Release 0.8.0.0

Fixes #45.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,7 +6,59 @@ The format is based on
 and this project adheres to
 [Haskell Package Versioning Policy](https://pvp.haskell.org/).
 
-## [Unreleased]
+## [0.8.0.0] - 2020-06-20
+### Fixed
+- The parser rejects variables when parsing defaultValue (DefaultValue). The
+  specification defines default values as `Value` with `const` parameter and
+  constants cannot be variables. `AST.Document.ConstValue` was added,
+  `AST.Document.ObjectField` was modified.
+- AST transformation should never fail.
+    * Arguments and fields with a missing variable as value should be left out.
+    * Invalid (recusrive or non-existing) fragments should be skipped.
+- Argument value coercion.
+- Variable value coercion.
+- Result coercion.
+- The executor should skip the fields missing in the object type and not fail.
+- Merging subselections.
+
+### Changed
+- `Schema.Resolver` was moved to `Type.Out`, it is a field and resolver function
+  pair.
+- `AST.Core.Value` was moved into `Type.Definition`. These values are used only
+  in the execution and type system, it is not a part of the parsing tree.
+- `Type` module is superseded by `Type.Out`. This module contains now only
+  exports from other module that complete `Type.In` and `Type.Out` exports.
+- `Error.CollectErrsT` contains the new `Resolution` data structure.
+  `Resolution` represents the state used by the executor. It contains all types
+  defined in the schema and collects the thrown errors.
+
+### Added
+- `Type.Definition` contains base type system definition, e.g. Enums and
+  Scalars.
+- `Type.Schema` describes a schema. Both public functions that execute queries
+  accept a `Schema` now instead of a `HashMap`. The execution fails if the root
+  operation doesn't match the root Query type in the schema.
+- `Type.In` and `Type.Out` contain definitions for input and output types.
+- `Execute.Coerce` defines a typeclass responsible for input, variable value
+  coercion. It decouples us a bit from JSON since any format can be used to pass
+  query variables. Execution functions accept (`HashMap Name a`) instead of
+  `Subs`, where a is an instance of `VariableValue`.
+
+### Removed
+- `Schema.scalar`, `Schema.wrappedScalar`. They accepted everything can be
+  converted to JSON and JSON is not suitable as an internal representation for
+  GraphQL. E.g. GraphQL distinguishes between Floats and Integers.
+- `Schema.wrappedObject`, `Schema.object`, `Schema.resolversToMap`. There is no
+  need in special functions to construct field resolvers anymore, resolvers are
+  normal functions attached to the fields in the schema representation.
+- `Schema.resolve` is superseded by `Execute.Execution`.
+- `Error.runAppendErrs` isn't used anywhere.
+- `AST.Core`: `Document`, `Directive`, `Field`, `Fragment`, `Selection`, `Alias`
+  `TypeCondition` were modified, moved into `Execute.Transform.Document` and
+  made private. These types describe intermediate representation used by the
+  executor internally. Moving was required to avoid cyclic dependencies between
+  the executor and type system.
+- `AST.Core` doesn't reexports anything.
 
 ## [0.7.0.0] - 2020-05-11
 ### Fixed
@@ -20,7 +72,7 @@ and this project adheres to
 - `Trans.argument`.
 - Schema extension parser.
 - Contributing guidelines.
-- `Schema.resolversToMap` (intended for to be used internally).
+- `Schema.resolversToMap` (intended to be used internally).
 
 ### Changed
 - Rename `AST.Definition` into `AST.Document.ExecutableDefinition`.
@@ -215,7 +267,7 @@ and this project adheres to
 ### Added
 - Data types for the GraphQL language.
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/graphql/compare/v0.6.1.0...HEAD
+[0.8.0.0]: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/graphql/compare/v0.7.0.0...v0.8.0.0
 [0.7.0.0]: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/graphql/compare/v0.6.1.0...v0.7.0.0
 [0.6.1.0]: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/graphql/compare/v0.6.0.0...v0.6.1.0
 [0.6.0.0]: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/graphql/compare/v0.5.1.0...v0.6.0.0

docs/tutorial/tutorial.lhs

@@ -17,14 +17,15 @@ Since this file is a literate haskell file, we start by importing some dependenc
 > import Control.Monad.IO.Class (liftIO)
 > import Data.Aeson (encode)
 > import Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 (putStrLn)
-> import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 > import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
-> import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 > import Data.Text (Text)
+> import qualified Data.Text as Text
 > import Data.Time (getCurrentTime)
 >
 > import Language.GraphQL
-> import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
+> import Language.GraphQL.Trans
+> import Language.GraphQL.Type
+> import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
 >
 > import Prelude hiding (putStrLn)
 
@@ -35,11 +36,19 @@ example from [graphql.js](https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js).
 
 First we build a GraphQL schema.
 
-> schema1 :: HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver IO))
-> schema1 = HashMap.singleton "Query" $ hello :| []
+> schema1 :: Schema IO
+> schema1 = Schema queryType Nothing
 >
-> hello :: Schema.Resolver IO
-> hello = Schema.scalar "hello" (return ("it's me" :: Text))
+> queryType :: ObjectType IO
+> queryType = ObjectType "Query" Nothing []
+>   $ HashMap.singleton "hello"
+>   $ Out.Resolver helloField hello
+>
+> helloField :: Field IO
+> helloField = Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+>
+> hello :: ActionT IO Value
+> hello = pure $ String "it's me"
 
 This defines a simple schema with one type and one field, that resolves to a fixed value.
 
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ Next we define our query.
 To run the query, we call the `graphql` with the schema and the query.
 
 > main1 :: IO ()
-> main1 = putStrLn =<< encode <$> graphql schema1 query1
+> main1 = graphql schema1 query1 >>= putStrLn . encode
 
 This runs the query by fetching the one field defined,
 returning
@@ -65,13 +74,21 @@ returning
 
 For this example, we're going to be using time.
 
-> schema2 :: HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver IO))
-> schema2 = HashMap.singleton "Query" $ time :| []
+> schema2 :: Schema IO
+> schema2 = Schema queryType2 Nothing
 >
-> time :: Schema.Resolver IO
-> time = Schema.scalar "time" $ do
+> queryType2 :: ObjectType IO
+> queryType2 = ObjectType "Query" Nothing []
+>   $ HashMap.singleton "time"
+>   $ Out.Resolver timeField time
+>
+> timeField :: Field IO
+> timeField = Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+>
+> time :: ActionT IO Value
+> time = do
 >   t <- liftIO getCurrentTime
->   return $ show t
+>   pure $ String $ Text.pack $ show t
 
 This defines a simple schema with one type and one field,
 which resolves to the current time.
@@ -82,7 +99,7 @@ Next we define our query.
 > query2 = "{ time }"
 >
 > main2 :: IO ()
-> main2 = putStrLn =<< encode <$> graphql schema2 query2
+> main2 = graphql schema2 query2 >>= putStrLn . encode
 
 This runs the query, returning the current time
 
@@ -124,14 +141,20 @@ This will fail
 
 Now that we have two resolvers, we can define a schema which uses them both.
 
