algorithm.mutation.destroyAll: New

Fix #71.

.gitignore

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ dub.selections.json
 __test__*__
 __test__*__.core
 /tanya-test-*
-/dub_platform_probe-*
+/dub_platform_probe[_-]*
 
 /docs/
 /docs.json

.travis.yml

@@ -1,39 +1,46 @@
 sudo: false
 
 os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
+- linux
+- osx
 
 language: d
 
 d:
-  - dmd-2.081.0
-  - dmd-2.080.1
-  - dmd-2.079.1
-  - dmd-2.078.3
+- dmd-2.082.1
 
 env:
   matrix:
-    - ARCH=x86_64
-    - ARCH=x86
+  - ARCH=x86_64
+  - ARCH=x86
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+  - name: "D-Scanner"
+    d: dmd-2.082.1
+    env: DSCANNER=0.5.11
+    os: linux
 
 addons:
   apt:
     packages:
-      - gcc-multilib
+    - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.081.0'`" ]; then
-      export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
-    fi
+- if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.082.1'`" ] &&
+     [ -z "$DSCANNER" ]; then
+    export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
+  fi
 
 script:
-  - dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC
-  - if [ "$UNITTEST" ] && [ "$ARCH" = "x86_64" ] && [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ];
-    then
-      dub fetch dscanner;
-      dub run dscanner -- --styleCheck ./source/;
-    fi
+- if [ -z "$DSCANNER" ]; then
+    dub test -b ${UNITTEST:-unittest} --arch=$ARCH --compiler=$DC;
+  else
+    dub fetch dscanner --version=$DSCANNER;
+
+    FILES=$(find source -type f);
+    dub run dscanner -- --styleCheck $FILES;
+  fi
 
 after_success:
-  - test "$UNITTEST" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
+- test "$UNITTEST" && bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

README.md

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 
 * `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
+* `bitmanip`: Bit manipulation.
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
 string, Set, Hash table.
 * `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
@@ -172,12 +173,10 @@ parameter is used)
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-| DMD     | GCC       |
-|:-------:|:---------:|
-| 2.081.1 | *master*  |
-| 2.080.1 |           |
-| 2.079.1 |           |
-| 2.078.3 |           |
+| DMD     | GCC             |
+|:-------:|:---------------:|
+| 2.082.1 | gdc-8 (2.081.2) |
+|         | gdc-7 (2.081.2) |
 
 ### Release management
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,28 +4,10 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      DVersion: 2.082.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.081.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.079.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.079.1
-      arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.3
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.078.3
+      DVersion: 2.082.1
       arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
@@ -46,7 +28,7 @@ install:
 before_build:
   - ps: if($env:arch -eq "x86"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "x86";
-          $env:Darch = "x86";
+          $env:Darch = "x86_mscoff";
         }
         elseif($env:arch -eq "x64"){
           $env:compilersetupargs = "amd64";

arch/build.ninja

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ rule archive
 
 build abs.o: gas x64/linux/math/abs.S
 build log.o: gas x64/linux/math/log.S
-build cmp.o: gas x64/linux/memory/cmp.S
+build equal.o: gas x64/linux/memory/equal.S
 build fill.o: gas x64/linux/memory/fill.S
 build copy.o: gas x64/linux/memory/copy.S
 build syscall.o: gas x64/linux/syscall.S
 
-build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o cmp.o log.o abs.o
+build tanya.a: archive syscall.o copy.o fill.o equal.o log.o abs.o

arch/x64/linux/memory/equal.S

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 	.text
 
 /*
- * cmpMemory.
+ * equalMemory.
  *
  * rdi - r1 length
  * rsi - r1 data.
  * rdx - r2 length.
  * rcx - r2 data.
  */
-	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi
-	.type _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi, @function
-
-_D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
+	.globl _D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb
+	.type _D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb, @function
+_D5tanya6memory2op11equalMemoryFNaNbNixAvxQdZb:
 		// Compare the lengths
 		cmp %rdx, %rdi
-		jl  less
-		jg  greater
+		jne not_equal
 
 		mov %rcx, %rdi
 
@@ -27,8 +25,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 
 	naligned:
 		cmpsb
-		jl less
-		jg greater
+		jne not_equal
 
 		dec %rdx
 		test $0x07, %edi
@@ -39,8 +36,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 		shr $0x03, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsq
-		jl less
-		jg greater
+		jne not_equal
 
 		and $0x07, %edx
 		jz equal
@@ -50,19 +46,14 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 		cmp $0x0, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsb
-		jl less
-		jg greater
+		jne not_equal
 
 	equal:
+		mov $0x01, %rax // Return 1
+		jmp end
+
+	not_equal:
 		xor %rax, %rax // Return 0
-		jmp end
-
-	greater:
-		mov $0x01, %rax
-		jmp end
-
-	less:
-		mov $-0x01, %rax
 
 	end:
 		ret

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ The returned value is placed in %rax.
 */
 	.text
 
-	.globl syscall1
-	.type syscall1, @function
+// 1 parameter.
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl, @function
 
-syscall1:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillZl:
 	movq %rsi, %rax // Syscall number.
 
 	syscall
@@ -23,10 +24,10 @@ syscall1:
 
 
 // 2 parameters.
-	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl
-	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl, @function
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl, @function
 
-_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllZl:
 	movq %rdx, %rax
 
 	syscall
@@ -34,11 +35,23 @@ _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl:
 	ret
 
 
-// 6 parameters.
-	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl
-	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl, @function
+// 3 parameters.
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl, @function
 
-_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNillllZl:
+	movq %rcx, %rax
+
+	syscall
+
+	ret
+
+
+// 6 parameters.
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl, @function
+
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscallQiFNbNilllllllZl:
 	pushq %rbp
 	movq %rsp, %rbp
 

dub.json

@@ -34,5 +34,7 @@
 		}
 	],
 
-	"libs-windows": ["advapi32"]
+	"libs-windows": ["advapi32"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_mscoff": ["iphlpapi"],
+	"libs-windows-x86_64": ["iphlpapi"]
 }

source/tanya/algorithm/comparison.d

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 module tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math : isNaN;
-import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.math;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -278,22 +278,25 @@ if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
  * If the ranges have different lengths, they aren't equal.
  *
  * Params:
- *  R1 = First range type.
- *  R2 = Second range type.
- *  r1 = First range.
- *  r2 = Second range.
+ *  pred = Predicate used to compare individual element pairs.
+ *  R1   = First range type.
+ *  R2   = Second range type.
+ *  r1   = First range.
+ *  r2   = Second range.
  *
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if both ranges are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
  *          otherwise.
  */
-bool equal(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
-if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
+bool equal(alias pred = (auto ref a, auto ref b) => a == b, R1, R2)
+          (R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r1.front, r2.front)) == bool))
 {
     static if (isDynamicArray!R1
             && is(R1 == R2)
             && __traits(isPOD, ElementType!R1))
     {
-        return cmp(r1, r2) == 0;
+        return tanya.memory.op.equal(r1, r2);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -306,7 +309,7 @@ if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
         }
         for (; !r1.empty && !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
         {
-            if (r1.front != r2.front)
+            if (!pred(r1.front, r2.front))
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -331,3 +334,130 @@ if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
     int[3] range2 = [1, 2, 3];
     assert(!equal(range1[], range2[]));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Compares element-wise two ranges for ordering.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL compare) returns a negative value if $(D_PARAM r1) is less than
+ * $(D_PARAM r2), a positive value if $(D_PARAM r2) is less than $(D_PARAM r1),
+ * or `0` if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) equal.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL compare) iterates both ranges in lockstep. Whichever of them
+ * contains an element that is greater than the respective element at the same
+ * position in the other range is the greater one of the two.
+ *
+ * If one of the ranges becomes empty when iterating, but all elements equal so
+ * far, the range with more elements is the greater one.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM pred) is given, it is used for comparison. $(D_PARAM pred) is
+ * called as $(D_INLINECODE pred(r1.front, r2.front)) and
+ * $(D_INLINECODE pred(r2.front, r1.front)) to perform three-way comparison.
+ * $(D_PARAM pred) should return a $(D_KEYWORD bool).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM pred) is not given, but the element type of $(D_PARAM R1)
+ * defines `opCmp()` for the element type of $(D_PARAM R2), `opCmp()` is used.
+ *
+ * Otherwise the comparison is perfomed using the basic comparison operators.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  pred = Predicate used for comparison.
+ *  R1   = First range type.
+ *  R2   = Second range type.
+ *  r1   = First range.
+ *  r2   = Second range.
+ *
+ * Returns: A negative value if $(D_PARAM r1) is less than $(D_PARAM r2), a
+ *          positive value if $D(_PARAM r2) is less than $(D_PARAM r1), `0`
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+int compare(alias pred, R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r1.front, r2.front)) == bool)
+ && is(typeof(pred(r2.front, r1.front)) == bool))
+{
+    alias predImpl = (ref r1, ref r2) {
+        return pred(r2.front, r1.front) - pred(r1.front, r2.front);
+    };
+    return compareImpl!(predImpl, R1, R2)(r1, r2);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+int compare(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2)
+ && is(typeof(r1.front < r2.front || r2.front < r1.front)))
+{
+    static if (is(typeof(r1.front.opCmp(r2.front)) == int))
+    {
+        alias pred = (ref r1, ref r2) => r1.front.opCmp(r2.front);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias pred = (ref r1, ref r2) {
+            return (r2.front < r1.front) - (r1.front < r2.front);
+        };
+    }
+    return compareImpl!(pred, R1, R2)(r1, r2);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(compare("abc", "abc") == 0);
+    assert(compare("abcd", "abc") > 0);
+    assert(compare("ab", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "abcd") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "ab") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aec", "abc") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aac", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aec") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aab") > 0);
+    assert(compare("aacd", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare("abc", "aacd") > 0);
+
+    assert(compare!((a, b) => a > b)("aec", "abc") < 0);
+    assert(compare!((a, b) => a > b)("aac", "abc") > 0);
+}
+
+private int compareImpl(alias pred, R1, R2)(ref R1 r1, ref R2 r2)
+{
+    for (; !r1.empty || !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
+    {
+        if (r1.empty)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else if (r2.empty)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        const comparison = pred(r1, r2);
+        if (comparison != 0)
+        {
+            return comparison;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct OpCmp(int value)
+    {
+        int opCmp(OpCmp) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!(-1)[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) < 0);
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!1[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) > 0);
+    }
+    {
+        OpCmp!0[1] range;
+        assert(compare(range[], range[]) == 0);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d

@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range adapters.
+ *
+ * A range adapter wraps another range and modifies the way, how the original
+ * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
+ *
+ * All adapters are lazy algorithms, they request the next element of the
+ * adapted range on demand.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/iteration.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/iteration.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.iteration;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.range;
+
+private mixin template Take(R, bool exactly)
+{
+    private R source;
+    size_t length_;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(R source, size_t length)
+    {
+        this.source = source;
+        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
+        {
+            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.length_ = length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref front()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.source.front;
+    }
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.source.popFront();
+        --this.length_;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty()
+    {
+        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
+        {
+            return length == 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return length == 0 || this.source.empty;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property size_t length()
+    {
+        return this.length_;
+    }
+
+    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+    {
+        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = move(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (isForwardRange!R)
+    {
+        typeof(this) save()
+        {
+            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
+    {
+        @property auto ref back()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[this.length - 1];
+        }
+
+        void popBack()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+
+        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i < length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[i];
+        }
+
+        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+        {
+            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = value;
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = move(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
+ * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
+ ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
+ * expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
+ *          $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
+ */
+auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static struct Take
+    {
+        mixin .Take!(R, false);
+
+        static if (hasSlicing!R)
+        {
+            auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i <= j);
+                assert(j <= length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                return typeof(this)(this.source[i .. j], length);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return Take(range, n);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
+ ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
+ * which expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
+ */
+auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (hasSlicing!R)
+    {
+        return range[0 .. n];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static struct TakeExactly
+        {
+            mixin Take!(R, true);
+        }
+        return TakeExactly(range, n);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+// Takes minimum length if the range length > n
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto range = take(cast(int[]) null, 8);
+    assert(range.length == 0);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[9] range = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    {
+        auto slice = take(range[], 8)[1 .. 3];
+
+        assert(slice.length == 2);
+        assert(slice.front == 2);
+        assert(slice.back == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        auto slice = takeExactly(range[], 8)[1 .. 3];
+
+        assert(slice.length == 2);
+        assert(slice.front == 2);
+        assert(slice.back == 3);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Iterates a bidirectional range backwards.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Range) is a random-access range as well, the resulting range
+ * is a random-access range too.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Bidirectional range type.
+ *  range = Bidirectional range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Bidirectional range with the elements order reversed.
+ */
+auto retro(Range)(Range range)
+if (isBidirectionalRange!Range)
+{
+    static struct Retro
+    {
+        Range source;
+
+        @disable this();
+
+        private this(Range source)
+        {
+            this.source = source;
+        }
+
+        Retro save()
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @property auto ref front()
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return this.source.back;
+        }
+
+        void popFront()
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.popBack();
+        }
+
+        @property auto ref back()
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            return this.source.front;
+        }
+
+        void popBack()
+        in (!empty)
+        {
+            this.source.popFront();
+        }
+
+        @property bool empty()
+        {
+            return this.source.empty;
+        }
+
+        static if (hasLength!Range)
+        {
+            @property size_t length()
+            {
+                return this.source.length;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static if (isRandomAccessRange!Range && hasLength!Range)
+        {
+            auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+            in (i < length)
+            {
+                return this.source[$ - ++i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        static if (hasAssignableElements!Range)
+        {
+            @property void front(ref ElementType!Range value)
+            in (!empty)
+            {
+                this.source.back = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void front(ElementType!Range value)
+            in (!empty)
+            {
+                this.source.back = move(value);
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ref ElementType!Range value)
+            in (!empty)
+            {
+                this.source.front = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ElementType!Range value)
+            in (!empty)
+            {
+                this.source.front = move(value);
+            }
+
+            static if (isRandomAccessRange!Range && hasLength!Range)
+            {
+                void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!Range value, size_t i)
+                in (i < length)
+                {
+                    this.source[$ - ++i] = value;
+                }
+
+                void opIndexAssign(ElementType!Range value, size_t i)
+                in (i < length)
+                {
+                    this.source[$ - ++i] = move(value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Retro(range);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[3] given = [1, 2, 3];
+    const int[3] expected = [3, 2, 1];
+
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    assert(actual.length == expected.length);
+    assert(!actual.empty);
+    assert(equal(actual, expected[]));
+}
+
+// Elements are accessible in reverse order
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const int[3] given = [1, 2, 3];
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    assert(actual.back == given[].front);
+    assert(actual[0] == 3);
+    assert(actual[2] == 1);
+
+    actual.popBack();
+    assert(actual.back == 2);
+    assert(actual[1] == 2);
+}
+
+// Elements can be assigned
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[4] given = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+    auto actual = retro(given[]);
+
+    actual.front = 5;
+    assert(given[].back == 5);
+
+    actual.back = 8;
+    assert(given[].front == 8);
+
+    actual[2] = 10;
+    assert(given[1] == 10);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/mutation.d

