Rename traits module to trait

Templates in this module applied to a type produce a transformed type.

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+charset = utf-8
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true

.gitignore

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 # Binary
 *.[oa]
+*.exe
 
 # D
 .dub
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
-/tanya-test-library
+/tanya-test-library*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json
+
+/*.lst

.travis.yml

@@ -1,20 +1,33 @@
 sudo: false
 
 os:
- - linux
+  - linux
- - osx
+  - osx
 
 language: d
 
 d:
- - dmd-2.073.2
+  - dmd-2.075.1
- - dmd-2.072.2
+  - dmd-2.074.1
- - dmd-2.071.2
+  - dmd-2.073.2
- - dmd-2.070.2
 
 env: 
- matrix:
+  matrix:
-  - ARCH=x86_64
+    - ARCH=x86_64
+    - ARCH=x86
+
+addons:
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - gcc-multilib
+
+before_script:
+  - if [ "$PS1" = '(dmd-2.075.1)' ]; then
+      export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
+    fi
 
 script:
- - dub test --arch=$ARCH
+  - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
+
+after_success:
+  - test "$UNITTEST" = "unittest-cov" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+This project adheres to No Code of Conduct.  We are all adults.  We accept anyone's contributions.  Nothing else matters.
+
+For more information please visit the [No Code of Conduct](https://github.com/domgetter/NCoC) homepage.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Contributing
+
+Tanya is a project in active development, therefore any help is appreciated. Thank you for considering contributing
+to it, feel welcome.
+These guidelines describe ways to get started.
+
+
+## Ways to get involved
+
+* **Reporting a problem**: [Report](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues) bugs and usage problems you
+encounter.
+* **Fixing issues**: [The bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues) contains a list of issues you
+can work on.
+* **Documentation**: You can improve API documentation by correcting grammar errors, completing existing texts and
+writing new ones, or providing usage examples.
+* **Testing**: Test coverage is important for a library. Writing tests is not only helpful, but is also a great way
+to get a feel for how tanya works.
+* **Adding new features**: Tanya is a growing library. If you think some feature is missing, you can suggest
+and implement this.
+
+
+## Opening an issue
+
+If you have found a bug, an error, have some question, or suggestion, open in issue. I'll try to answer as soon
+as I can. Tanya uses an external
+[bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues). You should
+[register](https://issues.caraus.io/account/register) before you can report your issue. There is also a list
+of open issues that mirror the current development process and progress. If you're looking for a challenge, just
+pick an issue you are interested in and start working on it. Fill free to comment on the issue to get more
+information.
+
+Some issues have a category assigned to them. Such issues belong mostly to a larger part of the library that is
+currently in development. The category specifies then the git branch development happens on. The remaining issues
+can be fixed directly in master.
+
+In the [roadmap](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/roadmap) you can find a list of issues that are planned
+to be fixed till a specific release. Version numbers refer to the versions in the
+[git repository](https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/releases).
+
+
+## Contribution process
+
+### Creating a pull request
+
+I accept GitHub pull requests. Creating a pull request is like sending a patch with the suggested change.
+First you have to [fork](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/) the repository. Clone your fork locally
+with `git clone` and create a new branch where you want to work, for example:
+
+```shell
+git checkout -b bugfix-x
+```
+Commit your changes to your fork:
+
+```shell
+git commit -m "Fix X"
+git push -u origin bugfix-x
+```
+
+After that if you visit your fork on GitHub, GitHub will suggest to create pull request. Just follow the steps
+described on GitHub to finish the process. See
+[Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) for more information.
+
+Please ensure that your fork is even with the upstream (original) repository. If not, you have to rebase your branch
+on upstream/master before submitting a pull request. See https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/ for a
+step-by-step guide.
+
+### Fixing a bug
+
+Add an unittest that demonstrates the bug along with a short description:
+
+```d
+// Issue ###: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/###.
+private unittest
+{
+}
+```
+
+### Adding new features
+
+* Use Ddoc to document the feature.
+* Add some unittests that prevent new bugs and demonstrate how the feature is supposed to work.
+
+### Style guide
+
+Make sure your changes follow [The D Style](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html) (including
+[Additional Requirements for Phobos](https://dlang.org/dstyle.html#phobos).
+
+
+## Questions and suggestions
+
+* [Open an issue](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
+* [Send an email](mailto:info@caraus.de)

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # Tanya
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
 [![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
 [![Dub downloads](https://img.shields.io/dub/dt/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL_2.0-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/master/LICENSE)
@@ -13,54 +15,161 @@ Garbage Collector heap. Everything in the library is usable in @nogc code.
 Tanya extends Phobos functionality and provides alternative implementations for
 data structures and utilities that depend on the Garbage Collector in Phobos.
 
-* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya)
+* [Bug tracker](https://issues.caraus.io/projects/tanya/issues)
 * [Documentation](https://docs.caraus.io/tanya)
+* [Contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
 
 ## Overview
 
-Tanya consists of the following packages:
+Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
-* `container`: Queue, Vector, Singly linked list, buffers.
+* `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
+string, Hash set.
+* `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
-* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocator, reference counting,
+* `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
-helper functions).
+* `net`: URL-Parsing, network programming.
-* `network`: URL-Parsing, sockets.
+* `network`: Socket implementation. `network` is currently under rework.
+After finishing the new socket implementation will land in the `net` package and
+`network` will be deprecated.
+* `os`: Platform-independent interfaces to operating system functionality.
+* `typecons`: Templates that allow to build new types based on the available
+ones.
+
+
+## Basic usage
+
+### Allocators
+
+Memory management is done with allocators. Instead of using `new` to create an
+instance of a class, an allocator is used:
+
+```d
+import tanya.memory;
+
+class A
+{
+    this(int arg)
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+A a = defaultAllocator.make!A(5);
+
+defaultAllocator.dispose(a);
+```
+
+As you can see, the user is responsible for deallocation, therefore `dispose`
+is called at the end.
+
+If you want to change the `defaultAllocator` to something different, you
+probably want to do it at the program's beginning. Or you can invoke another
+allocator directly. It is important to ensure that the object is destroyed
+using the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
+
+What if I get an allocated object from some function? The generic rule is: If
+you haven't requested the memory yourself (with `make`), you don't need to free
+it.
+
+`tanya.memory.smartref` contains smart pointers, helpers that can take care of
+a proper deallocation in some cases for you.
+
+### Exceptions
+
+Since exceptions are normal classes in D, they are allocated and dellocated the
+same as described above, but:
+
+1. The caller is **always** responsible for destroying a caught exception.
+2. Exceptions are **always** allocated and should be always allocated with the
+`defaultAllocator`.
+
+```d
+import tanya.memory;
+
+void functionThatThrows()
+{
+    throw defaultAlocator.make!Exception("An error occurred");
+}
+
+try
+{
+    functionThatThrows()
+}
+catch (Exception e)
+{
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+}
+```
+
+### Containers
+
+Arrays are commonly used in programming. D's built-in arrays often rely on the
+GC. It is inconvenient to change their size, reserve memory for future use and
+so on. Containers can help here. The following example demonstrates how
+`tanya.container.array.Array` can be used instead of `int[]`.
+
+```d
+import tanya.container.array;
+
+Array!int arr;
+
+// Reserve memory if I know that my container will contain approximately 15
+// elements.
+arr.reserve(15);
+
+arr.insertBack(5); // Add one element.
+arr.length = 10; // New elements are initialized to 0.
+
+// Iterate over the first five elements.
+foreach (el; arr[0 .. 5])
+{
+}
+
+int i = arr[7]; // Access 8th element.
+```
+
+There are more containers in the `tanya.container` package.
+
+
+## Development
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-* dmd 2.073.2
+| dmd     |
-* dmd 2.072.2
+|:-------:|
-* dmd 2.071.2
+| 2.075.1 |
-* dmd 2.070.2
+| 2.074.1 |
+| 2.073.2 |
 
 ### Current status
 
-The library is currently under development, but the API is becoming gradually
+Following modules are under development:
-stable.
 
-`container`s are being extended to support ranges. Also following modules are
+| Feature  | Branch    | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
-coming soon:
+|----------|:---------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-* UTF-8 string.
+| BitArray | bitvector | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector) |
-* Hash table.
+| TLS      | crypto    | [![crypto](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=crypto)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![crypto](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/crypto?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/crypto)                |
+| File IO  | io        | [![io](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=io)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![io](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/io?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/io)                                    |
 
-`math` package contains an arbitrary precision integer implementation that
+### Release management
-needs more test cases, better performance and some additional features
-(constructing from a string and an ubyte array, and converting it back).
 
-### Further characteristics
+3-week release cycle.
 
-* Tanya is a native D library.
+Deprecated features are removed after one release (in approximately 6 weeks after deprecating).
+
+## Further characteristics
+
+* Tanya is a native D library without any external dependencies.
 
 * Tanya is cross-platform. The development happens on a 64-bit Linux, but it
 is being tested on Windows and FreeBSD as well.
 
-* The library isn't thread-safe. Thread-safity should be added later.
+* The library isn't thread-safe yet.
 
-## Contributing
 
-Since I'm mostly busy writing new code and implementing new features I would
+## Feedback
-appreciate, if anyone uses the library. It would help me to improve the
-codebase and fix issues.
 
-Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
+Any feedback about your experience with tanya would be greatly appreciated. Feel free to
+[contact me](mailto:info@caraus.de).

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+platform: x64
+os: Visual Studio 2015
+
+environment:
+  matrix:
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.075.1
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.074.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.074.1
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.073.2
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.073.2
+      arch: x86
+
+skip_tags: true
+
+install:
+  - ps: function SetUpDCompiler
+        {
+          $env:toolchain = "msvc";
+          $version = $env:DVersion;
+          Invoke-WebRequest "http://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$($version)/dmd.$($version).windows.7z" -OutFile "c:\dmd.7z";
+          echo "finished.";
+          pushd c:\\;
+          7z x dmd.7z > $null;
+          popd;
+        }
+  - ps: SetUpDCompiler
+
+before_build:
+  - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
+          $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";
+          $env:Darch = "x86";
+        }
+        elseif($env:arch -eq "x64"){
+          $env:compilersetupargs = "amd64";
+          $env:Darch = "x86_64";
+        }
+  - ps: $env:PATH += ";C:\dmd2\windows\bin;";
+  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall" %compilersetupargs%
+
+build_script:
+  - echo dummy build script - dont remove me
+
+test_script:
+  - echo %Darch%
+  - echo %PATH%
+  - 'dub --version'
+  - '%DC% --version'
+  - dub test -b unittest --arch=%Darch% --compiler=%DC%

codecov.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ignore:
+  - "source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d"
+  - "source/tanya/async/iocp.d"

dscanner.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+; Configure which static analysis checks are skip-unittest
+[analysis.config.StaticAnalysisConfig]
+; Check variable, class, struct, interface, union, and function names against t
+; he Phobos style guide
+style_check="disabled"
+; Check for array literals that cause unnecessary allocation
+enum_array_literal_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for poor exception handling practices
+exception_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated 'delete' keyword
+delete_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for use of the deprecated floating point operators
+float_operator_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check number literals for readability
+number_style_check="disabled"
+; Checks that opEquals, opCmp, toHash, and toString are either const, immutable
+; , or inout.
+object_const_check="disabled"
+; Checks for .. expressions where the left side is larger than the right.
+backwards_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for if statements whose 'then' block is the same as the 'else' block
+if_else_same_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for some problems with constructors
+constructor_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for unused variables and function parameters
+unused_variable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for unused labels
+unused_label_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for duplicate attributes
+duplicate_attribute="skip-unittest"
+; Checks that opEquals and toHash are both defined or neither are defined
+opequals_tohash_check="disabled"
+; Checks for subtraction from .length properties
+length_subtraction_check="disabled"
+; Checks for methods or properties whose names conflict with built-in propertie
+; s
+builtin_property_names_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing code in inline asm statements
+asm_style_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for confusing logical operator precedence
+logical_precedence_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for undocumented public declarations
+undocumented_declaration_check="disabled"
+; Checks for poor placement of function attributes
+function_attribute_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for use of the comma operator
+comma_expression_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for local imports that are too broad
+local_import_check="disabled"
+; Checks for variables that could be declared immutable
+could_be_immutable_check="disabled"
+; Checks for redundant expressions in if statements
+redundant_if_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for redundant parenthesis
+redundant_parens_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for mismatched argument and parameter names
+mismatched_args_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for labels with the same name as variables
+label_var_same_name_check="disabled"
+; Checks for lines longer than 120 characters
+long_line_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for assignment to auto-ref function parameters
+auto_ref_assignment_check="disabled"
+; Checks for incorrect infinite range definitions
+incorrect_infinite_range_check="skip-unittest"
+; Checks for asserts that are always true
+useless_assert_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for uses of the old-style alias syntax
+alias_syntax_check="disabled"
+; Checks for else if that should be else static if
+static_if_else_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for unclear lambda syntax
+lambda_return_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for auto function without return statement
+auto_function_check="skip-unittest"
+; Check for sortedness of imports
+imports_sortedness="disabled"
+; Check for explicitly annotated unittests
+explicitly_annotated_unittests="disabled"
+; Check for useless usage of the final attribute
+final_attribute_check="skip-unittest"

dub.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "tanya",
-	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library",
+	"description": "General purpose, @nogc library. Containers, networking, memory management, utilities",
 	"license": "MPL-2.0",
 	"copyright": "(c) Eugene Wissner <info@caraus.de>",
 	"authors": [

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Event loop implementation for Linux.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.epoll;
 
-version (linux):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (linux):
 
 public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
@@ -18,7 +25,7 @@ import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.vector;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
@@ -29,153 +36,153 @@ import std.algorithm.comparison;
 
 extern (C) nothrow @nogc
 {
-	int epoll_create1(int flags);
+    int epoll_create1(int flags);
-	int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
-	int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
 }
 
 final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
-	protected int fd;
+    protected int fd;
-	private Vector!epoll_event events;
+    private Array!epoll_event events;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
+     * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
+     */
-	this() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-		{
+        {
-			throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
-		}
+        }
-		super();
+        super();
-		events = Vector!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
+     */
-	~this() @nogc
+    ~this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		close(fd);
+        close(fd);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
+     */
-	protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
+        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-		epoll_event ev;
+        epoll_event ev;
 
-		if (events == oldEvents)
+        if (events == oldEvents)
-		{
+        {
-			return true;
+            return true;
-		}
+        }
-		if (events && oldEvents)
+        if (events && oldEvents)
-		{
+        {
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-		}
+        }
-		else if (events && !oldEvents)
+        else if (events && !oldEvents)
-		{
+        {
-			op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-		}
+        }
 
-		ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
+        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
-		ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
+        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-		          | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
+                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-		          | EPOLLET;
+                  | EPOLLET;
 
-		return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
+        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
+     * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
+     */
-	protected override void poll() @nogc
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		// Don't block
+        // Don't block
-		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-		auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
 
-		if (eventCount < 0)
+        if (eventCount < 0)
-		{
+        {
-			if (errno != EINTR)
+            if (errno != EINTR)
-			{
+            {
-				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-			}
+            }
-			return;
+            return;
-		}
+        }
 
-		for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
+        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-		{
+        {
-			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
 
-			if (transport is null)
+            if (transport is null)
-			{
+            {
-				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-				assert(connection !is null);
+                assert(connection !is null);
 
-				acceptConnections(connection);
+                acceptConnections(connection);
-			}
+            }
-			else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
+            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
-			{
+            {
-				kill(transport);
+                kill(transport);
-				continue;
+                continue;
-			}
+            }
-			else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
+            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
-			{
+            {
-				SocketException exception;
+                SocketException exception;
-				try
+                try
-				{
+                {
-					ptrdiff_t received;
+                    ptrdiff_t received;
-					do
+                    do
-					{
+                    {
-						received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-						transport.output += received;
+                        transport.output += received;
-					}
+                    }
-					while (received);
+                    while (received);
-				}
+                }
-				catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-				{
+                {
-					exception = e;
+                    exception = e;
-				}
+                }
-				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-				{
+                {
-					kill(transport, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
-					continue;
+                    continue;
-				}
+                }
-				else if (transport.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
-				{
+                {
-					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-			if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
-			{
+            {
-				transport.writeReady = true;
+                transport.writeReady = true;
-				if (transport.input.length)
+                if (transport.input.length)
-				{
+                {
-					feed(transport);
+                    feed(transport);
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @safe pure nothrow
-	{
+    {
-		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-	}
+    }
 }

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Event loop implementation for Windows.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.iocp;
 
-version (Windows):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (Windows):
 
 import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.async.loop;
@@ -31,354 +38,354 @@ import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
  */
 final class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-	private SocketException exception;
+    private SocketException exception;
 
-	private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+    private ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
 
-	private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+    private WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
-	private Protocol protocol_;
+    private Protocol protocol_;
 
-	private bool closing;
+    private bool closing;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Creates new completion port transport.
+     * Creates new completion port transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	socket = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    this(OverlappedConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super(socket);
+        super(socket);
-		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
-		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
-		active = true;
+        active = true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
+     * Returns: Socket.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    override @property OverlappedConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	out (socket)
+    out (socket)
-	{
+    {
-		assert(socket !is null);
+        assert(socket !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
+        return cast(OverlappedConnectedSocket) socket_;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-	 */
+     */
-	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return closing;
+        return closing;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Close the transport.
+     * Close the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-	 */
+     */
-	void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    void close() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		closing = true;
+        closing = true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
+     * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
-	 */
+     */
-	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		input ~= data;
+        input ~= data;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
+     */
-	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return protocol_;
+        return protocol_;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Switches the protocol.
+     * Switches the protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(protocol !is null);
+        assert(protocol !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		protocol_ = protocol;
+        protocol_ = protocol;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-	 */
+     */
-	override void invoke() @nogc
+    override void invoke() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (output.length)
+        if (output.length)
-		{
+        {
-			immutable empty = input.length == 0;
+            immutable empty = input.length == 0;
-			protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
-			output.clear();
+            output.clear();
-			if (empty)
+            if (empty)
-			{
+            {
-				SocketState overlapped;
+                SocketState overlapped;
-				try
+                try
-				{
+                {
-					overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-					socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
+                    socket.beginSend(input[], overlapped);
-				}
+                }
-				catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-				{
+                {
-					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-					MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(e);
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		else
+        else
-		{
+        {
-			protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
-			MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-			defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-			active = false;
+            active = false;
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 }
 
 final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 {
-	protected HANDLE completionPort;
+    protected HANDLE completionPort;
 
-	protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
+    protected OVERLAPPED overlap;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Initializes the loop.
+     * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
+     */
-	this() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super();
+        super();
 
-		completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
+        completionPort = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 0);
-		if (!completionPort)
+        if (!completionPort)
-		{
+        {
-			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
-			                            "Creating completion port failed");
+                                        "Creating completion port failed");
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-								  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-								  EventMask events) @nogc
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		SocketState overlapped;
+        SocketState overlapped;
-		if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
+        if (!(oldEvents & Event.accept) && (events & Event.accept))
-		{
+        {
-			auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
+            auto socket = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) watcher.socket;
-			assert(socket !is null);
+            assert(socket !is null);
 