-> schema3 :: HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver IO))
-> schema3 = HashMap.singleton "Query" $ hello :| [time]
+> schema3 :: Schema IO
+> schema3 = Schema queryType3 Nothing
+>
+> queryType3 :: ObjectType IO
+> queryType3 = ObjectType "Query" Nothing [] $ HashMap.fromList
+>   [ ("hello", Out.Resolver helloField hello)
+>   , ("time", Out.Resolver timeField time)
+>   ]
 >
 > query3 :: Text
 > query3 = "query timeAndHello { time hello }"
 >
 > main3 :: IO ()
-> main3 = putStrLn =<< encode <$> graphql schema3 query3
+> main3 = graphql schema3 query3 >>= putStrLn . encode
 
 This queries for both time and hello, returning
 

package.yaml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name:                graphql
-version:             0.7.0.0
+version:             0.8.0.0
 synopsis:            Haskell GraphQL implementation
 description:
   This package provides a rudimentary parser for the
@@ -31,15 +31,20 @@ dependencies:
 - containers
 - megaparsec
 - parser-combinators
+- scientific
 - text
 - transformers
 - unordered-containers
+- vector
 
 library:
   source-dirs: src
   other-modules:
+  - Language.GraphQL.Execute.Execution
   - Language.GraphQL.Execute.Transform
+  - Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
   - Language.GraphQL.Type.Directive
+  - Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
 
 tests:
   tasty:

src/Language/GraphQL.hs

@@ -5,29 +5,30 @@ module Language.GraphQL
     ) where
 
 import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty)
 import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser
 import Language.GraphQL.Error
 import Language.GraphQL.Execute
-import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
+import Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
 import Text.Megaparsec (parse)
 
 -- | If the text parses correctly as a @GraphQL@ query the query is
--- executed using the given 'Schema.Resolver's.
+-- executed using the given 'Schema'.
 graphql :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m)) -- ^ Resolvers.
+    => Schema m -- ^ Resolvers.
     -> Text -- ^ Text representing a @GraphQL@ request document.
     -> m Aeson.Value -- ^ Response.
-graphql = flip graphqlSubs mempty
+graphql = flip graphqlSubs (mempty :: Aeson.Object)
 
 -- | If the text parses correctly as a @GraphQL@ query the substitution is
 -- applied to the query and the query is then executed using to the given
--- 'Schema.Resolver's.
-graphqlSubs :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m)) -- ^ Resolvers.
-    -> Schema.Subs -- ^ Variable substitution function.
+-- 'Schema'.
+graphqlSubs :: (Monad m, VariableValue a)
+    => Schema m -- ^ Resolvers.
+    -> HashMap Name a -- ^ Variable substitution function.
     -> Text -- ^ Text representing a @GraphQL@ request document.
     -> m Aeson.Value -- ^ Response.
 graphqlSubs schema f

src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Core.hs

@@ -1,41 +1,11 @@
 -- | This is the AST meant to be executed.
 module Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
-    ( Alias
-    , Arguments(..)
-    , Directive(..)
-    , Document
-    , Field(..)
-    , Fragment(..)
-    , Name
-    , Operation(..)
-    , Selection(..)
-    , TypeCondition
-    , Value(..)
+    ( Arguments(..)
     ) where
 
-import Data.Int (Int32)
 import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty)
-import Data.Sequence (Seq)
-import Data.String (IsString(..))
-import Data.Text (Text)
-import Language.GraphQL.AST (Alias, Name, TypeCondition)
-
--- | GraphQL document is a non-empty list of operations.
-type Document = NonEmpty Operation
-
--- | GraphQL has 3 operation types: queries, mutations and subscribtions.
---
--- Currently only queries and mutations are supported.
-data Operation
-    = Query (Maybe Text) (Seq Selection)
-    | Mutation (Maybe Text) (Seq Selection)
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
--- | Single GraphQL field.
-data Field
-    = Field (Maybe Alias) Name Arguments (Seq Selection)
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
 
 -- | Argument list.
 newtype Arguments = Arguments (HashMap Name Value)
@@ -47,32 +17,3 @@ instance Semigroup Arguments where
 instance Monoid Arguments where
     mempty = Arguments mempty
 
--- | Directive.
-data Directive = Directive Name Arguments
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
--- | Represents fragments and inline fragments.
-data Fragment
-    = Fragment TypeCondition (Seq Selection)
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
--- | Single selection element.
-data Selection
-    = SelectionFragment Fragment
-    | SelectionField Field
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
--- | Represents accordingly typed GraphQL values.
-data Value
-    = Int Int32
-    | Float Double -- ^ GraphQL Float is double precision
-    | String Text
-    | Boolean Bool
-    | Null
-    | Enum Name
-    | List [Value]
-    | Object (HashMap Name Value)
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
-instance IsString Value where
-    fromString = String . fromString

src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Document.hs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
     ( Alias
     , Argument(..)
     , ArgumentsDefinition(..)
+    , ConstValue(..)
     , Definition(..)
     , Description(..)
     , Directive(..)
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ type TypeCondition = Name
 
 -- ** Input Values
 
--- | Input value.
+-- | Input value (literal or variable).
 data Value
     = Variable Name
     | Int Int32
@@ -207,18 +208,46 @@ data Value
     | Null
     | Enum Name
     | List [Value]
-    | Object [ObjectField]
+    | Object [ObjectField Value]
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+-- | Constant input value.
+data ConstValue
+    = ConstInt Int32
+    | ConstFloat Double
+    | ConstString Text
+    | ConstBoolean Bool
+    | ConstNull
+    | ConstEnum Name
+    | ConstList [ConstValue]
+    | ConstObject [ObjectField ConstValue]
     deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- | Key-value pair.
 --
---   A list of 'ObjectField's represents a GraphQL object type.
-data ObjectField = ObjectField Name Value deriving (Eq, Show)
+-- A list of 'ObjectField's represents a GraphQL object type.
+data ObjectField a = ObjectField Name a
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- ** Variables
 
 -- | Variable definition.
-data VariableDefinition = VariableDefinition Name Type (Maybe Value)
+--
+-- Each operation can include a list of variables:
+--
+-- @
+-- query (protagonist: String = "Zarathustra") {
+--   getAuthor(protagonist: $protagonist)
+-- }
+-- @
+--
+-- This query defines an optional variable @protagonist@ of type @String@,
+-- its default value is "Zarathustra". If no default value is defined and no
+-- value is provided, a variable can still be @null@ if its type is nullable.
+--
+-- Variables are usually passed along with the query, but not in the query
+-- itself. They make queries reusable.
+data VariableDefinition = VariableDefinition Name Type (Maybe ConstValue)
     deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- ** Type References
@@ -445,7 +474,7 @@ instance Monoid ArgumentsDefinition where
 --
 -- The input type "Point2D" contains two value definitions: "x" and "y".
 data InputValueDefinition
-    = InputValueDefinition Description Name Type (Maybe Value) [Directive]
+    = InputValueDefinition Description Name Type (Maybe ConstValue) [Directive]
     deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- ** Unions

src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Encoder.hs

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import Data.Text.Lazy.Builder (Builder)
 import qualified Data.Text.Lazy.Builder as Builder
 import Data.Text.Lazy.Builder.Int (decimal, hexadecimal)
 import Data.Text.Lazy.Builder.RealFloat (realFloat)
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST as Full
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
 
 -- | Instructs the encoder whether the GraphQL document should be minified or
@@ -53,32 +52,32 @@ document formatter defs
     executableDefinition (ExecutableDefinition x) acc = definition formatter x : acc
     executableDefinition _ acc = acc
 
--- | Converts a t'Full.ExecutableDefinition' into a string.
+-- | Converts a t'ExecutableDefinition' into a string.
 definition :: Formatter -> ExecutableDefinition -> Lazy.Text
 definition formatter x
     | Pretty _ <- formatter = Lazy.Text.snoc (encodeDefinition x) '\n'
     | Minified <- formatter = encodeDefinition x
   where
-    encodeDefinition (Full.DefinitionOperation operation)
+    encodeDefinition (DefinitionOperation operation)
         = operationDefinition formatter operation
-    encodeDefinition (Full.DefinitionFragment fragment)
+    encodeDefinition (DefinitionFragment fragment)
         = fragmentDefinition formatter fragment
 
