})))
+    {
+        enum bool isInfinite = R.empty == false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isInfinite = false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(!isInfinite!int);
+
+    static struct NotRange
+    {
+        enum bool empty = false;
+    }
+    static assert(!isInfinite!NotRange);
+
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        enum bool empty = false;
+    }
+    static assert(isInfinite!InfiniteRange);
+
+    static struct InputRange
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @property bool empty() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isInfinite!InputRange);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static struct StaticConstRange
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static bool empty = false;
+    }
+    static assert(!isInfinite!StaticConstRange);
+
+    static struct TrueRange
+    {
+        void popFront() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+        }
+        @property int front() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static const bool empty = true;
+    }
+    static assert(!isInfinite!TrueRange);
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Base type definitions and aliases.
+ *
+ * This module doesn't provide aliases for all types used by Windows, but only
+ * for types that can vary on different platforms. For example there is no
+ * need to define `INT32` alias for D, since $(D_KEYWORD int) is always a
+ * 32-bit signed integer. But `int` and its Windows alias `INT` is not the
+ * same on all platforms in C, so its size can be something differen than
+ * 32 bit, therefore an $(D_PSYMBOL INT) alias is available in this module.
+ * $(D_PARAM TCHAR) can be a $(D_KEYWORD char) if Unicode isn't supported or
+ * $(D_KEYWORD wchar) if Unicode is supported, so $(D_PSYMBOL TCHAR) is
+ * defined here.
+ * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/def.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+alias BYTE = ubyte;
+alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
+alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
+alias SHORT = short;
+alias USHORT = ushort;
+alias WORD = ushort;
+alias INT = int;
+alias UINT = uint;
+alias LONG = int;
+alias ULONG = uint;
+alias DWORD = uint;
+alias LONGLONG = long; // Or double.
+alias ULONGLONG = ulong; // Or double.
+alias DWORDLONG = ulong;
+alias FLOAT = float;
+alias BOOL = int;
+alias BOOLEAN = BYTE;
+
+alias HANDLE = void*;
+enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
+
+enum TRUE = 1;
+enum FALSE = 0;
+
+align(1) struct GUID
+{
+    uint Data1;
+    ushort Data2;
+    ushort Data3;
+    char[8] Data4;
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.error;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
+enum
+{
+    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
+    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
+    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
+    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
+    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
+    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
+
+    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
+    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
+    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
+    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
+    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
+    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
+    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
+    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
+    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
+    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
+    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
+    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
+    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
+    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
+    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
+    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
+    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
+    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
+    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
+    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
+    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
+    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
+    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
+    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
+    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
+    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
+    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
+    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
+    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
+    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
+    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
+    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
+    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
+    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
+    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
+    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
+    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
+
+    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
+    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
+    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
+    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
+    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
+    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
+    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
+    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
+    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
+    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
+    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
+    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
+    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
+    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
+    
+    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
+    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
+    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
+    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
+
+    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
+    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
+    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
+    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
+    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
+    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
+    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
+
+    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
+    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
+    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
+    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
+    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
+    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
+    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
+    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
+    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
+    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
+    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
+    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
+    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winbase.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+struct OVERLAPPED
+{
+    size_t Internal;
+    size_t InternalHigh;
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            DWORD Offset;
+            DWORD OffsetHigh;
+        }
+        void* Pointer;
+    }
+    HANDLE hEvent;
+}
+
+extern(Windows)
+HANDLE CreateIoCompletionPort(HANDLE FileHandle,
+                              HANDLE ExistingCompletionPort,
+                              size_t CompletionKey,
+                              DWORD NumberOfConcurrentThreads)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetQueuedCompletionStatus(HANDLE CompletionPort,
+                               DWORD* lpNumberOfBytes,
+                               size_t* lpCompletionKey,
+                               OVERLAPPED** lpOverlapped,
+                               DWORD dwMilliseconds) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
+                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                         DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
+                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
+
+alias SOCKET = size_t;
+enum SOCKET INVALID_SOCKET = ~0;
+enum SOCKET_ERROR = -1;
+
+enum
+{
+    IOC_UNIX     = 0x00000000,
+    IOC_WS2      = 0x08000000,
+    IOC_PROTOCOL = 0x10000000,
+    IOC_VOID     = 0x20000000,         // No parameters.
+    IOC_OUT      = 0x40000000,         // Copy parameters back.
+    IOC_IN       = 0x80000000,         // Copy parameters into.
+    IOC_VENDOR   = 0x18000000,
+    IOC_WSK      = (IOC_WS2 | 0x07000000), // _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600.
+    IOC_INOUT    = (IOC_IN | IOC_OUT), // Copy parameter into and get back.