@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@
  */
 module tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 
-import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.conv;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
 
 private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
 {
@@ -39,11 +42,12 @@ private void deinitialize(bool zero, T)(ref T value)
         }
         static if (zero)
         {
-            fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
+            tanya.memory.op.fill!0((cast(void*) &value)[0 .. size]);
         }
         else
         {
-            copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size], (&value)[0 .. 1]);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(typeid(T).initializer()[0 .. size],
+                                 (&value)[0 .. 1]);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -81,17 +85,24 @@ do
 {
     static if (is(T == struct) || isStaticArray!T)
     {
-        copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy((&source)[0 .. 1], (&target)[0 .. 1]);
 
         static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T || hasElaborateDestructor!T)
         {
-            if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
+            static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083) // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
             {
-                deinitialize!true(source);
+                deinitialize!(__traits(isZeroInit, T))(source);
             }
             else
             {
-                deinitialize!false(source);
+                if (typeid(T).initializer().ptr is null)
+                {
+                    deinitialize!true(source);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    deinitialize!false(source);
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -273,3 +284,326 @@ void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) @trusted
     assert(a == 5);
     assert(b == 3);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Copies the $(D_PARAM source) range into the $(D_PARAM target) range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Source = Input range type.
+ *  Target = Output range type.
+ *  source = Source input range.
+ *  target = Target output range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM target) range, whose front element is the one past the
+ *          last element copied.
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_PARAM target) should be large enough to accept all
+ *               $(D_PARAM source) elements.
+ */
+Target copy(Source, Target)(Source source, Target target)
+if (isInputRange!Source && isOutputRange!(Target, Source))
+in
+{
+    static if (hasLength!Source && hasLength!Target)
+    {
+        assert(target.length >= source.length);
+    }
+}
+do
+{
+    alias E = ElementType!Source;
+    static if (isDynamicArray!Source
+            && is(Unqual!E == ElementType!Target)
+            && !hasElaborateCopyConstructor!E
+            && !hasElaborateAssign!E
+            && !hasElaborateDestructor!E)
+    {
+        if (source.ptr < target.ptr
+         && (() @trusted => (target.ptr - source.ptr) < source.length)())
+        {
+            tanya.memory.op.copyBackward(source, target);
+        }
+        else if (source.ptr !is target.ptr)
+        {
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(source, target);
+        }
+        return target[source.length .. $];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !source.empty; source.popFront())
+        {
+            put(target, source.front);
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    const int[2] source = [1, 2];
+    int[2] target = [3, 4];
+
+    copy(source[], target[]);
+    assert(equal(source[], target[]));
+}
+
+// Returns advanced target
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[5] input = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    assert(copy(input[3 .. 5], input[]).front == 3);
+}
+
+// Copies overlapping arrays
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4];
+
+    copy(actual[0 .. 4], actual[2 .. 6]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof(copy((ubyte[]).init, (ushort[]).init))));
+    static assert(!is(typeof(copy((ushort[]).init, (ubyte[]).init))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct OutPutRange
+    {
+        int value;
+        void put(int value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        in
+        {
+            assert(this.value == 0);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+    }
+    int[1] source = [5];
+    OutPutRange target;
+
+    assert(copy(source[], target).value == 5);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Filler type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Filler.
+ */
+void fill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (!isDynamicArray!Range && is(typeof(range[] = value)))
+    {
+        range[] = value;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            range.front = value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
+
+    fill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+// [] is called where possible
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct Slice
+    {
+        bool* slicingCalled;
+
+        int front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        void front(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool empty() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(int) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            *this.slicingCalled = true;
+        }
+    }
+    bool slicingCalled;
+    auto range = Slice(&slicingCalled);
+    fill(range, 0);
+    assert(slicingCalled);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fills $(D_PARAM range) with $(D_PARAM value) assuming the elements of the
+ * $(D_PARAM range) aren't initialized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  Value = Initializer type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *  value = Initializer.
+ */
+void uninitializedFill(Range, Value)(Range range, auto ref Value value)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range
+ && isAssignable!(ElementType!Range, Value))
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(ElementType!Range))
+    {
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            ElementType!Range* p = &range.front;
+            emplace!(ElementType!Range)(cast(void[]) (p[0 .. 1]), value);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fill(range, value);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[6] actual = void;
+    const int[6] expected = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
+
+    uninitializedFill(actual[], 1);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes all elements of the $(D_PARAM range) assuming that they are
+ * uninitialized.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type
+ *  range = Input range.
+ */
+void initializeAll(Range)(Range range) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : copy, fill;
+    alias T = ElementType!Range;
+
+    static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083
+            && isDynamicArray!Range
+            && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+    {
+        fill!0(range);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static immutable init = T.init;
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+        {
+            copy((&init)[0 .. 1], (&range.front)[0 .. 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    import tanya.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+    int[2] actual = void;
+    const int[2] expected = [0, 0];
+
+    initializeAll(actual[]);
+    assert(equal(actual[], expected[]));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct NonCopyable
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+    NonCopyable[] nonCopyable;
+    initializeAll(nonCopyable);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys all elements in the $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * This function has effect only if the element type of $(D_PARAM Range) has
+ * an elaborate destructor, i.e. it is a $(D_PSYMBOL struct) with an explicit
+ * or generated by the compiler destructor.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Range = Input range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ */
+void destroyAll(Range)(Range range)
+if (isInputRange!Range && hasLvalueElements!Range)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(ElementType!Range))
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; range)
+        {
+            destroy(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted unittest
+{
+    static struct WithDtor
+    {
+        private size_t* counter;
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure
+        {
+            if (this.counter !is null)
+            {
+                ++(*this.counter);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t counter;
+    WithDtor[2] withDtor = [WithDtor(&counter), WithDtor(&counter)];
+
+    destroyAll(withDtor[]);
+
+    assert(counter == 2);
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@
 module tanya.algorithm;
 
 public import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+public import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
 public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/algorithm/searching.d

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Searching algorithms.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/searching.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/searching.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.searching;
+
+import tanya.range;
+
+/**
+ * Counts the elements in an input range.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM R) has length, $(D_PSYMBOL count) returns it, otherwise it
+ * iterates over the range and counts the elements.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Input range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM range) length.
+ */
+size_t count(R)(R range)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    static if (hasLength!R)
+    {
+        return range.length;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_t counter;
+        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront(), ++counter)
+        {
+        }
+        return counter;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[3] array;
+    assert(count(array) == 3);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        private int counter = 3;
+
+        int front() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.counter;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            --this.counter;
+        }
+
+        bool empty() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.counter == 0;
+        }
+    }
+    Range range;
+    assert(count(range) == 3);
+}

source/tanya/async/event/iocp.d

@@ -318,7 +318,9 @@ final class IOCPLoop : Loop
 
                 connection.incoming.insertBack(transport);
 
-                reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+                reify(transport,
+                      EventMask(Event.none),
+                      EventMask(Event.read | Event.write));
 
                 pendings.insertBack(connection);
                 listener.beginAccept(overlapped);

source/tanya/async/event/selector.d

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ package class StreamTransport : SocketWatcher, DuplexTransport, SocketTransport
     {
         closing = true;
         loop.reify(this,
-                   EventMask(Event.read, Event.write),
+                   EventMask(Event.read | Event.write),
                    EventMask(Event.write));
     }
 
@@ -393,7 +393,9 @@ abstract class SelectorLoop : Loop
                 transport.socket = client;
             }
 
-            reify(transport, EventMask(Event.none), EventMask(Event.read, Event.write));
+            reify(transport,
+                  EventMask(Event.none),
+                  EventMask(Event.read | Event.write));
             connection.incoming.insertBack(transport);
         }
 

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@
 module tanya.async.loop;
 
 import core.time;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.async.transport;
 import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.bitmanip;
 import tanya.container.buffer;
 import tanya.container.list;
 import tanya.memory;

source/tanya/bitmanip.d

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Bit manipulation.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/bitmanip.d,
+ *                 tanya/bitmanip.d)
+ */
+module tanya.bitmanip;
+
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM E) is a $(D_KEYWORD enum), whose members can be
+ * used as bit flags.
+ *
+ * This is the case if all members of $(D_PARAM E) are integral numbers that
+ * are either 0 or positive integral powers of 2.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM E) contains only bit flags,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isBitFlagEnum(E)
+{
+    enum bool isValid(OriginalType!E x) = x == 0
+                                       || (x > 0 && ((x & (x - 1)) == 0));
+    static if (isIntegral!E)
+    {
+        enum bool isBitFlagEnum = allSatisfy!(isValid, EnumMembers!E);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isBitFlagEnum = false;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum Valid
+    {
+        none = 0,
+        one = 1 << 0,
+        two = 1 << 1,
+    }
+    static assert(isBitFlagEnum!Valid);
+
+    enum Invalid
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+        three,
+        four,
+    }
+    static assert(!isBitFlagEnum!Invalid);
+
+    enum Negative
+    {
+        one = -1,
+        two = -2,
+    }
+    static assert(!isBitFlagEnum!Negative);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates that $(D_PARAM field) contains only bits from $(D_PARAM E).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E     = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *  field = Bit field.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM field) is valid, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+bool containsBitFlags(E)(E field)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    OriginalType!E fillField()
+    {
+        typeof(return) full;
+        static foreach (member; EnumMembers!E)
+        {
+            full |= member;
+        }
+        return full;
+    }
+    enum OriginalType!E full = fillField();
+    return (field & ~full) == OriginalType!E.init;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E
+    {
+        one,
+        two,
+        three,
+    }
+    assert(containsBitFlags(E.one | E.two));
+    assert(!containsBitFlags(cast(E) 0x8));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allows to use $(D_KEYWORD enum) values as a set of bit flags.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) behaves the same as a bit field of type $(D_PARAM E),
+ * but does additional cheks to ensure that the bit field contains only valid
+ * values, this is only values from $(D_PARAM E).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ */
+struct BitFlags(E)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    private OriginalType!E field;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) from $(D_PARAM field).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  field = Bits to be set.
+     */
+    this(E field)
+    {
+        this.field = field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) to a boolean.
+     *
+     * It is $(D_KEYWORD true) if any bit is set, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) contains any
+     *          set bits, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opCast(T : bool)()
+    {
+        return this.field != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts to the original type of $(D_PARAM E) ($(D_KEYWORD int) by
+     * default).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this) as $(D_INLINECODE OriginalType!T).
+     */
+    OriginalType!E opCast(T : OriginalType!E)() const
+    {
+        return this.field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests (&), sets (|) or toggles (^) bits.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  op   = Operation.
+     *  that = 0 or more bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: New $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object.
+     */
+    BitFlags opBinary(string op)(E that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    BitFlags opBinary(string op)(BitFlags that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    BitFlags opBinaryRight(string op)(E that) const
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        BitFlags result = this;
+        mixin("return result " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests (&), sets (|) or toggles (^) bits.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  op   = Operation.
+     *  that = 0 or more bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref BitFlags opOpAssign(string op)(E that)
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        mixin("this.field " ~ op ~ "= that;");
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref BitFlags opOpAssign(string op)(BitFlags that)
+    if (op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^")
+    {
+        mixin("this.field " ~ op ~ "= that.field;");
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inverts all bit flags.
+     *
+     * Returns: New $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object with all bits inverted.
+     */
+    BitFlags opUnary(string op : "~")() const
+    {
+        BitFlags result;
+        result.field  = ~this.field;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns a bit field.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = Bit field of type $(D_PARAM E).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref BitFlags opAssign(E that)
+    {
+        this.field = that;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object to another bit field.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  that = $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object or a bit field of type
+     *         $(D_PARAM E).
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_KEYWORD this) and $(D_PARAM that)
+     *          contain the same bits ,$(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+     */
+    bool opEquals(E that) const
+    {
+        return this.field == that;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    bool opEquals(BitFlags that) const
+    {
+        return this.field == that.field;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a hash value of this object.
+     *
+     * Returns: Hash value.
+     */
+    size_t toHash() const
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) this.field;
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E : int
+    {
+        one = 1,
+    }
+
+    // Casts to a boolean
+    assert(BitFlags!E(E.one));
+    assert(!BitFlags!E());
+
+    // Assigns to and compares with a single value
+    {
+        BitFlags!E bitFlags;
+        bitFlags = E.one;
+        assert(bitFlags == E.one);
+    }
+    // Assigns to and compares with the same type
+    {
+        auto bitFlags1 = BitFlags!E(E.one);
+        BitFlags!E bitFlags2;
+        bitFlags2 = bitFlags1;
+        assert(bitFlags1 == bitFlags2);
+    }
+    assert((BitFlags!E() | E.one) == BitFlags!E(E.one));
+    assert((BitFlags!E() | BitFlags!E(E.one)) == BitFlags!E(E.one));
+
+    assert(!(BitFlags!E() & BitFlags!E(E.one)));
+
+    assert(!(BitFlags!E(E.one) ^ E.one));
+    assert(BitFlags!E() ^ BitFlags!E(E.one));
+
+    assert(~BitFlags!E());
+
+    assert(BitFlags!E().toHash() == 0);
+    assert(BitFlags!E(E.one).toHash() != 0);
+
+    // opBinaryRight is allowed
+    static assert(is(typeof({ E.one | BitFlags!E(); })));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a $(D_PSYMBOL BitFlags) object initialized with $(D_PARAM field).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E     = Some $(D_KEYWORD enum).
+ *  field = Bits to be set.
+ */
+BitFlags!E bitFlags(E)(E field)
+if (isBitFlagEnum!E)
+{
+    return BitFlags!E(field);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E
+    {
+        one = 1 << 0,
+        two = 1 << 1,
+        three = 1 << 2,
+    }
+    // Construct with E.one and E.two set
+    auto flags = bitFlags(E.one | E.two);
+
+    // Test wheter E.one is set
+    assert(flags & E.one);
+
+    // Toggle E.one
+    flags ^= E.one;
+    assert(!(flags & E.one));
+
+    // Set E.three
+    flags |= E.three;
+    assert(flags & E.three);
+
+    // Clear E.three
+    flags &= ~E.three;
+    assert(!(flags & E.three));
+}

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -15,19 +15,14 @@
 module tanya.container.array;
 
 import core.checkedint;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront,
-                                copy,
-                                fill,
-                                initializeAll,
-                                uninitializedFill;
-import std.meta;
+import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Random-access range for the $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
@@ -419,27 +414,19 @@ struct Array(T)
      */
     @property void length(size_t len) @trusted
     {
-        if (len == length)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        else if (len > length)
+        if (len > length)
         {
             reserve(len);
             initializeAll(this.data[length_ .. len]);
         }
         else
         {
-            static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
-            {
-                const T* end = this.data + length_ - 1;
-                for (T* e = this.data + len; e != end; ++e)
-                {
-                    destroy(*e);
-                }
-            }
+            destroyAll(this.data[len .. this.length_]);
+        }
+        if (len != length)
+        {
+            length_ = len;
         }
-        length_ = len;
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1554,14 +1541,14 @@ struct Array(T)
 {
     struct MutableEqualsStruct
     {
-        int opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        bool opEquals(typeof(this) that) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
     }
     struct ConstEqualsStruct
     {
-        int opEquals(const typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        bool opEquals(const typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -1590,7 +1577,7 @@ struct Array(T)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    struct SWithDtor
+    static struct SWithDtor
     {
         ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {

source/tanya/container/hashtable.d

@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ struct ByValue(T)
  *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM Key).
  */
 struct HashTable(Key, Value, alias hasher = hash)
-if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
+if (isHashFunction!(hasher, Key))
 {
     private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, Key, Value);
     private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
-import std.algorithm.searching;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.entry;

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ struct Range(T)
  *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM T).
  */
 struct Set(T, alias hasher = hash)
-if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
+if (isHashFunction!(hasher, T))
 {
     private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, T);
     private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
@@ -767,3 +767,9 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
     }
     testFunc(set);
 }
+
+// Hasher can take argument by ref
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Set!(int, (const ref x) => cast(size_t) x)));
+}

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.string;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront, copy;
-import std.algorithm.searching;
+import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.hash.lookup;
@@ -1284,29 +1282,29 @@ struct String
     int opCmp(S)(auto ref S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == String))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodeUnit!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
-                   that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length],
+                       that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     int opCmp(S)(ByCodePoint!S that) const @trusted
     if (is(Unqual!S == char))
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length],
-                   that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length],
+                       that.begin[0 .. that.end - that.begin]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     int opCmp()(const char[] that) const @trusted
     {
-        return cmp(this.data[0 .. length], that);
+        return compare(this.data[0 .. length], that);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1486,6 +1484,8 @@ struct String
     ///
     @nogc pure @safe unittest
     {
+        import tanya.algorithm.searching : count;
+
         auto s = String("Из пословицы слова не выкинешь.");
 
         assert(s.remove(s[5 .. 24]).length == 33);