--- | Converts a 'Full.OperationDefinition into a string.
-operationDefinition :: Formatter -> Full.OperationDefinition -> Lazy.Text
-operationDefinition formatter (Full.SelectionSet sels)
+-- | Converts a 'OperationDefinition into a string.
+operationDefinition :: Formatter -> OperationDefinition -> Lazy.Text
+operationDefinition formatter (SelectionSet sels)
     = selectionSet formatter sels
-operationDefinition formatter (Full.OperationDefinition Full.Query name vars dirs sels)
+operationDefinition formatter (OperationDefinition Query name vars dirs sels)
     = "query " <> node formatter name vars dirs sels
-operationDefinition formatter (Full.OperationDefinition Full.Mutation name vars dirs sels)
+operationDefinition formatter (OperationDefinition Mutation name vars dirs sels)
     = "mutation " <> node formatter name vars dirs sels
 
--- | Converts a Full.Query or Full.Mutation into a string.
+-- | Converts a Query or Mutation into a string.
 node :: Formatter ->
-    Maybe Full.Name ->
-    [Full.VariableDefinition] ->
-    [Full.Directive] ->
-    Full.SelectionSet ->
+    Maybe Name ->
+    [VariableDefinition] ->
+    [Directive] ->
+    SelectionSet ->
     Lazy.Text
 node formatter name vars dirs sels
     = Lazy.Text.fromStrict (fold name)
@@ -87,31 +86,31 @@ node formatter name vars dirs sels
     <> eitherFormat formatter " " mempty
     <> selectionSet formatter sels
 
-variableDefinitions :: Formatter -> [Full.VariableDefinition] -> Lazy.Text
+variableDefinitions :: Formatter -> [VariableDefinition] -> Lazy.Text
 variableDefinitions formatter
     = parensCommas formatter $ variableDefinition formatter
 
-variableDefinition :: Formatter -> Full.VariableDefinition -> Lazy.Text
-variableDefinition formatter (Full.VariableDefinition var ty dv)
+variableDefinition :: Formatter -> VariableDefinition -> Lazy.Text
+variableDefinition formatter (VariableDefinition var ty defaultValue')
     = variable var
     <> eitherFormat formatter ": " ":"
     <> type' ty
-    <> maybe mempty (defaultValue formatter) dv
+    <> maybe mempty (defaultValue formatter) defaultValue'
 
-defaultValue :: Formatter -> Full.Value -> Lazy.Text
+defaultValue :: Formatter -> ConstValue -> Lazy.Text
 defaultValue formatter val
     = eitherFormat formatter " = " "="
-    <> value formatter val
+    <> value formatter (fromConstValue val)
 
-variable :: Full.Name -> Lazy.Text
+variable :: Name -> Lazy.Text
 variable var = "$" <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict var
 
-selectionSet :: Formatter -> Full.SelectionSet -> Lazy.Text
+selectionSet :: Formatter -> SelectionSet -> Lazy.Text
 selectionSet formatter
     = bracesList formatter (selection formatter)
     . NonEmpty.toList
 
-selectionSetOpt :: Formatter -> Full.SelectionSetOpt -> Lazy.Text
+selectionSetOpt :: Formatter -> SelectionSetOpt -> Lazy.Text
 selectionSetOpt formatter = bracesList formatter $ selection formatter
 
 indentSymbol :: Lazy.Text
@@ -120,14 +119,14 @@ indentSymbol = "  "
 indent :: (Integral a) => a -> Lazy.Text
 indent indentation = Lazy.Text.replicate (fromIntegral indentation) indentSymbol
 
-selection :: Formatter -> Full.Selection -> Lazy.Text
+selection :: Formatter -> Selection -> Lazy.Text
 selection formatter = Lazy.Text.append indent' . encodeSelection
   where
-    encodeSelection (Full.Field alias name args directives' selections) =
+    encodeSelection (Field alias name args directives' selections) =
         field incrementIndent alias name args directives' selections
-    encodeSelection (Full.InlineFragment typeCondition directives' selections) =
+    encodeSelection (InlineFragment typeCondition directives' selections) =
         inlineFragment incrementIndent typeCondition directives' selections
-    encodeSelection (Full.FragmentSpread name directives') =
+    encodeSelection (FragmentSpread name directives') =
         fragmentSpread incrementIndent name directives'
     incrementIndent
         | Pretty indentation <- formatter = Pretty $ indentation + 1
@@ -139,13 +138,13 @@ selection formatter = Lazy.Text.append indent' . encodeSelection
 colon :: Formatter -> Lazy.Text
 colon formatter = eitherFormat formatter ": " ":"
 
--- | Converts Full.Field into a string
+-- | Converts Field into a string
 field :: Formatter ->
-    Maybe Full.Name ->
-    Full.Name ->
-    [Full.Argument] ->
-    [Full.Directive] ->
-    [Full.Selection] ->
+    Maybe Name ->
+    Name ->
+    [Argument] ->
+    [Directive] ->
+    [Selection] ->
     Lazy.Text
 field formatter alias name args dirs set
     = optempty prependAlias (fold alias)
@@ -158,27 +157,27 @@ field formatter alias name args dirs set
     selectionSetOpt' = (eitherFormat formatter " " "" <>)
         . selectionSetOpt formatter
 
-arguments :: Formatter -> [Full.Argument] -> Lazy.Text
+arguments :: Formatter -> [Argument] -> Lazy.Text
 arguments formatter = parensCommas formatter $ argument formatter
 
-argument :: Formatter -> Full.Argument -> Lazy.Text
-argument formatter (Full.Argument name value')
+argument :: Formatter -> Argument -> Lazy.Text
+argument formatter (Argument name value')
     = Lazy.Text.fromStrict name
     <> colon formatter
     <> value formatter value'
 
 -- * Fragments
 
-fragmentSpread :: Formatter -> Full.Name -> [Full.Directive] -> Lazy.Text
+fragmentSpread :: Formatter -> Name -> [Directive] -> Lazy.Text
 fragmentSpread formatter name directives'
     = "..." <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict name
     <> optempty (directives formatter) directives'
 
 inlineFragment ::
     Formatter ->
-    Maybe Full.TypeCondition ->
-    [Full.Directive] ->
-    Full.SelectionSet ->
+    Maybe TypeCondition ->
+    [Directive] ->
+    SelectionSet ->
     Lazy.Text
 inlineFragment formatter tc dirs sels = "... on "
     <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict (fold tc)
@@ -186,8 +185,8 @@ inlineFragment formatter tc dirs sels = "... on "
     <> eitherFormat formatter " " mempty
     <> selectionSet formatter sels
 
-fragmentDefinition :: Formatter -> Full.FragmentDefinition -> Lazy.Text
-fragmentDefinition formatter (Full.FragmentDefinition name tc dirs sels)
+fragmentDefinition :: Formatter -> FragmentDefinition -> Lazy.Text
+fragmentDefinition formatter (FragmentDefinition name tc dirs sels)
     = "fragment " <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict name
     <> " on " <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict tc
     <> optempty (directives formatter) dirs
@@ -196,26 +195,39 @@ fragmentDefinition formatter (Full.FragmentDefinition name tc dirs sels)
 