+}
+
+template _WSAIO(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIO = IOC_VOID | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOR(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOR = IOC_OUT | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIOW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIOW = IOC_IN | x | y;
+}
+template _WSAIORW(int x, int y)
+{
+    enum _WSAIORW = IOC_INOUT | x | y;
+}
+
+alias SIO_ASSOCIATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 1);
+alias SIO_ENABLE_CIRCULAR_QUEUEING       = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 2);
+alias SIO_FIND_ROUTE                     = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 3);
+alias SIO_FLUSH                          = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 4);
+alias SIO_GET_BROADCAST_ADDRESS          = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 5);
+alias SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 6);
+alias SIO_GET_QOS                        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 7);
+alias SIO_GET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 8);
+alias SIO_MULTIPOINT_LOOPBACK            = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 9);
+alias SIO_MULTICAST_SCOPE                = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 10);
+alias SIO_SET_QOS                        = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 11);
+alias SIO_SET_GROUP_QOS                  = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 12);
+alias SIO_TRANSLATE_HANDLE               = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 13);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_QUERY        = _WSAIORW!(IOC_WS2, 20);
+alias SIO_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE       = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 21);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_QUERY             = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 22);
+alias SIO_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE            = _WSAIO!(IOC_WS2, 23);
+alias SIO_QUERY_TARGET_PNP_HANDLE        = _WSAIOR!(IOC_WS2, 24);
+alias SIO_NSP_NOTIFY_CHANGE              = _WSAIOW!(IOC_WS2, 25);
+
+alias GROUP = uint;
+
+enum
+{
+    WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED = 0x01,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_ROOT = 0x02,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_C_LEAF = 0x04,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_ROOT = 0x08,
+    WSA_FLAG_MULTIPOINT_D_LEAF = 0x10,
+    WSA_FLAG_ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY = 0x40,
+    WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT = 0x80,
+    WSA_FLAG_REGISTERED_IO = 0x100,
+}
+
+enum MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN = 7;
+enum BASE_PROTOCOL = 1;
+enum LAYERED_PROTOCOL = 0;
+enum WSAPROTOCOL_LEN = 255;
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN
+{
+    int ChainLen;
+    DWORD[MAX_PROTOCOL_CHAIN] ChainEntries;
+}
+
+struct WSABUF
+{
+    ULONG len;
+    CHAR* buf;
+}
+
+struct WSAPROTOCOL_INFO
+{
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags1;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags2;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags3;
+    DWORD                      dwServiceFlags4;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderFlags;
+    GUID                       ProviderId;
+    DWORD                      dwCatalogEntryId;
+    WSAPROTOCOLCHAIN           ProtocolChain;
+    int                        iVersion;
+    int                        iAddressFamily;
+    int                        iMaxSockAddr;
+    int                        iMinSockAddr;
+    int                        iSocketType;
+    int                        iProtocol;
+    int                        iProtocolMaxOffset;
+    int                        iNetworkByteOrder;
+    int                        iSecurityScheme;
+    DWORD                      dwMessageSize;
+    DWORD                      dwProviderReserved;
+    TCHAR[WSAPROTOCOL_LEN + 1] szProtocol;
+}
+
+const GUID WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = {
+    0xb5367df2, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+const GUID WSAID_ACCEPTEX = {
+    0xb5367df1, 0xcbac, 0x11cf,
+    [0x95, 0xca, 0x00, 0x80, 0x5f, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x92],
+};
+
+alias LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE = void function(DWORD dwError,
+                                                         DWORD cbTransferred,
+                                                         OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+                                                         DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+SOCKET WSASocket(int af,
+                 int type,
+                 int protocol,
+                 WSAPROTOCOL_INFO* lpProtocolInfo,
+                 GROUP g,
+                 DWORD dwFlags) nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSARecv(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD* lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSASend(SOCKET s,
+            WSABUF* lpBuffers,
+            DWORD dwBufferCount,
+            DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesRecvd,
+            DWORD lpFlags,
+            OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+            LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+extern(Windows)
+int WSAIoctl(SOCKET s,
+             uint dwIoControlCode,
+             void* lpvInBuffer,
+             uint cbInBuffer,
+             void* lpvOutBuffer,
+             uint cbOutBuffer,
+             uint* lpcbBytesReturned,
+             OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
+             LPWSAOVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE lpCompletionRoutine)             
+nothrow @system @nogc;
+
+alias ADDRESS_FAMILY = USHORT;
+
+struct SOCKADDR
+{
+    ADDRESS_FAMILY sa_family;           // Address family.
+    CHAR[14] sa_data;                   // Up to 14 bytes of direct address.
+}
+
+alias LPFN_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS = void function(void*,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                DWORD,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*,
+                                                SOCKADDR**,
+                                                INT*) nothrow @nogc;
+
+alias LPFN_ACCEPTEX = extern(Windows) BOOL function(SOCKET,
+                                                    SOCKET,
+                                                    void*,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD,
+                                                    DWORD*,
+                                                    OVERLAPPED*) @nogc nothrow;
+
+enum
+{
+    SO_MAXDG = 0x7009,
+    SO_MAXPATHDG = 0x700A,
+    SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
+    SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
+    SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
+}

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/typecons.d,
+ *                 tanya/typecons.d)
  */
 module tanya.typecons;
 
-import std.meta;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.