-			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
+            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) socket.handle,
-									   completionPort,
+                                       completionPort,
-									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
-									   0) !is completionPort)
+                                       0) !is completionPort)
-			{
+            {
-				return false;
+                return false;
-			}
+            }
 
-			try
+            try
-			{
+            {
-				overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-				socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
+                socket.beginAccept(overlapped);
-			}
+            }
-			catch (SocketException e)
+            catch (SocketException e)
-			{
+            {
-				MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-				return false;
+                return false;
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read)
+        if ((!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-			|| !(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write))
+            || (!(oldEvents & Event.write) && (events & Event.write)))
-		{
+        {
-			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) watcher;
-			assert(transport !is null);
+            assert(transport !is null);
 
-			if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
+            if (CreateIoCompletionPort(cast(HANDLE) transport.socket.handle,
-									   completionPort,
+                                       completionPort,
-									   cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
+                                       cast(ULONG_PTR) (cast(void*) watcher),
-									   0) !is completionPort)
+                                       0) !is completionPort)
-			{
+            {
-				return false;
+                return false;
-			}
+            }
 
-			// Begin to read
+            // Begin to read
-			if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
+            if (!(oldEvents & Event.read) && (events & Event.read))
-			{
+            {
-				try
+                try
-				{
+                {
-					overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
+                    overlapped = MmapPool.instance.make!SocketState;
-					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-				}
+                }
-				catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-				{
+                {
-					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-					defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                    defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-					return false;
+                    return false;
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		return true;
+        return true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+    private void kill(StreamTransport transport,
-	                  SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+                      SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(transport !is null);
+        assert(transport !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		transport.socket.shutdown();
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
-		defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
-		transport.exception = exception;
+        transport.exception = exception;
-		pendings.enqueue(transport);
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
+     * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected void poll() @nogc
+    override protected void poll() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
+        DWORD lpNumberOfBytes;
-		ULONG_PTR key;
+        ULONG_PTR key;
-		LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
+        LPOVERLAPPED overlap;
-		immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
 
-		auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
+        auto result = GetQueuedCompletionStatus(completionPort,
-												&lpNumberOfBytes,
+                                                &lpNumberOfBytes,
-												&key,
+                                                &key,
-												&overlap,
+                                                &overlap,
-												timeout);
+                                                timeout);
-		if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
+        if (result == FALSE && overlap == NULL)
-		{
+        {
-			return; // Timeout
+            return; // Timeout
-		}
+        }
 
-		auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
+        auto overlapped = (cast(SocketState) ((cast(void*) overlap) - 8));
-		assert(overlapped !is null);
+        assert(overlapped !is null);
-		scope (failure)
+        scope (failure)
-		{
+        {
-			MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-		}
+        }
 
-		switch (overlapped.event)
+        switch (overlapped.event)
-		{
+        {
-			case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.accept:
-				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) (cast(void*) key);
-				assert(connection !is null);
+                assert(connection !is null);
 
-				auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
+                auto listener = cast(OverlappedStreamSocket) connection.socket;
-				assert(listener !is null);
+                assert(listener !is null);
 
-				auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
+                auto socket = listener.endAccept(overlapped);
-				auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
+                auto transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(socket);
 
-				connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
+                connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
 
-				reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
 
-				pendings.enqueue(connection);
+                pendings.enqueue(connection);
-				listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
+                listener.beginAccept(overlapped);
-				break;
+                break;
-			case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.read:
-				auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-				assert(transport !is null);
+                assert(transport !is null);
 
-				if (!transport.active)
+                if (!transport.active)
-				{
+                {
-					MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(transport);
-					MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
+                    MmapPool.instance.dispose(overlapped);
-					return;
+                    return;
-				}
+                }
 
-				int received;
+                int received;
-				SocketException exception;
+                SocketException exception;
-				try
+                try
-				{
+                {
-					received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
+                    received = transport.socket.endReceive(overlapped);
-				}
+                }
-				catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-				{
+                {
-					exception = e;
+                    exception = e;
-				}
+                }
-				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-				{
+                {
-					// We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
+                    // We want to get one last notification to destroy the watcher.
-					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-					kill(transport, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
-				}
+                }
-				else if (received > 0)
+                else if (received > 0)
-				{
+                {
-					immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
+                    immutable full = transport.output.free == received;
 
-					transport.output += received;
+                    transport.output += received;
-					// Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
+                    // Receive was interrupted because the buffer is full. We have to continue.
-					if (full)
+                    if (full)
-					{
+                    {
-						transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                        transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-					}
+                    }
-					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-				}
+                }
-				break;
+                break;
-			case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
+            case OverlappedSocketEvent.write:
-				auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
+                auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) (cast(void*) key);
-				assert(transport !is null);
+                assert(transport !is null);
 
-				transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
+                transport.input += transport.socket.endSend(overlapped);
-				if (transport.input.length > 0)
+                if (transport.input.length > 0)
-				{
+                {
-					transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginSend(transport.input[], overlapped);
-				}
+                }
-				else
+                else
-				{
+                {
-					transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
+                    transport.socket.beginReceive(transport.output[], overlapped);
-					if (transport.isClosing())
+                    if (transport.isClosing())
-					{
+                    {
-						kill(transport);
+                        kill(transport);
-					}
+                    }
-				}
+                }
-				break;
+                break;
-			default:
+            default:
-				assert(false, "Unknown event");
+                assert(false, "Unknown event");
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
-}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -2,41 +2,48 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
+/*
+ * Event loop implementation for *BSD.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/kqueue.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.kqueue;
 
-version (OSX)
+version (D_Ddoc)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+}
+else version (OSX)
+{
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (TVOS)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (WatchOS)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (FreeBSD)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-	version = MacBSD;
+    version = MacBSD;
 }
 
 version (MacBSD):
@@ -50,62 +57,62 @@ import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.vector;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
 
 void EV_SET(kevent_t* kevp, typeof(kevent_t.tupleof) args) pure nothrow @nogc
 {
-	*kevp = kevent_t(args);
+    *kevp = kevent_t(args);
 }
 
 enum : short
 {
-	EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
+    EVFILT_READ     =  -1,
-	EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
+    EVFILT_WRITE    =  -2,
-	EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
+    EVFILT_AIO      =  -3, /* attached to aio requests */
-	EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
+    EVFILT_VNODE    =  -4, /* attached to vnodes */
-	EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_PROC     =  -5, /* attached to struct proc */
-	EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
+    EVFILT_SIGNAL   =  -6, /* attached to struct proc */
-	EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
+    EVFILT_TIMER    =  -7, /* timers */
-	EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
+    EVFILT_MACHPORT =  -8, /* Mach portsets */
-	EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
+    EVFILT_FS       =  -9, /* filesystem events */
-	EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
+    EVFILT_USER     = -10, /* User events */
-	EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
+    EVFILT_VM       = -12, /* virtual memory events */
-	EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
+    EVFILT_SYSCOUNT =  11
 }
 
 struct kevent_t
 {
-	uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
-	short       filter; /* filter for event */
+    short       filter; /* filter for event */
-	ushort       flags;
+    ushort       flags;
-	uint        fflags;
+    uint        fflags;
-	intptr_t      data;
+    intptr_t      data;
-	void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
 }
 
 enum
 {
-	/* actions */
+    /* actions */
-	EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
+    EV_ADD      = 0x0001, /* add event to kq (implies enable) */
-	EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
+    EV_DELETE   = 0x0002, /* delete event from kq */
-	EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
+    EV_ENABLE   = 0x0004, /* enable event */
-	EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
+    EV_DISABLE  = 0x0008, /* disable event (not reported) */
 
-	/* flags */
+    /* flags */
-	EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
+    EV_ONESHOT  = 0x0010, /* only report one occurrence */
-	EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
+    EV_CLEAR    = 0x0020, /* clear event state after reporting */
-	EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
+    EV_RECEIPT  = 0x0040, /* force EV_ERROR on success, data=0 */
-	EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
+    EV_DISPATCH = 0x0080, /* disable event after reporting */
 
-	EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
+    EV_SYSFLAGS = 0xF000, /* reserved by system */
-	EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
+    EV_FLAG1    = 0x2000, /* filter-specific flag */
 
-	/* returned values */
+    /* returned values */
-	EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
+    EV_EOF      = 0x8000, /* EOF detected */
-	EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
+    EV_ERROR    = 0x4000, /* error, data contains errno */
 }
 
 extern(C) int kqueue() nothrow @nogc;
@@ -115,211 +122,211 @@ extern(C) int kevent(int kq, const kevent_t *changelist, int nchanges,
 
 final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
 {
-	protected int fd;
+    protected int fd;
-	private Vector!kevent_t events;
+    private Array!kevent_t events;
-	private Vector!kevent_t changes;
+    private Array!kevent_t changes;
-	private size_t changeCount;
+    private size_t changeCount;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    override protected @property uint maxEvents()
-	const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return cast(uint) events.length;
+        return cast(uint) events.length;
-	}
+    }
 
-	this() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super();
+        super();
 
-		if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
+        if ((fd = kqueue()) == -1)
-		{
+        {
-			throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
+            throw make!BadLoopException(defaultAllocator,
-			                            "kqueue initialization failed");
+                                        "kqueue initialization failed");
-		}
+        }
-		events = Vector!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+        events = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
-		changes = Vector!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
+        changes = Array!kevent_t(64, MmapPool.instance);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Frees loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
-	 */
+     */
-	~this() @nogc
+    ~this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		close(fd);
+        close(fd);
-	}
+    }
 
-	private void set(socket_t socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
+    private void set(SocketType socket, short filter, ushort flags) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (changes.length <= changeCount)
+        if (changes.length <= changeCount)
-		{
+        {
-			changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
+            changes.length = changeCount + maxEvents;
-		}
+        }
-		EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
+        EV_SET(&changes[changeCount],
-		       cast(ulong) socket,
+               cast(ulong) socket,
-		       filter,
+               filter,
-		       flags,
+               flags,
-		       0U,
+               0U,
-		       0L,
+               0L,
-		       null);
+               null);
-		++changeCount;
+        ++changeCount;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+     * 	watcher   = Watcher.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+     * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+    override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-	                              EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-	                              EventMask events) @nogc
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (events != oldEvents)
+        if (events != oldEvents)
-		{
+        {
-			if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
+            if (oldEvents & Event.read || oldEvents & Event.accept)
-			{
+            {
-				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
+                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE);
-			}
+            }
-			if (oldEvents & Event.write)
+            if (oldEvents & Event.write)
-			{
+            {
-				set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
+                set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE);
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
+        if (events & (Event.read | events & Event.accept))
-		{
+        {
-			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
+            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE);
-		}
+        }
-		if (events & Event.write)
+        if (events & Event.write)
-		{
+        {
-			set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
+            set(watcher.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_DISPATCH);
-		}
+        }
-		return true;
+        return true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Does the actual polling.
+     * Does the actual polling.
-	 */
+     */
-	protected override void poll() @nogc
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		timespec ts;
+        timespec ts;
-		blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
+        blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 
-		if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
+        if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
-		{
+        {
-			events.length = changes.length;
+            events.length = changes.length;
-		}
+        }
 
-		auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
+        auto eventCount = kevent(fd,
-		                         changes.get().ptr,
+                                 changes.get().ptr,
-		                         cast(int) changeCount,
+                                 cast(int) changeCount,
-		                         events.get().ptr,
+                                 events.get().ptr,
-		                         maxEvents,
+                                 maxEvents,
-		                         &ts);
+                                 &ts);
-		changeCount = 0;
+        changeCount = 0;
 
-		if (eventCount < 0)
+        if (eventCount < 0)
-		{
+        {
-			if (errno != EINTR)
+            if (errno != EINTR)
-			{
+            {
-				throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-			}
+            }
-			return;
+            return;
-		}
+        }
 
-		for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
+        for (int i; i < eventCount; ++i)
-		{
+        {
-			assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
+            assert(connections.length > events[i].ident);
 
-			auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].ident];
-			// If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
+            // If it is a ConnectionWatcher. Accept connections.
-			if (transport is null)
+            if (transport is null)
-			{
+            {
-				auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].ident];
-				assert(connection !is null);
+                assert(connection !is null);
 
-				acceptConnections(connection);
+                acceptConnections(connection);
-			}
+            }
-			else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
+            else if (events[i].flags & EV_ERROR)
-			{
+            {
-				kill(transport);
+                kill(transport);
-			}
+            }
-			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
+            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_READ)
-			{
+            {
-				SocketException exception;
+                SocketException exception;
-				try
+                try
-				{
+                {
-					ptrdiff_t received;
+                    ptrdiff_t received;
-					do
+                    do
-					{
+                    {
-						received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-						transport.output += received;
+                        transport.output += received;
-					}
+                    }
-					while (received);
+                    while (received);
-				}
+                }
-				catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-				{
+                {
-					exception = e;
+                    exception = e;
-				}
+                }
-				if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-				{
+                {
-					kill(transport, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
-				}
+                }
-				else if (transport.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
-				{
+                {
-					pendings.enqueue(transport);
+                    pendings.enqueue(transport);
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-			else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+            else if (events[i].filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
-			{
+            {
-				transport.writeReady = true;
+                transport.writeReady = true;
-				if (transport.input.length)
+                if (transport.input.length)
-				{
+                {
-					feed(transport);
+                    feed(transport);
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
-	 */
+     */
-	override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-	inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-	{
+    {
-		return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-	 * be handled by the event loop.
+     * be handled by the event loop.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Transport.
+     * 	transport = Transport.
-	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
-	 */
+     */
-	protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+    protected override bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
-	                             SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+                                 SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
+        if (!super.feed(transport, exception))
-		{
+        {
-			return false;
+            return false;
-		}
+        }
-		if (!transport.writeReady)
+        if (!transport.writeReady)
-		{
+        {
-			set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
+            set(transport.socket.handle, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DISPATCH);
-			return true;
+            return true;
-		}
+        }
-		return false;
+        return false;
-	}
+    }
 }

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -2,22 +2,29 @@
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
-/**
+/*
+ * This module contains base implementations for reactor event loops.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/selector.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/event/selector.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.event.selector;
 
-version (Posix):
+version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
+else version (Posix):
 
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.protocol;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
-import tanya.container.vector;
+import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 import tanya.network.socket;
@@ -27,371 +34,374 @@ import tanya.network.socket;
  */
 package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
 {
-	private SelectorLoop loop;
+    private SelectorLoop loop;
 
-	private SocketException exception;
+    private SocketException exception;
 
-	package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
+    package ReadBuffer!ubyte output;
 
-	package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
+    package WriteBuffer!ubyte input;
 
-	private Protocol protocol_;
+    private Protocol protocol_;
 
-	private bool closing;
+    private bool closing;
 
-	/// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
+    /// Received notification that the underlying socket is write-ready.
-	package bool writeReady;
+    package bool writeReady;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	loop   = Event loop.
+     *  loop   = Event loop.
-	 * 	socket = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE loop !is null && socket !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
+    this(SelectorLoop loop, ConnectedSocket socket) @nogc
-	in 
+    in 
-	{
+    {
-		assert(loop !is null);
+        assert(loop !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		super(socket);
+        super(socket);
-		this.loop = loop;
+        this.loop = loop;
-		output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
+        output = ReadBuffer!ubyte(8192, 1024, MmapPool.instance);
-		input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
+        input = WriteBuffer!ubyte(8192, MmapPool.instance);
-		active = true;
+        active = true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
+     * Returns: Socket.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    override @property ConnectedSocket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	out (socket)
+    out (socket)
-	{
+    {
-		assert(socket !is null);
+        assert(socket !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
+        return cast(ConnectedSocket) socket_;
-	}
+    }
 
-	private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private @property void socket(ConnectedSocket socket)
-	in
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    in
-		assert(socket !is null);
+    {
-	}
+        assert(socket !is null);
-	body
+    }
-	{
+    body
-		socket_ = socket;
+    {
-	}
+        socket_ = socket;
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 */
+     */
-	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return protocol_;
+        return protocol_;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Switches the protocol.
+     * Switches the protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(protocol !is null);
+        assert(protocol !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		protocol_ = protocol;
+        protocol_ = protocol;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-	 */
+     */
-	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return closing;
+        return closing;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Close the transport.
+     * Close the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-	 */
+     */
-	void close() @nogc
+    void close() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		closing = true;
+        closing = true;
-		loop.reify(this, EventMask(Event.read, Event.write), EventMask(Event.write));
+        loop.reify(this,
-	}
+                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.write));
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Invokes the watcher callback.
+     * Invokes the watcher callback.
-	 */
+     */
-	override void invoke() @nogc
+    override void invoke() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (output.length)
+        if (output.length)
-		{
+        {
-			protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
+            protocol.received(output[0 .. $]);
-			output.clear();
+            output.clear();
-			if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
+            if (isClosing() && input.length == 0)
-			{
+            {
-				loop.kill(this);
+                loop.kill(this);
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		else
+        else
-		{
+        {
-			protocol.disconnected(exception);
+            protocol.disconnected(exception);
-			MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(protocol_);
-			defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
-			active = false;
+            active = false;
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
+     * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
-	 */
+     */
-	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (!data.length)
+        if (!data.length)
-		{
+        {
-			return;
+            return;
-		}
+        }
-		// Try to write if the socket is write ready.
+        // Try to write if the socket is write ready.
-		if (writeReady)
+        if (writeReady)
-		{
+        {
-			ptrdiff_t sent;
+            ptrdiff_t sent;
-			SocketException exception;
+            SocketException exception;
-			try
+            try
-			{
+            {
-				sent = socket.send(data);
+                sent = socket.send(data);
-				if (sent == 0)
+                if (sent == 0)
-				{
+                {
-					writeReady = false;
+                    writeReady = false;
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-			catch (SocketException e)
+            catch (SocketException e)
-			{
+            {
-				writeReady = false;
+                writeReady = false;
-				exception = e;
+                exception = e;
-			}
+            }
-			if (sent < data.length)
+            if (sent < data.length)
-			{
+            {
-				input ~= data[sent..$];
+                input ~= data[sent..$];
-				loop.feed(this, exception);
+                loop.feed(this, exception);
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		else
+        else
-		{
+        {
-			input ~= data;
+            input ~= data;
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 }
 
 abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
 {
-	/// Pending connections.
+    /// Pending connections.
-	protected Vector!SocketWatcher connections;
+    protected Array!SocketWatcher connections;
 
-	this() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super();
+        super();
-		connections = Vector!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
+        connections = Array!SocketWatcher(maxEvents, MmapPool.instance);
-	}
+    }
 