 -- * Miscellaneous
 
--- | Converts a 'Full.Directive' into a string.
-directive :: Formatter -> Full.Directive -> Lazy.Text
-directive formatter (Full.Directive name args)
+-- | Converts a 'Directive' into a string.
+directive :: Formatter -> Directive -> Lazy.Text
+directive formatter (Directive name args)
     = "@" <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict name <> optempty (arguments formatter) args
 
-directives :: Formatter -> [Full.Directive] -> Lazy.Text
+directives :: Formatter -> [Directive] -> Lazy.Text
 directives Minified = spaces (directive Minified)
 directives formatter = Lazy.Text.cons ' ' . spaces (directive formatter)
 
--- | Converts a 'Full.Value' into a string.
-value :: Formatter -> Full.Value -> Lazy.Text
-value _ (Full.Variable x) = variable x
-value _ (Full.Int x) = Builder.toLazyText $ decimal x
-value _ (Full.Float x) = Builder.toLazyText $ realFloat x
-value _ (Full.Boolean  x) = booleanValue x
-value _ Full.Null = "null"
-value formatter (Full.String string) = stringValue formatter string
-value _ (Full.Enum x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x
-value formatter (Full.List x) = listValue formatter x
-value formatter (Full.Object x) = objectValue formatter x
+-- | Converts a 'Value' into a string.
+value :: Formatter -> Value -> Lazy.Text
+value _ (Variable x) = variable x
+value _ (Int x) = Builder.toLazyText $ decimal x
+value _ (Float x) = Builder.toLazyText $ realFloat x
+value _ (Boolean  x) = booleanValue x
+value _ Null = "null"
+value formatter (String string) = stringValue formatter string
+value _ (Enum x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x
+value formatter (List x) = listValue formatter x
+value formatter (Object x) = objectValue formatter x
+
+fromConstValue :: ConstValue -> Value
+fromConstValue (ConstInt x) = Int x
+fromConstValue (ConstFloat x) = Float x
+fromConstValue (ConstBoolean  x) = Boolean x
+fromConstValue ConstNull = Null
+fromConstValue (ConstString string) = String string
+fromConstValue (ConstEnum x) = Enum x
+fromConstValue (ConstList x) = List $ fromConstValue <$> x
+fromConstValue (ConstObject x) = Object $ fromConstObjectField <$> x
+  where
+    fromConstObjectField (ObjectField key value') =
+        ObjectField key $ fromConstValue value'
 
 booleanValue :: Bool -> Lazy.Text
 booleanValue True  = "true"
@@ -271,10 +283,10 @@ escape char'
   where
     unicode prefix = mappend (Builder.fromString prefix) . (hexadecimal . ord)
 
-listValue :: Formatter -> [Full.Value] -> Lazy.Text
+listValue :: Formatter -> [Value] -> Lazy.Text
 listValue formatter = bracketsCommas formatter $ value formatter
 
-objectValue :: Formatter -> [Full.ObjectField] -> Lazy.Text
+objectValue :: Formatter -> [ObjectField Value] -> Lazy.Text
 objectValue formatter = intercalate $ objectField formatter
   where
     intercalate f
@@ -282,22 +294,22 @@ objectValue formatter = intercalate $ objectField formatter
         . Lazy.Text.intercalate (eitherFormat formatter ", " ",")
         . fmap f
 
-objectField :: Formatter -> Full.ObjectField -> Lazy.Text
-objectField formatter (Full.ObjectField name value') =
+objectField :: Formatter -> ObjectField Value -> Lazy.Text
+objectField formatter (ObjectField name value') =
     Lazy.Text.fromStrict name <> colon formatter <> value formatter value'
 
--- | Converts a 'Full.Type' a type into a string.
-type' :: Full.Type -> Lazy.Text
-type' (Full.TypeNamed   x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x
-type' (Full.TypeList    x) = listType x
-type' (Full.TypeNonNull x) = nonNullType x
+-- | Converts a 'Type' a type into a string.
+type' :: Type -> Lazy.Text
+type' (TypeNamed   x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x
+type' (TypeList    x) = listType x
+type' (TypeNonNull x) = nonNullType x
 
-listType :: Full.Type -> Lazy.Text
+listType :: Type -> Lazy.Text
 listType x = brackets (type' x)
 
-nonNullType :: Full.NonNullType -> Lazy.Text
-nonNullType (Full.NonNullTypeNamed x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x <> "!"
-nonNullType (Full.NonNullTypeList  x) = listType x <> "!"
+nonNullType :: NonNullType -> Lazy.Text
+nonNullType (NonNullTypeNamed x) = Lazy.Text.fromStrict x <> "!"
+nonNullType (NonNullTypeList  x) = listType x <> "!"
 
 -- * Internal
 

src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Parser.hs

@@ -403,32 +403,38 @@ typeCondition = symbol "on" *> name
 
 value :: Parser Value
 value = Variable <$> variable
-    <|> Float    <$> try float
-    <|> Int      <$> integer
-    <|> Boolean  <$> booleanValue
-    <|> Null     <$  symbol "null"
-    <|> String   <$> blockString
-    <|> String   <$> string
-    <|> Enum     <$> try enumValue
-    <|> List     <$> listValue
-    <|> Object   <$> objectValue
+    <|> Float <$> try float
+    <|> Int <$> integer
+    <|> Boolean <$> booleanValue
+    <|> Null <$  symbol "null"
+    <|> String <$> blockString
+    <|> String <$> string
+    <|> Enum <$> try enumValue
+    <|> List <$> brackets (some value)
+    <|> Object <$> braces (some $ objectField value)
     <?> "value error!"
-  where
-    booleanValue :: Parser Bool
-    booleanValue = True  <$ symbol "true"
-               <|> False <$ symbol "false"
 
-    listValue :: Parser [Value]
-    listValue = brackets $ some value
+constValue :: Parser ConstValue
+constValue = ConstFloat <$> try float
+    <|> ConstInt <$> integer
+    <|> ConstBoolean <$> booleanValue
+    <|> ConstNull <$  symbol "null"
+    <|> ConstString <$> blockString
+    <|> ConstString <$> string
+    <|> ConstEnum <$> try enumValue
+    <|> ConstList <$> brackets (some constValue)
+    <|> ConstObject <$> braces (some $ objectField constValue)
+    <?> "value error!"
 
-    objectValue :: Parser [ObjectField]
-    objectValue = braces $ some objectField
+booleanValue :: Parser Bool
+booleanValue = True  <$ symbol "true"
+    <|> False <$ symbol "false"
 
 enumValue :: Parser Name
 enumValue = but (symbol "true") *> but (symbol "false") *> but (symbol "null") *> name
 
-objectField :: Parser ObjectField
-objectField = ObjectField <$> name <* colon <*> value
+objectField :: Parser a -> Parser (ObjectField a)
+objectField valueParser = ObjectField <$> name <* colon <*> valueParser
 
 -- * Variables
 
@@ -446,8 +452,8 @@ variableDefinition = VariableDefinition
 variable :: Parser Name
 variable = dollar *> name
 
-defaultValue :: Parser (Maybe Value)
-defaultValue = optional (equals *> value) <?> "DefaultValue"
+defaultValue :: Parser (Maybe ConstValue)
+defaultValue = optional (equals *> constValue) <?> "DefaultValue"
 
 -- * Input Types
 

src/Language/GraphQL/Error.hs

@@ -5,21 +5,20 @@
 module Language.GraphQL.Error
     ( parseError
     , CollectErrsT
+    , Resolution(..)
     , addErr
     , addErrMsg
     , runCollectErrs
-    , runAppendErrs
     , singleError
     ) where
 