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.conv;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.format;
 import tanya.memory;
@@ -164,40 +165,48 @@ do
 /// ditto
 T* emplace(T, Args...)(void[] memory, auto ref Args args)
 if (!isPolymorphicType!T && isAggregateType!T)
-in
-{
-    assert(memory.length >= T.sizeof);
-}
-out (result)
-{
-    assert(memory.ptr is result);
-}
-do
+in(memory.length >= T.sizeof)
+out(result; memory.ptr is result)
 {
     auto result = (() @trusted => cast(T*) memory.ptr)();
-    static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
-    {
-        *result = T.init;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        static const T init = T.init;
-        copy((cast(void*) &init)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
-    }
+    alias trustedCopy = (ref arg) @trusted =>
+        copy((cast(void*) &arg)[0 .. T.sizeof], memory);
 
     static if (Args.length == 0)
     {
         static assert(is(typeof({ static T t; })),
                       "Default constructor is disabled");
     }
-    else static if (is(typeof(T(args))))
-    {
-        *result = T(args);
-    }
     else static if (is(typeof(result.__ctor(args))))
     {
+        static if (!hasElaborateAssign!T && isAssignable!T)
+        {
+            *result = T.init;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static if (__VERSION__ >= 2083 // __traits(isZeroInit) available.
+                && __traits(isZeroInit, T))
+            {
+                (() @trusted => memory.ptr[0 .. T.sizeof])().fill!0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                static immutable T init = T.init;
+                trustedCopy(init);
+            }
+        }
         result.__ctor(args);
     }
+    else static if (Args.length == 1 && is(typeof({ T t = args[0]; })))
+    {
+        trustedCopy(args[0]);
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof({ T t = T(args); })))
+    {
+        auto init = T(args);
+        (() @trusted => moveEmplace(init, *result))();
+    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false,
@@ -245,6 +254,38 @@ do
     static assert(is(typeof(emplace!F((void[]).init))));
 }
 
+// Can emplace structs without a constructor
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct SWithDtor
+    {
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!SWithDtor(null, SWithDtor()))));
+    static assert(is(typeof(emplace!SWithDtor(null))));
+}
+
+// Doesn't call a destructor on uninitialized elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
+{
+    static struct WithDtor
+    {
+        private bool canBeInvoked = false;
+        ~this() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            if (!this.canBeInvoked)
+            {
+                assert(false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    void[WithDtor.sizeof] memory = void;
+    auto actual = emplace!WithDtor(memory[], WithDtor(true));
+    assert(actual.canBeInvoked);
+}
+
 /**
  * Thrown if a type conversion fails.
  */
@@ -308,11 +349,11 @@ do
         {
             digit = range.front - 'W';
         }
-        else if (range.front >= 'A')
+        else if (range.front >= 'A' && range.front <= 'Z')
         {
             digit = range.front - '7';
         }
-        else if (range.front >= '0')
+        else if (range.front >= '0' && range.front <= '9')
         {
             digit = range.front - '0';
         }
@@ -360,6 +401,15 @@ do
     return n;
 }
 
+// ':' is not a hex value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string colon = ":";
+    auto actual = readIntegral!ubyte(colon, 16);
+    assert(actual == 0);
+    assert(colon.length == 1);
+}
+
 // reads ubyte.max
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
@@ -847,35 +897,6 @@ if (is(Unqual!From == bool) && isNumeric!To && !is(Unqual!To == Unqual!From))
     assert(false.to!int == 0);
 }
 
-/**
- * Converts $(D_PARAM From) to a $(D_PSYMBOL String).
- *
- * Params:
- *  From = Source type.
- *  To   = Target type.
- *  from = Source value.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PSYMBOL String).
- */
-To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
-if (is(Unqual!To == String))
-{
-    return format!"{}"(from);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(true.to!String == "true");
-    assert(false.to!String == "false");
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
-    static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
-}
-
 /**
  * Converts a stringish range to an integral value.
  *

source/tanya/format.d

@@ -3,8 +3,32 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * This package doesn't yet contain public symbols. Refer to
- * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.conv) for basic formatting and conversion functionality.
+ * This module provides $(D_PSYMBOL format) function that can convert different
+ * data types to a $(D_PSYMBOL String) according to a specified format.
+ *
+ * Format string is a $(D_PSYMBOL string) which can contain placeholders for
+ * arguments. Placeholder marker is `{}`, i.e. all occurrences of `{}` are
+ * replaced by the arguments passed to $(D_PSYMBOL format). An argument will be
+ * first converted to a string, then inserted into the resulting string instead
+ * of the corresponding placeholder. The number of the placeholders and
+ * arguments must match. The placeholders are replaced with the arguments in
+ * the order arguments are passed to $(D_PSYMBOL format).
+ *
+ * To escape `{` or `}`, use `{{` and `}}` respectively. `{{` will be outputted
+ * as a single `{`, `}}` - as a single `}`.
+ *
+ * If a custom data type (like $(D_KEYWORD struct) or $(D_KEYWORD class))
+ * defines a `stringify()` function that is callable without arguments and
+ * returns a $(D_PSYMBOL String), this function is used to produce a string
+ * representation for the value. String conversions for the most built-in
+ * data types a also available.
+ *
+ * $(D_KEYWORD char), $(D_KEYWORD wchar) and $(D_KEYWORD dchar) ranges are
+ * outputted as plain strings (without any delimiters between their elements).
+ *
+ * All floating point numbers are handled as $(D_KEYWORD double)s.
+ *
+ * More advanced formatting is currently not implemented.
  *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
@@ -19,7 +43,7 @@ import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.container.string;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.math;
-import tanya.memory.op;
+static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -1233,7 +1257,7 @@ private uint128 raise2ToExp(double value) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
 
 private int indexMismatch(ulong low, ulong high) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
 {
-    enum ulong power10 = 10000000000U;
+    enum ulong power10 = 10000000000UL;
     const ulong a = low / power10;
     const ulong b = high / power10;
     int index;
@@ -1327,7 +1351,7 @@ do
         intSlice.popBack();
     }
     const begin = buffer.length - intSlice.length;
-    copy(intSlice, buffer[begin .. $]);
+    tanya.memory.op.copy(intSlice, buffer[begin .. $]);
 
     exponent = cast(int) (intSlice.length + mismatch);
 