-	~this() @nogc
+    ~this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		foreach (ref connection; connections)
+        foreach (ref connection; connections)
-		{
+        {
-			// We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are created by the
+            // We want to free only the transports. ConnectionWatcher are
-			// user and should be freed by himself.
+            // created by the user and should be freed by himself.
-			if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
+            if (cast(StreamTransport) connection !is null)
-			{
+            {
-				MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
+                MmapPool.instance.dispose(connection);
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
+     */
-	override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+    override abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-	                                       EventMask oldEvents,
+                                           EventMask oldEvents,
-	                                       EventMask events) @nogc;
+                                           EventMask events) @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
+     * Kills the watcher and closes the connection.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Transport.
+     *  transport = Transport.
-	 * 	exception = Occurred exception.
+     *  exception = Occurred exception.
-	 */
+     */
-	protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
+    protected void kill(StreamTransport transport,
-	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(transport !is null);
+        assert(transport !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		transport.socket.shutdown();
+        transport.socket.shutdown();
-		defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(transport.socket);
-		transport.exception = exception;
+        transport.exception = exception;
-		pendings.enqueue(transport);
+        pendings.enqueue(transport);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
+     * If the transport couldn't send the data, the further sending should
-	 * be handled by the event loop.
+     * be handled by the event loop.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Transport.
+     *  transport = Transport.
-	 * 	exception = Exception thrown on sending.
+     *  exception = Exception thrown on sending.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation could be successfully
-	 *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
+     *          completed or scheduled, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise (the
-	 *          transport will be destroyed then).
+     *          transport will be destroyed then).
-	 */
+     */
-	protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
+    protected bool feed(StreamTransport transport,
-	                    SocketException exception = null) @nogc
+                        SocketException exception = null) @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(transport !is null);
+        assert(transport !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
+        while (transport.input.length && transport.writeReady)
-		{
+        {
-			try
+            try
-			{
+            {
-				ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
+                ptrdiff_t sent = transport.socket.send(transport.input[]);
-				if (sent == 0)
+                if (sent == 0)
-				{
+                {
-					transport.writeReady = false;
+                    transport.writeReady = false;
-				}
+                }
-				else
+                else
-				{
+                {
-					transport.input += sent;
+                    transport.input += sent;
-				}
+                }
-			}
+            }
-			catch (SocketException e)
+            catch (SocketException e)
-			{
+            {
-				exception = e;
+                exception = e;
-				transport.writeReady = false;
+                transport.writeReady = false;
-			}
+            }
-		}
+        }
-		if (exception !is null)
+        if (exception !is null)
-		{
+        {
-			kill(transport, exception);
+            kill(transport, exception);
-			return false;
+            return false;
-		}
+        }
-		if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
+        if (transport.input.length == 0 && transport.isClosing())
-		{
+        {
-			kill(transport);
+            kill(transport);
-		}
+        }
-		return true;
+        return true;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Start watching.
+     * Start watching.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
+     */
-	override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    override void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		if (watcher.active)
+        if (watcher.active)
-		{
+        {
-			return;
+            return;
-		}
+        }
 
-		if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
+        if (connections.length <= watcher.socket)
-		{
+        {
-			connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+            connections.length = watcher.socket.handle + maxEvents / 2;
-		}
+        }
-		connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
+        connections[watcher.socket.handle] = watcher;
 
-		super.start(watcher);
+        super.start(watcher);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Accept incoming connections.
+     * Accept incoming connections.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
+     *  connection = Connection watcher ready to accept.
-	 */
+     */
-	package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
+    package void acceptConnections(ConnectionWatcher connection) @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(connection !is null);
+        assert(connection !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		while (true)
+        while (true)
-		{
+        {
-			ConnectedSocket client;
+            ConnectedSocket client;
-			try
+            try
-			{
+            {
-				client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
+                client = (cast(StreamSocket) connection.socket).accept();
-			}
+            }
-			catch (SocketException e)
+            catch (SocketException e)
-			{
+            {
-				defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
+                defaultAllocator.dispose(e);
-				break;
+                break;
-			}
+            }
-			if (client is null)
+            if (client is null)
-			{
+            {
-				break;
+                break;
-			}
+            }
 
-			StreamTransport transport;
+            StreamTransport transport;
 
-			if (connections.length > client.handle)
+            if (connections.length > client.handle)
-			{
+            {
-				transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
+                transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[client.handle];
-			}
+            }
-			else
+            else
-			{
+            {
-				connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
+                connections.length = client.handle + maxEvents / 2;
-			}
+            }
-			if (transport is null)
+            if (transport is null)
-			{
+            {
-				transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
+                transport = MmapPool.instance.make!StreamTransport(this, client);
-				connections[client.handle] = transport;
+                connections[client.handle] = transport;
-			}
+            }
-			else
+            else
-			{
+            {
-				transport.socket = client;
+                transport.socket = client;
-			}
+            }
 
-			reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
-			connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
+            connection.incoming.enqueue(transport);
-		}
+        }
 
-		if (!connection.incoming.empty)
+        if (!connection.incoming.empty)
-		{
+        {
-			pendings.enqueue(connection);
+            pendings.enqueue(connection);
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 }

source/tanya/async/iocp.d

@@ -3,14 +3,39 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This module provides API for Windows I/O Completion Ports.
+ *
+ * Note: Available only on Windows.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/iocp.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/iocp.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.iocp;
 
-version (Windows):
+version (Windows)
+{
+    version = WindowsDoc;
+}
+else version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+    version = WindowsDoc;
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private struct OVERLAPPED
+        {
+        }
+        private alias HANDLE = void*;
+    }
+}
+
+version (WindowsDoc):
 
 import core.sys.windows.winbase;
 import core.sys.windows.windef;
@@ -21,12 +46,12 @@ import core.sys.windows.windef;
  */
 class State
 {
-	/// For internal use by Windows API.
+    /// For internal use by Windows API.
-	align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+    align(1) OVERLAPPED overlapped;
 
-	/// File/socket handle.
+    /// File/socket handle.
-	HANDLE handle;
+    HANDLE handle;
 
-	/// For keeping events or event masks.
+    /// For keeping events or event masks.
-	int event;
+    int event;
 }

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Interface for the event loop implementations and the default event loop
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ * chooser.
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
  *
  * ---
  * import tanya.async;
@@ -15,52 +13,59 @@
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
- * 	private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *  private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- * 	void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
- * 	{
+ *  {
- * 		transport.write(data);
+ *      transport.write(data);
- * 	}
+ *  }
  *
- * 	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
- * 	{
+ *  {
- * 		this.transport = transport;
+ *      this.transport = transport;
- * 	}
+ *  }
  *
- * 	void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
+ *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
- * 	{
+ *  {
- * 	}
+ *  }
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- * 	auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
- * 	version (Windows)
+ *  version (Windows)
- * 	{
+ *  {
- * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- * 	}
+ *  }
- * 	else
+ *  else
- * 	{
+ *  {
- * 		auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.INET);
+ *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- * 		sock.blocking = false;
+ *      sock.blocking = false;
- * 	}
+ *  }
  *
- * 	sock.bind(address);
+ *  sock.bind(address);
- * 	sock.listen(5);
+ *  sock.listen(5);
  *
- * 	auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- * 	io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
- * 	defaultLoop.start(io);
+ *  defaultLoop.start(io);
- * 	defaultLoop.run();
+ *  defaultLoop.run();
  *
- * 	sock.shutdown();
+ *  sock.shutdown();
- * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
- * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
- * 	defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
+ *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/loop.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/loop.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
@@ -79,35 +84,62 @@ import tanya.network.socket;
 version (DisableBackends)
 {
 }
+else version (D_Ddoc)
+{
+}
 else version (linux)
 {
-	import tanya.async.event.epoll;
+    import tanya.async.event.epoll;
-	version = Epoll;
+    version = Epoll;
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
-	import tanya.async.event.iocp;
+    import tanya.async.event.iocp;
-	version = IOCP;
+    version = IOCP;
 }
 else version (OSX)
 {
-	version = Kqueue;
+    version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (iOS)
 {
-	version = Kqueue;
+    version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (FreeBSD)
 {
-	version = Kqueue;
+    version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (OpenBSD)
 {
-	version = Kqueue;
+    version = Kqueue;
 }
 else version (DragonFlyBSD)
 {
-	version = Kqueue;
+    version = Kqueue;
+}
+version (unittest)
+{
+    final class TestLoop : Loop
+    {
+        override protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                      EventMask oldEvents,
+                                      EventMask events) @nogc
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        override protected void poll() @nogc
+        {
+            assert(!this.done);
+            unloop();
+        }
+
+        override protected @property uint maxEvents()
+        const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        {
+            return 64U;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -115,11 +147,11 @@ else version (DragonFlyBSD)
  */
 enum Event : uint
 {
-	none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
+    none   = 0x00,       /// No events.
-	read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
+    read   = 0x01,       /// Non-blocking read call.
-	write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
+    write  = 0x02,       /// Non-blocking write call.
-	accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
+    accept = 0x04,       /// Connection made.
-	error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
+    error  = 0x80000000, /// Sent when an error occurs.
 }
 
 alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
@@ -129,150 +161,194 @@ alias EventMask = BitFlags!Event;
  */
 abstract class Loop
 {
-	private bool done;
+    private bool done = true;
 
-	/// Pending watchers.
+    /// Pending watchers.
-	protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
+    protected Queue!Watcher pendings;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
+     * Returns: Maximal event count can be got at a time
-	 *          (should be supported by the backend).
+     *          (should be supported by the backend).
-	 */
+     */
-	protected @property uint maxEvents()
+    protected @property uint maxEvents()
-	const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return 128U;
+        return 128U;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    private unittest
-	 * Initializes the loop.
+    {
-	 */
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-	this() @nogc
+        assert(loop.maxEvents == 64);
-	{
-		pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
-	}
 
-	/**
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-	 * Frees loop internals.
+    }
-	 */
-	~this() @nogc
-	{
-		foreach (w; pendings)
-		{
-			MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
-		}
-	}
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Starts the loop.
+     * Initializes the loop.
-	 */
+     */
-	void run() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		done = false;
+        pendings = Queue!Watcher(MmapPool.instance);
-		do
+    }
-		{
-			poll();
 
-			// Invoke pendings
+    /**
-			foreach (ref w; pendings)
+     * Frees loop internals.
-			{
+     */
-				w.invoke();
+    ~this() @nogc
-			}
+    {
-		}
+        foreach (w; pendings)
-		while (!done);
+        {
-	}
+            MmapPool.instance.dispose(w);
+        }
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Break out of the loop.
+     * Starts the loop.
-	 */
+     */
-	void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    void run() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		done = true;
+        this.done = false;
-	}
+        do
+        {
+            poll();
 
-	/**
+            // Invoke pendings
-	 * Start watching.
+            foreach (ref w; this.pendings)
-	 *
+            {
-	 * Params:
+                w.invoke();
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
+            }
-	 */
+        }
-	void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+        while (!this.done);
-	{
+    }
-		if (watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = true;
 
-		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
+    /**
-	}
+     * Break out of the loop.
+     */
+    void unloop() @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        this.done = true;
+    }
 
-	/**
+    private unittest
-	 * Stop watching.
+    {
-	 *
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-	 * Params:
+        assert(loop.done);
-	 * 	watcher = Watcher.
-	 */
-	void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
-	{
-		if (!watcher.active)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-		watcher.active = false;
 
-		reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
+        loop.run();
-	}
+        assert(loop.done);
 
-	/**
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-	 * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+    }
-	 *
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	watcher   = Watcher.
-	 * 	oldEvents = The events were already set.
-	 * 	events    = The events should be set.
-	 *
-	 * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-	 */
-	abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-	                              EventMask oldEvents,
-	                              EventMask events) @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    private unittest
-	 * Returns: The blocking time.
+    {
-	 */
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
-	protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+        auto watcher = defaultAllocator.make!DummyWatcher;
-	inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+        loop.pendings.enqueue(watcher);
-	{
-		// Don't block if we have to do.
-		return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
-	}
 
-	/**
+        assert(!watcher.invoked);
-	 * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
+        loop.run();
-	 *
+        assert(watcher.invoked);
-	 * Params:
-	 * 	blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
-	 * 	            $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
-	 */
-	protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
-	in
-	{
-		assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
-		assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
-	}
-	body
-	{
-		blockTime_ = blockTime;
-	}
 
-	/**
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
-	 * Does the actual polling.
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(watcher);
-	 */
+    }
-	abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
 
-	/// Maximal block time.
+    /**
-	protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
+     * Start watching.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
+     */
+    void start(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    {
+        if (watcher.active)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        watcher.active = true;
+
+        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.accept));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop watching.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher = Watcher.
+     */
+    void stop(ConnectionWatcher watcher) @nogc
+    {
+        if (!watcher.active)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        watcher.active = false;
+
+        reify(watcher, EventMask(Event.accept), EventMask(Event.none));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     */
+    abstract protected bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
+     */
+    protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    inout @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // Don't block if we have to do.
+        return pendings.empty ? blockTime_ : Duration.zero;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the blocking time for IO watchers.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  blockTime = The blocking time. Cannot be larger than
+     *              $(D_PSYMBOL maxBlockTime).
+     */
+    protected @property void blockTime(in Duration blockTime) @safe pure nothrow @nogc
+    in
+    {
+        assert(blockTime <= 1.dur!"hours", "Too long to wait.");
+        assert(!blockTime.isNegative);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        blockTime_ = blockTime;
+    }
+
+    private unittest
+    {
+        auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+        assert(loop.blockTime == 1.dur!"minutes");
+
+        loop.blockTime = 2.dur!"minutes";
+        assert(loop.blockTime == 2.dur!"minutes");
+
+        defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual polling.
+     */
+    abstract protected void poll() @nogc;
+
+    /// Maximal block time.
+    protected Duration blockTime_ = 1.dur!"minutes";
 }
 
 /**
@@ -280,17 +356,17 @@ abstract class Loop
  */
 class BadLoopException : Exception
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-	 * 	next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-	 */
+     */
-	this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
+    this(string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
-	pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
+    pure nothrow const @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
+        super("Event loop cannot be initialized.", file, line, next);
-	}
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -302,24 +378,24 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  */
 @property Loop defaultLoop() @nogc
 {
-	if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
+    if (defaultLoop_ !is null)
-	{
+    {
-		return defaultLoop_;
+        return defaultLoop_;
-	}
+    }
-	version (Epoll)
+    version (Epoll)
-	{
+    {
-		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!EpollLoop;
-	}
+    }
-	else version (IOCP)
+    else version (IOCP)
-	{
+    {
-		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!IOCPLoop;
-	}
+    }
-	else version (Kqueue)
+    else version (Kqueue)
-	{
+    {
-		import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
+        import tanya.async.event.kqueue;
-		defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
+        defaultLoop_ = MmapPool.instance.make!KqueueLoop;
-	}
+    }
-	return defaultLoop_;
+    return defaultLoop_;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -331,16 +407,29 @@ class BadLoopException : Exception
  * your implementation to this property.
  *
  * Params:
- * 	loop = The event loop.
+ *  loop = The event loop.
  */
 @property void defaultLoop(Loop loop) @nogc
 in
 {
-	assert(loop !is null);
+    assert(loop !is null);
 }
 body
 {
-	defaultLoop_ = loop;
+    defaultLoop_ = loop;
 }
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto oldLoop = defaultLoop_;
+    auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
+
+    defaultLoop = loop;
+    assert(defaultLoop_ is loop);
+    assert(defaultLoop is loop);
+
+    defaultLoop_ = oldLoop;
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
+}

source/tanya/async/package.d

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This package provides asynchronous capabilities.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.async;
 

source/tanya/async/protocol.d

@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This module contains protocol which handle data in asynchronous
+ * applications.
+ *
+ * When an event from the network arrives, a protocol method gets
+ * called and can respond to the event.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/protocol.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/protocol.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.protocol;
 
@@ -18,28 +26,28 @@ import tanya.async.transport;
  */
 interface Protocol
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	data = Read data.
+     *  data = Read data.
-	 */
+     */
-	void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
+    void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Called when a connection is made.
+     * Called when a connection is made.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	transport = Protocol transport.
+     *  transport = Protocol transport.
-	 */
+     */
-	void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
+    void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Called when a connection is lost.
+     * Called when a connection is lost.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
+     *  exception = $(D_PSYMBOL Exception) if an error caused
-	 * 	            the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
+     *              the disconnect, $(D_KEYWORD null) otherwise.
-	 */
+     */
-	void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
+    void disconnected(SocketException exception) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/async/transport.d

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This module contains transports which are responsible for data dilvery
+ * between two parties of an asynchronous communication.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/transport.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/transport.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.transport;
 
@@ -32,13 +37,13 @@ interface ReadTransport : Transport
  */
 interface WriteTransport : Transport
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Write some data to the transport.
+     * Write some data to the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	data = Data to send.
+     *  data = Data to send.
-	 */
+     */
-	void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
+    void write(ubyte[] data) @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -46,46 +51,46 @@ interface WriteTransport : Transport
  */
 interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Application protocol.
+     * Returns: Application protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	@property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property Protocol protocol() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	out (protocol)
+    out (protocol)
-	{
+    {
-		assert(protocol !is null);
+        assert(protocol !is null);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Switches the protocol.
+     * Switches the protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
+     * The protocol is deallocated by the event loop, it should currently be
-	 * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
+     * allocated with $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool).
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	protocol = Application protocol.
+     *  protocol = Application protocol.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE protocol !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	@property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void protocol(Protocol protocol) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(protocol !is null);
+        assert(protocol !is null);
-	}
+    }
 
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
+     * Returns $(D_PARAM true) if the transport is closing or closed.
-	 */
+     */
-	bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    bool isClosing() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Close the transport.
+     * Close the transport.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
+     * Buffered data will be flushed.  No more data will be received.
-	 */
+     */
-	void close() @nogc;
+    void close() @nogc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -93,8 +98,8 @@ interface DuplexTransport : ReadTransport, WriteTransport
  */
 interface SocketTransport : Transport
 {
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
+     * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
+     */
-	@property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/async/watcher.d

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Watchers register user's interest in some event.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/watcher.d,
+ *                 tanya/async/watcher.d)
  */
 module tanya.async.watcher;
 
@@ -27,13 +31,26 @@ import tanya.network.socket;
  */
 abstract class Watcher
 {
-	/// Whether the watcher is active.
+    /// Whether the watcher is active.
-	bool active;
+    bool active;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Invoke some action on event.
+     * Invoke some action on event.
-	 */
+     */
-	void invoke() @nogc;
+    void invoke() @nogc;
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    final class DummyWatcher : Watcher
+    {
+        bool invoked;
+
+        override void invoke() @nogc
+        {
+            this.invoked = true;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -41,32 +58,32 @@ abstract class Watcher
  */
 abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
 {
-	/// Watched socket.
+    /// Watched socket.
-	protected Socket socket_;
+    protected Socket socket_;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	socket = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
-	 *
+     *
-	 * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE socket !is null)
-	 */
+     */
-	this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    this(Socket socket) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(socket !is null);
+        assert(socket !is null);
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		socket_ = socket;
+        socket_ = socket;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Returns: Socket.
+     * Returns: Socket.
-	 */
+     */
-	@property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property Socket socket() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		return socket_;
+        return socket_;
-	}
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -74,44 +91,44 @@ abstract class SocketWatcher : Watcher
  */
 class ConnectionWatcher : SocketWatcher
 {
-	/// Incoming connection queue.
+    /// Incoming connection queue.
-	Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
+    Queue!DuplexTransport incoming;
 
-	private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
+    private Protocol delegate() @nogc protocolFactory;
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	socket = Socket.
+     *  socket = Socket.
-	 */
+     */
-	this(Socket socket) @nogc
+    this(Socket socket) @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		super(socket);
+        super(socket);
-		incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
+        incoming = Queue!DuplexTransport(MmapPool.instance);
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Params:
+     * Params:
-	 * 	P = Protocol should be used.
+     *  P = Protocol should be used.
-	 */
+     */
-	void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
+    void setProtocol(P : Protocol)() @nogc
-	{
+    {
-		this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
+        this.protocolFactory = () @nogc => cast(Protocol) MmapPool.instance.make!P;
-	}
+    }
 