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State (StateT, modify, runStateT)
 import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import Data.Void (Void)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (lift)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.State ( StateT
-                                 , modify
-                                 , runStateT
-                                 )
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
 import Text.Megaparsec
     ( ParseErrorBundle(..)
     , PosState(..)
@@ -30,6 +29,12 @@ import Text.Megaparsec
     , unPos
     )
 
+-- | Executor context.
+data Resolution m = Resolution
+    { errors :: [Aeson.Value]
+    , types :: HashMap Name (Type m)
+    }
+
 -- | Wraps a parse error into a list of errors.
 parseError :: Applicative f => ParseErrorBundle Text Void -> f Aeson.Value
 parseError ParseErrorBundle{..}  =
@@ -46,11 +51,13 @@ parseError ParseErrorBundle{..}  =
          in (errorObject x sourcePosition : result, newState)
 
 -- | A wrapper to pass error messages around.
-type CollectErrsT m = StateT [Aeson.Value] m
+type CollectErrsT m = StateT (Resolution m) m
 
 -- | Adds an error to the list of errors.
 addErr :: Monad m => Aeson.Value -> CollectErrsT m ()
-addErr v = modify (v :)
+addErr v = modify appender
+  where
+    appender resolution@Resolution{..} = resolution{ errors = v : errors }
 
 makeErrorMessage :: Text -> Aeson.Value
 makeErrorMessage s = Aeson.object [("message", Aeson.toJSON s)]
@@ -66,23 +73,17 @@ singleError message = Aeson.object
 addErrMsg :: Monad m => Text -> CollectErrsT m ()
 addErrMsg = addErr . makeErrorMessage
 
--- | Appends the given list of errors to the current list of errors.
-appendErrs :: Monad m => [Aeson.Value] -> CollectErrsT m ()
-appendErrs errs = modify (errs ++)
-
 -- | Runs the given query computation, but collects the errors into an error
 --   list, which is then sent back with the data.
-runCollectErrs :: Monad m => CollectErrsT m Aeson.Value -> m Aeson.Value
-runCollectErrs res = do
-    (dat, errs) <- runStateT res []
-    if null errs
+runCollectErrs :: Monad m
+    => HashMap Name (Type m)
+    -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Value
+    -> m Aeson.Value
+runCollectErrs types' res = do
+    (dat, Resolution{..}) <- runStateT res $ Resolution{ errors = [], types = types' }
+    if null errors
        then return $ Aeson.object [("data", dat)]
-       else return $ Aeson.object [("data", dat), ("errors", Aeson.toJSON $ reverse errs)]
-
--- | Runs the given computation, collecting the errors and appending them
---   to the previous list of errors.
-runAppendErrs :: Monad m => CollectErrsT m a -> CollectErrsT m a
-runAppendErrs f = do
-    (v, errs) <- lift $ runStateT f []
-    appendErrs errs
-    return v
+       else return $ Aeson.object
+           [ ("data", dat)
+           , ("errors", Aeson.toJSON $ reverse errors)
+           ]

src/Language/GraphQL/Execute.hs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
-
 -- | This module provides functions to execute a @GraphQL@ request.
 module Language.GraphQL.Execute
     ( execute
@@ -7,33 +5,30 @@ module Language.GraphQL.Execute
     ) where
 
 import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
-import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
 import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Data.Sequence (Seq(..))
 import Data.Text (Text)
-import qualified Data.Text as Text
-import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.Core as AST.Core
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Document, Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
+import Language.GraphQL.Execute.Execution
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Execute.Transform as Transform
 import Language.GraphQL.Error
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition as Definition
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
 
 -- | The substitution is applied to the document, and the resolvers are applied
 -- to the resulting fields.
 --
 -- Returns the result of the query against the schema wrapped in a /data/
 -- field, or errors wrapped in an /errors/ field.
-execute :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m)) -- ^ Resolvers.
-    -> Schema.Subs -- ^ Variable substitution function.
+execute :: (Monad m, VariableValue a)
+    => Schema m -- ^ Resolvers.
+    -> HashMap.HashMap Name a -- ^ Variable substitution function.
     -> Document -- @GraphQL@ document.
     -> m Aeson.Value
-execute schema subs doc =
-    maybe transformError (document schema Nothing)
-        $ Transform.document subs doc
-  where
-    transformError = return $ singleError "Schema transformation error."
+execute schema = executeRequest schema Nothing
 
 -- | The substitution is applied to the document, and the resolvers are applied
 -- to the resulting fields. The operation name can be used if the document
@@ -41,46 +36,36 @@ execute schema subs doc =
 --
 -- Returns the result of the query against the schema wrapped in a /data/
 -- field, or errors wrapped in an /errors/ field.
-executeWithName :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m)) -- ^ Resolvers
+executeWithName :: (Monad m, VariableValue a)
+    => Schema m -- ^ Resolvers
     -> Text -- ^ Operation name.
-    -> Schema.Subs -- ^ Variable substitution function.
+    -> HashMap.HashMap Name a -- ^ Variable substitution function.
     -> Document -- ^ @GraphQL@ Document.
     -> m Aeson.Value
-executeWithName schema name subs doc =
-    maybe transformError (document schema $ Just name)
-        $ Transform.document subs doc
-  where
-    transformError = return $ singleError "Schema transformation error."
+executeWithName schema operationName =
+    executeRequest schema (Just operationName)
 
-document :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m))
+executeRequest :: (Monad m, VariableValue a)
+    => Schema m
     -> Maybe Text
-    -> AST.Core.Document
+    -> HashMap.HashMap Name a
+    -> Document
     -> m Aeson.Value
-document schema Nothing (op :| []) = operation schema op
-document schema (Just name) operations = case NonEmpty.dropWhile matchingName operations of
-    [] -> return $ singleError
-        $ Text.unwords ["Operation", name, "couldn't be found in the document."]
-    (op:_)  -> operation schema op
-  where
-    matchingName (AST.Core.Query (Just name') _) = name == name'
-    matchingName (AST.Core.Mutation (Just name') _) = name == name'
-    matchingName _ = False
-document _ _ _ = return $ singleError "Missing operation name."
+executeRequest schema operationName subs document =
+    case Transform.document schema operationName subs document of
+        Left queryError -> pure $ singleError $ Transform.queryError queryError
+        Right (Transform.Document types' rootObjectType operation)
+          | (Transform.Query _ fields) <- operation ->
+              executeOperation types' rootObjectType fields
+          | (Transform.Mutation _ fields) <- operation ->
+              executeOperation types' rootObjectType fields
 