@@ -1346,6 +1370,574 @@ do
     assert(e == 26);
 }
 
+private char[] errolFixed(double value,
+                          return ref char[512] buffer,
+                          out int exponent) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+in
+{
+    assert(value >= 16.0 && value <= 9.007199254740992e15);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto decimal = cast(ulong) value;
+    auto n = cast(double) decimal;
+
+    double midpoint = value - n;
+    double leftBoundary = (previous(value) - n + midpoint) / 2.0;
+    double rightBoundary = (next(value) - n + midpoint) / 2.0;
+
+    char[21] intBuffer;
+    auto intSlice = integral2String(decimal, intBuffer);
+    tanya.memory.op.copy(intSlice, buffer);
+    exponent = cast(int) intSlice.length;
+
+    size_t position = exponent;
+    if (midpoint != 0.0)
+    {
+        while (midpoint != 0.0)
+        {
+            leftBoundary *= 10.0;
+            const leftDigit = cast(ubyte) leftBoundary;
+            leftBoundary -= leftDigit;
+
+            midpoint *= 10.0;
+            const middleDigit = cast(ubyte) midpoint;
+            midpoint -= middleDigit;
+
+            rightBoundary *= 10.0;
+            const rightDigit = cast(ubyte) rightBoundary;
+            rightBoundary -= rightDigit;
+
+            buffer[position++] = cast(char) (middleDigit + '0');
+
+            if (rightDigit != leftDigit || position > 50)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (midpoint > 0.5
+         || ((midpoint == 0.5) && (buffer[position - 1] & 0x1)))
+        {
+            ++buffer[position - 1];
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; buffer[position - 1] == '0'; --position)
+        {
+            buffer[position - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+    }
+
+    return buffer[0 .. position];
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    char[512] num;
+    int exponent;
+    {
+        assert(errolFixed(16.0, num, exponent) == "16");
+        assert(exponent == 2);
+    }
+    {
+        assert(errolFixed(38234.1234, num, exponent) == "382341234");
+        assert(exponent == 5);
+    }
+}
+
+private char[] errol3(double value,
+                      return ref char[512] buffer,
+                      out int exponent) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+{
+    static struct Pathology
+    {
+        ulong representation;
+        string digits;
+        int exponent;
+    }
+
+    static immutable Pathology[432] pathologies = [
+        { 0x001d243f646eaf51, "40526371999771488", -307 },
+        { 0x002d243f646eaf51, "81052743999542975", -307 },
+        { 0x00ab7aa3d73f6658, "1956574196882425", -304 },
+        { 0x00bb7aa3d73f6658, "391314839376485", -304 },
+        { 0x00cb7aa3d73f6658, "78262967875297", -304 },
+        { 0x00f5d15b26b80e30, "4971131903427841", -303 },
+        { 0x010b7aa3d73f6658, "1252207486004752", -302 },
+        { 0x011b7aa3d73f6658, "2504414972009504", -302 },
+        { 0x012b7aa3d73f6658, "5008829944019008", -302 },
+        { 0x0180a0f3c55062c5, "19398723835545928", -300 },
+        { 0x0180a0f3c55062c6, "1939872383554593", -300 },
+        { 0x0190a0f3c55062c5, "38797447671091856", -300 },
+        { 0x0190a0f3c55062c6, "3879744767109186", -300 },
+        { 0x01f393b456eef178, "29232758945460627", -298 },
+        { 0x03719f08ccdccfe5, "44144884605471774", -291 },
+        { 0x037be9d5a60850b5, "69928982131052126", -291 },
+        { 0x03dc25ba6a45de02, "45129663866844427", -289 },
+        { 0x05798e3445512a6e, "27497183057384368", -281 },
+        { 0x05798e3445512a6f, "2749718305738437", -281 },
+        { 0x05898e3445512a6e, "54994366114768736", -281 },
+        { 0x05898e3445512a6f, "5499436611476874", -281 },
+        { 0x06afdadafcacdf85, "17970091719480621", -275 },
+        { 0x06bfdadafcacdf85, "35940183438961242", -275 },
+        { 0x06ceb7f2c53db97f, "69316187906522606", -275 },
+        { 0x06cfdadafcacdf85, "71880366877922484", -275 },
+        { 0x06e8b03fd6894b66, "22283747288943228", -274 },
+        { 0x06f8b03fd6894b66, "44567494577886457", -274 },
+        { 0x07bfe89cf1bd76ac, "23593494977819109", -270 },
+        { 0x07c1707c02068785, "25789638850173173", -270 },
+        { 0x07cfe89cf1bd76ac, "47186989955638217", -270 },
+        { 0x08567a3c8dc4bc9c, "17018905290641991", -267 },
+        { 0x08667a3c8dc4bc9c, "34037810581283983", -267 },
+        { 0x089c25584881552a, "3409719593752201", -266 },
+        { 0x08ac25584881552a, "6819439187504402", -266 },
+        { 0x08dfa7ebe304ee3d, "6135911659254281", -265 },
+        { 0x08dfa7ebe304ee3e, "61359116592542813", -265 },
+        { 0x096822507db6a8fd, "23951010625355228", -262 },
+        { 0x097822507db6a8fd, "47902021250710456", -262 },
+        { 0x09e41934d77659be, "51061856989121905", -260 },
+        { 0x0b8f3d82e9356287, "53263359599109627", -252 },
+        { 0x0c27b35936d56e27, "4137829457097561", -249 },
+        { 0x0c27b35936d56e28, "41378294570975613", -249 },
+        { 0x0c43165633977bc9, "13329597309520689", -248 },
+        { 0x0c43165633977bca, "1332959730952069", -248 },
+        { 0x0c53165633977bc9, "26659194619041378", -248 },
+        { 0x0c53165633977bca, "2665919461904138", -248 },
+        { 0x0c63165633977bc9, "53318389238082755", -248 },
+        { 0x0c63165633977bca, "5331838923808276", -248 },
+        { 0x0c7e9eddbbb259b4, "1710711888535566", -247 },
+        { 0x0c8e9eddbbb259b4, "3421423777071132", -247 },
+        { 0x0c9e9eddbbb259b4, "6842847554142264", -247 },
+        { 0x0e104273b18918b0, "6096109271490509", -240 },
+        { 0x0e104273b18918b1, "609610927149051", -240 },
+        { 0x0e204273b18918b0, "12192218542981019", -239 },
+        { 0x0e204273b18918b1, "1219221854298102", -239 },
+        { 0x0e304273b18918b0, "24384437085962037", -239 },
+        { 0x0e304273b18918b1, "2438443708596204", -239 },
+        { 0x0f1d16d6d4b89689, "7147520638007367", -235 },
+        { 0x0fd6ba8608faa6a8, "2287474118824999", -231 },
+        { 0x0fd6ba8608faa6a9, "22874741188249992", -231 },
+        { 0x0fe6ba8608faa6a8, "4574948237649998", -231 },
+        { 0x0fe6ba8608faa6a9, "45749482376499984", -231 },
+        { 0x1006b100e18e5c17, "18269851255456139", -230 },
+        { 0x1016b100e18e5c17, "36539702510912277", -230 },
+        { 0x104f48347c60a1be, "40298468695006992", -229 },
+        { 0x105f48347c60a1be, "80596937390013985", -229 },
+        { 0x10a4139a6b17b224, "16552474403007851", -227 },
+        { 0x10b4139a6b17b224, "33104948806015703", -227 },
+        { 0x12cb91d317c8ebe9, "39050270537318193", -217 },
+        { 0x13627383c5456c5e, "26761990828289327", -214 },
+        { 0x138fb24e492936f6, "1838927069906671", -213 },
+        { 0x139fb24e492936f6, "3677854139813342", -213 },
+        { 0x13afb24e492936f6, "7355708279626684", -213 },
+        { 0x13f93bb1e72a2033, "18738512510673039", -211 },
+        { 0x14093bb1e72a2033, "37477025021346077", -211 },
+        { 0x1466cc4fc92a0fa6, "21670630627577332", -209 },
+        { 0x1476cc4fc92a0fa6, "43341261255154663", -209 },
+        { 0x148048cb468bc208, "619160875073638", -209 },
+        { 0x149048cb468bc209, "12383217501472761", -208 },
+        { 0x14a048cb468bc209, "24766435002945523", -208 },
+        { 0x1504c0b3a63c1444, "2019986500244655", -206 },
+        { 0x1514c0b3a63c1444, "403997300048931", -206 },
+        { 0x161ba6008389068a, "35273912934356928", -201 },
+        { 0x162ba6008389068a, "70547825868713855", -201 },
+        { 0x168cfab1a09b49c4, "47323883490786093", -199 },
+        { 0x175090684f5fe997, "22159015457577768", -195 },
+        { 0x175090684f5fe998, "2215901545757777", -195 },
+        { 0x176090684f5fe997, "44318030915155535", -195 },
+        { 0x176090684f5fe998, "4431803091515554", -195 },
+        { 0x17e4116d591ef1fb, "13745435592982211", -192 },
+        { 0x17f4116d591ef1fb, "27490871185964422", -192 },
+        { 0x1804116d591ef1fb, "54981742371928845", -192 },
+        { 0x18a710b7a2ef18b7, "64710073234908765", -189 },
+        { 0x18cde996371c6060, "33567940583589088", -188 },
+        { 0x18d99fccca44882a, "57511323531737074", -188 },
+        { 0x18dde996371c6060, "67135881167178176", -188 },
+        { 0x199a2cf604c30d3f, "2406355597625261", -184 },
+        { 0x19aa2cf604c30d3f, "4812711195250522", -184 },
+        { 0x1b5ebddc6593c857, "75862936714499446", -176 },
+        { 0x1c513770474911bd, "27843818440071113", -171 },
+        { 0x1d1b1ad9101b1bfd, "1795518315109779", -167 },
+        { 0x1d2b1ad9101b1bfd, "3591036630219558", -167 },
+        { 0x1d3b1ad9101b1bfd, "7182073260439116", -167 },
+        { 0x1e3035e7b5183922, "28150140033551147", -162 },
+        { 0x1e4035e7b5183923, "563002800671023", -162 },
+        { 0x1e5035e7b5183923, "1126005601342046", -161 },
+        { 0x1e6035e7b5183923, "2252011202684092", -161 },
+        { 0x1e7035e7b5183923, "4504022405368184", -161 },
+        { 0x1fd5a79c4e71d028, "2523567903248961", -154 },
+        { 0x1fe5a79c4e71d028, "5047135806497922", -154 },
+        { 0x20cc29bc6879dfcd, "10754533488024391", -149 },
+        { 0x20dc29bc6879dfcd, "21509066976048781", -149 },
+        { 0x20e8823a57adbef8, "37436263604934127", -149 },
+        { 0x20ec29bc6879dfcd, "43018133952097563", -149 },
+        { 0x2104dab846e19e25, "1274175730310828", -148 },
+        { 0x2114dab846e19e25, "2548351460621656", -148 },
+        { 0x2124dab846e19e25, "5096702921243312", -148 },
+        { 0x218ce77c2b3328fb, "45209911804158747", -146 },
+        { 0x220ce77c2b3328fb, "11573737421864639", -143 },
+        { 0x220ce77c2b3328fc, "1157373742186464", -143 },
+        { 0x221ce77c2b3328fb, "23147474843729279", -143 },
+        { 0x221ce77c2b3328fc, "2314747484372928", -143 },
+        { 0x222ce77c2b3328fb, "46294949687458557", -143 },
+        { 0x222ce77c2b3328fc, "4629494968745856", -143 },
+        { 0x229197b290631476, "36067106647774144", -141 },
+        { 0x233f346f9ed36b89, "65509428048152994", -138 },
+        { 0x240a28877a09a4e0, "44986453555921307", -134 },
+        { 0x240a28877a09a4e1, "4498645355592131", -134 },
+        { 0x243441ed79830181, "27870735485790148", -133 },
+        { 0x243441ed79830182, "2787073548579015", -133 },
+        { 0x244441ed79830181, "55741470971580295", -133 },
+        { 0x244441ed79830182, "557414709715803", -133 },
+        { 0x245441ed79830181, "11148294194316059", -132 },
+        { 0x245441ed79830182, "1114829419431606", -132 },
+        { 0x246441ed79830181, "22296588388632118", -132 },
+        { 0x246441ed79830182, "2229658838863212", -132 },
+        { 0x247441ed79830181, "44593176777264236", -132 },
+        { 0x247441ed79830182, "4459317677726424", -132 },
+        { 0x248b23b50fc204db, "11948502190822011", -131 },
+        { 0x249b23b50fc204db, "23897004381644022", -131 },
+        { 0x24ab23b50fc204db, "47794008763288043", -131 },
+        { 0x2541e4ee41180c0a, "32269008655522087", -128 },
+        { 0x2633dc6227de9148, "1173600085235347", -123 },
+        { 0x2643dc6227de9148, "2347200170470694", -123 },
+        { 0x2653dc6227de9148, "4694400340941388", -123 },
+        { 0x277aacfcb88c92d6, "16528675364037979", -117 },
+        { 0x277aacfcb88c92d7, "1652867536403798", -117 },
+        { 0x278aacfcb88c92d6, "33057350728075958", -117 },
+        { 0x278aacfcb88c92d7, "3305735072807596", -117 },
+        { 0x279aacfcb88c92d6, "66114701456151916", -117 },
+        { 0x279aacfcb88c92d7, "6611470145615192", -117 },
+        { 0x279b5cd8bbdd8770, "67817280930489786", -117 },
+        { 0x27bbb4c6bd8601bd, "27467428267063488", -116 },
+        { 0x27cbb4c6bd8601bd, "54934856534126976", -116 },
+        { 0x289d52af46e5fa69, "4762882274418243", -112 },
+        { 0x289d52af46e5fa6a, "47628822744182433", -112 },
+        { 0x28b04a616046e074, "10584182832040541", -111 },
+        { 0x28c04a616046e074, "21168365664081082", -111 },
+        { 0x28d04a616046e074, "42336731328162165", -111 },
+        { 0x297c2c31a31998ae, "74973710847373845", -108 },
+        { 0x2a3eeff57768f88c, "33722866731879692", -104 },
+        { 0x2a4eeff57768f88c, "67445733463759384", -104 },
+        { 0x2b8e3a0aeed7be19, "69097540994131414", -98 },
+        { 0x2bdec922478c0421, "22520091703825729", -96 },
+        { 0x2beec922478c0421, "45040183407651457", -96 },
+        { 0x2c2379f099a86227, "45590931008842566", -95 },
+        { 0x2cc7c3fba45c1271, "5696647848853893", -92 },
+        { 0x2cc7c3fba45c1272, "56966478488538934", -92 },
+        { 0x2cf4f14348a4c5db, "40159515855058247", -91 },
+        { 0x2d04f14348a4c5db, "8031903171011649", -91 },
+        { 0x2d44f14348a4c5db, "12851045073618639", -89 },
+        { 0x2d44f14348a4c5dc, "1285104507361864", -89 },
+        { 0x2d54f14348a4c5db, "25702090147237278", -89 },
+        { 0x2d54f14348a4c5dc, "2570209014723728", -89 },
+        { 0x2d5a8c931c19b77a, "3258302752792233", -89 },
+        { 0x2d64f14348a4c5db, "51404180294474556", -89 },
+        { 0x2d64f14348a4c5dc, "5140418029447456", -89 },
+        { 0x2d6a8c931c19b77a, "6516605505584466", -89 },
+        { 0x2efc1249e96b6d8d, "23119896893873391", -81 },
+        { 0x2f0c1249e96b6d8d, "46239793787746783", -81 },
+        { 0x2f0f6b23cfe98807, "51753157237874753", -81 },
+        { 0x2fa387cf9cb4ad4e, "32943123175907307", -78 },
+        { 0x2fe91b9de4d5cf31, "67761208324172855", -77 },
+        { 0x3081eab25ad0fcf7, "49514357246452655", -74 },
+        { 0x308ddc7e975c5045, "8252392874408775", -74 },
+        { 0x308ddc7e975c5046, "82523928744087755", -74 },
+        { 0x309ddc7e975c5045, "1650478574881755", -73 },
+        { 0x30addc7e975c5045, "330095714976351", -73 },
+        { 0x30bddc7e975c5045, "660191429952702", -73 },
+        { 0x3149190e30e46c1d, "28409785190323268", -70 },
+        { 0x3150ed9bd6bfd003, "3832399419240467", -70 },
+        { 0x3159190e30e46c1d, "56819570380646536", -70 },
+        { 0x317d2ec75df6ba2a, "26426943389906988", -69 },
+        { 0x318d2ec75df6ba2a, "52853886779813977", -69 },
+        { 0x321aedaa0fc32ac8, "2497072464210591", -66 },
+        { 0x322aedaa0fc32ac8, "4994144928421182", -66 },
+        { 0x32448050091c3c24, "15208651188557789", -65 },
+        { 0x32548050091c3c24, "30417302377115577", -65 },
+        { 0x328f5a18504dfaac, "37213051060716888", -64 },
+        { 0x329f5a18504dfaac, "74426102121433776", -64 },
+        { 0x3336dca59d035820, "55574205388093594", -61 },
+        { 0x33beef5e1f90ac34, "1925091640472375", -58 },
+        { 0x33ceef5e1f90ac34, "385018328094475", -58 },
+        { 0x33deef5e1f90ac34, "77003665618895", -58 },
+        { 0x33eeef5e1f90ac35, "15400733123779001", -57 },
+        { 0x33feef5e1f90ac35, "30801466247558002", -57 },
+        { 0x340eef5e1f90ac35, "61602932495116004", -57 },
+        { 0x341eef5e1f90ac35, "12320586499023201", -56 },
+        { 0x34228f9edfbd3420, "14784703798827841", -56 },
+        { 0x342eef5e1f90ac35, "24641172998046401", -56 },
+        { 0x34328f9edfbd3420, "29569407597655683", -56 },
+        { 0x343eef5e1f90ac35, "49282345996092803", -56 },
+        { 0x344eef5e1f90ac35, "9856469199218561", -56 },
+        { 0x345eef5e1f90ac35, "19712938398437121", -55 },
+        { 0x346eef5e1f90ac35, "39425876796874242", -55 },
+        { 0x347eef5e1f90ac35, "78851753593748485", -55 },
+        { 0x35008621c4199208, "21564764513659432", -52 },
+        { 0x35108621c4199208, "43129529027318865", -52 },
+        { 0x35e0ac2e7f90b8a3, "35649516398744314", -48 },
+        { 0x35ef1de1f7f14439, "66534156679273626", -48 },
+        { 0x361dde4a4ab13e09, "51091836539008967", -47 },
+        { 0x366b870de5d93270, "15068094409836911", -45 },
+        { 0x367b870de5d93270, "30136188819673822", -45 },
+        { 0x368b870de5d93270, "60272377639347644", -45 },
+        { 0x375b20c2f4f8d49f, "4865841847892019", -41 },
+        { 0x375b20c2f4f8d4a0, "48658418478920193", -41 },
+        { 0x37f25d342b1e33e5, "33729482964455627", -38 },
+        { 0x3854faba79ea92ec, "24661175471861008", -36 },
+        { 0x3854faba79ea92ed, "2466117547186101", -36 },
+        { 0x3864faba79ea92ec, "49322350943722016", -36 },
+        { 0x3864faba79ea92ed, "4932235094372202", -36 },
+        { 0x3a978cfcab31064c, "19024128529074359", -25 },
+        { 0x3a978cfcab31064d, "1902412852907436", -25 },
+        { 0x3aa78cfcab31064c, "38048257058148717", -25 },
+        { 0x3aa78cfcab31064d, "3804825705814872", -25 },
+        { 0x47f52d02c7e14af7, "45035996273704964", 39 },
+        { 0x490cd230a7ff47c3, "80341375308088225", 44 },
+        { 0x4919d9577de925d5, "14411294198511291", 45 },
+        { 0x4929d9577de925d5, "28822588397022582", 45 },
+        { 0x4931159a8bd8a240, "38099461575161174", 45 },
+        { 0x4939d9577de925d5, "57645176794045164", 45 },
+        { 0x49ccadd6dd730c96, "32745697577386472", 48 },
+        { 0x49dcadd6dd730c96, "65491395154772944", 48 },
+        { 0x4a6bb6979ae39c49, "32402369146794532", 51 },
+        { 0x4a7bb6979ae39c49, "64804738293589064", 51 },
+        { 0x4b9a32ac316fb3ab, "16059290466419889", 57 },
+        { 0x4b9a32ac316fb3ac, "1605929046641989", 57 },
+        { 0x4baa32ac316fb3ab, "32118580932839778", 57 },
+        { 0x4baa32ac316fb3ac, "3211858093283978", 57 },
+        { 0x4bba32ac316fb3ab, "64237161865679556", 57 },
+        { 0x4bba32ac316fb3ac, "6423716186567956", 57 },
+        { 0x4c85564fb098c955, "42859354584576066", 61 },
+        { 0x4cef20b1a0d7f626, "4001624164855121", 63 },
+        { 0x4cff20b1a0d7f626, "8003248329710242", 63 },
+        { 0x4e2e2785c3a2a20a, "4064803033949531", 69 },
+        { 0x4e2e2785c3a2a20b, "40648030339495312", 69 },
+        { 0x4e3e2785c3a2a20a, "8129606067899062", 69 },
+        { 0x4e3e2785c3a2a20b, "81296060678990625", 69 },
+        { 0x4e6454b1aef62c8d, "4384946084578497", 70 },
+        { 0x4e80fde34c996086, "1465909318208761", 71 },
+        { 0x4e90fde34c996086, "2931818636417522", 71 },
+        { 0x4ea9a2c2a34ac2f9, "8846583389443709", 71 },
+        { 0x4ea9a2c2a34ac2fa, "884658338944371", 71 },
+        { 0x4eb9a2c2a34ac2f9, "17693166778887419", 72 },
+        { 0x4eb9a2c2a34ac2fa, "1769316677888742", 72 },
+        { 0x4ec9a2c2a34ac2f9, "35386333557774838", 72 },
+        { 0x4ec9a2c2a34ac2fa, "3538633355777484", 72 },
+        { 0x4ed9a2c2a34ac2f9, "70772667115549675", 72 },
+        { 0x4ed9a2c2a34ac2fa, "7077266711554968", 72 },
+        { 0x4f28750ea732fdae, "21606114462319112", 74 },
+        { 0x4f38750ea732fdae, "43212228924638223", 74 },
+        { 0x503ca9bade45b94a, "3318949537676913", 79 },
+        { 0x504ca9bade45b94a, "6637899075353826", 79 },
+        { 0x513843e10734fa57, "18413733104063271", 84 },
+        { 0x514843e10734fa57, "36827466208126543", 84 },
+        { 0x51a3274280201a89, "18604316837693468", 86 },
+        { 0x51b3274280201a89, "37208633675386937", 86 },
+        { 0x51e71760b3c0bc13, "35887030159858487", 87 },
+        { 0x521f6a5025e71a61, "39058878597126768", 88 },
+        { 0x522f6a5025e71a61, "78117757194253536", 88 },
+        { 0x52c6a47d4e7ec633, "57654578150150385", 91 },
+        { 0x55693ba3249a8511, "2825769263311679", 104 },
+        { 0x55793ba3249a8511, "5651538526623358", 104 },
+        { 0x574fe0403124a00e, "38329392744333992", 113 },
+        { 0x575fe0403124a00e, "76658785488667984", 113 },
+        { 0x57763ae2caed4528, "2138446062528161", 114 },
+        { 0x57863ae2caed4528, "4276892125056322", 114 },
+        { 0x57d561def4a9ee32, "1316415380484425", 116 },
+        { 0x57e561def4a9ee32, "263283076096885", 116 },
+        { 0x57f561def4a9ee32, "52656615219377", 116 },
+        { 0x580561def4a9ee31, "10531323043875399", 117 },
+        { 0x581561def4a9ee31, "21062646087750798", 117 },
+        { 0x582561def4a9ee31, "42125292175501597", 117 },
+        { 0x584561def4a9ee31, "16850116870200639", 118 },
+        { 0x585561def4a9ee31, "33700233740401277", 118 },
+        { 0x5935ede8cce30845, "56627018760181905", 122 },
+        { 0x59d0dd8f2788d699, "44596066840334405", 125 },
+        { 0x5b45ed1f039cebfe, "48635409059147446", 132 },
+        { 0x5b55ed1f039cebfe, "9727081811829489", 132 },
+        { 0x5b55ed1f039cebff, "972708181182949", 132 },
+        { 0x5beaf5b5378aa2e5, "61235700073843246", 135 },
+        { 0x5bfaf5b5378aa2e5, "12247140014768649", 136 },
+        { 0x5c0af5b5378aa2e5, "24494280029537298", 136 },
+        { 0x5c1af5b5378aa2e5, "48988560059074597", 136 },
+        { 0x5c4ef3052ef0a361, "4499029632233837", 137 },
+        { 0x5c6cf45d333da323, "16836228873919609", 138 },
+        { 0x5e1780695036a679, "18341526859645389", 146 },
+        { 0x5e2780695036a679, "36683053719290777", 146 },
+        { 0x5e54ec8fd70420c7, "2612787385440923", 147 },
+        { 0x5e64ec8fd70420c7, "5225574770881846", 147 },
+        { 0x5e6b5e2f86026f05, "6834859331393543", 147 },
+        { 0x5f9aeac2d1ea2695, "35243988108650928", 153 },
+        { 0x5faaeac2d1ea2695, "70487976217301855", 153 },
+        { 0x6009813653f62db7, "42745323906998127", 155 },
+        { 0x611260322d04d50b, "40366692112133834", 160 },
+        { 0x624be064a3fb2725, "32106017483029628", 166 },
+        { 0x625be064a3fb2725, "64212034966059256", 166 },
+        { 0x64112a13daa46fe4, "10613173493886741", 175 },
+        { 0x64212a13daa46fe4, "21226346987773482", 175 },
+        { 0x64312a13daa46fe4, "42452693975546964", 175 },
+        { 0x671dcfee6690ffc6, "51886190678901447", 189 },
+        { 0x672dcfee6690ffc6, "10377238135780289", 190 },
+        { 0x673dcfee6690ffc6, "20754476271560579", 190 },
+        { 0x674dcfee6690ffc6, "41508952543121158", 190 },
+        { 0x675dcfee6690ffc6, "83017905086242315", 190 },
+        { 0x677a77581053543b, "29480080280199528", 191 },
+        { 0x678a77581053543b, "58960160560399056", 191 },
+        { 0x6820ee7811241ad3, "38624526316654214", 194 },
+        { 0x682d3683fa3d1ee0, "66641177824100826", 194 },
+        { 0x699873e3758bc6b3, "4679330956996797", 201 },
+        { 0x699cb490951e8515, "5493127645170153", 201 },
+        { 0x6a6cc08102f0da5b, "45072812455233127", 205 },
+        { 0x6b3ef9beaa7aa583, "39779219869333628", 209 },
+        { 0x6b3ef9beaa7aa584, "3977921986933363", 209 },
+        { 0x6b4ef9beaa7aa583, "79558439738667255", 209 },
+        { 0x6b4ef9beaa7aa584, "7955843973866726", 209 },
+        { 0x6b7896beb0c66eb9, "50523702331566894", 210 },
+        { 0x6b7b86d8c3df7cd1, "56560320317673966", 210 },
+        { 0x6bdf20938e7414bb, "40933393326155808", 212 },
+        { 0x6be6c9e14b7c22c4, "59935550661561155", 212 },
+        { 0x6bef20938e7414bb, "81866786652311615", 212 },
+        { 0x6bf6c9e14b7c22c3, "1198711013231223", 213 },
+        { 0x6bf6c9e14b7c22c4, "11987110132312231", 213 },
+        { 0x6c06c9e14b7c22c3, "2397422026462446", 213 },
+        { 0x6c06c9e14b7c22c4, "23974220264624462", 213 },
+        { 0x6c16c9e14b7c22c3, "4794844052924892", 213 },
+        { 0x6c16c9e14b7c22c4, "47948440529248924", 213 },
+        { 0x6ce75d226331d03a, "40270821632825953", 217 },
+        { 0x6cf75d226331d03a, "8054164326565191", 217 },
+        { 0x6d075d226331d03a, "16108328653130381", 218 },
+        { 0x6d175d226331d03a, "32216657306260762", 218 },
+        { 0x6d275d226331d03a, "64433314612521525", 218 },
+        { 0x6d4b9445072f4374, "30423431424080128", 219 },
+        { 0x6d5a3bdac4f00f33, "57878622568856074", 219 },
+        { 0x6d5b9445072f4374, "60846862848160256", 219 },
+        { 0x6e4a2fbffdb7580c, "18931483477278361", 224 },
+        { 0x6e5a2fbffdb7580c, "37862966954556723", 224 },
+        { 0x6e927edd0dbb8c08, "4278822588984689", 225 },
+        { 0x6e927edd0dbb8c09, "42788225889846894", 225 },
+        { 0x6ee1c382c3819a0a, "1315044757954692", 227 },
+        { 0x6ef1c382c3819a0a, "2630089515909384", 227 },
+        { 0x70f60cf8f38b0465, "14022275014833741", 237 },
+        { 0x71060cf8f38b0465, "28044550029667482", 237 },
+        { 0x7114390c68b888ce, "5143975308105889", 237 },
+        { 0x71160cf8f38b0465, "56089100059334965", 237 },
+        { 0x714fb4840532a9e5, "64517311884236306", 238 },
+        { 0x71b1d7cb7eae05d9, "46475406389115295", 240 },
+        { 0x727fca36c06cf106, "3391607972972965", 244 },
+        { 0x728fca36c06cf106, "678321594594593", 244 },
+        { 0x72eba10d818fdafd, "3773057430100257", 246 },
+        { 0x72fba10d818fdafd, "7546114860200514", 246 },
+        { 0x737a37935f3b71c9, "1833078106007497", 249 },
+        { 0x738a37935f3b71c9, "3666156212014994", 249 },
+        { 0x73972852443155ae, "64766168833734675", 249 },
+        { 0x739a37935f3b71c9, "7332312424029988", 249 },
+        { 0x754fe46e378bf132, "1197160149212491", 258 },
+        { 0x754fe46e378bf133, "11971601492124911", 258 },
+        { 0x755fe46e378bf132, "2394320298424982", 258 },
+        { 0x755fe46e378bf133, "23943202984249821", 258 },
+        { 0x756fe46e378bf132, "4788640596849964", 258 },
+        { 0x756fe46e378bf133, "47886405968499643", 258 },
+        { 0x76603d7cb98edc58, "1598075144577112", 263 },
+        { 0x76603d7cb98edc59, "15980751445771122", 263 },
+        { 0x76703d7cb98edc58, "3196150289154224", 263 },
+        { 0x76703d7cb98edc59, "31961502891542243", 263 },
+        { 0x782f7c6a9ad432a1, "83169412421960475", 271 },
+        { 0x78447e17e7814ce7, "21652206566352648", 272 },
+        { 0x78547e17e7814ce7, "43304413132705296", 272 },
+        { 0x7856d2aa2fc5f2b5, "48228872759189434", 272 },
+        { 0x7964066d88c7cab8, "5546524276967009", 277 },
+        { 0x799d696737fe68c7, "65171333649148234", 278 },
+        { 0x7ace779fddf21621, "3539481653469909", 284 },
+        { 0x7ace779fddf21622, "35394816534699092", 284 },
+        { 0x7ade779fddf21621, "7078963306939818", 284 },
+        { 0x7ade779fddf21622, "70789633069398184", 284 },
+        { 0x7bc3b063946e10ae, "14990287287869931", 289 },
+        { 0x7bd3b063946e10ae, "29980574575739863", 289 },
+        { 0x7c0c283ffc61c87d, "34300126555012788", 290 },
+        { 0x7c1c283ffc61c87d, "68600253110025576", 290 },
+        { 0x7c31926c7a7122ba, "17124434349589332", 291 },
+        { 0x7c41926c7a7122ba, "34248868699178663", 291 },
+        { 0x7d0a85c6f7fba05d, "2117392354885733", 295 },
+        { 0x7d1a85c6f7fba05d, "4234784709771466", 295 },
+        { 0x7d52a5daf9226f04, "47639264836707725", 296 },
+        { 0x7d8220e1772428d7, "37049827284413546", 297 },
+        { 0x7d9220e1772428d7, "7409965456882709", 297 },
+        { 0x7da220e1772428d7, "14819930913765419", 298 },
+        { 0x7db220e1772428d7, "29639861827530837", 298 },
+        { 0x7df22815078cb97b, "47497368114750945", 299 },
+        { 0x7dfe5aceedf1c1f1, "79407577493590275", 299 },
+        { 0x7e022815078cb97b, "9499473622950189", 299 },
+        { 0x7e122815078cb97b, "18998947245900378", 300 },
+        { 0x7e222815078cb97b, "37997894491800756", 300 },
+        { 0x7e8a9b45a91f1700, "35636409637317792", 302 },
+        { 0x7e9a9b45a91f1700, "71272819274635585", 302 },
+        { 0x7eb6202598194bee, "23707742595255608", 303 },
+        { 0x7ec490abad057752, "4407140524515149", 303 },
+        { 0x7ec6202598194bee, "47415485190511216", 303 },
+        { 0x7ee3c8eeb77b8d05, "16959746108988652", 304 },
+        { 0x7ef3c8eeb77b8d05, "33919492217977303", 304 },
+        { 0x7ef5bc471d5456c7, "37263572163337027", 304 },
+        { 0x7f03c8eeb77b8d05, "6783898443595461", 304 },
+        { 0x7f13c8eeb77b8d05, "13567796887190921", 305 },
+        { 0x7f23c8eeb77b8d05, "27135593774381842", 305 },
+        { 0x7f33c8eeb77b8d05, "54271187548763685", 305 },
+        { 0x7f5594223f5654bf, "2367662756557091", 306 },
+        { 0x7f6594223f5654bf, "4735325513114182", 306 },
+        { 0x7f9914e03c9260ee, "44032152438472327", 307 },
+        { 0x7fb82baa4ae611dc, "16973149506391291", 308 },
+        { 0x7fc82baa4ae611dc, "33946299012782582", 308 },
+        { 0x7fd82baa4ae611dc, "67892598025565165", 308 },
+        { 0x7fefffffffffffff, "17976931348623157", 309 },
+    ];
+
+    short low;
+    short high = pathologies.length - 1;
+    const FloatBits!double bits = { value };
+
+    while (high >= low)
+    {
+        const short middle = (low + high) / 2;
+        if (pathologies[middle].representation == bits.integral)
+        {
+            exponent = pathologies[middle].exponent;
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(pathologies[middle].digits, buffer);
+            return buffer[0 .. pathologies[middle].digits.length];
+        }
+        else if (pathologies[middle].representation < bits.integral)
+        {
+            low = cast(short) (middle + 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            high = cast(short) (middle - 1);
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int exponent;
+    char[512] buffer;
+
+    assert(errol3(double.max, buffer, exponent) == "17976931348623157");
+    assert(exponent == 309);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.67892598025565165e308, buffer, exponent) == "67892598025565165");
+    assert(exponent == 308);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.40526371999771488e-307, buffer, exponent) == "40526371999771488");
+    assert(exponent == -307);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.81052743999542975e-307, buffer, exponent) == "81052743999542975");
+    assert(exponent == -307);
+
+    assert(errol3(0.810307, buffer, exponent) is null);
+}
+
 /*
  * Given a float value, returns the significant bits, and the position of the
  * decimal point in $(D_PARAM exponent). +/-Inf and NaN are specified by
@@ -1371,22 +1963,23 @@ private const(char)[] real2String(double value,
         exponent = special;
         return (bits.integral & ((1UL << 52) - 1)) != 0 ? "NaN" : "Inf";
     }
-
-    if (exponent == 0 && (bits.integral << 1) == 0) // Is zero?
+    else if (exponent == 0 && (bits.integral << 1) == 0) // Is zero?
     {
         exponent = 1;
         buffer[0] = '0';
         return buffer[0 .. 1];
     }
 