-	/**
+    /**
-	 * Invokes new connection callback.
+     * Invokes new connection callback.
-	 */
+     */
-	override void invoke() @nogc
+    override void invoke() @nogc
-	in
+    in
-	{
+    {
-		assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
+        assert(protocolFactory !is null, "Protocol isn't set.");
-	}
+    }
-	body
+    body
-	{
+    {
-		foreach (transport; incoming)
+        foreach (transport; incoming)
-		{
+        {
-			transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
+            transport.protocol = protocolFactory();
-			transport.protocol.connected(transport);
+            transport.protocol.connected(transport);
-		}
+        }
-	}
+    }
 }

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This module contains buffers designed for C-style input/output APIs.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/buffer.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/buffer.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.buffer;
 
@@ -333,9 +337,9 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
 
     /**
      * Params:
-     * 	size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
+     *  size      = Initial buffer size and the size by which the buffer will
-     * 	            grow.
+     *              grow.
-     * 	allocator = Allocator.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
@@ -428,7 +432,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      * Appends data to the buffer.
      *
      * Params:
-     * 	buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
+     *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
     ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
         if (op == "~")
@@ -535,7 +539,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      * appropriately. Always call it after $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      *
      * Params:
-     * 	length = Length of the written data.
+     *  length = Length of the written data.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -9,14 +9,100 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/entry.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/entry.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.entry;
 
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.typecons;
+
 package struct SEntry(T)
 {
-    /// Item content.
+    // Item content.
     T content;
 
-    /// Next item.
+    // Next item.
     SEntry* next;
 }
+
+package struct DEntry(T)
+{
+    // Item content.
+    T content;
+
+    // Previous and next item.
+    DEntry* next, prev;
+}
+
+package struct HashEntry(K, V)
+{
+    this(ref K key, ref V value)
+    {
+        this.pair = Pair!(K, V)(key, value);
+    }
+
+    Pair!(K, V) pair;
+    HashEntry* next;
+}
+
+package enum BucketStatus : byte
+{
+    deleted = -1,
+    empty = 0,
+    used = 1,
+}
+
+package struct Bucket(T)
+{
+    @property void content(ref T content)
+    {
+        this.content_ = content;
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(T) content() inout
+    {
+        return this.content_;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref T content)
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
+    {
+        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that) const
+    {
+        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+    }
+
+    void remove()
+    {
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            destroy(this.content);
+        }
+        this.status = BucketStatus.deleted;
+    }
+
+    T content_;
+    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+}

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -9,10 +9,36 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.container;
 
+public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
+public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.list;
-public import tanya.container.vector;
+public import tanya.container.string;
 public import tanya.container.queue;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
+ * is full.
+ */
+class HashContainerFullException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/container/queue.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/queue.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/queue.d)
  */
 module tanya.container.queue;
 

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module implements a $(D_PSYMBOL Set) container that stores unique
+ * values without any particular order.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/container/set.d,
+ *                 tanya/container/set.d)
+ */
+module tanya.container.set;
+
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.container;
+import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+struct Range(E)
+{
+    static if (isMutable!E)
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).Range;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).ConstRange;
+    }
+    private DataRange dataRange;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(DataRange dataRange)
+    {
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        this.dataRange = dataRange;
+    }
+
+    @property Range save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.empty();
+    }
+
+    @property void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.front.content;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(E) back() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return dataRange.back.content;
+    }
+
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+
+    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set is a data structure that stores unique values without any particular
+ * order.
+ *
+ * This $(D_PSYMBOL Set) is implemented using closed hashing. Hash collisions
+ * are resolved with linear probing.
+ *
+ * Currently works only with integral types.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Element type.
+ */
+struct Set(T)
+    if (isIntegral!T || is(Unqual!T == bool))
+{
+    /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+    alias Range = .Range!T;
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.lengthIndex < primes.length);
+        assert(this.data.length == 0
+            || this.data.length == primes[this.lengthIndex]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n         = Minimum number of buckets.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(const size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        rehash(n);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(allocator);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
+            assert(set.capacity == 0);
+        }
+        {
+            auto set = Set!int(8);
+            assert(set.capacity == 13);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this $(D_PARAM Set) from another one.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM init) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S         = Source set type.
+     *  init      = Source set.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     */
+    this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.data = typeof(this.data)(move(init.data), allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = init.lengthIndex;
+        init.lengthIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns another set.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by reference, it will be copied.
+     * If $(D_PARAM that) is passed by value, it will be moved.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  S    = Content type.
+     *  that = The value should be assigned.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(ref S that)
+        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    {
+        this.data = that.data;
+        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
+        if (is(S == Set))
+    {
+        swap(this.data, that.data);
+        swap(this.lengthIndex, that.lengthIndex);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Used allocator.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const
+    out (allocator)
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return cast(shared Allocator) this.data.allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum amount of elements this $(D_PSYMBOL Set) can hold without
+     * resizing and rehashing. Note that it doesn't mean that the
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Set) will hold $(I exactly) $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) elements.
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL capacity) tells the size of the container under a best-case
+     * distribution of elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_PSYMBOL Set) capacity.
+     */
+    @property size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return this.data.length;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.capacity == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.capacity == 3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set) and counts the elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: Count of elements within the $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        size_t count;
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++count;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.length == 0);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+    }
+
+    private static const size_t[41] primes = [
+        3, 7, 13, 23, 29, 37, 53, 71, 97, 131, 163, 193, 239, 293, 389, 521,
+        769, 919, 1103, 1327, 1543, 2333, 3079, 4861, 6151, 12289, 24593,
+        49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+        12582917, 25165843, 139022417, 282312799, 573292817, 1164186217,
+    ];
+
+    /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
+    enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
+
+    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
+    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
+    {
+        static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
+        {
+            return (cast(size_t) value);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
+                                       const size_t hash)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(buckets.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return hash % buckets.length;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
+    {
+        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
+    }
+
+    private enum InsertStatus : byte
+    {
+        found = -1,
+        failed = 0,
+        added = 1,
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
+     * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
+     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
+     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
+     */
+    private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Already in the set.
+            {
+                return InsertStatus.found;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+            {
+                e.content = value;
+                return InsertStatus.added;
+            }
+        }
+        return InsertStatus.failed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a new element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL HashContainerFullException) if the insertion failed.
+     */
+    size_t insert(T value)
+    {
+        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        {
+            this.data = DataType(primes[0], allocator);
+        }
+
+        InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
+        for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
+        {
+            if ((this.primes.length - 1) == this.lengthIndex)
+            {
+                throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
+                                                      "Set is full");
+            }
+            rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1);
+        }
+        return status == InsertStatus.added;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 0);
+        assert(set.length == 1);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8));
+        assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an element.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Number of elements removed, which is in the container with
+     *          unique values `1` if an element existed, and `0` otherwise.
+     */
+    size_t remove(T value)
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                e.remove();
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(8 !in set);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(8 in set);
+
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 1);
+        assert(set.remove(8) == 0);
+        assert(8 !in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Element to be searched for.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
+    {
+        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == value) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+
+        assert(5 !in set);
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(5 in set);
+        assert(8 !in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
+     * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
+     * forced.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
+     * is forced without resizing the container.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
+     * function may have no effect.
+     *
+     * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
+     * to insert new elements.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n = Minimum number of buckets.
+     */
+    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    {
+        size_t lengthIndex;
+        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
+        {
+            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
+    }
+
+    // Takes an index in the primes array.
+    private void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    {
+        auto storage = DataType(primes[n], allocator);
+        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.data[])
+        {
+            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(storage,
+                                                   calculateHash(e1.content));
+
+                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
+                {
+                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
+                    {
+                        e2.content = e1.content;
+                        continue DataLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+                return; // Rehashing failed.
+            }
+        }
+        move(storage, this.data);
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s
+     *          elements.
+     */
+    Range opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ConstRange opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+
+        set.insert(8);
+        assert(!set[].empty);
+        assert(set[].front == 8);
+        assert(set[].back == 8);
+
+        set.remove(8);
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        const Set!int set;
+        assert(set[].empty);
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(8);
+
+        auto r1 = set[];
+        auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+        r1.popFront();
+        assert(r1.empty);
+
+        r2.popBack();
+        assert(r2.empty);
+    }
+
+    private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
+    private DataType data;
+    private size_t lengthIndex;
+}
+
+// Basic insertion logic.
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
+    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 9 && set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.length == 3);
+
+    assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
+    assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[0].content == 7);
+    assert(set.data[1].content == 8);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data[5].content == 5);
+    assert(set.data.length == 7);
+
+    assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
+    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(set.data[3].content == 16);
+    assert(set.data[4].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+}
+
+// Static checks.
+private unittest
+{
+    import std.range.primitives;
+
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.ConstRange));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(!isInfinite!(Set!int.Range));
+    static assert(!hasLength!(Set!int.Range));
+
+    static assert(is(Set!uint));
+    static assert(is(Set!long));
+    static assert(is(Set!ulong));
+    static assert(is(Set!short));
+    static assert(is(Set!ushort));
+    static assert(is(Set!bool));
+}

source/tanya/format/conv.d

@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/conv.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/conv.d)
+ */
+module tanya.format.conv;
+
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
+ */
+final class ConvException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
+ * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
+ * $(D_PARAM To), just returns $(D_PARAM from).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  To = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from).
+ */
+template to(To)
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  From = Source type.
+     *  from = Source value.
+     */
+    ref To to(From)(ref From from)
+    if (is(To == From))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    To to(From)(From from)
+    if (is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From) || (isNumeric!From && isFloatingPoint!To))
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto val = 5.to!int();
+    assert(val == 5);
+    static assert(is(typeof(val) == int));
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    int val = 5;
+    assert(val.to!int() == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * integral type $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is too small or too
+ *         large to be represented by $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    static if ((isUnsigned!From && isSigned!To && From.sizeof == To.sizeof)
+            || From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (from > To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Positive integer overflow");
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isSigned!From)
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            if (from < 0)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+        else static if (From.sizeof > To.sizeof)
+        {
+            if (from < To.min)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (From.sizeof <= To.sizeof)
+    {
+        return from;
+    }
+    else static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        return cast(To) from;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return from & To.max;
+    }
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    // ubyte -> ushort
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!ushort == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!ushort == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ushort == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!ushort == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte -> short
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!short == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ubyte) ubyte.max).to!short == ubyte.max);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    // ubyte <- ushort
+    assert((cast(ushort) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(ushort) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(ushort) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // ubyte <- short
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert((cast(short) (ubyte.max - 1)).to!ubyte == ubyte.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(short) ubyte.max).to!ubyte == ubyte.max);
+
+    // short <-> int
+    assert(short.min.to!int == short.min);
+    assert((short.min + 1).to!int == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(short) -1).to!int == -1);
+    assert((cast(short) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(short) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((short.max - 1).to!int == short.max - 1);
+    assert(short.max.to!int == short.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) short.min).to!short == short.min);
+    assert((cast(int) short.min + 1).to!short == short.min + 1);
+    assert((cast(int) -1).to!short == -1);
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!short == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!short == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max - 1).to!short == short.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) short.max).to!short == short.max);
+
+    // uint <-> int
+    assert((cast(uint) 0).to!int == 0);
+    assert((cast(uint) 1).to!int == 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) (int.max - 1)).to!int == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(uint) int.max).to!int == int.max);
+
+    assert((cast(int) 0).to!uint == 0);
+    assert((cast(int) 1).to!uint == 1);
+    assert((cast(int) (int.max - 1)).to!uint == int.max - 1);
+    assert((cast(int) int.max).to!uint == int.max);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(int.min.to!short == int.min);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(int.max.to!short == int.max);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(uint.max.to!ushort == ushort.max);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert((-1).to!uint == -1);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    assert(Test.one.to!int == 0);
+    assert(Test.two.to!int == 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts $(D_PARAM from) to a boolean.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM From) is a numeric type, then `1` becomes $(D_KEYWORD true),
+ * `0` $(D_KEYWORD false). Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a string (built-in string or $(D_PSYMBOL String)),
+ * then `"true"` or `"false"` are converted to the appropriate boolean value.
+ * Otherwise $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) is thrown.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD from) converted to a boolean.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) isn't convertible.
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isNumeric!From && is(Unqual!To == bool) && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    if (from == 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (from < 0)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from <= 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Positive number overflow");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(!0.0.to!bool);
+    assert(0.2.to!bool);
+    assert(0.5.to!bool);
+    assert(1.0.to!bool);
+
+    assert(!0.to!bool);
+    assert(1.to!bool);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert((-1).to!bool);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(2.to!bool);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+To to(To, From)(auto ref const From from)
+if ((is(From == String) || isSomeString!From) && is(Unqual!To == bool))
+{
+    if (from == "true")
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (from == "false")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "String doesn't contain a boolean value");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert("true".to!bool);
+    assert(!"false".to!bool);
+    assert(String("true").to!bool);
+    assert(!String("false").to!bool);
+
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert("1".to!bool);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a boolean to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a numeric type, then $(D_KEYWORD true) becomes `1`,
+ * $(D_KEYWORD false) `0`.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM To) is a $(D_PSYMBOL String), then `"true"` or `"false"`
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
+{
+    return from;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!float == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!double == 1.0);
+    assert(true.to!ubyte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!byte == 1);
+    assert(true.to!ushort == 1);
+    assert(true.to!short == 1);
+    assert(true.to!uint == 1);
+    assert(true.to!int == 1);
+
+    assert(false.to!float == 0);
+    assert(false.to!double == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ubyte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!byte == 0);
+    assert(false.to!ushort == 0);
+    assert(false.to!short == 0);
+    assert(false.to!uint == 0);
+    assert(false.to!int == 0);
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+To to(To, From)(const From from)
+if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && is(Unqual!To == String))
+{
+    return String(from ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(true.to!String == "true");
+    assert(false.to!String == "false");
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
+    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a floating point number to an integral type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: Truncated $(D_PARAM from) (everything after the decimal point is
+ *          dropped).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if
+ *         $(D_INLINECODE from < To.min || from > To.max).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isFloatingPoint!From
+ && isIntegral!To
+ && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From)
+ && !is(To == enum))
+{
+    if (from > To.max)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Positive number overflow");
+    }
+    else if (from < To.min)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                 "Negative number overflow");
+    }
+    return cast(To) from;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    assert(1.5.to!int == 1);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!int == 2147483646);
+    assert((-2147483647.5).to!int == -2147483647);
+    assert(2147483646.5.to!uint == 2147483646);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(2147483647.5.to!int == 2147483647);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert((-2147483648.5).to!int == -2147483648);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert((-21474.5).to!uint == -21474);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs checked conversion from an integral type $(D_PARAM From) to an
+ * $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD enum) value.
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) is not a member of
+ *         $(D_PSYMBOL To).
+ */
+To to(To, From)(From from)
+if (isIntegral!From && is(To == enum))
+{
+    foreach (m; EnumMembers!To)
+    {
+        if (from == m)
+        {
+            return m;
+        }
+    }
+    throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                             "Value not found in enum '" ~ To.stringof ~ "'");
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    enum Test : int
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(1.to!Test) == Test));
+    assert(0.to!Test == Test.one);
+    assert(1.to!Test == Test.two);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum Test : uint
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+    }
+
+    ConvException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        assert(5.to!Test == Test.one);
+    }
+    catch (ConvException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+package char[] number2String(T)(const T number, char[] buffer)
+{
+    // abs the integer.
+    ulong n64 = number < 0 ? -cast(long) number : number;
+
+    char[20] rightAligned;
+    char* start = rightAligned.ptr + rightAligned.sizeof;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Do in 32-bit chunks (avoid lots of 64-bit divides even with constant
+        // denominators).
+        char* o = start - 8;
+        uint n;
+        if (n64 >= 100000000)
+        {
+            n = n64 % 100000000;
+            n64 /= 100000000;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            n = cast(uint) n64;
+            n64 = 0;
+        }
+
+        while (n)
+        {
+            *--start = cast(char) (n % 10) + '0';
+            n /= 10;
+        }
+        // Ignore the leading zero if it was the last part of the integer.
+        if (n64 == 0)
+        {
+            if ((start[0] == '0')
+             && (start != (rightAligned.ptr + rightAligned.sizeof)))
+            {
+                ++start;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        // Copy leading zeros if it wasn't the most significant part of the
+        // integer.
+        while (start != o)
+        {
+            *--start = '0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the length that we copied.
+    auto l = cast(uint) ((rightAligned.ptr + rightAligned.sizeof) - start);
+    if (l == 0)
+    {
+        *--start = '0';
+        l = 1;
+    }
+
+    // Write the string.
+    char* bp = buffer.ptr;
+
+    // Set sign.
+    if (number < 0)
+    {
+        *bp++ = '-';
+    }
+
+    // Copy the string into the target buffer.
+    uint n = l;
+    while (n)
+    {
+        int i = n;
+        n -= i;
+
+        while (i >= 4)
+        {
+            *cast(uint*) bp = *cast(uint*) start;
+            bp += 4;
+            start += 4;
+            i -= 4;
+        }
+        while (i)
+        {
+            *bp++ = *start++;
+            --i;
+        }
+    }
+    return buffer[0 .. bp - buffer.ptr];
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    char[21] buf;
+
+    assert(number2String(80, buf) == "80");
+    assert(number2String(-80, buf) == "-80");
+    assert(number2String(0, buf) == "0");
+    assert(number2String(uint.max, buf) == "4294967295");
+    assert(number2String(int.min, buf) == "-2147483648");
+}

source/tanya/format/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package contains formatting and conversion functions.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/format/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/format/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.format;
+
+public import tanya.format.conv;

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This package provides mathematical functions.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.math;
 
@@ -87,22 +91,22 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    size_t i = y.length;
+    size_t i;
     auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
     auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
+    bool firstBit;
 
-    if (x.length == 0 && i != 0)
+    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
     {
-        i = 0;
+        i = y.size;
     }
     else
     {
         result = 1;
     }
-    while (i)
+    while (i < y.size)
     {
-        --i;
+        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
-        for (ubyte mask = 0x01; mask; mask <<= 1)
         {
             if (y.rep[i] & mask)
             {
@@ -113,6 +117,7 @@ body
             tmp1 *= tmp2;
             tmp1 %= z;
         }
+        ++i;
     }
     return result;
 }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/math/random.d,
+ *                 tanya/math/random.d)
  */
 module tanya.math.random;
 