-operation :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver m))
-    -> AST.Core.Operation
+-- This is actually executeMutation, but we don't distinguish between queries
+-- and mutations yet.
+executeOperation :: Monad m
+    => HashMap Name (Type m)
+    -> Out.ObjectType m
+    -> Seq (Transform.Selection m)
     -> m Aeson.Value
-operation schema = schemaOperation
-  where
-    runResolver fields = runCollectErrs
-        . flip Schema.resolve fields
-        . Schema.resolversToMap
-    resolve fields queryType = maybe lookupError (runResolver fields)
-        $ HashMap.lookup queryType schema
-    lookupError = pure
-        $ singleError "Root operation type couldn't be found in the schema."
-    schemaOperation (AST.Core.Query _ fields) = resolve fields "Query"
-    schemaOperation (AST.Core.Mutation _ fields) = resolve fields "Mutation"
+executeOperation types' objectType fields =
+    runCollectErrs types' $ executeSelectionSet Definition.Null objectType fields

src/Language/GraphQL/Execute/Coerce.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
+
+-- | Types and functions used for input and result coercion.
+module Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
+    ( Output(..)
+    , Serialize(..)
+    , VariableValue(..)
+    , coerceInputLiteral
+    , matchFieldValues
+    ) where
+
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
+import Data.Int (Int32)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Data.Map.Strict (Map)
+import Data.String (IsString(..))
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as Text.Lazy
+import qualified Data.Text.Lazy.Builder as Text.Builder
+import qualified Data.Text.Lazy.Builder.Int as Text.Builder
+import Data.Scientific (toBoundedInteger, toRealFloat)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+
+-- | Since variables are passed separately from the query, in an independent
+-- format, they should be first coerced to the internal representation used by
+-- this implementation.
+class VariableValue a where
+    -- | Only a basic, format-specific, coercion must be done here. Type
+    -- correctness or nullability shouldn't be validated here, they will be
+    -- validated later. The type information is provided only as a hint.
+    --
+    -- For example @GraphQL@ prohibits the coercion from a 't:Float' to an
+    -- 't:Int', but @JSON@ doesn't have integers, so whole numbers should be
+    -- coerced to 't:Int` when receiving variables as a JSON object. The same
+    -- holds for 't:Enum'. There are formats that support enumerations, @JSON@
+    -- doesn't, so the type information is given and 'coerceVariableValue' can
+    -- check that an 't:Enum' is expected and treat the given value
+    -- appropriately. Even checking whether this value is a proper member of the
+    -- corresponding 't:Enum' type isn't required here, since this can be
+    -- checked independently.
+    --
+    -- Another example is an @ID@. @GraphQL@ explicitly allows to coerce
+    -- integers and strings to @ID@s, so if an @ID@ is received as an integer,
+    -- it can be left as is and will be coerced later.
+    --
+    -- If a value cannot be coerced without losing information, 'Nothing' should
+    -- be returned, the coercion will fail then and the query won't be executed.
+    coerceVariableValue
+        :: In.Type -- ^ Expected type (variable type given in the query).
+        -> a -- ^ Variable value being coerced.
+        -> Maybe Type.Value -- ^ Coerced value on success, 'Nothing' otherwise.
+
+instance VariableValue Aeson.Value where
+    coerceVariableValue _ Aeson.Null = Just Type.Null
+    coerceVariableValue (In.ScalarBaseType scalarType) value
+        | (Aeson.String stringValue) <- value = Just $ Type.String stringValue
+        | (Aeson.Bool booleanValue) <- value = Just $ Type.Boolean booleanValue
+        | (Aeson.Number numberValue) <- value
+        , (Type.ScalarType "Float" _) <- scalarType =
+            Just $ Type.Float $ toRealFloat numberValue
+        | (Aeson.Number numberValue) <- value = -- ID or Int
+            Type.Int <$> toBoundedInteger numberValue
+    coerceVariableValue (In.EnumBaseType _) (Aeson.String stringValue) =
+        Just $ Type.Enum stringValue
+    coerceVariableValue (In.InputObjectBaseType objectType) value
+        | (Aeson.Object objectValue) <- value = do
+            let (In.InputObjectType _ _ inputFields) = objectType
+            (newObjectValue, resultMap) <- foldWithKey objectValue inputFields
+            if HashMap.null newObjectValue
+                then Just $ Type.Object resultMap
+                else Nothing
+      where
+        foldWithKey objectValue = HashMap.foldrWithKey matchFieldValues'
+            $ Just (objectValue, HashMap.empty)
+        matchFieldValues' _ _ Nothing = Nothing
+        matchFieldValues' fieldName inputField (Just (objectValue, resultMap)) =
+            let (In.InputField _ fieldType _) = inputField
+                insert = flip (HashMap.insert fieldName) resultMap
+                newObjectValue = HashMap.delete fieldName objectValue
+             in case HashMap.lookup fieldName objectValue of
+                    Just variableValue -> do
+                        coerced <- coerceVariableValue fieldType variableValue
+                        pure (newObjectValue, insert coerced)
+                    Nothing -> Just (objectValue, resultMap)
+    coerceVariableValue (In.ListBaseType listType) value
+        | (Aeson.Array arrayValue) <- value =
+            Type.List <$> foldr foldVector (Just []) arrayValue
+        | otherwise = coerceVariableValue listType value
+      where
+        foldVector _ Nothing = Nothing
+        foldVector variableValue (Just list) = do
+            coerced <- coerceVariableValue listType variableValue
+            pure $ coerced : list 
+    coerceVariableValue _ _ = Nothing
+
+-- | Looks up a value by name in the given map, coerces it and inserts into the
+-- result map. If the coercion fails, returns 'Nothing'. If the value isn't
+-- given, but a default value is known, inserts the default value into the
+-- result map. Otherwise it fails with 'Nothing' if the Input Type is a
+-- Non-Nullable type, or returns the unchanged, original map.
+matchFieldValues :: forall a
+    . (In.Type -> a -> Maybe Type.Value)
+    -> HashMap Name a
+    -> Name
+    -> In.Type
+    -> Maybe Type.Value
+    -> Maybe (HashMap Name Type.Value)
+    -> Maybe (HashMap Name Type.Value)
+matchFieldValues coerce values' fieldName type' defaultValue resultMap =
+    case HashMap.lookup fieldName values' of
+        Just variableValue -> coerceRuntimeValue $ coerce type' variableValue
+        Nothing
+            | Just value <- defaultValue ->
+                HashMap.insert fieldName value <$> resultMap
+            | Nothing <- defaultValue
+            , In.isNonNullType type' -> Nothing
+            | otherwise -> resultMap
+  where
+    coerceRuntimeValue (Just Type.Null)
+        | In.isNonNullType type' = Nothing
+    coerceRuntimeValue coercedValue =
+        HashMap.insert fieldName <$> coercedValue <*> resultMap
+
+-- | Coerces operation arguments according to the input coercion rules for the
+-- corresponding types.
+coerceInputLiteral :: In.Type -> Type.Value -> Maybe Type.Value
+coerceInputLiteral (In.isNonNullType -> False) Type.Null = Just Type.Null
+coerceInputLiteral (In.ScalarBaseType type') value
+    | (Type.String stringValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "String" _) <- type' = Just $ Type.String stringValue
+    | (Type.Boolean booleanValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "Boolean" _) <- type' = Just $ Type.Boolean booleanValue
+    | (Type.Int intValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "Int" _) <- type' = Just $ Type.Int intValue
+    | (Type.Float floatValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "Float" _) <- type' = Just $ Type.Float floatValue
+    | (Type.Int intValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "Float" _) <- type' =
+        Just $ Type.Float $ fromIntegral intValue
+    | (Type.String stringValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "ID" _) <- type' = Just $ Type.String stringValue
+    | (Type.Int intValue) <- value
+    , (Type.ScalarType "ID" _) <- type' = Just $ decimal intValue
+  where
+    decimal = Type.String
+        . Text.Lazy.toStrict
+        . Text.Builder.toLazyText
+        . Text.Builder.decimal
+coerceInputLiteral (In.EnumBaseType type') (Type.Enum enumValue)
+    | member enumValue type' = Just $ Type.Enum enumValue
+  where
+    member value (Type.EnumType _ _ members) = HashMap.member value members
+coerceInputLiteral (In.InputObjectBaseType type') (Type.Object values) = 
+    let (In.InputObjectType _ _ inputFields) = type'
+     in Type.Object
+            <$> HashMap.foldrWithKey (matchFieldValues' values) (Just HashMap.empty) inputFields
+  where
+    matchFieldValues' values' fieldName (In.InputField _ inputFieldType defaultValue) =
+        matchFieldValues coerceInputLiteral values' fieldName inputFieldType defaultValue
+coerceInputLiteral (In.ListBaseType listType) (Type.List list) =
+    Type.List <$> traverse (coerceInputLiteral listType) list
+coerceInputLiteral (In.ListBaseType listType) singleton =
+    wrapSingleton listType singleton
+  where
+      wrapSingleton (In.ListBaseType listType') singleton' =
+          Type.List <$> sequence [wrapSingleton listType' singleton']
+      wrapSingleton listType' singleton' =
+          Type.List <$> sequence [coerceInputLiteral listType' singleton']
+coerceInputLiteral _ _ = Nothing
+
+-- | 'Serialize' describes how a @GraphQL@ value should be serialized.
+class Serialize a where
+    -- | Serializes a @GraphQL@ value according to the given serialization
+    -- format.
+    --
+    -- Type infomration is given as a hint, e.g. if you need to know what type
+    -- is being serialized to serialize it properly. Don't do any validation for
+    -- @GraphQL@ built-in types here.
+    --
+    -- If the value cannot be serialized without losing information, return
+    -- 'Nothing' — it will cause a field error.
+    serialize :: forall m
+        . Out.Type m -- ^ Expected output type.
+        -> Output a -- ^ The value to be serialized.
+        -> Maybe a -- ^ Serialized value on success or 'Nothing'.
+    -- | __null__ representation in the given serialization format.
+    null :: a
+
+-- | Intermediate type used to serialize a @GraphQL@ value.
+--
+-- The serialization is done during the execution, and 'Output' contains
+-- already serialized data (in 'List' and 'Object') as well as the new layer
+-- that has to be serialized in the current step. So 'Output' is parameterized
+-- by the serialization format.
+data Output a
+    = Int Int32
+    | Float Double
+    | String Text
+    | Boolean Bool
+    | Enum Name
+    | List [a]
+    | Object (Map Name a)
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+instance forall a. IsString (Output a) where
+    fromString = String . fromString
+
+instance Serialize Aeson.Value where
+    serialize (Out.ScalarBaseType scalarType) value
+        | Type.ScalarType "Int" _ <- scalarType
+        , Int int <- value = Just $ Aeson.toJSON int
+        | Type.ScalarType "Float" _ <- scalarType
+        , Float float <- value = Just $ Aeson.toJSON float
+        | Type.ScalarType "String" _ <- scalarType
+        , String string <- value = Just $ Aeson.String string
+        | Type.ScalarType "ID" _ <- scalarType
+        , String string <- value = Just $ Aeson.String string
+        | Type.ScalarType "Boolean" _ <- scalarType
+        , Boolean boolean <- value = Just $ Aeson.Bool boolean
+    serialize _ (Enum enum) = Just $ Aeson.String enum
+    serialize _ (List list) = Just $ Aeson.toJSON list
+    serialize _ (Object object) = Just $ Aeson.toJSON object
+    serialize _ _ = Nothing
+    null = Aeson.Null