-    if (value == double.max)
+    auto digits = errol3(value, buffer, exponent);
+    if (digits !is null)
     {
-        copy("17976931348623157", buffer);
-        exponent = 309;
         return buffer;
     }
-
-    if (value > 9.007199254740992e15 && value < 3.40282366920938e38)
+    else if (value >= 16.0 && value <= 9.007199254740992e15)
+    {
+        return errolFixed(value, buffer, exponent);
+    }
+    else if (value > 9.007199254740992e15 && value < 3.40282366920938e38)
     {
         return errol2(value, buffer, exponent);
     }
@@ -1461,7 +2054,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
         {
             length = precision + 1;
         }
-        realString[1 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+        tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[1 .. length], bufferSlice);
         bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - 1);
 
         // Dump the exponent.
@@ -1523,7 +2116,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 n = precision;
             }
 
-            fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+            tanya.memory.op.fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
 
             if ((length + n) > precision)
@@ -1531,7 +2124,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 length = precision - n;
             }
 
-            realString[0 .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[0 .. length], bufferSlice);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length);
         }
         else if (cast(uint) decimalPoint >= length)
@@ -1549,7 +2142,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
             {
                 n = decimalPoint - n;
 
-                fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
+                tanya.memory.op.fill!'0'(bufferSlice[0 .. n]);
                 bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(n);
             }
             if (precision != 0)
@@ -1580,7 +2173,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!T)
                 length = precision + decimalPoint;
             }
 
-            realString[n .. length].copy(bufferSlice);
+            tanya.memory.op.copy(realString[n .. length], bufferSlice);
             bufferSlice.popFrontExactly(length - n);
         }
     }
@@ -1745,7 +2338,17 @@ private ref String printToString(string fmt, Args...)(return ref String result,
     return result;
 }
 
-package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+/**
+ * Produces a string according to the specified format.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  fmt  = Format.
+ *  Args = Types of the arguments.
+ *  args = Arguments.
+ *
+ * Returns: Formatted string.
+ */
+String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
 {
     String formatted;
 
@@ -1758,7 +2361,7 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     {
         static if (FormatSpecFilter!spec)
         {
-            printToString!"{}"(formatted, args);
+            printToString!"{}"(formatted, args[spec.position]);
         }
         else static if (isSomeString!(typeof(spec)))
         {
@@ -1772,6 +2375,12 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     return formatted;
 }
 
+// doesn't print the first argument repeatedly
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(format!"{}{}"(1, 2) == "12");
+}
+
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(format!"Without arguments"() == "Without arguments");
@@ -1845,6 +2454,7 @@ package(tanya) String format(string fmt, Args...)(auto ref Args args)
     assert(format!"{}"(0x1p-16382L) == "0");
     assert(format!"{}"(1e+3) == "1000");
     assert(format!"{}"(38234.1234) == "38234.1");
+    assert(format!"{}"(double.max) == "1.79769e+308");
 
     // typeof(null).
     assert(format!"{}"(null) == "null");
@@ -2004,6 +2614,7 @@ nothrow pure @safe unittest
 
 private struct FormatSpec
 {
+    const size_t position;
 }
 
 // Returns the position of `tag` in `fmt`. If `tag` can't be found, returns the
@@ -2020,7 +2631,7 @@ private size_t specPosition(string fmt, char tag)()
     return fmt.length;
 }
 
-private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
+private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t arg = 0, size_t pos = 0)
 {
     static if (fmt.length == 0)
     {
@@ -2032,7 +2643,7 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
         {
             enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt[2 .. $], '{') + 2;
             alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[1 .. pos],
-                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+                                       ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], arg, pos));
         }
         else
         {
@@ -2043,8 +2654,8 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
             }
             else static if (pos == 1)
             {
-                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(),
-                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[pos + 1 .. $], pos + 1));
+                alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(FormatSpec(arg),
+                                           ParseFmt!(fmt[2 .. $], arg + 1, 2));
             }
             else
             {
@@ -2056,7 +2667,7 @@ private template ParseFmt(string fmt, size_t pos = 0)
     {
         enum size_t pos = specPosition!(fmt, '{');
         alias ParseFmt = AliasSeq!(fmt[0 .. pos],
-                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], pos));
+                                   ParseFmt!(fmt[pos .. $], arg, pos));
     }
 }
 

source/tanya/functional.d

@@ -17,21 +17,6 @@ module tanya.functional;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 
-private template forwardOne(alias arg)
-{
-    static if (__traits(isRef, arg) || __traits(isOut, arg))
-    {
-        alias forwardOne = arg;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        @property auto forwardOne()
-        {
-            return move(arg);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Forwards its argument list preserving $(D_KEYWORD ref) and $(D_KEYWORD out)
  * storage classes.
@@ -47,13 +32,35 @@ private template forwardOne(alias arg)
  */
 template forward(args...)
 {
-    static if (args.length == 1)
+    static if (args.length == 0)
     {
-        alias forward = forwardOne!(args[0]);
+        alias forward = AliasSeq!();
+    }
+    else static if (__traits(isRef, args[0]) || __traits(isOut, args[0]))
+    {
+        static if (args.length == 1)
+        {
+            alias forward = args[0];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(args[0], forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
     }
     else
     {
-        alias forward = Map!(forwardOne, args);
+        @property auto forwardOne()
+        {
+            return move(args[0]);
+        }
+        static if (args.length == 1)
+        {
+            alias forward = forwardOne;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias forward = AliasSeq!(forwardOne, forward!(args[1 .. $]));
+        }
     }
 }
 

source/tanya/hash/lookup.d

@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ private struct FNV
         enum ulong offsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
         enum ulong prime = 1099511628211UL;
     }
+    else static if (size_t.sizeof == 16)
+    {
+        enum size_t offsetBasis = (size_t(0x6c62272e07bb0142UL) << 64) + 0x62b821756295c58dUL;
+        enum size_t prime = (size_t(1) << 88) + (1 << 8) + 0x3b;
+    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false, "FNV requires at least 32-bit hash length");
@@ -89,7 +94,10 @@ private struct FNV
  * }
  * ---
  *
- * For scalar types FNV-1a (Fowler-Noll-Vo) hash function is used internally.
+ * For pointers and for scalar types implicitly convertible to `size_t` this
+ * is an identity operation (i.e. the value is cast to `size_t` and returned
+ * unaltered). Integer types wider than `size_t` are XOR folded down to
+ * `size_t`. Other scalar types use the FNV-1a (Fowler-Noll-Vo) hash function.
  * If the type provides a `toHash`-function, only `toHash()` is called and its
  * result is returned.
  *
@@ -110,6 +118,19 @@ size_t hash(T)(auto ref T key)
     {
         return key.toHash();
     }
+    else static if ((isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T)
+            && T.sizeof <= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) key;
+    }
+    else static if (isIntegral!T && T.sizeof > size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        return cast(size_t) (key ^ (key >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8)));
+    }
+    else static if (isPointer!T || is(T : typeof(null)))
+    {
+        return (() @trusted => cast(size_t) key)();
+    }
     else
     {
         FNV fnv;
@@ -177,30 +198,29 @@ version (unittest)
 // Tests that work for any hash size
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(null) == FNV.offsetBasis);
+    assert(hash(null) == 0);
     assert(hash(ToHash()) == 0U);
+    assert(hash('a') == 'a');
 }
 