@@ -54,17 +56,17 @@ abstract class EntropySource
     /**
      * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
      */
-    @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow;
+    @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
      */
-    @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow;
+    @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
      */
-    @property ushort size() const @safe pure nothrow
+    @property ushort size() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return size_;
     }
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
      *         already set value.
      */
-    @property void size(ushort size) @safe pure nothrow
+    @property void size(ushort size) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         size_ = size;
     }
@@ -89,12 +91,12 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
      *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
      */
-    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output);
+    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc;
 }
 
 version (linux)
 {
-    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow;
+    extern (C) long syscall(long number, ...) nothrow @system @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Uses getrandom system call.
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property immutable(ubyte) threshold() const @safe pure nothrow
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property immutable(bool) strong() const @safe pure nothrow
+        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ version (linux)
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
          *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow
+        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc
         out (length)
         {
             assert(length <= maxGather);
@@ -145,6 +147,18 @@ version (linux)
             return ret;
         }
     }
+
+    version (X86_64)
+    {
+        private unittest
+        {
+            auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
+            ubyte[blockSize] output;
+            output = entropy.random;
+
+            defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -177,7 +191,8 @@ class Entropy
      *  allocator  = Allocator to allocate entropy sources available on the
      *               system.
      */
-    this(size_t maxSources = 20, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this(const size_t maxSources = 20,
+         shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(maxSources > 0 && maxSources <= ubyte.max);
@@ -196,7 +211,7 @@ class Entropy
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
      */
-    @property ubyte sourceCount() const @safe pure nothrow
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return sourceCount_;
     }
@@ -212,7 +227,7 @@ class Entropy
      * See_Also:
      *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
      */
-    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) @safe pure nothrow
+    Entropy opOpAssign(string Op)(EntropySource source) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
         if (Op == "~")
     in
     {
@@ -230,7 +245,7 @@ class Entropy
      * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL EntropyException) if no strong entropy source was
      *         registered or it failed.
      */
-    @property ubyte[blockSize] random()
+    @property ubyte[blockSize] random() @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(sourceCount_ > 0, "No entropy sources defined.");
@@ -301,13 +316,13 @@ class Entropy
      */
     protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
                           ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-                          ubyte length) @safe pure nothrow
+                          ubyte length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         ubyte[2] header;
 
         if (length > blockSize)
         {
-            data[0..64] = sha512Of(data);
+            data[0 .. 64] = sha512Of(data);
             length = blockSize;
         }
 
@@ -315,6 +330,6 @@ class Entropy
         header[1] = length;
 
         accumulator.put(header);
-        accumulator.put(data[0..length]);
+        accumulator.put(data[0 .. length]);
     }
 }

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -3,10 +3,17 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * This module contains the interface for implementing custom allocators.
+ *
+ * Allocators are classes encapsulating memory allocation strategy. This allows
+ * to decouple memory management from the algorithms and the data. 
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/allocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/allocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.allocator;
 
@@ -28,7 +35,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Deallocates a memory block.
@@ -38,7 +45,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
@@ -63,5 +70,12 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc;
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+}
+
+package template GetPureInstance(T : Allocator)
+{
+    alias GetPureInstance = shared(T) function()
+                            pure nothrow @nogc;
 }

source/tanya/memory/arch/x86_64.d

@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Implementions of functions found in $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.memory.op) for x64.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/arch/x86_64.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/arch/x86_64.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.arch.x86_64;
+
+import tanya.memory.op;
+
+version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64):
+
+pragma(inline, true)
+package (tanya.memory) void copy(const void[] source, void[] target)
+pure nothrow @system @nogc
+{
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        naked;
+
+        // RDI and RSI should be preserved.
+        mov RAX, RDI;
+        mov R8, RSI;
+    }
+    // Set the registers for movsb/movsq.
+    version (Windows) asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - source.
+        // RCX - target.
+
+        mov RDI, [ RCX + 8 ];
+        mov RSI, [ RDX + 8 ];
+        mov RDX, [ RDX ];
+    }
+    else asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - source length.
+        // RCX - source data.
+        // RDI - target length
+        // RSI - target data.
+
+        mov RDI, RSI;
+        mov RSI, RCX;
+    }
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        cmp RDX, 0x08;
+        jc aligned_1;
+        test EDI, 0x07;
+        jz aligned_8;
+
+    naligned:
+        movsb;
+        dec RDX;
+        test EDI, 0x07;
+        jnz naligned;
+
+    aligned_8:
+        mov RCX, RDX;
+        shr RCX, 0x03;
+        rep;
+        movsq;
+        and EDX, 0x07;
+        jz end;
+
+    aligned_1:
+        // Write the remaining bytes.
+        mov RCX, RDX;
+        rep;
+        movsb;
+
+    end: // Restore registers.
+        mov RSI, R8;
+        mov RDI, RAX;
+
+        ret;
+    }
+}
+
+package (tanya.memory) template fill(ubyte Byte)
+{
+    private enum const(char[]) MovArrayPointer(string Destination)()
+    {
+        string asmCode = "asm pure nothrow @nogc { mov ";
+        version (Windows)
+        {
+            asmCode ~= Destination ~ ", [ RCX + 8 ];";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            asmCode ~= Destination ~ ", RSI;";
+        }
+        return asmCode ~ "}";
+    }
+
+    pragma(inline, true)
+    void fill(void[] memory)
+    {
+        asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            naked;
+        }
+        version (Windows) asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            /*
+             * RCX - array.
+             */
+            mov       R8,           [ RCX ];
+        }
+        else asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            /*
+             * RSI - pointer.
+             * RDI - length.
+             */
+            mov       R8,           RDI;
+        }
+        mixin(MovArrayPointer!"R9");
+
+        asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            // Check for zero length.
+            test      R8,           R8;
+            jz        end;
+        }
+        // Set 128- and 64-bit registers to values we want to fill with.
+        static if (Byte == 0)
+        {
+            asm pure nothrow @nogc
+            {
+                xor  RAX,  RAX;
+                pxor XMM0, XMM0;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum ulong FilledBytes = FilledBytes!Byte;
+            asm pure nothrow @nogc
+            {
+                mov     RAX,  FilledBytes;
+                movq    XMM0, RAX;
+                movlhps XMM0, XMM0;
+            }
+        }
+        asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            // Check if the pointer is aligned to a 16-byte boundary.
+            and       R9,           -0x10;
+        }
+        // Compute the number of misaligned bytes.
+        mixin(MovArrayPointer!"R10");
+        asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+            sub       R10,          R9;
+
+            test      R10,          R10;
+            jz aligned;
+
+            // Get the number of bytes to be written until we are aligned.
+            mov       RDX,          0x10;
+            sub       RDX,          R10;
+        }
+        mixin(MovArrayPointer!"R9");
+        asm pure nothrow @nogc
+        {
+        naligned:
+            mov       [ R9 ],       AL; // Write a byte.
+
+            // Advance the pointer. Decrease the total number of bytes
+            // and the misaligned ones.
+            inc       R9;
+            dec       RDX;
+            dec       R8;
+
+            // Checks if we are aligned.
+            test      RDX,          RDX;
+            jnz naligned;
+
+        aligned:
+            // Checks if we're done writing bytes.
+            test      R8,           R8;
+            jz end;
+
+            // Write 1 byte at a time.
+            cmp       R8,           8;
+            jl aligned_1;
+
+            // Write 8 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,           16;
+            jl aligned_8;
+
+            // Write 16 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,           32;
+            jl aligned_16;
+
+            // Write 32 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,           64;
+            jl aligned_32;
+
+        aligned_64:
+            movdqa    [ R9 ],        XMM0;
+            movdqa    [ R9 + 16 ],   XMM0;
+            movdqa    [ R9 + 32 ],   XMM0;
+            movdqa    [ R9 + 48 ],   XMM0;
+
+            add       R9,            64;
+            sub       R8,            64;
+
+            cmp       R8,            64;
+            jge aligned_64;
+
+            // Checks if we're done writing bytes.
+            test      R8,            R8;
+            jz end;
+
+            // Write 1 byte at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            8;
+            jl aligned_1;
+
+            // Write 8 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            16;
+            jl aligned_8;
+
+            // Write 16 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            32;
+            jl aligned_16;
+
+        aligned_32:
+            movdqa    [ R9 ],        XMM0;
+            movdqa    [ R9 + 16 ],   XMM0;
+
+            add       R9,            32;
+            sub       R8,            32;
+
+            // Checks if we're done writing bytes.
+            test      R8,            R8;
+            jz end;
+
+            // Write 1 byte at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            8;
+            jl aligned_1;
+
+            // Write 8 bytes at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            16;
+            jl aligned_8;
+
+        aligned_16:
+            movdqa    [ R9 ],        XMM0;
+
+            add       R9,            16;
+            sub       R8,            16;
+
+            // Checks if we're done writing bytes.
+            test      R8,            R8;
+            jz end;
+
+            // Write 1 byte at a time.
+            cmp       R8,            8;
+            jl aligned_1;
+
+        aligned_8:
+            mov       [ R9 ],        RAX;
+
+            add       R9,            8;
+            sub       R8,            8;
+
+            // Checks if we're done writing bytes.
+            test      R8,            R8;
+            jz end;
+
+        aligned_1:
+            mov       [ R9 ],        AL;
+
+            inc       R9;
+            dec       R8;
+
+            test      R8,            R8;
+            jnz aligned_1;
+
+        end:
+            ret;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pragma(inline, true)
+package (tanya.memory) void copyBackward(const void[] source, void[] target)
+pure nothrow @system  @nogc
+{
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        naked;
+
+        // Save the registers should be restored.
+        mov R8, RSI;
+        mov R9, RDI;
+    }
+    // Prepare the registers for movsb.
+    version (Windows) asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - source.
+        // RCX - target.
+
+        mov RAX, [ RCX + 8 ];
+        mov R10, [ RDX + 8 ];
+        mov RCX, [ RDX ];
+
+        lea RDI, [ RAX + RCX - 1 ];
+        lea RSI, [ R10 + RCX - 1 ];
+    }
+    else asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - source length.
+        // RCX - source data.
+        // RDI - target length
+        // RSI - target data.
+
+        lea RDI, [ RSI + RDX - 1 ];
+        lea RSI, [ RCX + RDX - 1 ];
+        mov RCX, RDX;
+    }
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        std; // Set the direction flag.
+
+        rep;
+        movsb;
+
+        cld; // Clear the direction flag.
+
+        // Restore registers.
+        mov RDI, R9;
+        mov RSI, R8;
+
+        ret;
+    }
+}
+
+pragma(inline, true)
+package (tanya.memory) int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2)
+pure nothrow @system @nogc
+{
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        naked;
+
+        // RDI and RSI should be preserved.
+        mov R9, RDI;
+        mov R8, RSI;
+    }
+    // Set the registers for cmpsb/cmpsq.
+    version (Windows) asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - r1.
+        // RCX - r2.
+
+        mov RDI, [ RCX + 8 ];
+        mov RSI, [ RDX + 8 ];
+        mov RDX, [ RDX ];
+        mov RCX, [ RCX ];
+    }
+    else asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // RDX - r1 length.
+        // RCX - r1 data.
+        // RDI - r2 length
+        // RSI - r2 data.
+
+        mov RSI, RCX;
+        mov RCX, RDI;
+        mov RDI, R8;
+    }
+    asm pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        // Compare the lengths.
+        cmp RDX, RCX;
+        jl  less;
+        jg  greater;
+
+        // Check if we're aligned.
+        cmp RDX, 0x08;
+        jc aligned_1;
+        test EDI, 0x07;
+        jz aligned_8;
+
+    naligned:
+        cmpsb;
+        jl less;
+        jg greater;
+
+        dec RDX;
+        test EDI, 0x07;
+        jnz naligned;
+
+    aligned_8:
+        mov RCX, RDX;
+        shr RCX, 0x03;
+
+        repe;
+        cmpsq;
+        jl less;
+        jg greater;
+
+        and EDX, 0x07;
+        jz equal;
+
+    aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes.
+        mov RCX, RDX;
+
+        repe;
+        cmpsb;
+        jl less;
+        jg greater;
+
+    equal:
+        xor RAX, RAX; // Return 0.
+        jmp end;
+
+    greater:
+        mov RAX, 1;
+        jmp end;
+
+    less:
+        mov RAX, -1;
+        jmp end;
+
+    end: // Restore registers.
+        mov RSI, R8;
+        mov RDI, R9;
+
+        ret;
+    }
+}

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -3,22 +3,33 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Allocator based on $(D_PSYMBOL malloc), $(D_PSYMBOL realloc) and $(D_PSYMBOL free).
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/mallocator.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory.mallocator;
 
 import core.stdc.stdlib;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory.allocator;
 
 /**
- * Wrapper for malloc/realloc/free from the C standard library.
+ * Wrapper for $(D_PSYMBOL malloc)/$(D_PSYMBOL realloc)/$(D_PSYMBOL free) from
+ * the C standard library.
  */
 final class Mallocator : Allocator
 {
+    private alias MallocType = extern (C) void* function(size_t)
+                               pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias FreeType = extern (C) void function(void*)
+                             pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private alias ReallocType = extern (C) void* function(void*, size_t)
+                                pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
      *
@@ -27,13 +38,13 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(in size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        if (!size)
+        if (size == 0)
         {
             return null;
         }
-        auto p = malloc(size + psize);
+        auto p = (cast(MallocType) &malloc)(size + psize);
 
         return p is null ? null : p[psize .. psize + size];
     }
@@ -42,10 +53,11 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     @nogc nothrow unittest
     {
         auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
-
         assert(p.length == 20);
-
         Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+
+        p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(0);
+        assert(p.length == 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -56,11 +68,11 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (p !is null)
         {
-            free(p.ptr - psize);
+            (cast(FreeType) &free)(p.ptr - psize);
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -84,11 +96,19 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         return false;
     }
 
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p;
+        assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 8));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Increases or decreases the size of a memory block.
      *
@@ -98,7 +118,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -115,7 +135,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         }
         else
         {
-            auto r = realloc(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
+            auto r = (cast(ReallocType) &realloc)(p.ptr - psize, size + psize);
 
             if (r !is null)
             {
@@ -144,24 +164,34 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(p is null);
     }
 
+    // Fails with false.
+    private @nogc nothrow unittest
+    {
+        void[] p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
+        void[] oldP = p;
+        assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocate(p, size_t.max - Mallocator.psize * 2));
+        assert(oldP is p);
+        Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns: The alignment offered.
      */
     @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
-        return cast(uint) max(double.alignof, real.alignof);
+        return (void*).alignof;
     }
 
-    /**
+    private nothrow @nogc unittest
-     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+    {
-     *
+        assert(Mallocator.instance.alignment == (void*).alignof);
-     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+    }
-     */
+
-    static @property ref shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow
+    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
-            immutable size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
+            const size = __traits(classInstanceSize, Mallocator) + psize;
             void* p = malloc(size);
 
             if (p !is null)
@@ -173,13 +203,23 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         return instance_;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Static allocator instance and initializer.
+     *
+     * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+     */
+    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    {
+        return (cast(GetPureInstance!Mallocator) &instantiate)();
+    }
+
     ///
     @nogc nothrow unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }
 
-    private enum psize = 8;
+    private enum ushort psize = 8;
 
     private shared static Mallocator instance_;
 }

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Set of operations on memory blocks.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/op.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/op.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.op;
+
+version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
+{
+    static import tanya.memory.arch.x86_64;
+}
+
+private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;
+
+/**
+ * Copies $(D_PARAM source) into $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM source) points ahead of $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copy(const void[] source, void[] target) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
+    {
+        tanya.memory.arch.x86_64.copy(source, target);
+    }
+    else // Naive implementation.
+    {
+        auto source1 = cast(const(ubyte)*) source;
+        auto target1 = cast(ubyte*) target;
+        auto count = source.length;
+
+        // Check if the pointers are aligned or at least can be aligned
+        // properly.
+        ushort naligned = (cast(size_t) source.ptr) & alignMask;
+        if (naligned == ((cast(size_t) target.ptr) & alignMask))
+        {
+            // Align the pointers if possible.
+            if (naligned != 0)
+            {
+                count -= naligned;
+                while (naligned--)
+                {
+                    *target1++ = *source1++;
+                }
+            }
+            // Copy size_t.sizeof bytes at once.
+            auto longSource = cast(const(size_t)*) source1;
+            auto longTarget = cast(size_t*) target1;
+            for (; count >= size_t.sizeof; count -= size_t.sizeof)
+            {
+                *longTarget++ = *longSource++;
+            }
+            // Adjust the original pointers.
+            source1 = cast(const(ubyte)*) longSource;
+            target1 = cast(ubyte*) longTarget;
+        }
+        // Copy the remaining bytes by one.
+        while (count--)
+        {
+            *target1++ = *source1++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    ubyte[9] target;
+    source.copy(target);
+    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    {
+        ubyte[0] source, target;
+        source.copy(target);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[1] source = [1];
+        ubyte[1] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(target[0] == 1);
+    }
+    {
+        ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
+        ubyte[8] target;
+        source.copy(target);
+        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * size_t value each of which bytes is set to `Byte`.
+ */
+package template FilledBytes(ubyte Byte, ubyte I = 0)
+{
+    static if (I == size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        enum size_t FilledBytes = Byte;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum size_t FilledBytes = (FilledBytes!(Byte, I + 1) << 8) | Byte;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM memory) with single $(D_PARAM Byte)s.
+ *
+ * Param:
+ *  Byte   = The value to fill $(D_PARAM memory) with.
+ *  memory = Memory block.
+ */
+void fill(ubyte Byte = 0)(void[] memory) @trusted
+{
+    version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
+    {
+        tanya.memory.arch.x86_64.fill!Byte(memory);
+    }
+    else // Naive implementation.
+    {
+        auto n = memory.length;
+        ubyte* vp = cast(ubyte*) memory.ptr;
+
+        // Align.
+        while (((cast(size_t) vp) & alignMask) != 0)
+        {
+            *vp++ = Byte;
+            --n;
+        }
+
+        // Set size_t.sizeof bytes at ones.
+        auto sp = cast(size_t*) vp;
+        while (n / size_t.sizeof > 0)
+        {
+            *sp++ = FilledBytes!Byte;
+            n -= size_t.sizeof;
+        }
+
+        // Write the remaining bytes.
+        vp = cast(ubyte*) sp;
+        while (n--)
+        {
+            *vp = Byte;
+            ++vp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] memory = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    memory.fill!0();
+    foreach (ubyte v; memory)
+    {
+        assert(v == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+// Stress test. Checks that `fill` can handle unaligned pointers and different
+// lengths.
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc private unittest
+{
+    ubyte[192] memory;
+
+    foreach (j; 0 .. 192)
+    {
+        foreach (ubyte i, ref ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            v = i;
+        }
+        fill(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 0);
+        }
+        fill!1(memory[j .. $]);
+        foreach (ubyte v; memory[j .. $])
+        {
+            assert(v == 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies starting from the end of $(D_PARAM source) into the end of
+ * $(D_PARAM target).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL copyBackward) copies the elements in reverse order, but the
+ * order of elements in the $(D_PARAM target) is exactly the same as in the
+ * $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM source) and $(D_PARAM target) shall not overlap so that
+ * $(D_PARAM target) points ahead of $(D_PARAM source).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM target) shall have enough space for $(D_INLINECODE source.length)
+ * elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  source = Memory to copy from.
+ *  target = Destination memory.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL copy).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE source.length <= target.length).
+ */
+void copyBackward(const void[] source, void[] target) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+in
+{
+    assert(source.length <= target.length);
+}
+body
+{
+    version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
+    {
+        tanya.memory.arch.x86_64.copyBackward(source, target);
+    }
+    else // Naive implementation.
+    {
+        auto count = source.length;
+
+        // Try to align the pointers if possible.
+        if (((cast(size_t) source.ptr) & alignMask) == ((cast(size_t) target.ptr) & alignMask))
+        {
+            while (((cast(size_t) (source.ptr + count)) & alignMask) != 0)
+            {
+                if (!count--)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+                (cast(ubyte[]) target)[count]
+                    = (cast(const(ubyte)[]) source)[count];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write as long we're aligned.
+        for (; count >= size_t.sizeof; count -= size_t.sizeof)
+        {
+                *(cast(size_t*) (target.ptr + count - size_t.sizeof))
+                    = *(cast(const(size_t)*) (source.ptr + count - size_t.sizeof));
+        }
+
+        // Write the remaining bytes.
+        while (count--)
+        {
+            (cast(ubyte[]) target)[count]
+                = (cast(const(ubyte)[]) source)[count];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[6] mem = [ 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c' ];
+    ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
+
+    copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
+    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+}
+
+private nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[9] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i' ];
+    ubyte[9] r2;
+
+    copyBackward(r1, r2);
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a positive integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r1.length > r2.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be greater than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL cmp) returns a negative integer if
+ * $(D_INLINECODE r2.length > r1.length) or the first `n` compared bytes of
+ * $(D_PARAM r1) found to be less than the first `n` bytes of $(D_PARAM r2),
+ *
+ * `0` is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * Returns: Positive integer if $(D_INLINECODE r1 > r2),
+ *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
+ *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
+ */
+int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+{
+    version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
+    {
+        return tanya.memory.arch.x86_64.cmp(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else // Naive implementation.
+    {
+        if (r1.length > r2.length)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (r1.length < r2.length)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        auto p1 = cast(const(ubyte)*) r1;
+        auto p2 = cast(const(ubyte)*) r2;
+        auto count = r1.length;
+
+        // Check if the pointers are aligned or at least can be aligned
+        // properly.
+        if (((cast(size_t) p1) & alignMask) == ((cast(size_t) p2) & alignMask))
+        {
+            // Align the pointers if possible.
+            for (; ((cast(size_t) p1) & alignMask) != 0; ++p1, ++p2, --count)
+            {
+                if (*p1 != *p2)
+                {
+                    return *p1 - *p2;
+                }
+            }
+            // Compare size_t.sizeof bytes at once.
+            for (; count >= size_t.sizeof; count -= size_t.sizeof)
+            {
+                if (*(cast(const(size_t)*) p1) > *(cast(const(size_t)*) p2))
+                {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                else if (*(cast(const(size_t)*) p1) < *(cast(const(size_t)*) p2))
+                {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                p1 += size_t.sizeof;
+                p2 += size_t.sizeof;
+            }
+        }
+        // Compare the remaining bytes by one.
+        for (; count--; ++p1, ++p2)
+        {
+            if (*p1 != *p2)
+            {
+                return *p1 - *p2;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
+    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
+    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
+    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -3,17 +3,25 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
+ * Dynamic memory management.
+ *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/package.d)
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
 import core.exception;
-public import std.experimental.allocator : make;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.range;
 import std.traits;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
+import tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
 /**
  * The mixin generates common methods for classes and structs using
@@ -32,7 +40,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
      */
-    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -65,7 +73,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
-    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -81,26 +89,44 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 }
 