src/Language/GraphQL/Execute/Execution.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
+
+module Language.GraphQL.Execute.Execution
+    ( executeSelectionSet
+    ) where
+
+import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (lift)
+import Control.Monad.Trans.Except (runExceptT)
+import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (runReaderT)
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State (gets)
+import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
+import Data.Map.Strict (Map)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
+import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
+import Data.Sequence (Seq(..))
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
+import Language.GraphQL.Error
+import Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Execute.Transform as Transform
+import Language.GraphQL.Trans
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
+import Prelude hiding (null)
+
+resolveFieldValue :: Monad m
+    => Type.Value
+    -> Type.Subs
+    -> ActionT m a
+    -> m (Either Text a)
+resolveFieldValue result args =
+    flip runReaderT (Context {arguments = Arguments args, values = result})
+    . runExceptT
+    . runActionT
+
+collectFields :: Monad m
+    => Out.ObjectType m
+    -> Seq (Transform.Selection m)
+    -> Map Name (NonEmpty (Transform.Field m))
+collectFields objectType = foldl forEach Map.empty
+  where
+    forEach groupedFields (Transform.SelectionField field) =
+        let responseKey = aliasOrName field
+         in Map.insertWith (<>) responseKey (field :| []) groupedFields
+    forEach groupedFields (Transform.SelectionFragment selectionFragment)
+        | Transform.Fragment fragmentType fragmentSelectionSet <- selectionFragment
+        , doesFragmentTypeApply fragmentType objectType =
+            let fragmentGroupedFieldSet = collectFields objectType fragmentSelectionSet
+             in Map.unionWith (<>) groupedFields fragmentGroupedFieldSet
+        | otherwise = groupedFields
+
+aliasOrName :: forall m. Transform.Field m -> Name
+aliasOrName (Transform.Field alias name _ _) = fromMaybe name alias
+
+resolveAbstractType :: Monad m
+    => AbstractType m
+    -> Type.Subs
+    -> CollectErrsT m (Maybe (Out.ObjectType m))
+resolveAbstractType abstractType values'
+    | Just (Type.String typeName) <- HashMap.lookup "__typename" values' = do
+        types' <- gets types
+        case HashMap.lookup typeName types' of
+            Just (ObjectType objectType) ->
+                if instanceOf objectType abstractType
+                    then pure $ Just objectType
+                    else pure Nothing
+            _ -> pure Nothing
+    | otherwise = pure Nothing
+
+doesFragmentTypeApply :: forall m
+    . CompositeType m
+    -> Out.ObjectType m
+    -> Bool
+doesFragmentTypeApply (CompositeObjectType fragmentType) objectType =
+    fragmentType == objectType
+doesFragmentTypeApply (CompositeInterfaceType fragmentType) objectType =
+    instanceOf objectType $ AbstractInterfaceType fragmentType
+doesFragmentTypeApply (CompositeUnionType fragmentType) objectType =
+    instanceOf objectType $ AbstractUnionType fragmentType
+
+instanceOf :: forall m. Out.ObjectType m -> AbstractType m -> Bool
+instanceOf objectType (AbstractInterfaceType interfaceType) =
+    let Out.ObjectType _ _ interfaces _ = objectType
+     in foldr go False interfaces
+  where
+    go objectInterfaceType@(Out.InterfaceType _ _ interfaces _) acc =
+        acc || foldr go (interfaceType == objectInterfaceType) interfaces
+instanceOf objectType (AbstractUnionType unionType) =
+    let Out.UnionType _ _ members = unionType
+     in foldr go False members
+  where
+    go unionMemberType acc = acc || objectType == unionMemberType
+
+executeField :: (Monad m, Serialize a)
+    => Out.Resolver m
+    -> Type.Value
+    -> NonEmpty (Transform.Field m)
+    -> CollectErrsT m a
+executeField (Out.Resolver fieldDefinition resolver) prev fields = do
+    let Out.Field _ fieldType argumentDefinitions = fieldDefinition
+    let (Transform.Field _ _ arguments' _ :| []) = fields
+    case coerceArgumentValues argumentDefinitions arguments' of
+        Nothing -> errmsg "Argument coercing failed."
+        Just argumentValues -> do
+            answer <- lift $ resolveFieldValue prev argumentValues resolver
+            case answer of
+                Right result -> completeValue fieldType fields result
+                Left errorMessage -> errmsg errorMessage
+
+completeValue :: (Monad m, Serialize a)
+    => Out.Type m
+    -> NonEmpty (Transform.Field m)
+    -> Type.Value
+    -> CollectErrsT m a
+completeValue (Out.isNonNullType -> False) _ Type.Null = pure null
+completeValue outputType@(Out.ListBaseType listType) fields (Type.List list)
+    = traverse (completeValue listType fields) list
+    >>= coerceResult outputType . List
+completeValue outputType@(Out.ScalarBaseType _) _ (Type.Int int) =
+    coerceResult outputType $ Int int
+completeValue outputType@(Out.ScalarBaseType _) _ (Type.Boolean boolean) =
+    coerceResult outputType $ Boolean boolean
+completeValue outputType@(Out.ScalarBaseType _) _ (Type.Float float) =
+    coerceResult outputType $ Float float
+completeValue outputType@(Out.ScalarBaseType _) _ (Type.String string) =
+    coerceResult outputType $ String string
+completeValue outputType@(Out.EnumBaseType enumType) _ (Type.Enum enum) =
+    let Type.EnumType _ _ enumMembers = enumType
+     in if HashMap.member enum enumMembers
+        then coerceResult outputType $ Enum enum
+        else errmsg "Value completion failed."
+completeValue (Out.ObjectBaseType objectType) fields result =
+    executeSelectionSet result objectType $ mergeSelectionSets fields
+completeValue (Out.InterfaceBaseType interfaceType) fields result
+    | Type.Object objectMap <- result = do
+        let abstractType = AbstractInterfaceType interfaceType
+        concreteType <- resolveAbstractType abstractType objectMap
+        case concreteType of
+            Just objectType -> executeSelectionSet result objectType
+                $ mergeSelectionSets fields
+            Nothing -> errmsg "Value completion failed."
+completeValue (Out.UnionBaseType unionType) fields result
+    | Type.Object objectMap <- result = do
+        let abstractType = AbstractUnionType unionType
+        concreteType <- resolveAbstractType abstractType objectMap
+        case concreteType of
+            Just objectType -> executeSelectionSet result objectType
+                $ mergeSelectionSets fields
+            Nothing -> errmsg "Value completion failed."
+completeValue _ _ _ = errmsg "Value completion failed."
+
+mergeSelectionSets :: Monad m => NonEmpty (Transform.Field m) -> Seq (Transform.Selection m)
+mergeSelectionSets = foldr forEach mempty
+  where
+    forEach (Transform.Field _ _ _ fieldSelectionSet) selectionSet =
+        selectionSet <> fieldSelectionSet
+
+errmsg :: (Monad m, Serialize a) => Text -> CollectErrsT m a
+errmsg errorMessage = addErrMsg errorMessage >> pure null
+
+coerceResult :: (Monad m, Serialize a)
+    => Out.Type m
+    -> Output a
+    -> CollectErrsT m a
+coerceResult outputType result
+    | Just serialized <- serialize outputType result = pure serialized
+    | otherwise = errmsg "Result coercion failed."
+
+-- | Takes an 'Out.ObjectType' and a list of 'Transform.Selection's and applies
+-- each field to each 'Transform.Selection'. Resolves into a value containing
+-- the resolved 'Transform.Selection', or a null value and error information.
+executeSelectionSet :: (Monad m, Serialize a)
+    => Type.Value
+    -> Out.ObjectType m
+    -> Seq (Transform.Selection m)
+    -> CollectErrsT m a
+executeSelectionSet result objectType@(Out.ObjectType _ _ _ resolvers) selectionSet = do
+    let fields = collectFields objectType selectionSet
+    resolvedValues <- Map.traverseMaybeWithKey forEach fields
+    coerceResult (Out.NonNullObjectType objectType) $ Object resolvedValues
+  where
+    forEach _ fields@(field :| _) =
+        let Transform.Field _ name _ _ = field
+         in traverse (tryResolver fields) $ lookupResolver name
+    lookupResolver = flip HashMap.lookup resolvers
+    tryResolver fields resolver =
+        executeField resolver result fields >>= lift . pure
+
+coerceArgumentValues
+    :: HashMap Name In.Argument
+    -> HashMap Name Transform.Input
+    -> Maybe Type.Subs
+coerceArgumentValues argumentDefinitions argumentValues =
+    HashMap.foldrWithKey forEach (pure mempty) argumentDefinitions
+  where
+    forEach variableName (In.Argument _ variableType defaultValue) =
+        matchFieldValues coerceArgumentValue argumentValues variableName variableType defaultValue
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType (Transform.Int integer) =
+        coerceInputLiteral inputType (Type.Int integer)
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType (Transform.Boolean boolean) =
+        coerceInputLiteral inputType (Type.Boolean boolean)
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType (Transform.String string) =
+        coerceInputLiteral inputType (Type.String string)
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType (Transform.Float float) =
+        coerceInputLiteral inputType (Type.Float float)
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType (Transform.Enum enum) =
+        coerceInputLiteral inputType (Type.Enum enum)
+    coerceArgumentValue inputType Transform.Null
+        | In.isNonNullType inputType = Nothing
+        | otherwise = coerceInputLiteral inputType Type.Null
+    coerceArgumentValue (In.ListBaseType inputType) (Transform.List list) =
+        let coerceItem = coerceInputLiteral inputType
+         in Type.List <$> traverse coerceItem list
+    coerceArgumentValue (In.InputObjectBaseType inputType) (Transform.Object object)
+        | In.InputObjectType _ _ inputFields <- inputType = 
+            let go = forEachField object
+                resultMap = HashMap.foldrWithKey go (pure mempty) inputFields
+             in Type.Object <$> resultMap
+    coerceArgumentValue _ (Transform.Variable variable) = pure variable
+    coerceArgumentValue _ _ = Nothing
+    forEachField object variableName (In.InputField _ variableType defaultValue) =
+        matchFieldValues coerceArgumentValue object variableName variableType defaultValue