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash('a') == 0xe40c292cU);
     assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x6222e842U);
     assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 1268118805U);
 }
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    assert(hash('a') == 0xaf63dc4c8601ec8cUL);
     assert(hash(HashRange()) == 0x08985907b541d342UL);
     assert(hash(ToHashRange()) == 12161962213042174405UL);
 }
 
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 4) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x6e6f6863) == 0xac297727U);
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x6e6f6863) == 0x6e6f6863);
 }
 static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
-    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x77206f676e6f6863) == 0xd1edd10b507344d0UL);
+    assert(hash(cast(void*) 0x77206f676e6f6863) == 0x77206f676e6f6863);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -621,3 +641,27 @@ static if (size_t.sizeof == 8) @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     assert(hash(r500!"~") == 0xc1af12bdfe16b5b5UL);
     assert(hash(r500!"\x7f") == 0x39e9f18f2f85e221UL);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether $(D_PARAM hasher) is hash function for $(D_PARAM T), i.e.
+ * it is callable with a value of type $(D_PARAM T) and returns a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL size_t) value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  hasher = Hash function candidate.
+ *  T      = Type to test the hash function with.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM hasher) is a hash function for
+ *          $(D_PARAM T), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template isHashFunction(alias hasher, T)
+{
+    private alias wrapper = (T x) => hasher(x);
+    enum bool isHashFunction = is(typeof(wrapper(T.init)) == size_t);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isHashFunction!(hash, int));
+}

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -14,17 +14,15 @@
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
-import std.algorithm.mutation : copy, fill, reverse;
-import std.range;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.iteration;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.memory;
-static import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Algebraic sign.
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ struct Integer
     this(this) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         auto tmp = allocator.resize!digit(null, this.size);
-        tanya.memory.op.copy(this.rep[0 .. this.size], tmp);
+        copy(this.rep[0 .. this.size], tmp);
         this.rep = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -344,8 +342,7 @@ struct Integer
     if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
     {
         this.rep = allocator.resize(this.rep, value.size);
-        tanya.memory.op.copy(value.rep[0 .. value.size],
-                             this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
+        copy(value.rep[0 .. value.size], this.rep[0 .. value.size]);
         this.size = value.size;
         this.sign = value.sign;
 
@@ -631,7 +628,7 @@ struct Integer
         }
         return this.rep[0 .. this.size]
                    .retro
-                   .cmp(that.rep[0 .. that.size].retro);
+                   .compare(that.rep[0 .. that.size].retro);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -932,7 +929,7 @@ struct Integer
             const shift = digitBitCount - bit;
             digit carry;
 
-            foreach (ref d; this.rep[0 .. this.size].retro)
+            foreach_reverse (ref d; this.rep[0 .. this.size])
             {
                 const newCarry = d & mask;
                 d = (d >> bit) | (carry << shift);
@@ -1508,14 +1505,11 @@ struct Integer
             tmp = this;
         }
 
-        do
+        array.length = length;
+        for (size_t i = array.length - 1; tmp != 0; tmp >>= 8, --i)
         {
-            array.insertBack(cast(ubyte) (tmp.rep[0] & 0xff));
-            tmp >>= 8;
+            array[i] = (cast(ubyte) (tmp.rep[0] & 0xff));
         }
-        while (tmp != 0);
-
-        array[].reverse();
 
         return array;
     }

source/tanya/math/random.d

@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@
 module tanya.math.random;
 
 import std.digest.sha;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.typecons;
 
 /// Block size of entropy accumulator (SHA-512).
+deprecated
 enum blockSize = 64;
 
 /// Maximum amount gathered from the entropy sources.
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class EntropyException : Exception
     this(string msg,
          string file = __FILE__,
          size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) pure @safe nothrow const @nogc
+         Throwable next = null) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
@@ -56,17 +57,17 @@ abstract class EntropySource
     /**
      * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
      */
-    @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
      */
-    @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc;
+    @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of already generated entropy.
      */
-    @property ushort size() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property ushort size() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return size_;
     }
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *  size = Amount of already generated entropy. Cannot be smaller than the
      *         already set value.
      */
-    @property void size(ushort size) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void size(ushort size) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         size_ = size;
     }
@@ -89,9 +90,13 @@ abstract class EntropySource
      *           to fill the buffer).
      *
      * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-     *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+     *          or nothing on error.
+     *
+     * Postcondition: Returned length is less than or equal to
+     *                $(D_PARAM output) length.
      */
-    Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc;
+    Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc
+    out (length; length.isNothing || length.get <= maxGather);
 }
 
 version (CRuntime_Bionic)
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ else version (Solaris)
 version (linux)
 {
     import core.stdc.config : c_long;
-    extern (C) c_long syscall(c_long number, ...) nothrow @system @nogc;
+    private extern(C) c_long syscall(c_long number, ...) @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
      * Uses getrandom system call.
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -136,7 +141,7 @@ version (linux)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -149,19 +154,14 @@ version (linux)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc
-        out (length)
-        {
-            assert(length <= maxGather);
-        }
-        do
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc nothrow
         {
             // int getrandom(void *buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags);
             import mir.linux._asm.unistd : NR_getrandom;
             auto length = syscall(NR_getrandom, output.ptr, output.length, 0);
-            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+            Option!ubyte ret;
 
             if (length >= 0)
             {
@@ -170,19 +170,11 @@ version (linux)
             return ret;
         }
     }
-
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-    }
 }
 else version (SecureARC4Random)
 {
-    private extern (C) void arc4random_buf(scope void* buf, size_t nbytes) nothrow @nogc @system;
+    private extern(C) void arc4random_buf(scope void* buf, size_t nbytes)
+    @nogc nothrow @system;
 
     /**
      * Uses arc4random_buf.
@@ -192,7 +184,7 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -200,7 +192,7 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -213,23 +205,15 @@ else version (SecureARC4Random)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) nothrow @nogc @safe
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
             (() @trusted => arc4random_buf(output.ptr, output.length))();
-            return Nullable!ubyte(cast(ubyte) (output.length));
+            return Option!ubyte(cast(ubyte) (output.length));
         }
     }
-
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
-
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-    }
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
@@ -248,22 +232,31 @@ else version (Windows)
         BOOL CryptReleaseContext(HCRYPTPROV, ULONG_PTR);
     }
 
-    private bool initCryptGenRandom(scope ref HCRYPTPROV hProvider) @nogc nothrow @trusted
+    private bool initCryptGenRandom(scope ref HCRYPTPROV hProvider)
+    @nogc nothrow @trusted
     {
         // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379886(v=vs.85).aspx
         // For performance reasons, we recommend that you set the pszContainer
         // parameter to NULL and the dwFlags parameter to CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT
         // in all situations where you do not require a persisted key.
-        // CRYPT_SILENT is intended for use with applications for which the UI cannot be displayed by the CSP.
-        if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider, null, null, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT | CRYPT_SILENT))
+        // CRYPT_SILENT is intended for use with applications for which the UI
+        // cannot be displayed by the CSP.
+        if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider,
+                                  null,
+                                  null,
+                                  PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                  CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT | CRYPT_SILENT))
         {
-            if (GetLastError() == NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
+            if (GetLastError() != NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
             {
-                // Attempt to create default container
-                if (!CryptAcquireContextA(&hProvider, null, null, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_NEWKEYSET | CRYPT_SILENT))
-                    return false;
+                return false;
             }
-            else
+            // Attempt to create default container
+            if (!CryptAcquireContextA(&hProvider,
+                                      null,
+                                      null,
+                                      PROV_RSA_FULL,
+                                      CRYPT_NEWKEYSET | CRYPT_SILENT))
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -299,7 +292,7 @@ else version (Windows)
         /**
          * Returns: Minimum bytes required from the entropy source.
          */
-        override @property ubyte threshold() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property ubyte threshold() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return 32;
         }
@@ -307,7 +300,7 @@ else version (Windows)
         /**
          * Returns: Whether this entropy source is strong.
          */
-        override @property bool strong() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+        override @property bool strong() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -320,16 +313,14 @@ else version (Windows)
          *           to fill the buffer).
          *
          * Returns: Number of bytes that were copied to the $(D_PARAM output)
-         *          or $(D_PSYMBOL Nullable!ubyte.init) on error.
+         *          or nothing on error.
          */
-        override Nullable!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output) @nogc nothrow @safe
-        in
+        override Option!ubyte poll(out ubyte[maxGather] output)
+        @nogc nothrow @safe
         {
-            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized.");
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            Nullable!ubyte ret;
+            Option!ubyte ret;
+
+            assert(hProvider > 0, "hProvider not properly initialized");
             if ((() @trusted => CryptGenRandom(hProvider, output.length, cast(PBYTE) output.ptr))())
             {
                 ret = cast(ubyte) (output.length);
@@ -337,15 +328,16 @@ else version (Windows)
             return ret;
         }
     }
+}
 
-    @nogc @system unittest
-    {
-        auto entropy = defaultAllocator.make!Entropy();
-        ubyte[blockSize] output;
-        output = entropy.random;
+static if (is(PlatformEntropySource)) @nogc @system unittest
+{
+    import tanya.memory.smartref : unique;
 
-        defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
-    }
+    auto source = defaultAllocator.unique!PlatformEntropySource();
+
+    assert(source.threshold == 32);
+    assert(source.strong);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -360,6 +352,7 @@ else version (Windows)
  * defaultAllocator.dispose(entropy);
  * ---
  */
+deprecated
 class Entropy
 {
     /// Entropy sources.
@@ -396,7 +389,7 @@ class Entropy
     /**
      * Returns: Amount of the registered entropy sources.
      */
-    @property ubyte sourceCount() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property ubyte sourceCount() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return sourceCount_;
     }
@@ -413,7 +406,7 @@ class Entropy
      *  $(D_PSYMBOL EntropySource)
      */
     Entropy opOpAssign(string op)(EntropySource source)
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     if (op == "~")
     in
     {
@@ -451,7 +444,7 @@ class Entropy
             {
                 auto outputLength = sources[i].poll(buffer);
 
-                if (!outputLength.isNull)
+                if (!outputLength.isNothing)
                 {
                     if (outputLength > 0)
                     {
@@ -502,7 +495,7 @@ class Entropy
      */
     protected void update(in ubyte sourceId,
                           ref ubyte[maxGather] data,
-                          ubyte length) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+                          ubyte length) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         ubyte[2] header;
 

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ version (TanyaNative)
     extern private void moveMemory(const void[], void[])
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 
-    extern private int cmpMemory(const void[], const void[])
+    extern private bool equalMemory(const void[], const void[])
     pure nothrow @system @nogc;
 }
 else
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ version (TanyaNative)
 
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
-        assert(cmp(null, null) == 0);
+        assert(equal(null, null));
     }
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ do
     ubyte[9] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
     ubyte[9] target;
     source.copy(target);
-    assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+    assert(equal(source, target));
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ do
         ubyte[8] source = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
         ubyte[8] target;
         source.copy(target);
-        assert(cmp(source, target) == 0);
+        assert(equal(source, target));
     }
 }
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ do
     ubyte[6] expected = [ 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b' ];
 
     copyBackward(mem[0 .. 4], mem[2 .. $]);
-    assert(cmp(expected, mem) == 0);
+    assert(equal(expected, mem));
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ do
     ubyte[9] r2;
 
     copyBackward(r1, r2);
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
+    assert(equal(r1, r2));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ do
  *          negative integer if $(D_INLINECODE r2 > r1),
  *          `0` if $(D_INLINECODE r1 == r2).
  */
+deprecated("Use tanya.memory.op.equal() or tanya.algorithm.comparison.compare() instead")
 int cmp(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 in
 {
@@ -249,48 +250,13 @@ in
 }
 do
 {
-    version (TanyaNative)
+    import core.stdc.string : memcmp;
+
+    if (r1.length > r2.length)
     {
-        return cmpMemory(r1, r2);
+        return 1;
     }
-    else
-    {
-        if (r1.length > r2.length)
-        {
-            return 1;
-        }
-        return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[4] r1 = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ];
-    ubyte[3] r2 = [ 'c', 'a', 'b' ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 3], r2[]) < 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2[], r1[0 .. 3]) > 0);
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) > 0);
-    assert(cmp(r2, r1) < 0);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    ubyte[16] r1 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-    ubyte[16] r2 = [
-        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
-    ];
-
-    assert(cmp(r1, r2) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]) == 0);
-    assert(cmp(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]) == 0);
+    return r1.length < r2.length ? -1 : memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -305,7 +271,7 @@ do
  *          first occurrence of $(D_PARAM needle). If $(D_PARAM needle)
  *          couldn't be found, an empty `inout void[]` is returned.
  */
-inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, const ubyte needle)
+inout(void[]) find(return inout void[] haystack, ubyte needle)
 @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 in
 {
@@ -326,19 +292,19 @@ do
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
-        length--;
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
     }
 
     // Check if some of the words has the needle
     auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
     while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
     {
-        if (((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask)
+        if ((((*words ^ needleWord) - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
         {
             break;
         }
-        words++;
+        ++words;
         length -= size_t.sizeof;
     }
 
@@ -350,8 +316,8 @@ do
         {
             return bytes[0 .. length];
         }
-        bytes++;
-        length--;
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
     }
 
     return haystack[$ .. $];
@@ -362,14 +328,145 @@ do
 {
     const ubyte[9] haystack = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'b', 'g', 'h'];
 
-    assert(find(haystack, 'a') == haystack[]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'b') == haystack[1 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'c') == haystack[2 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'd') == haystack[3 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'e') == haystack[4 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'f') == haystack[5 .. $]);
-    assert(find(haystack, 'h') == haystack[8 .. $]);
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'a'), haystack[]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'b'), haystack[1 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'c'), haystack[2 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'd'), haystack[3 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'e'), haystack[4 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'f'), haystack[5 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(find(haystack, 'h'), haystack[8 .. $]));
     assert(find(haystack, 'i').length == 0);
 
     assert(find(null, 'a').length == 0);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Looks for `\0` in the $(D_PARAM haystack) and returns the part of the
+ * $(D_PARAM haystack) ahead of it.
+ *
+ * Returns $(D_KEYWORD null) if $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain a null
+ * character.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = Memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: The subrange that spans all bytes before the null character or
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD null) if the $(D_PARAM haystack) doesn't contain any.
+ */
+inout(char[]) findNullTerminated(return inout char[] haystack)
+@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(haystack.length == 0 || haystack.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    auto length = haystack.length;
+    enum size_t highBits = filledBytes!(0x01, 0);
+    enum size_t mask = filledBytes!(0x80, 0);
+
+    // Align
+    auto bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) haystack;
+    while (length > 0 && ((cast(size_t) bytes) & 3) != 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    // Check if some of the words contains 0
+    auto words = cast(inout(size_t)*) bytes;
+    while (length >= size_t.sizeof)
+    {
+        if (((*words - highBits) & (~*words) & mask) != 0)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        ++words;
+        length -= size_t.sizeof;
+    }
+
+    // Find the exact 0 position in the word
+    bytes = cast(inout(ubyte)*) words;
+    while (length > 0)
+    {
+        if (*bytes == '\0')
+        {
+            return haystack[0 .. haystack.length - length];
+        }
+        ++bytes;
+        --length;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("abcdef\0gh"), "abcdef"));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0garbage"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("\0"), ""));
+    assert(equal(findNullTerminated("cstring\0"), "cstring"));
+    assert(findNullTerminated(null) is null);
+    assert(findNullTerminated("abcdef") is null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two memory areas $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) for equality.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  haystack = First memory block.
+ *  needle   = First memory block.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM r1) and $(D_PARAM r2) are equal,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+bool equal(const void[] r1, const void[] r2) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
+in
+{
+    assert(r1.length == 0 || r1.ptr !is null);
+    assert(r2.length == 0 || r2.ptr !is null);
+}
+do
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        return equalMemory(r1, r2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return r1.length == r2.length
+            && memcmp(r1.ptr, r2.ptr, r1.length) == 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(equal("asdf", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asd", "asdf"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "asd"));
+    assert(!equal("asdf", "qwer"));
+}
+
+// Compares unanligned memory
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    ubyte[16] r1 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+    ubyte[16] r2 = [
+        'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
+        'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
+    ];
+
+    assert(equal(r1, r2));
+    assert(equal(r1[1 .. $], r2[1 .. $]));
+    assert(equal(r1[0 .. $ - 1], r2[0 .. $ - 1]));
+    assert(equal(r1[0 .. 8], r2[0 .. 8]));
+}