 // From druntime
-private extern (C) void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) nothrow @nogc;
+extern (C)
+private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) pure nothrow @nogc;
 
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
+shared static this() nothrow @nogc
 {
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
+    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
-    allocator = Mallocator.instance;
 }
 
-@property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
+private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
+{
+    return allocator;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns: Default allocator.
+ *
+ * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
+@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
 out (allocator)
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
 }
 body
 {
-    return allocator;
+    return (cast(GetPureInstance!Allocator) &getAllocatorInstance)();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sets the default allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  allocator = $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+ */
 @property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
 in
 {
@@ -111,6 +137,17 @@ body
     .allocator = allocator;
 }
 
+private nothrow @nogc unittest
+{
+    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
+
+    auto oldAllocator = defaultAllocator;
+    defaultAllocator = Mallocator.instance;
+    assert(defaultAllocator is Mallocator.instance);
+
+    defaultAllocator = oldAllocator;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the size in bytes of the state that needs to be allocated to hold an
  * object of type $(D_PARAM T).
@@ -143,7 +180,7 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     return (size - 1) / alignment * alignment + alignment;
 }
 
-/**
+/*
  * Internal function used to create, resize or destroy a dynamic array. It
  * may throw $(D_PSYMBOL OutOfMemoryError). The new
  * allocated part of the array isn't initialized. This function can be trusted
@@ -202,41 +239,33 @@ private unittest
     assert(p is null);
 }
 
-/**
+/*
- * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * Destroys the object.
- * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * Returns the memory should be freed.
- * allocator.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
- *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
- *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
  */
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T* p)
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
 {
     static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
     {
         destroy(*p);
     }
-    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate((cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof]); }();
+    return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
-    p = null;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
 {
     if (p is null)
     {
-        return;
+        return null;
     }
     static if (is(T == interface))
     {
         version(Windows)
         {
             import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
-            static assert(!is(T: IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+            static assert(!is(T : IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
-                                         ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+                                           ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
         }
         auto ob = cast(Object) p;
     }
@@ -244,19 +273,13 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     {
         alias ob = p;
     }
-    auto ptr = cast(void *) ob;
+    auto ptr = cast(void*) ob;
-
     auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
-    scope (success)
-    {
-        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(support); }();
-        p = null;
-    }
 
     auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
     if (!*ppv)
     {
-        return;
+        return null;
     }
     auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
     scope (exit)
@@ -271,7 +294,8 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
         // shouldn't throw and if it does, it is an error anyway.
         if (c.destructor)
         {
-            (cast(void function (Object) nothrow @safe @nogc) c.destructor)(ob);
+            alias DtorType = void function(Object) pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+            (cast(DtorType) c.destructor)(ob);
         }
     }
     while ((c = c.base) !is null);
@@ -280,21 +304,35 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     {
         _d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
     }
+    return support;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T[] p)
 {
     static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
     {
-        import std.algorithm.iteration;
+        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
-        p.each!(e => destroy(e));
     }
-    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(p); }();
+    return p;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+{
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
     p = null;
 }
 
-unittest
+private unittest
 {
     struct S
     {
@@ -306,3 +344,138 @@ unittest
 
     defaultAllocator.dispose(p);
 }
+
+// Works with interfaces.
+private pure unittest
+{
+    interface I
+    {
+    }
+    class C : I
+    {
+    }
+    auto c = defaultAllocator.make!C();
+    I i = c;
+
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new class instance of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Class type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (is(T == class))
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+
+    return emplace!T(mem[0 .. stateSize!T], args);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a value object of type $(D_PARAM T) using $(D_PARAM args)
+ * as the parameter list for the constructor of $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * pointer to the new object.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Object type.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+T* make(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface)
+ && !is(T == class)
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T
+ && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(stateSize!T))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+
+    auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[0 .. stateSize!T].ptr))();
+    return emplace!T(ptr, args);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int* i = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    assert(*i == 5);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  n         = Array size.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created array.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+T make(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t n)
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(n <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto ret = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, n);
+    ret.uninitializedFill(ElementType!T.init);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    int[] i = defaultAllocator.make!(int[])(2);
+    assert(i.length == 2);
+    assert(i[0] == int.init && i[1] == int.init);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(i);
+}

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -0,0 +1,925 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Smart pointers.
+ *
+ * A smart pointer is an object that wraps a raw pointer or a reference
+ * (class, array) to manage its lifetime.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/memory/smartref.d,
+ *                 tanya/memory/smartref.d)
+ */
+module tanya.memory.smartref;
+
+import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import std.conv;
+import std.range;
+import std.traits;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+private template Payload(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface) || isArray!T)
+    {
+        alias Payload = T;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Payload = T*;
+    }
+}
+
+private final class RefCountedStore(T)
+{
+    T payload;
+    size_t counter = 1;
+
+    size_t opUnary(string op)()
+    if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.counter > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+    }
+
+    int opCmp(const size_t counter)
+    {
+        if (this.counter > counter)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (this.counter < counter)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                                shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+    allocator.dispose(storage);
+}
+
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                               shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
+    auto ptr2 = finalize(storage.payload);
+    allocator.deallocate(ptr1.ptr[0 .. ptr1.length + ptr2.length]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
+ * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the reference-counted value.
+ */
+struct RefCounted(T)
+{
+    private alias Storage = RefCountedStore!(Payload!T);
+
+    private Storage storage;
+    private void function(Storage storage,
+                          shared Allocator allocator) @nogc deleter;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.storage is null || this.allocator_ !is null);
+        assert(this.storage is null || this.deleter !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this(Payload!T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+        this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+
+        this.storage.payload = value;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases the reference counter by one.
+     */
+    this(this)
+    {
+        if (count != 0)
+        {
+            ++this.storage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference counter by one.
+     *
+     * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        if (this.storage !is null && !(this.storage > 0 && --this.storage))
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
+     *
+     * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
+     * it will be destroyed.
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!(Payload!T);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload!T.init;
+        }
+        this.storage.payload = rhs;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(*rc == 7);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        if (this.storage is null)
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
+        {
+            --this.storage;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            deleter(this.storage, allocator);
+        }
+        this.storage = null;
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private @nogc unittest
+    {
+        RefCounted!int rc;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+        rc = null;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.deleter, rhs.deleter);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE cound > 0).
+     */
+    inout(Payload!T) get() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference");
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.storage.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *this.storage.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     *          storage.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return this.storage !is null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
+     *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
+     *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
+     */
+    @property size_t count() const
+    {
+        return this.storage is null ? 0 : this.storage.counter;
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
+    auto val = rc.get();
+
+    *val = 8;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    val = null;
+    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
+
+    *rc = 9;
+    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(param.count == 2);
+        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(param.count == 1);
+        assert(*param == 7);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(param.count == 0);
+        param = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(param.count == 1);
+        assert(*param == 7);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    RefCounted!int rc1, rc2;
+    static assert(is(typeof(rc1 = rc2)));
+}
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    private class A
+    {
+        uint *destroyed;
+
+        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
+        {
+            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
+        }
+
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            ++(*destroyed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct B
+    {
+        int prop;
+        @disable this();
+        this(int param1) @nogc
+        {
+            prop = param1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    uint destroyed;
+    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
+
+    assert(destroyed == 0);
+    {
+        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+        void func(RefCounted!A rc) @nogc
+        {
+            assert(rc.count == 2);
+        }
+        func(rc);
+
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed == 1);
+
+    RefCounted!int rc;
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = null;
+        assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+        assert(rc.count == 0);
+    }
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+    func(rc);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    rc = null;
+    assert(!rc.isInitialized);
+    assert(rc.count == 0);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int rc) @nogc
+    {
+        assert(rc.count == 2);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(4);
+        assert(*rc == 4);
+        assert(rc.count == 1);
+    }
+    func(rc);
+    assert(*rc == 5);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
+
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
+    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
+ * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
+ * object).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
+
+    const storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+    const size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+
+    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
+    if (mem is null)
+    {
+        onOutOfMemoryError();
+    }
+    scope (failure)
+    {
+        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
+    }
+    rc.storage = emplace!((RefCounted!T.Storage))(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+
+    static if (is(T == class))
+    {
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
+        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
+    }
+    rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(Payload!T);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    return RefCounted!T(allocator.make!T(size), allocator);
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+
+    void func(RefCounted!int param) @nogc
+    {
+        if (param.count == 2)
+        {
+            func(param);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            assert(param.count == 3);
+        }
+    }
+    func(rc);
+
+    assert(rc.count == 1);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    struct E
+    {
+    }
+    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
+    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
+        assert(rc.get().prop == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
+        assert(rc.count);
+    }
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
+    assert(rc.length == 5);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto p2 = p1;
+    auto rc = RefCounted!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.get() is p2);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!F();
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) stores an object that gets destroyed at the end of its scope.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Value type.
+ */
+struct Unique(T)
+{
+    private Payload!T payload;
+
+    invariant
+    {
+        assert(payload is null || allocator_ !is null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
+     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
+     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
+     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+     */
+    this(Payload!T value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    {
+        this(allocator);
+        this.payload = value;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.allocator_ = allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) is noncopyable.
+     */
+    @disable this(this);
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the owned object.
+     */
+    ~this()
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized this $(D_PARAM Unique) and takes ownership over
+     * $(D_PARAM rhs).
+     *
+     * To reset $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
+     *
+     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
+     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) and assign it.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  rhs = New object.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload!T rhs)
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        this.payload = rhs;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
+    {
+        allocator.dispose(this.payload);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
+    {
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.payload, rhs.payload);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto rc = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+        rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(7);
+        assert(*rc == 7);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    inout(Payload!T) get() inout
+    {
+        return this.payload;
+    }
+
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
+         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
+         *
+         * Params:
+         *  op = Operation. 
+         *
+         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
+         */
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*");
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!(Payload!T))
+    {
+        ref inout(T) opUnary(string op)() inout
+        if (op == "*")
+        {
+            return *this.payload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) holds some value.
+     */
+    @property bool isInitialized() const
+    {
+        return this.payload !is null;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        Unique!int u;
+        assert(!u.isInitialized);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the internal pointer to $(D_KEYWORD). The allocator isn't changed.
+     *
+     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
+     */
+    Payload!T release()
+    {
+        auto payload = this.payload;
+        this.payload = null;
+        return payload;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto u = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+        assert(u.isInitialized);
+
+        auto i = u.release();
+        assert(*i == 5);
+        assert(!u.isInitialized);
+    }
+
+    mixin DefaultAllocator;
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    auto p = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto s = Unique!int(p, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    static bool destroyed = false;
+
+    struct F
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc
+        {
+            destroyed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto s = Unique!F(defaultAllocator.make!F(), defaultAllocator);
+    }
+    assert(destroyed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
+ * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
+ *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
+ * 
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
+ */
+Unique!T unique(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
+if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
+ && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.make!(T, A)(args);
+    return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Unique).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+Unique!T unique(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+@trusted
+if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = allocator.resize!(ElementType!T)(null, size);
+    return Unique!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!B(5))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.unique!(int[])(5))));
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = null;
+    assert(s is null);
+}
+
+private unittest
+{
+    auto s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(5);
+    assert(*s == 5);
+
+    s = defaultAllocator.unique!int(4);
+    assert(*s == 4);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto p1 = defaultAllocator.make!int(5);
+    auto p2 = p1;
+
+    auto rc = Unique!int(p1, defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.get() is p2);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = Unique!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(rc.allocator is defaultAllocator);
+}

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -1,458 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- */
-module tanya.memory.types;
-
-import core.exception;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
-import std.conv;
-import std.traits;
-import tanya.memory;
-
-/**
- * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
- * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
- * when the reference count goes down to zero, frees the underlying store.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T = Type of the reference-counted value.
- */
-struct RefCounted(T)
-{
-    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
-    {
-        private alias Payload = T;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        private alias Payload = T*;
-    }
-
-    private class Storage
-    {
-        private Payload payload;
-        private size_t counter = 1;
-
-        private final size_t opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-            if (op == "--" || op == "++")
-        in
-        {
-            assert(counter > 0);
-        }
-        body
-        {
-            mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
-        }
-
-        private final int opCmp(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            if (this.counter > counter)
-            {
-                return 1;
-            }
-            else if (this.counter < counter)
-            {
-                return -1;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        private final int opEquals(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return this.counter == counter;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private final class RefCountedStorage : Storage
-    {
-        private shared Allocator allocator;
-
-        this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        in
-        {
-            assert(allocator !is null);
-        }
-        body
-        {
-            this.allocator = allocator;
-        }
-
-        ~this() nothrow @nogc
-        {
-            allocator.dispose(payload);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private Storage storage;
-
-    invariant
-    {
-        assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM value), setting the counter to 1.
-     * $(D_PARAM value) may be a pointer, an object or a dynamic array.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  value     = Value whose ownership is taken over.
-     *  allocator = Allocator used to destroy the $(D_PARAM value) and to
-     *              allocate/deallocate internal storage.
-     *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
-     */
-    this(Payload value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-    {
-        this(allocator);
-        storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
-        move(value, storage.payload);
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    this(shared Allocator allocator)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(allocator !is null);
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        this.allocator_ = allocator;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Increases the reference counter by one.
-     */
-    this(this)
-    {
-        if (count != 0)
-        {
-            ++storage;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decreases the reference counter by one.
-     *
-     * If the counter reaches 0, destroys the owned object.
-     */
-    ~this()
-    {
-        if (storage !is null && !(storage.counter && --storage))
-        {
-            allocator_.dispose(storage);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Takes ownership over $(D_PARAM rhs). Initializes this
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) if needed.
-     *
-     * If it is the last reference of the previously owned object,
-     * it will be destroyed.
-     *
-     * To reset the $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) assign $(D_KEYWORD null).
-     *
-     * If the allocator wasn't set before, $(D_PSYMBOL defaultAllocator) will
-     * be used. If you need a different allocator, create a new
-     * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) and assign it.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  rhs = $(D_KEYWORD this).
-     */
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload rhs)
-    {
-        if (storage is null)
-        {
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
-        }
-        else if (storage > 1)
-        {
-            --storage;
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
-        }
-        else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
-        {
-            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
-            assert(storage.counter != 0);
-            allocator.dispose(storage);
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
-        }
-        move(rhs, storage.payload);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
-    {
-        if (storage is null)
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-        else if (storage > 1)
-        {
-            --storage;
-            storage = null;
-        }
-        else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
-        {
-            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
-            assert(storage.counter != 0);
-            allocator.dispose(storage);
-            return this;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
-    {
-        swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
-        swap(storage, rhs.storage);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Reference to the owned object.
-     */
-    inout(Payload) get() inout pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-    in
-    {
-        assert(count > 0, "Attempted to access an uninitialized reference.");
-    }
-    body
-    {
-        return storage.payload;
-    }
-
-    static if (isPointer!Payload)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
-         *
-         * Dereferences the pointer. It is defined only for pointers, not for
-         * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
-         *
-         * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
-         */
-        ref T opUnary(string op)()
-            if (op == "*")
-        {
-            return *storage.payload;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
-     *          storage.
-     */
-    @property bool isInitialized() const
-    {
-        return storage !is null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns: The number of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) instances that share
-     *          ownership over the same pointer (including $(D_KEYWORD this)).
-     *          If this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) isn't initialized, returns `0`.
-     */
-    @property size_t count() const
-    {
-        return storage is null ? 0 : storage.counter;
-    }
-
-    mixin DefaultAllocator;
-    alias get this;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    auto rc = RefCounted!int(defaultAllocator.make!int(5), defaultAllocator);
-    auto val = rc.get;
-
-    *val = 8;
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
-
-    val = null;
-    assert(rc.storage.payload !is null);
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 8);
-
-    *rc = 9;
-    assert(*rc.storage.payload == 9);
-}
-
-version (unittest)
-{
-    private class A
-    {
-        uint *destroyed;
-
-        this(ref uint destroyed) @nogc
-        {
-            this.destroyed = &destroyed;
-        }
-
-        ~this() @nogc
-        {
-            ++(*destroyed);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private struct B
-    {
-        int prop;
-        @disable this();
-        this(int param1) @nogc
-        {
-            prop = param1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    uint destroyed;
-    auto a = defaultAllocator.make!A(destroyed);
-
-    assert(destroyed == 0);
-    {
-        auto rc = RefCounted!A(a, defaultAllocator);
-        assert(rc.count == 1);
-
-        void func(RefCounted!A rc)
-        {
-            assert(rc.count == 2);
-        }
-        func(rc);
-
-        assert(rc.count == 1);
-    }
-    assert(destroyed == 1);
-
-    RefCounted!int rc;
-    assert(rc.count == 0);
-    rc = defaultAllocator.make!int(8);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-}
-
-private unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!int.storage.payload) == int*));
-    static assert(is(typeof(RefCounted!A.storage.payload) == A));
-
-    static assert(is(RefCounted!B));
-    static assert(is(RefCounted!A));
-}
-
-/**
- * Constructs a new object of type $(D_PARAM T) and wraps it in a
- * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using $(D_PARAM args) as the parameter list for
- * the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *
- * This function is more efficient than the using of $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted)
- * directly, since it allocates only ones (the internal storage and the
- * object).
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Type of the constructed object.
- *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
- *  allocator = Allocator.
- *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
- * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
- */
-RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
-    if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
-         && !isArray!T && !isAssociativeArray!T)
-{
-    auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
-
-    immutable storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
-    immutable size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
-
-    auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
-    if (mem is null)
-    {
-        onOutOfMemoryError();
-    }
-    scope (failure)
-    {
-        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
-    }
-    rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
-
-    static if (is(T == class))
-    {
-        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(mem[storageSize .. $], args);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
-        rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
-    }
-    return rc;
-}
-
-///
-unittest
-{
-    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!int(5);
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-
-    void func(RefCounted!int param)
-    {
-        if (param.count == 2)
-        {
-            func(param);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            assert(param.count == 3);
-        }
-    }
-    func(rc);
-
-    assert(rc.count == 1);
-}
-
-private @nogc unittest
-{
-    struct E
-    {
-    }
-    auto b = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(15);
-    static assert(is(typeof(b.storage.payload) == B*));
-    static assert(is(typeof(b.prop) == int));
-    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!B())));
-
-    static assert(is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E())));
-    static assert(!is(typeof(defaultAllocator.refCounted!E(5))));
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!B(3);
-        assert(rc.get.prop == 3);
-    }
-    {
-        auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!E();
-        assert(rc.count);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/meta/metafunction.d

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module contains functions that manipulate template type lists as well
+ * as algorithms to perform arbitrary compile-time computations.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/metafunction.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/metafunction.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.metafunction;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    import tanya.meta.trait;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates an alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * In contrast to the $(D_KEYWORD alias)-keyword $(D_PSYMBOL Alias) can alias
+ * any kind of D symbol that can be used as argument to template alias
+ * parameters.
+ *
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI Types)
+ *  $(LI Local and global names)
+ *  $(LI Module names)
+ *  $(LI Template names)
+ *  $(LI Template instance names)
+ *  $(LI Literals)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A symbol.
+ *
+ * Returns: An alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/template.html#aliasparameters,
+ *                   Template Alias Parameters).
+ */
+alias Alias(alias T) = T;
+
+/// Ditto.
+alias Alias(T) = T;
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Alias!int));
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(Alias!5)));
+    static assert(is(typeof(Alias!(() {}))));
+
+    int i;
+    static assert(is(typeof(Alias!i)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = List of symbols.
+ *
+ * Returns: An alias for sequence $(D_PARAM Args).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Alias).
+ */
+alias AliasSeq(Args...) = Args;
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof({ alias T = AliasSeq!(short, 5); })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({ alias T = AliasSeq!(int, short, 5); })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({ alias T = AliasSeq!(() {}, short, 5); })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({ alias T = AliasSeq!(); })));
+
+    static assert(AliasSeq!().length == 0);
+    static assert(AliasSeq!(int, short, 5).length == 3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether all the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy the condition
+ * $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM F) is a template that accepts one parameter and returns a boolean,
+ * so $(D_INLINECODE F!([0]) && F!([1])) and so on, can be called.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Template predicate. 
+ *  L = List of items to test.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if all the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy
+ *          $(D_PARAM F), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template allSatisfy(alias F, L...)
+{
+    static if (L.length == 0)
+    {
+        enum bool allSatisfy = true;
+    }
+    else static if (F!(L[0]))
+    {
+        enum bool allSatisfy = allSatisfy!(F, L[1 .. $]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool allSatisfy = false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(allSatisfy!(isSigned, int, short, byte, long));
+    static assert(!allSatisfy!(isUnsigned, uint, ushort, float, ulong));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether any of the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy the condition
+ * $(D_PARAM F).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM F) is a template that accepts one parameter and returns a boolean,
+ * so $(D_INLINECODE F!([0]) && F!([1])) and so on, can be called.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  F = Template predicate. 
+ *  L = List of items to test.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if any of the items of $(D_PARAM L) satisfy
+ *          $(D_PARAM F), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template anySatisfy(alias F, L...)
+{
+    static if (L.length == 0)
+    {
+        enum bool anySatisfy = false;
+    }
+    else static if (F!(L[0]))
+    {
+        enum bool anySatisfy = true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool anySatisfy = anySatisfy!(F, L[1 .. $]);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(anySatisfy!(isSigned, int, short, byte, long));
+    static assert(anySatisfy!(isUnsigned, uint, ushort, float, ulong));
+    static assert(!anySatisfy!(isSigned, uint, ushort, ulong));
+}
+
+private template indexOf(ptrdiff_t i, Args...)
+if (Args.length > 0)
+{
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = -1;
+    }
+    else static if (is(Args[0] == Args[1])
+                 || (is(typeof(Args[0] == Args[1])) && (Args[0] == Args[1])))
+    {
+        enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = i;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum ptrdiff_t indexOf = indexOf!(i + 1,
+                                          AliasSeq!(Args[0], Args[2 .. $]));
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the index of the first occurrence of $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM L).
+ * `-1` is returned if $(D_PARAM T) is not found.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type to search for.
+ *  L = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: The index of the first occurence of $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM L).
+ */
+template staticIndexOf(T, L...)
+{
+    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L));
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+template staticIndexOf(alias T, L...)
+{
+    enum ptrdiff_t staticIndexOf = indexOf!(0, AliasSeq!(T, L));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(staticIndexOf!(int) == -1);
+    static assert(staticIndexOf!(int, int) == 0);
+    static assert(staticIndexOf!(int, float, double, int, real) == 2);
+    static assert(staticIndexOf!(3, () {}, uint, 5, 3) == 3);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instantiates the template $(D_PARAM T) with $(D_PARAM ARGS).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T    = Template.
+ *  Args = Template parameters.
+ *
+ * Returns: Instantiated template.
+ */
+alias Instantiate(alias T, Args...) = T!Args;
+
+/**
+ * Combines multiple templates with logical AND. So $(D_PSYMBOL templateAnd)
+ * evaluates to $(D_INLINECODE Preds[0] && Preds[1] && Preds[2]) and so on.
+ *
+ * Empty $(D_PARAM Preds) evaluates to $(D_KEYWORD true).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Preds = Template predicates.
+ *
+ * Returns: The constructed template.
+ */
+template templateAnd(Preds...)
+{
+    template templateAnd(T...)
+    {
+        static if (Preds.length == 0)
+        {
+            enum bool templateAnd = true;
+        }
+        else static if (Instantiate!(Preds[0], T))
+        {
+            alias templateAnd = Instantiate!(.templateAnd!(Preds[1 .. $]), T);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum bool templateAnd = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias isMutableInt = templateAnd!(isIntegral, isMutable);
+    static assert(isMutableInt!int);
+    static assert(!isMutableInt!(const int));
+    static assert(!isMutableInt!float);
+
+    alias alwaysTrue = templateAnd!();
+    static assert(alwaysTrue!int);
+
+    alias isIntegral = templateAnd!(.isIntegral);
+    static assert(isIntegral!int);
+    static assert(isIntegral!(const int));
+    static assert(!isIntegral!float);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Combines multiple templates with logical OR. So $(D_PSYMBOL templateOr)
+ * evaluates to $(D_INLINECODE Preds[0] || Preds[1] || Preds[2]) and so on.
+ *
+ * Empty $(D_PARAM Preds) evaluates to $(D_KEYWORD false).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Preds = Template predicates.
+ *
+ * Returns: The constructed template.
+ */
+template templateOr(Preds...)
+{
+    template templateOr(T...)
+    {
+        static if (Preds.length == 0)
+        {
+            enum bool templateOr = false;
+        }
+        else static if (Instantiate!(Preds[0], T))
+        {
+            enum bool templateOr = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias templateOr = Instantiate!(.templateOr!(Preds[1 .. $]), T);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias isMutableOrInt = templateOr!(isIntegral, isMutable);
+    static assert(isMutableOrInt!int);
+    static assert(isMutableOrInt!(const int));
+    static assert(isMutableOrInt!float);
+    static assert(!isMutableOrInt!(const float));
+
+    alias alwaysFalse = templateOr!();
+    static assert(!alwaysFalse!int);
+
+    alias isIntegral = templateOr!(.isIntegral);
+    static assert(isIntegral!int);
+    static assert(isIntegral!(const int));
+    static assert(!isIntegral!float);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  pred = Template predicate.
+ *
+ * Returns: Negated $(D_PARAM pred).
+ */
+template templateNot(alias pred)
+{
+    enum bool templateNot(T...) = !pred!T;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias isNotIntegral = templateNot!isIntegral;
+    static assert(!isNotIntegral!int);
+    static assert(isNotIntegral!(char[]));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tests whether $(D_PARAM L) is sorted in ascending order according to
+ * $(D_PARAM cmp).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM cmp) can evaluate to:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI $(D_KEYWORD bool): $(D_KEYWORD true) means
+ *       $(D_INLINECODE a[i] < a[i + 1]).)
+ *  $(LI $(D_KEYWORD int): a negative number means that
+ *       $(D_INLINECODE a[i] < a[i + 1]), a positive number that
+ *       $(D_INLINECODE a[i] > a[i + 1]), `0` if they equal.)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  cmp = Comparison template.
+ *  L   = Arguments.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM L) is sorted, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          if not.
+ */
+template staticIsSorted(alias cmp, L...)
+{
+    static if (L.length <= 1)
+    {
+        enum bool staticIsSorted = true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // `L` is sorted if the both halves are sorted.
+        enum bool halves = staticIsSorted!(cmp, L[0 .. $ / 2])
+                        && staticIsSorted!(cmp, L[$ / 2 .. $]);
+        // Compare the boundary values of the havles.
+        enum result = cmp!(L[$ / 2], L[$ / 2 - 1]);
+        static if (is(typeof(result) == bool))
+        {
+            enum bool staticIsSorted = !result && halves;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            enum bool staticIsSorted = result >= 0 && halves;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum cmp(T, U) = T.sizeof < U.sizeof;
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, byte));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, byte, ubyte, short, uint));
+    static assert(!staticIsSorted!(cmp, long, byte, ubyte, short, uint));
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum cmp(int x, int y) = x - y;
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8));
+    static assert(!staticIsSorted!(cmp, 32, 2, 2, 4, 8));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 32, 32));
+}
+
+private pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum cmp(int x, int y) = x < y;
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8));
+    static assert(!staticIsSorted!(cmp, 32, 2, 2, 4, 8));
+    static assert(staticIsSorted!(cmp, 32, 32));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T    = A template.
+ *  Args = The first arguments for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) with $(D_PARAM Args) applied to it as its first
+ *          arguments.
+ */
+template ApplyLeft(alias T, Args...)
+{
+    alias ApplyLeft(U...) = T!(Args, U);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias allAreIntegral = ApplyLeft!(allSatisfy, isIntegral);
+    static assert(allAreIntegral!(int, uint));
+    static assert(!allAreIntegral!(int, float, uint));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T    = A template.
+ *  Args = The last arguments for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) with $(D_PARAM Args) applied to it as itslast
+ *          arguments.
+ */
+template ApplyRight(alias T, Args...)
+{
+    alias ApplyRight(U...) = T!(U, Args);
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    alias intIs = ApplyRight!(allSatisfy, int);
+    static assert(intIs!(isIntegral));
+    static assert(!intIs!(isUnsigned));
+}

source/tanya/meta/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Template metaprogramming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta;
+
+public import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+public import tanya.meta.trait;
+public import tanya.meta.transform;

source/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type transformations.
+ *
+ * Templates in this module can be used to modify type qualifiers or transform
+ * types.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/meta/transform.d,
+ *                 tanya/meta/transform.d)
+ */
+module tanya.meta.transform;
+
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+
+/**
+ * Removes any type qualifiers from $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Removed qualifiers are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * If the type $(D_PARAM T) doesn't have any qualifieres,
+ * $(D_INLINECODE Unqual!T) becomes an alias for $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM T) without any type qualifiers.
+ */
+template Unqual(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == const U)
+            || is(T U == immutable U)
+            || is(T U == inout U)
+            || is(T U == inout const U)
+            || is(T U == shared U)
+            || is(T U == shared const U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout U)
+            || is(T U == shared inout const U))
+    {
+        alias Unqual = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unqual = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unqual!bool == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(immutable bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(inout const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(Unqual!(shared inout const bool) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is an $(D_KEYWORD enum), $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T)
+ * evaluates to the most base type of that $(D_KEYWORD enum) and to
+ * $(D_PARAM T) otherwise.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Base type of the $(D_KEYWORD enum) $(D_PARAM T) or $(D_PARAM T)
+ *          itself.
+ */
+template OriginalType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U == enum))
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = OriginalType!U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias OriginalType = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    enum E1 : const(int)
+    {
+        n = 0,
+    }
+    enum E2 : bool
+    {
+        t = true,
+    }
+    enum E3 : E2
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+    enum E4 : const(E2)
+    {
+        t = E2.t,
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E1 == const int));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E2 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E3 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!E4 == bool));
+    static assert(is(OriginalType!(const E4) == bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies constness of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * The following type qualifiers affect the constness and hence are copied:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI inout const)
+ * )
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the constness of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyTypeQualifiers).
+ */
+template CopyConstness(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T) || is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T) || is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T)
+                 || is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyConstness = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(shared inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, shared char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(const int, immutable char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyConstness!(immutable int, const char) == immutable char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From) to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Type qualifiers copied are:
+ * $(UL
+ *  $(LI const)
+ *  $(LI immutable)
+ *  $(LI inout)
+ *  $(LI shared)
+ * )
+ * and combinations of these.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM To) with the type qualifiers of $(D_PARAM From).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL CopyConstness).
+ */
+template CopyTypeQualifiers(From, To)
+{
+    static if (is(From T == immutable T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = immutable To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = inout const To;
+    }
+    else static if (is(From T == shared inout const T))
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = shared inout const To;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias CopyTypeQualifiers = To;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(int, char) == char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(const int, char) == const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(immutable int, char) == immutable char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout int, char) == inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(inout const int, char) == inout const char));
+
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared int, char) == shared char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared const int, char) == shared const char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout int, char) == shared inout char));
+    static assert(is(CopyTypeQualifiers!(shared inout const int, char) == shared inout const char));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the unsigned counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already unsigned, $(D_INLINECODE Unsigned!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Unsigned counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isSigned).
+ */
+template Unsigned(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == byte))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ubyte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == short))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ushort);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == int))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, uint);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == long))
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, ulong);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Unsigned = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!byte == ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!short == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!int == uint));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!long == ulong));
+
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(const byte) == const ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared byte) == shared ubyte));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!(shared const byte) == shared const ubyte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Unsigned!float));
+    static assert(is(Unsigned!ubyte == ubyte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates to the signed counterpart of the integral type $(D_PARAM T) preserving all type qualifiers.
+ * If $(D_PARAM T) is already signed, $(D_INLINECODE Signed!T) aliases $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Signed counterpart of $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isUnsigned).
+ */
+template Signed(T)
+if (isIntegral!T)
+{
+    alias UnqualedType = Unqual!(OriginalType!T);
+    static if (is(UnqualedType == ubyte))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, byte);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ushort))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, short);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == uint))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, int);
+    }
+    else static if (is(UnqualedType == ulong))
+    {
+        alias Signed = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, long);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Signed = T;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Signed!ubyte == byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ushort == short));
+    static assert(is(Signed!uint == int));
+    static assert(is(Signed!ulong == long));
+
+    static assert(is(Signed!(const ubyte) == const byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared ubyte) == shared byte));
+    static assert(is(Signed!(shared const ubyte) == shared const byte));
+
+    static assert(!is(Signed!float));
+    static assert(is(Signed!byte == byte));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retrieves the target type `U` of a pointer `U*`.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Pointer type.
+ *
+ * Returns: Pointer target type.
+ */
+template PointerTarget(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T U : U*))
+    {
+        alias PointerTarget = U;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(T.stringof ~ " isn't a pointer type");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(bool*) == bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const bool*) == const bool));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(const shared bool*) == const shared bool));
+    static assert(!is(PointerTarget!bool));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The key type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template KeyType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias KeyType = K;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(KeyType!(int[string]) == string));
+    static assert(!is(KeyType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = The type of the associative array.
+ *
+ * Returns: The value type of the associative array $(D_PARAM T).
+ */
+template ValueType(T)
+{
+    static if (is(T V : V[K], K))
+    {
+        alias ValueType = V;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static assert(false, T.stringof ~ " isn't an associative array");
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(ValueType!(int[string]) == int));
+    static assert(!is(ValueType!(int[15])));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Scalar type.
+ *
+ * Returns: The type $(D_PARAM T) will promote to.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
+ *                   Integer Promotions).
+ */
+template Promoted(T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
+{
+    alias Promoted = CopyTypeQualifiers!(T, typeof(T.init + T.init));
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Promoted!bool == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!byte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!short == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!ushort == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!char == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!wchar == int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!dchar == uint));
+
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(const bool) == const int));
+    static assert(is(Promoted!(shared bool) == shared int));
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Internet utilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/inet.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/inet.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.inet;
+
+import std.math;
+import std.range.primitives;
+import std.traits;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
+ *
+ * The range is bidirectional. The byte order is always big-endian.
+ *
+ * It can accept any unsigned integral type but the value should fit
+ * in $(D_PARAM L) bytes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  L = Desired range length.
+ */
+struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
+    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+{
+    static if (L > uint.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ulong;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ushort.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = uint;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ubyte.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ushort;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ubyte;
+    }
+
+    private StorageType value;
+    private size_t size = L;
+
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.size <= L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new range.
+     *
+     * $(D_PARAM T) can be any unsigned type but $(D_PARAM value) cannot be
+     * larger than the maximum can be stored in $(D_PARAM L) bytes. Otherwise
+     * an assertion failure will be caused.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  T      = Value type.
+     *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     */
+    this(T)(const T value)
+        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value = value & StorageType.max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte back() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.value & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte front() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value >>= 8;
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Copy of this range.
+     */
+    typeof(this) save() const
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether the range is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Byte length.
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.size;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
+    assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0xae);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.back == 0xe2);
+
+    networkOrder.popBack();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.empty);
+}
+
+// Static.
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+
+            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
+ * $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * The byte order of $(D_PARAM r) is assumed to be big-endian. The length
+ * cannot be larger than $(D_INLINECODE T.sizeof). Otherwise an assertion
+ * failure will be caused.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Desired return type.
+ *  R     = Range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Integral representation of $(D_PARAM range) with the host byte
+ *          order.
+ */
+T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
+    if (isInputRange!R
+     && !isInfinite!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+     && isUnsigned!T)
+{
+    T ret;
+    ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
+
+    for (; !range.empty && range.front == 0; pos -= 8, range.popFront())
+    {
+    }
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        assert(pos != 0);
+        pos -= 8;
+        ret |= (cast(T) range.front) << pos;
+    }
+
+    return ret >> pos;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const value = 0xae34e2u;
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+    assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/net/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net;
+
+public import tanya.net.inet;
+public import tanya.net.uri;