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory;
 
-import std.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.conv;
 import tanya.exception;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
@@ -341,13 +341,7 @@ if (isPolymorphicType!T)
 
 package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
 {
-    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
-    {
-        foreach (ref e; p)
-        {
-            destroy(e);
-        }
-    }
+    destroyAll(p);
     return p;
 }
 

source/tanya/meta/metafunction.d

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
 }
 
 /**
- * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple)s with $(D_PARAM f).
+ * Zips one or more $(D_PSYMBOL Pack)s with $(D_PARAM f).
  *
  * Given $(D_PARAM f) and tuples t1, t2, ..., tk, where tk[i] denotes the
  * $(I i)-th element of the tuple $(I k)-th tuple, $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
  * f(tk[0], tk[1], ... tk[i]),
  * ---
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Tuples)
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL ZipWith) begins with the first elements from $(D_PARAM Packs)
  * and applies $(D_PARAM f) to them, then it takes the second
  * ones and does the same, and so on.
  *
@@ -140,16 +140,17 @@ if (Args.length > 0 && __traits(isTemplate, pred))
  *
  * Params:
  *  f      = Some template that can be applied to the elements of
- *           $(D_PARAM Tuples).
- *  Tuples = $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) instances.
+ *           $(D_PARAM Packs).
+ *  Packs  = $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) instances.
  *
  * Returns: A sequence, whose $(I i)-th element contains the $(I i)-th element
- *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Tuples).
+ *          from each of the $(D_PARAM Packs).
  */
-template ZipWith(alias f, Tuples...)
-if (Tuples.length > 0
+template ZipWith(alias f, Packs...)
+if (Packs.length > 0
  && __traits(isTemplate, f)
- && allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Tuples))
+ && (allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Pack), Packs)
+ || allSatisfy!(ApplyLeft!(isInstanceOf, Tuple), Packs)))
 {
     private template GetIth(size_t i, Args...)
     {
@@ -164,43 +165,37 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
     }
     private template Iterate(size_t i, Args...)
     {
-        alias Tuple = GetIth!(i, Args);
+        alias Pack = GetIth!(i, Args);
 
-        static if (Tuple.length < Tuples.length)
+        static if (Pack.length < Packs.length)
         {
             alias Iterate = AliasSeq!();
         }
         else
         {
-            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Tuple,
-                                      Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
+            alias Iterate = AliasSeq!(f!Pack, Iterate!(i + 1, Args));
         }
     }
-    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Tuples);
+    alias ZipWith = Iterate!(0, Packs);
 }
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
-                             Tuple!(1, 2),
-                             Tuple!(5, 6),
-                             Tuple!(9, 10));
+    alias Result1 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2), Pack!(5, 6), Pack!(9, 10));
     static assert(Result1 == AliasSeq!(1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 10));
 
-    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq,
-                             Tuple!(1, 2, 3),
-                             Tuple!(4, 5));
+    alias Result2 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(1, 2, 3), Pack!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result2 == AliasSeq!(1, 4, 2, 5));
 
-    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Tuple!(), Tuple!(4, 5));
+    alias Result3 = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!(), Pack!(4, 5));
     static assert(Result3.length == 0);
 }
 
 /**
  * Holds a typed sequence of template parameters.
  *
- * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) doesn't unpack
+ * Different than $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq), $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) doesn't unpack
  * its template parameters automatically. Consider:
  *
  * ---
@@ -215,7 +210,7 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  * Using $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) template `A` gets 4 parameters instead of 2,
  * because $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq) is just an alias for its template parameters.
  *
- * With $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) it is possible to pass distinguishable
+ * With $(D_PSYMBOL Pack) it is possible to pass distinguishable
  * sequences of parameters to a template. So:
  *
  * ---
@@ -224,15 +219,15 @@ if (Tuples.length > 0
  *  static assert(Args.length == 2);
  * }
  *
- * alias BInstance = B!(Tuple!(int, uint), Tuple!(float, double));
+ * alias BInstance = B!(Pack!(int, uint), Pack!(float, double));
  * ---
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Pack).
  *
  * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
  */
-struct Tuple(Args...)
+struct Pack(Args...)
 {
     /// Elements in this tuple as $(D_PSYMBOL AliasSeq).
     alias Seq = Args;
@@ -246,9 +241,9 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    alias A = Tuple!short;
-    alias B = Tuple!(3, 8, 9);
-    alias C = Tuple!(A, B);
+    alias A = Pack!short;
+    alias B = Pack!(3, 8, 9);
+    alias C = Pack!(A, B);
 
     static assert(C.length == 2);
 
@@ -257,7 +252,7 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
     static assert(B.length == 3);
     static assert(B.Seq == AliasSeq!(3, 8, 9));
 
-    alias D = Tuple!();
+    alias D = Pack!();
     static assert(D.length == 0);
     static assert(is(D.Seq == AliasSeq!()));
 }
@@ -270,7 +265,7 @@ struct Tuple(Args...)
  * for determining if two items are equal.
  *
  * Params:
- *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *  Args = Elements of this $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
  */
 struct Set(Args...)
 {

source/tanya/meta/trait.d

@@ -1601,7 +1601,7 @@ if (is(T == class) || is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe unittest
+@nogc pure nothrow @safe unittest
 {
     static struct S
     {
@@ -2613,14 +2613,23 @@ if (is(T == enum))
         }
         else
         {
-            alias getEnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, Args[0]), getEnumMembers!(Args[1 .. $]));
+            alias getEnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, Args[0]),
+                                             getEnumMembers!(Args[1 .. $]));
         }
     }
-    alias EnumMembers = getEnumMembers!(__traits(allMembers, T));
+    private alias allMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(allMembers, T));
+    static if (allMembers.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias EnumMembers = AliasSeq!(__traits(getMember, T, allMembers));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias EnumMembers = getEnumMembers!allMembers;
+    }
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @nogc @safe unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     enum E : int
     {
@@ -2628,7 +2637,17 @@ pure nothrow @nogc @safe unittest
         two,
         three,
     }
-    static assert([E.one, E.two, E.three] == [ EnumMembers!E ]);
+    static assert([EnumMembers!E] == [E.one, E.two, E.three]);
+}
+
+// Produces a tuple for an enum with only one member
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    enum E : int
+    {
+        one = 0,
+    }
+    static assert(EnumMembers!E == AliasSeq!0);
 }
 
 /**

source/tanya/net/iface.d

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network interfaces.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/net/iface.d,
+ *                 tanya/net/iface.d)
+ */
+module tanya.net.iface;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.string;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range;
+
+version (TanyaNative)
+{
+    import mir.linux._asm.unistd;
+    import tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.ioctl;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.net.if_;
+    import tanya.sys.posix.socket;
+}
+else version (Windows)
+{
+    import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+    import tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
+}
+else version (Posix)
+{
+    import core.sys.posix.net.if_;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the name of a network interface to its index.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the name $(D_PARAM name) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns 0.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  name = Interface name.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface index or 0.
+ */
+uint nameToIndex(R)(R name) @trusted
+if (isInputRange!R && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == char) && hasLength!R)
+{
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        if (name.length >= IF_NAMESIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        ifreq ifreq_ = void;
+
+        copy(name, ifreq_.ifr_name[]);
+        ifreq_.ifr_name[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        auto socket = syscall(AF_INET,
+                              SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+                              0,
+                              NR_socket);
+        if (socket <= 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        scope (exit)
+        {
+            syscall(socket, NR_close);
+        }
+        if (syscall(socket,
+                    SIOCGIFINDEX,
+                    cast(ptrdiff_t) &ifreq_,
+                    NR_ioctl) == 0)
+        {
+            return ifreq_.ifr_ifindex;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        if (name.length > IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        NET_LUID luid;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        if (ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(buffer.ptr, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        NET_IFINDEX index;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(&luid, &index) == 0)
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        if (name.length >= IF_NAMESIZE)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+
+        copy(name, buffer[]);
+        buffer[name.length] = '\0';
+
+        return if_nametoindex(buffer.ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow @safe unittest
+{
+    version (linux)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo") == 1);
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("loopback_0") == 1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert(nameToIndex("lo0") == 1);
+    }
+    assert(nameToIndex("ecafretni") == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the index of a network interface to its name.
+ *
+ * If an interface with the $(D_PARAM index) cannot be found or another
+ * error occurres, returns an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  index = Interface index.
+ *
+ * Returns: Returns interface name or an empty $(D_PSYMBOL String).
+ */
+String indexToName(uint index) @nogc nothrow @trusted
+{
+    import tanya.memory.op : findNullTerminated;
+
+    version (TanyaNative)
+    {
+        ifreq ifreq_ = void;
+        ifreq_.ifr_ifindex = index;
+
+        auto socket = syscall(AF_INET,
+                              SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+                              0,
+                              NR_socket);
+        if (socket <= 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        scope (exit)
+        {
+            syscall(socket, NR_close);
+        }
+        if (syscall(socket,
+                    SIOCGIFNAME,
+                    cast(ptrdiff_t) &ifreq_,
+                    NR_ioctl) == 0)
+        {
+            return String(findNullTerminated(ifreq_.ifr_name));
+        }
+        return String();
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        NET_LUID luid;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(index, &luid) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+
+        char[IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1] buffer;
+        if (ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(&luid,
+                                        buffer.ptr,
+                                        IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE + 1) != 0)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        char[IF_NAMESIZE] buffer;
+        if (if_indextoname(index, buffer.ptr) is null)
+        {
+            return String();
+        }
+        return String(findNullTerminated(buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow @safe unittest
+{
+    version (linux)
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "lo"));
+    }
+    else version (Windows)
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "loopback_0"));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert(equal(indexToName(1)[], "lo0"));
+    }
+    assert(indexToName(uint.max).empty);
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module tanya.net.inet;
 
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
+import tanya.range;
 
 /**
  * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ module tanya.network.socket;
 import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.time;
 public import std.socket : SocketOption, SocketOptionLevel;
-import std.traits;
-import std.typecons;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.bitmanip;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.os.error;
 
 /// Value returned by socket operations on error.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ struct Linger
      *
      * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL time).
      */
-    @property enabled(const bool value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property void enabled(const bool value) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         this.l_onoff = value;
     }

source/tanya/range/adapter.d

@@ -5,12 +5,6 @@
 /**
  * Range adapters.
  *
- * A range adapter wraps another range and modifies the way, how the original
- * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
- *
- * All adapters are lazy algorithms, they request the next element of the
- * adapted range on demand.
- *
  * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
@@ -19,357 +13,3 @@
  *                 tanya/range/adapter.d)
  */
 module tanya.range.adapter;
-
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math;
-import tanya.range.primitive;
-
-private mixin template Take(R, bool exactly)
-{
-    private R source;
-    size_t length_;
-
-    @disable this();
-
-    private this(R source, size_t length)
-    {
-        this.source = source;
-        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
-        {
-            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            this.length_ = length;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @property auto ref front()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        return this.source.front;
-    }
-
-    void popFront()
-    in
-    {
-        assert(!empty);
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        this.source.popFront();
-        --this.length_;
-    }
-
-    @property bool empty()
-    {
-        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
-        {
-            return length == 0;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return length == 0 || this.source.empty;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @property size_t length()
-    {
-        return this.length_;
-    }
-
-    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
-    {
-        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            this.source.front = value;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            this.source.front = move(value);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static if (isForwardRange!R)
-    {
-        typeof(this) save()
-        {
-            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
-        }
-    }
-    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
-    {
-        @property auto ref back()
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return this.source[this.length - 1];
-        }
-
-        void popBack()
-        in
-        {
-            assert(!empty);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            --this.length_;
-        }
-
-        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(i < length);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return this.source[i];
-        }
-
-        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
-        {
-            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(!empty);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[length - 1] = value;
-            }
-
-            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(!empty);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
-            }
-
-            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(i < length);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[i] = value;
-            }
-
-            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
-            in
-            {
-                assert(i < length);
-            }
-            do
-            {
-                this.source[i] = move(value);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    static if (hasSlicing!R)
-    {
-        auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
-        in
-        {
-            assert(i <= j);
-            assert(j <= length);
-        }
-        do
-        {
-            return take(this.source[i .. j], length);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
- * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
- ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
- * expects a finit range.
- *
- * Params:
- *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
- *  range = The range to take the elements from.
- *  n     = The number of elements to take.
- *
- * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
- *          $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
- */
-auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
-if (isInputRange!R)
-{
-    struct Take
-    {
-        mixin .Take!(R, false);
-    }
-    return Take(range, n);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static struct InfiniteRange
-    {
-        private size_t front_ = 1;
-
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front_ = i;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            ++this.front_;
-        }
-
-        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_ + i;
-        }
-
-        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front = i + value;
-        }
-
-        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
-    assert(t.length == 3);
-    assert(t.front == 1);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popBack();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 2);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.empty);
-}
-
-/**
- * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
- *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
- ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
- * which expects a finit range.
- *
- * Params:
- *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
- *  range = The range to take the elements from.
- *  n     = The number of elements to take.
- *
- * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
- */
-auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
-if (isInputRange!R)
-{
-    struct TakeExactly
-    {
-        mixin Take!(R, true);
-    }
-    return TakeExactly(range, n);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static struct InfiniteRange
-    {
-        private size_t front_ = 1;
-
-        enum bool empty = false;
-
-        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_;
-        }
-
-        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front_ = i;
-        }
-
-        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            ++this.front_;
-        }
-
-        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this.front_ + i;
-        }
-
-        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            this.front = i + value;
-        }
-
-        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-        {
-            return this;
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
-    assert(t.length == 3);
-    assert(t.front == 1);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 3);
-
-    t.popBack();
-    assert(t.front == 2);
-    assert(t.back == 2);
-
-    t.popFront();
-    assert(t.empty);
-}

source/tanya/range/primitive.d

@@ -813,17 +813,28 @@ template isRandomAccessRange(R)
 /**
  * Puts $(D_PARAM e) into the $(D_PARAM range).
  *
- * $(D_PSYMBOL R) should be an output range for $(D_PARAM E).
- *
- * $(D_PARAM range) is advanced after putting an element into it if all of the
- * following conditions are met:
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL R) should be an output range for $(D_PARAM E). It doesn't mean
+ * that everything $(D_PARAM range) is an output range for can be put into it,
+ * but only if one of the following conditions is met:
  *
  * $(OL
- *  $(LI $(D_PSYMBOL R) is an input range)
- *  $(LI $(D_PSYMBOL R) doesn't define a `put`-method)
+ *  $(LI $(D_PARAM R) defines a `put`-method for $(D_PARAM E))
  *  $(LI $(D_PARAM e) can be assigned to $(D_INLINECODE range.front))
+ *  $(LI $(D_PARAM e) can be put into $(D_PARAM range) using
+ *       $(D_INLINECODE range(e))
+ *  )
  * )
  *
+ * The method to put $(D_PARAM e) into $(D_PARAM range) is chosen based on the
+ * order specified above.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM E) is an input range and $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for
+ * its elements as well, use $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.algorithm.mutation.copy)
+ * instead.
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) is advanced after putting an element into it if it is an
+ * input range that doesn't define a `put`-method.
+ *
  * Params:
  *  R     = Target range type.
  *  E     = Source element type.
@@ -849,13 +860,6 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
     {
         range(e);
     }
-    else static if (isInputRange!E)
-    {
-        for (; !e.empty; e.popFront())
-        {
-            put(range, e.front);
-        }
-    }
     else
     {
         static assert(false, R.stringof ~ " is not an output range for "
@@ -907,17 +911,6 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
     assert(oc.e == 2);
 }
 
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    int[2] actual;
-    int[2] expected = [2, 3];
-    auto slice = actual[];
-
-    put(slice, expected[]);
-    assert(actual == expected);
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for the elemens of type
  * $(D_PARAM E).
@@ -963,7 +956,22 @@ void put(R, E)(ref R range, auto ref E e)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM R) is an output range for the
  *          elements of the type $(D_PARAM E), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-enum bool isOutputRange(R, E) = is(typeof((ref R r, ref E e) => put(r, e)));
+template isOutputRange(R, E)
+{
+    static if (is(typeof((R r, E e) => put(r, e))))
+    {
+        enum bool isOutputRange = true;
+    }
+    else static if (isInputRange!E)
+    {
+        alias ET = ElementType!E;
+        enum bool isOutputRange = is(typeof((R r, ET e) => put(r, e)));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        enum bool isOutputRange = false;
+    }
+}
 
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -1820,7 +1828,7 @@ template hasMobileElements(R)
  */
 template hasLvalueElements(R)
 {
-    private alias refDg = (ref ElementType!R e) => e;
+    private alias refDg = (ref ElementType!R e) => &e;
 
     static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
     {
@@ -1878,6 +1886,16 @@ template hasLvalueElements(R)
     static assert(hasLvalueElements!R2);
 }
 
+// Works with non-copyable elements
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct NonCopyable
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+    static assert(hasLvalueElements!(NonCopyable[]));
+}
+
 /**
  * Determines whether the elements of $(D_PARAM R) are assignable.
  *

source/tanya/sys/linux/syscall.d

@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ module tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
 
 version (TanyaNative):
 
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
 @nogc nothrow @system;
 
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t,
                          ptrdiff_t,
                          ptrdiff_t,
@@ -34,10 +40,18 @@ private template getOverloadMangling(size_t n)
 }
 
 pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!0)
-extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
 @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
 pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!1)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow pure @system;
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!2)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow pure @system;
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!3)
 extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t,
                           ptrdiff_t,
                           ptrdiff_t,

source/tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/ioctl.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.ioctl;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+enum
+{
+    SIOCADDRT = 0x890B, // Add routing table entry.
+    SIOCDELRT = 0x890C, // Delete routing table entry.
+    SIOCRTMSG = 0x890D, // Call to routing system.
+
+    SIOCGIFNAME = 0x8910, // Get iface name.
+    SIOCSIFLINK = 0x8911, // Set iface channel.
+    SIOCGIFCONF = 0x8912, // Get iface list.
+    SIOCGIFFLAGS = 0x8913, // Get flags.
+    SIOCSIFFLAGS = 0x8914, // Set flags.
+    SIOCGIFADDR = 0x8915, // Get PA address.
+    SIOCSIFADDR = 0x8916, // Set PA address.
+    SIOCGIFDSTADDR = 0x8917, // Get remote PA address.
+    SIOCSIFDSTADDR = 0x8918, // Set remote PA address.
+    SIOCGIFBRDADDR = 0x8919, // Get broadcast PA address.
+    SIOCSIFBRDADDR = 0x891a, // Set broadcast PA address.
+    SIOCGIFNETMASK = 0x891b, // Get network PA mask.
+    SIOCSIFNETMASK = 0x891c, // Set network PA mask.
+    SIOCGIFMETRIC = 0x891d, // Get metric.
+    SIOCSIFMETRIC = 0x891e, // Set metric.
+    SIOCGIFMEM = 0x891f, // Get memory address (BSD).
+    SIOCSIFMEM = 0x8920, // Set memory address (BSD).
+    SIOCGIFMTU = 0x8921, // Get MTU size.
+    SIOCSIFMTU = 0x8922, // Set MTU size.
+    SIOCSIFNAME = 0x8923, // Set interface name.
+    SIOCSIFHWADDR = 0x8924, // Set hardware address.
+    SIOCGIFENCAP = 0x8925, // Get/set encapsulations.
+    SIOCSIFENCAP = 0x8926,
+    SIOCGIFHWADDR = 0x8927, // Get hardware address.
+    SIOCGIFSLAVE = 0x8929, // Driver slaving support.
+    SIOCSIFSLAVE = 0x8930,
+    SIOCADDMULTI = 0x8931, // Multicast address lists.
+    SIOCDELMULTI = 0x8932,
+    SIOCGIFINDEX = 0x8933, // Name -> if_index mapping.
+    SIOGIFINDEX = SIOCGIFINDEX, // Misprint compatibility.
+    SIOCSIFPFLAGS = 0x8934, // Set/get extended flags set.
+    SIOCGIFPFLAGS = 0x8935,
+    SIOCDIFADDR = 0x8936, // Delete PA address.
+    SIOCSIFHWBROADCAST = 0x8937, // Set hardware broadcast address.
+    SIOCGIFCOUNT = 0x8938, // Get number of devices.
+
+    SIOCGIFBR = 0x8940, // Bridging support.
+    SIOCSIFBR = 0x8941, // Set bridging options.
+
+    SIOCGIFTXQLEN = 0x8942, // Get the tx queue length.
+    SIOCSIFTXQLEN = 0x8943, // Set the tx queue length.
+
+    SIOCDARP = 0x8953, // Delete ARP table entry.
+    SIOCGARP = 0x8954, // Get ARP table entry.
+    SIOCSARP = 0x8955, // Set ARP table entry.
+
+    SIOCDRARP = 0x8960, // Delete RARP table entry.
+    SIOCGRARP = 0x8961, // Get RARP table entry.
+    SIOCSRARP = 0x8962, // Set RARP table entry.
+
+    SIOCGIFMAP = 0x8970, // Get device parameters.
+    SIOCSIFMAP = 0x8971, // Set device parameters.
+
+    SIOCADDDLCI = 0x8980, // Create new DLCI device.
+    SIOCDELDLCI = 0x8981, // Delete DLCI device.
+}

source/tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/net/if_.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.net.if_;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+enum size_t IF_NAMESIZE = 16;
+
+struct ifreq
+{
+    char[IF_NAMESIZE] ifr_name;
+
+    union
+    {
+        int ifr_ifindex;
+    }
+}

source/tanya/sys/posix/socket.d

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/socket.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/socket.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.socket;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+/*
+ * Protocol families.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    PF_UNSPEC = 0, // Unspecified.
+    PF_LOCAL = 1, // Local to host (pipes and file-domain).
+    PF_UNIX = PF_LOCAL, // POSIX name for PF_LOCAL.
+    PF_FILE = PF_LOCAL, // Another non-standard name for PF_LOCAL.
+    PF_INET = 2, // IP protocol family.
+    PF_AX25 = 3, // Amateur Radio AX.25.
+    PF_IPX = 4, // Novell Internet Protocol.
+    PF_APPLETALK = 5, // Appletalk DDP.
+    PF_NETROM = 6, // Amateur radio NetROM.
+    PF_BRIDGE = 7, // Multiprotocol bridge.
+    PF_ATMPVC = 8, // ATM PVCs.
+    PF_X25 = 9, // Reserved for X.25 project.
+    PF_INET6 = 10, // IP version 6.
+    PF_ROSE = 11, // Amateur Radio X.25 PLP.
+    PF_DECnet = 12, // Reserved for DECnet project.
+    PF_NETBEUI = 13, // Reserved for 802.2LLC project.
+    PF_SECURITY = 14, // Security callback pseudo AF.
+    PF_KEY = 15, // PF_KEY key management API.
+    PF_NETLINK = 16, // Kernel user interface device.
+    PF_ROUTE = PF_NETLINK, // Alias to emulate 4.4BSD.
+    PF_PACKET = 17, // Packet family.
+    PF_ASH = 18, // Ash.
+    PF_ECONET = 19, // Acorn Econet.
+    PF_ATMSVC = 20, // ATM SVCs.
+    PF_RDS = 21, // RDS sockets.
+    PF_SNA = 22, // Linux SNA Project.
+    PF_IRDA = 23, // IRDA sockets.
+    PF_PPPOX = 24, // PPPoX sockets.
+    PF_WANPIPE = 25, // Wanpipe API sockets.
+    PF_LLC = 26, // Linux LLC.
+    PF_IB = 27, // Native InfiniBand address.
+    PF_MPLS = 28, // MPLS.
+    PF_CAN = 29, // Controller Area Network.
+    PF_TIPC = 30, // TIPC sockets.
+    PF_BLUETOOTH = 31, // Bluetooth sockets.
+    PF_IUCV = 32, // IUCV sockets.
+    PF_RXRPC = 33, // RxRPC sockets.
+    PF_ISDN = 34, // mISDN sockets.
+    PF_PHONET = 35, // Phonet sockets.
+    PF_IEEE802154 = 36, // IEEE 802.15.4 sockets.
+    PF_CAIF = 37, // CAIF sockets.
+    PF_ALG = 38, // Algorithm sockets.
+    PF_NFC = 39, // NFC sockets.
+    PF_VSOCK = 40, // vSockets.
+    PF_MAX = 41, // For now.
+}
+
+/*
+ * Address families.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    AF_UNSPEC = PF_UNSPEC,
+    AF_LOCAL = PF_LOCAL,
+    AF_UNIX = PF_UNIX,
+    AF_FILE = PF_FILE,
+    AF_INET = PF_INET,
+    AF_AX25 = PF_AX25,
+    AF_IPX = PF_IPX,
+    AF_APPLETALK = PF_APPLETALK,
+    AF_NETROM = PF_NETROM,
+    AF_BRIDGE = PF_BRIDGE,
+    AF_ATMPVC = PF_ATMPVC,
+    AF_X25 = PF_X25,
+    AF_INET6 = PF_INET6,
+    AF_ROSE = PF_ROSE,
+    AF_DECnet = PF_DECnet,
+    AF_NETBEUI = PF_NETBEUI,
+    AF_SECURITY = PF_SECURITY,
+    AF_KEY = PF_KEY,
+    AF_NETLINK = PF_NETLINK,
+    AF_ROUTE = PF_ROUTE,
+    AF_PACKET = PF_PACKET,
+    AF_ASH = PF_ASH,
+    AF_ECONET = PF_ECONET,
+    AF_ATMSVC = PF_ATMSVC,
+    AF_RDS = PF_RDS,
+    AF_SNA = PF_SNA,
+    AF_IRDA = PF_IRDA,
+    AF_PPPOX = PF_PPPOX,
+    AF_WANPIPE = PF_WANPIPE,
+    AF_LLC = PF_LLC,
+    AF_IB = PF_IB,
+    AF_MPLS = PF_MPLS,
+    AF_CAN = PF_CAN,
+    AF_TIPC = PF_TIPC,
+    AF_BLUETOOTH = PF_BLUETOOTH,
+    AF_IUCV = PF_IUCV,
+    AF_RXRPC = PF_RXRPC,
+    AF_ISDN = PF_ISDN,
+    AF_PHONET = PF_PHONET,
+    AF_IEEE802154 = PF_IEEE802154,
+    AF_CAIF = PF_CAIF,
+    AF_ALG = PF_ALG,
+    AF_NFC = PF_NFC,
+    AF_VSOCK = PF_VSOCK,
+    AF_MAX = PF_MAX,
+}
+
+/*
+ * Types of sockets.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    // Sequenced, reliable, connection-based byte streams.
+    SOCK_STREAM = 1,
+    // Connectionless, unreliable datagrams of fixed maximum length.
+    SOCK_DGRAM = 2,
+    // Raw protocol interface.
+    SOCK_RAW = 3,
+    // Reliably-delivered messages.
+    SOCK_RDM = 4,
+    // Sequenced, reliable, connection-based, datagrams of fixed maximum
+    // length.
+    SOCK_SEQPACKET = 5,
+    // Datagram Congestion Control Protocol.
+    SOCK_DCCP = 6,
+    // Linux specific way of getting packets at the dev level. For writing rarp
+    // and other similar things on the user level.
+    SOCK_PACKET = 10,
+}
+
+/*
+ * Flags to be ORed into the type parameter of socket and socketpair and used
+ * for the flags parameter of paccept.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    SOCK_CLOEXEC = 0x80000, // Atomically set close-on-exec flag for the new descriptor(s).
+    SOCK_NONBLOCK = 0x800, // Atomically mark descriptor(s) as non-blocking.
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ version (Windows):
 alias BYTE = ubyte;
 alias TBYTE = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
 alias CHAR = char; // Signed or unsigned char.
+alias WCHAR = wchar;
 alias TCHAR = wchar; // If Unicode, otherwise char.
 alias SHORT = short;
 alias USHORT = ushort;
@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ enum HANDLE INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = cast(HANDLE) -1;
 enum TRUE = 1;
 enum FALSE = 0;
 
+alias PSTR = CHAR*;
+alias PWSTR = WCHAR*;
+alias PTSTR = TCHAR*;
+
 align(1) struct GUID
 {
     uint Data1;

source/tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/ifdef.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+
+union NET_LUID_LH
+{
+    ulong Value;
+    ulong Info;
+}
+
+alias NET_LUID = NET_LUID_LH;
+alias IF_LUID = NET_LUID_LH;
+
+alias NET_IFINDEX = ULONG;
+
+enum size_t IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE = 256;

source/tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/windows/iphlpapi.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
+
+version (Windows):
+
+import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceNameToLuidA(const(CHAR)* InterfaceName,
+                                  NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceLuidToIndex(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+                                  NET_IFINDEX* InterfaceIndex)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceIndexToLuid(NET_IFINDEX InterfaceIndex,
+                                  NET_LUID* InterfaceLuid)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern(Windows)
+DWORD ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameA(const(NET_LUID)* InterfaceLuid,
+                                  PSTR InterfaceName,
+                                  size_t Length)
+@nogc nothrow @system;

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -15,5 +15,7 @@ module tanya.sys.windows;
 version (Windows):
 
 public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.ifdef;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.iphlpapi;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ module tanya.typecons;
 
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.format;
-import tanya.meta.metafunction : AliasSeq, AliasTuple = Tuple, Map;
+import tanya.functional;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
  *
  * Params:
  *  Specs = Field types and names.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL tuple).
  */
 template Tuple(Specs...)
 {
@@ -49,13 +52,13 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
             static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(Pack!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
             }
             else
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(Pack!(Specs[0]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
             }
         }
@@ -133,11 +136,50 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
     static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first", double, "second", char, "third")));
 }
 
+/**
+ * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Names = Field names.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+ */
+template tuple(Names...)
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  Args = Field types.
+     *  args = Field values.
+     *
+     * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple).
+     */
+    auto tuple(Args...)(auto ref Args args)
+    if (Args.length >= Names.length && isTypeTuple!Args)
+    {
+        alias Zipped = ZipWith!(AliasSeq, Pack!Args, Pack!Names);
+        alias Nameless = Args[Names.length .. $];
+
+        return Tuple!(Zipped, Nameless)(forward!args);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto t = tuple!("one", "two")(20, 5);
+    assert(t.one == 20);
+    assert(t.two == 5);
+}
+
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is a type that contains an optional value.
  *
  * Params:
  *  T = Type of the encapsulated value.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL option).
  */
 struct Option(T)
 {
@@ -338,6 +380,24 @@ struct Option(T)
         return this;
     }
 
+    version (D_Ddoc)
+    {
+        /**
+         * If $(D_PARAM T) has a `toHash()` method, $(D_PSYMBOL Option) defines
+         * `toHash()` which returns `T.toHash()` if it is set or 0 otherwise.
+         *
+         * Returns: Hash value.
+         */
+        size_t toHash() const;
+    }
+    else static if (is(typeof(T.init.toHash()) == size_t))
+    {
+        size_t toHash() const
+        {
+            return isNothing ? 0U : this.value.toHash();
+        }
+    }
+
     alias get this;
 }
 
@@ -452,3 +512,50 @@ struct Option(T)
         assert(((ref e) => e)(Option!int().or(i)) == 5);
     }
 }
+
+// Implements toHash() for nothing
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct ToHash
+    {
+        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 1U;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        Option!ToHash toHash;
+        assert(toHash.toHash() == 0U);
+    }
+    {
+        auto toHash = Option!ToHash(ToHash());
+        assert(toHash.toHash() == 1U);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Option type.
+ *  value = Initial value.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+ */
+Option!T option(T)(auto ref T value)
+{
+    return Option!T(forward!value);
+}
+
+/// ditto
+Option!T option(T)()
+{
+    return Option!T();
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(option!int().isNothing);
+    assert(option(5) == 5);
+}