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * URL parser.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/uri.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/uri.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.uri;
+
+import std.ascii : isAlphaNum, isDigit;
+import std.uni : isAlpha, isNumber;
+import tanya.memory;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown if an invalid URI was specified.
+ */
+final class URIException : Exception
+{
+    /**
+     * Params:
+     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
+     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
+     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
+     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
+     */
+    this(string msg,
+         string file = __FILE__,
+         size_t line = __LINE__,
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+    {
+        super(msg, file, line, next);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A Unique Resource Locator.
+ */
+struct URL
+{
+    /// The URL scheme.
+    const(char)[] scheme;
+
+    /// The username.
+    const(char)[] user;
+
+    /// The password.
+    const(char)[] pass;
+
+    /// The hostname.
+    const(char)[] host;
+
+    /// The port number.
+    ushort port;
+
+    /// The path.
+    const(char)[] path;
+
+    /// The query string.
+    const(char)[] query;
+
+    /// The anchor.
+    const(char)[] fragment;
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to parse an URL from a string.
+     * Output string data (scheme, user, etc.) are just slices of input string
+     * (i.e., no memory allocation and copying).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  source = The string containing the URL.
+     *
+     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
+     */
+    this(const char[] source) pure @nogc
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = source.length, start;
+
+        foreach (i, ref c; source)
+        {
+            if (pos == -1 && c == ':')
+            {
+                pos = i;
+            }
+            if (endPos == source.length && (c == '?' || c == '#'))
+            {
+                endPos = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if the colon is a part of the scheme or the port and parse
+        // the appropriate part.
+        if (source.length > 1 && source[0] == '/' && source[1] == '/')
+        {
+            // Relative scheme.
+            start = 2;
+        }
+        else if (pos > 0)
+        {
+            // Validate scheme:
+            // [ toLower(alpha) | digit | "+" | "-" | "." ]
+            foreach (ref c; source[0 .. pos])
+            {
+                if (!c.isAlphaNum && c != '+' && c != '-' && c != '.')
+                {
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (source.length == pos + 1) // only "scheme:" is available.
+            {
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. $ - 1];
+                return;
+            }
+            else if (source.length > pos + 1 && source[pos + 1] == '/')
+            {
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+
+                if (source.length > pos + 2 && source[pos + 2] == '/')
+                {
+                    start = pos + 3;
+
+                    if (source.length <= start)
+                    {
+                        // Only "scheme://" is available.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (this.scheme == "file" && source[start] == '/')
+                    {
+                        // Windows drive letters.
+                        if (source.length - start > 2
+                         && source[start + 2] == ':')
+                        {
+                            ++start;
+                        }
+                        goto ParsePath;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    start = pos + 1;
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any slash after
+                // them.
+                if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
+                {
+                    this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+                    start = pos + 1;
+                    goto ParsePath;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
+        {
+            // An URL shouldn't begin with a port number.
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("URL begins with port");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            goto ParsePath;
+        }
+
+        // Parse host.
+        pos = -1;
+        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i < source.length; ++i)
+        {
+            if (source[i] == '@')
+            {
+                pos = i;
+            }
+            else if (source[i] == '/')
+            {
+                endPos = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for login and password.
+        if (pos != -1)
+        {
+            // *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" )
+            foreach (i, c; source[start .. pos])
+            {
+                if (c == ':')
+                {
+                    if (this.user is null)
+                    {
+                        this.user = source[start .. start + i];
+                        this.pass = source[start + i + 1 .. pos]; 
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (!c.isAlpha &&
+                         !c.isNumber &&
+                         c != '!' &&
+                         c != ';' &&
+                         c != '=' &&
+                         c != '_' &&
+                         c != '~' &&
+                         !(c >= '$' && c <= '.'))
+                {
+                    this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+                    throw make!URIException(defaultAllocator,
+                                            "Restricted characters in user information");
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.user is null)
+            {
+                this.user = source[start .. pos];
+            }
+
+            start = ++pos;
+        }
+
+        pos = endPos;
+        if (endPos <= 1 || source[start] != '[' || source[endPos - 1] != ']')
+        {
+            // Short circuit portscan.
+            // IPv6 embedded address.
+            for (ptrdiff_t i = endPos - 1; i >= start; --i)
+            {
+                if (source[i] == ':')
+                {
+                    pos = i;
+                    if  (this.port == 0 && !parsePort(source[i .. endPos]))
+                    {
+                        this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+                        throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid port");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if we have a valid host, if we don't reject the string as URL.
+        if (pos <= start)
+        {
+            this.scheme = this.user = this.pass = null;
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!URIException("Invalid host");
+        }
+
+        this.host = source[start .. pos];
+
+        if (endPos == source.length)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        start = endPos;
+
+    ParsePath:
+        endPos = source.length;
+        pos = -1;
+        foreach (i, ref c; source[start .. $])
+        {
+            if (c == '?' && pos == -1)
+            {
+                pos = start + i;
+            }
+            else if (c == '#')
+            {
+                endPos = start + i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (pos == -1)
+        {
+            pos = endPos;
+        }
+
+        if (pos > start)
+        {
+            this.path = source[start .. pos];
+        }
+        if (endPos >= ++pos)
+        {
+            this.query = source[pos .. endPos];
+        }
+        if (++endPos <= source.length)
+        {
+            this.fragment = source[endPos .. $];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Attempts to parse and set the port.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  port = String beginning with a colon followed by the port number and
+     *         an optional path (query string and/or fragment), like:
+     *         `:12345/some_path` or `:12345`.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
+     */
+    private bool parsePort(const char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t i = 1;
+        float lPort = 0;
+
+        for (; i < port.length && port[i].isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i)
+        {
+            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float) (10 ^^ (i - 1));
+        }
+        if (i != 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
+        {
+            lPort *= 10 ^^ (i - 2);
+            if (lPort > ushort.max)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            this.port = cast(ushort) lPort;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "example.org"); 
+
+    u = URL("relative/path");
+    assert(u.path == "relative/path"); 
+
+    // Host and scheme
+    u = URL("https://example.org");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path is null);
+    assert(u.port == 0);
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With user and port and path
+    u = URL("https://hilary:putnam@example.org:443/foo/bar");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/foo/bar");
+    assert(u.port == 443);
+    assert(u.user == "hilary");
+    assert(u.pass == "putnam");
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With query string
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=true");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/");
+    assert(u.query == "login=true");
+    assert(u.fragment is null);
+
+    // With query string and fragment
+    u = URL("https://example.org/?login=false#label");
+    assert(u.scheme == "https");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.path == "/");
+    assert(u.query == "login=false");
+    assert(u.fragment == "label");
+
+    u = URL("redis://root:password@localhost:2201/path?query=value#fragment");
+    assert(u.scheme == "redis");
+    assert(u.user == "root");
+    assert(u.pass == "password");
+    assert(u.host == "localhost");
+    assert(u.port == 2201);
+    assert(u.path == "/path");
+    assert(u.query == "query=value");
+    assert(u.fragment == "fragment");
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.path == "127.0.0.1");
+
+    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+
+    u = URL("http://127.0.0.1:9000");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.port == 9000);
+
+    u = URL("127.0.0.1:80");
+    assert(u.host == "127.0.0.1");
+    assert(u.port == 80);
+    assert(u.path is null);
+
+    u = URL("//example.net");
+    assert(u.host == "example.net");
+    assert(u.scheme is null);
+
+    u = URL("//example.net?q=before:after");
+    assert(u.host == "example.net");
+    assert(u.query == "q=before:after");
+
+    u = URL("localhost:8080");
+    assert(u.host == "localhost");
+    assert(u.port == 8080);
+    assert(u.path is null);
+
+    u = URL("ftp:");
+    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
+
+    u = URL("file:///C:\\Users");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "C:\\Users");
+
+    u = URL("localhost:66000");
+    assert(u.scheme == "localhost");
+    assert(u.path == "66000");
+
+    u = URL("file:///home/");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/");
+
+    u = URL("file:///home/?q=asdf");
+    assert(u.scheme == "file");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/");
+    assert(u.query == "q=asdf");
+
+    u = URL("http://secret@example.org");
+    assert(u.scheme == "http");
+    assert(u.host == "example.org");
+    assert(u.user == "secret");
+
+    u = URL("h_tp://:80");
+    assert(u.path == "h_tp://:80");
+    assert(u.port == 0);
+
+    u = URL("zlib:/home/user/file.gz");
+    assert(u.scheme == "zlib");
+    assert(u.path == "/home/user/file.gz");
+
+    u = URL("h_tp:asdf");
+    assert(u.path == "h_tp:asdf");
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    URIException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        auto u = URL("http://:80");
+    }
+    catch (URIException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    URIException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        auto u = URL(":80");
+    }
+    catch (URIException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    URIException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        auto u = URL("http://user1:pass1@user2:pass2@example.org");
+    }
+    catch (URIException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    URIException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        auto u = URL("http://blah.com:port");
+    }
+    catch (URIException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    URIException exception;
+    try
+    {
+        auto u = URL("http://blah.com:66000");
+    }
+    catch (URIException e)
+    {
+        exception = e;
+    }
+    assert(exception !is null);
+    defaultAllocator.dispose(exception);
+}
+
+// Issue 254: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/254.
+private @system @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto u = URL("ftp://");
+    assert(u.scheme == "ftp");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attempts to parse an URL from a string and returns the specified component
+ * of the URL or $(D_PSYMBOL URL) if no component is specified.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T      = "scheme", "host", "port", "user", "pass", "path", "query",
+ *           "fragment".
+ *  source = The string containing the URL.
+ *
+ * Returns: Requested URL component.
+ */
+auto parseURL(string T)(const char[] source)
+if (T == "scheme"
+ || T == "host"
+ || T == "user"
+ || T == "pass"
+ || T == "path"
+ || T == "query"
+ || T == "fragment"
+ || T == "port")
+{
+    auto ret = URL(source);
+    return mixin("ret." ~ T);
+}
+
+/// Ditto.
+URL parseURL(const char[] source) @nogc
+{
+    return URL(source);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc unittest
+{
+    auto u = parseURL("http://example.org:5326");
+    assert(u.scheme == parseURL!"scheme"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.host == parseURL!"host"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.user == parseURL!"user"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.pass == parseURL!"pass"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.path == parseURL!"path"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.query == parseURL!"query"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.fragment == parseURL!"fragment"("http://example.org:5326"));
+    assert(u.port == parseURL!"port"("http://example.org:5326"));
+}

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/network/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/network/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.network;
+
+public import tanya.network.socket;

source/tanya/os/error.d

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This module provides a portable way of using operating system error codes.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/error.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/error.d)
+ */
+module tanya.os.error;
+
+// Socket API error.
+private template SAError(int posix, int wsa = posix)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        enum SAError = 10000 + wsa;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias SAError = posix;
+    }
+}
+
+// Error for Windows and Posix separately.
+private template NativeError(int posix, int win)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        alias NativeError = win;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias NativeError = posix;
+    }
+}
+
+version (Windows)
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = -71;
+}
+else version (OpenBSD)
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = -71;
+}
+else
+{
+    private enum eProtocolError = 71;
+}
+
+/**
+ * System error code.
+ */
+struct ErrorCode
+{
+    /**
+     * Error code numbers.
+     */
+    enum ErrorNo : int
+    {
+        /// The operation completed successfully.
+        success                   = 0,
+
+        /// Operation not permitted.
+        noPermission              = NativeError!(1, 5),
+
+        /// Interrupted system call.
+        interrupted               = SAError!4,
+
+        /// Bad file descriptor.
+        badDescriptor             = SAError!9,
+
+        /// An operation on a non-blocking socket would block.
+        wouldBlock                = SAError!(11, 35),
+
+        /// Out of memory.
+        noMemory                  = NativeError!(12, 14),
+
+        /// Access denied.
+        accessDenied              = SAError!13,
+
+        /// An invalid pointer address detected.
+        fault                     = SAError!14,
+
+        /// No such device.
+        noSuchDevice              = NativeError!(19, 20),
+
+        /// An invalid argument was supplied.
+        invalidArgument           = SAError!22,
+
+        /// The limit on the number of open file descriptors.
+        tooManyDescriptors        = NativeError!(23, 331),
+
+        /// The limit on the number of open file descriptors.
+        noDescriptors             = SAError!24,
+
+        /// Broken pipe.
+        brokenPipe                = NativeError!(32, 109),
+
+        /// The name was too long.
+        nameTooLong               = SAError!(36, 63),
+
+        /// A socket operation was attempted on a non-socket.
+        notSocket                 = SAError!(88, 38),
+
+        /// Protocol error.
+        protocolError             = eProtocolError,
+
+        /// Message too long.
+        messageTooLong            = SAError!(90, 40),
+
+        /// Wrong protocol type for socket.
+        wrongProtocolType         = SAError!(91, 41),
+
+        /// Protocol not available.
+        noProtocolOption          = SAError!(92, 42),
+
+        /// The protocol is not implemented orR has not been configured.
+        protocolNotSupported      = SAError!(93, 43),
+
+        /// The support for the specified socket type does not exist in this
+        /// address family.
+        socketNotSupported        = SAError!(94, 44),
+
+        /// The address family is no supported by the protocol family.
+        operationNotSupported     = SAError!(95, 45),
+
+        /// Address family specified is not supported.
+        addressFamilyNotSupported = SAError!(97, 47),
+
+        /// Address already in use.
+        addressInUse              = SAError!(98, 48),
+
+        /// The network is not available.
+        networkDown               = SAError!(100, 50),
+
+        /// No route to host.
+        networkUnreachable        = SAError!(101, 51),
+
+        /// Network dropped connection because of reset.
+        networkReset              = SAError!(102, 52),
+
+        /// The connection has been aborted.
+        connectionAborted         = SAError!(103, 53),
+
+        /// Connection reset by peer.
+        connectionReset           = SAError!(104, 54),
+
+        /// No free buffer space is available for a socket operation.
+        noBufferSpace             = SAError!(105, 55),
+
+        /// Transport endpoint is already connected.
+        alreadyConnected          = SAError!(106, 56),
+
+        /// Transport endpoint is not connected.
+        notConnected              = SAError!(107, 57),
+
+        /// Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown.
+        shutdown                  = SAError!(108, 58),
+
+        /// The connection attempt timed out, or the connected host has failed
+        /// to respond.
+        timedOut                  = SAError!(110, 60),
+
+        /// Connection refused.
+        connectionRefused         = SAError!(111, 61),
+
+        /// Host is down.
+        hostDown                  = SAError!(112, 64),
+
+        /// No route to host.
+        hostUnreachable           = SAError!(113, 65),
+
+        /// Operation already in progress.
+        alreadyStarted            = SAError!(114, 37),
+
+        /// Operation now in progress.
+        inProgress                = SAError!(115, 36),
+
+        /// Operation cancelled.
+        cancelled                 = SAError!(125, 103),
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Numeric error code.
+     */
+    this(const ErrorNo value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = value;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+
+        ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this $(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode) to default
+     * ($(D_PSYMBOL ErrorCode.success)).
+     */
+    void reset() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = ErrorNo.success;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        auto ec = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+
+        ec.reset();
+        assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Numeric error code.
+     */
+    ErrorNo opCast(T : ErrorNo)() const
+    {
+        return this.value_;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ErrorNo opCast(T : int)() const
+    {
+        return this.value_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        ErrorCode ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+        auto errorNo = cast(ErrorCode.ErrorNo) ec;
+
+        assert(errorNo == ErrorCode.fault);
+        static assert(is(typeof(cast(int) ec)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns another error code or error code number.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Numeric error code.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign(const ErrorNo that) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = that;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    ref ErrorCode opAssign()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        this.value_ = that.value_;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec;
+            assert(ec == ErrorCode.success);
+
+            ec = ErrorCode.fault;
+            assert(ec == ErrorCode.fault);
+        }
+        {
+            auto ec1 = ErrorCode(ErrorCode.fault);
+            ErrorCode ec2;
+            assert(ec2 == ErrorCode.success);
+
+            ec2 = ec1;
+            assert(ec1 == ec2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equality with another error code or error code number.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Numeric error code.
+     *
+     * Returns: Whether $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that) are equal.
+     */
+    bool opEquals(const ErrorNo that) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return this.value_ == that;
+    }
+
+    /// Ditto.
+    bool opEquals()(auto ref const ErrorCode that)
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    {
+        return this.value_ == that.value_;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+    {
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.accessDenied;
+
+            assert(ec1 != ec2);
+            assert(ec1 != ErrorCode.accessDenied);
+            assert(ErrorCode.fault != ec2);
+        }
+        {
+            ErrorCode ec1 = ErrorCode.fault;
+            ErrorCode ec2 = ErrorCode.fault;
+
+            assert(ec1 == ec2);
+            assert(ec1 == ErrorCode.fault);
+            assert(ErrorCode.fault == ec2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ErrorNo value_ = ErrorNo.success;
+
+    alias ErrorNo this;
+}

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * This package provides platform-independent interfaces to operating system
+ * functionality.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/os/package.d,
+ *                 tanya/os/package.d)
+ */
+module tanya.os;
+
+public import tanya.os.error;

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Type constructors.
+ *
+ * This module contains templates that allow to build new types from the
+ * available ones.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/typecons.d,
+ *                 tanya/typecons.d)
+ */
+module tanya.typecons;
+
+import std.meta;
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.
+ *
+ * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
+ * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
+ * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
+ * If you want the object be accessible only by its index (`0` or `1`),
+ * just skip the name.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Specs = Field types and names.
+ */
+template Pair(Specs...)
+{
+    template parseSpecs(int fieldCount, Specs...)
+    {
+        static if (Specs.length == 0)
+        {
+            alias parseSpecs = AliasSeq!();
+        }
+        else static if (is(Specs[0]) && fieldCount < 2)
+        {
+            static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                alias parseSpecs
+                    = AliasSeq!(Specs[0],
+                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static assert(false, "Invalid argument: " ~ Specs[0].stringof);
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Pair
+    {
+        /// Field types.
+        alias Types = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
+
+        static assert(Types.length == 2, "Invalid argument count.");
+
+        // Create field aliases.
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[1] ~ " = expand[0];");
+        }
+        static if (is(typeof(Specs[2]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[2] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+        else static if (is(typeof(Specs[3]) == string))
+        {
+            mixin("alias " ~ Specs[3] ~ " = expand[1];");
+        }
+
+        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
+        Types expand;
+
+        alias expand this;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, 5)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int, "second")));
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+
+    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int, "second")));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!("first", int, "second", int)));
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, int, int)));
+
+    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, "first")));
+}