src/Language/GraphQL/Execute/Transform.hs

@@ -1,125 +1,356 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
 
--- | After the document is parsed, before getting executed the AST is
---   transformed into a similar, simpler AST. This module is responsible for
---   this transformation.
+-- | After the document is parsed, before getting executed, the AST is
+-- transformed into a similar, simpler AST. Performed transformations include:
+--
+--   * Replacing variables with their values.
+--   * Inlining fragments. Some fragments can be completely eliminated and
+--   replaced by the selection set they represent. Invalid (recursive and
+--   non-existing) fragments are skipped. The most fragments are inlined, so the
+--   executor doesn't have to perform additional lookups later.
+--   * Evaluating directives (@\@include@ and @\@skip@).
+--
+-- This module is also responsible for smaller rewrites that touch only parts of
+-- the original AST.
 module Language.GraphQL.Execute.Transform
-    ( document
+    ( Document(..)
+    , Field(..)
+    , Fragment(..)
+    , Input(..)
+    , Operation(..)
+    , QueryError(..)
+    , Selection(..)
+    , document
+    , queryError
     ) where
 
-import Control.Arrow (first)
 import Control.Monad (foldM, unless)
 import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (lift)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (ReaderT, asks, runReaderT)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.State (StateT, evalStateT, gets, modify)
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State (State, evalStateT, gets, modify)
+import Data.Foldable (find)
+import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity(..))
 import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Data.Int (Int32)
+import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
+import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
 import Data.Sequence (Seq, (<|), (><))
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text as Text
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST as Full
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.Core as Core
-import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Definition(..), Document)
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce as Coerce
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Directive (Directive(..))
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Directive as Directive
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
 
--- | Associates a fragment name with a list of 'Core.Field's.
-data Replacement = Replacement
-    { fragments :: HashMap Core.Name Core.Fragment
-    , fragmentDefinitions :: HashMap Full.Name Full.FragmentDefinition
+-- | Associates a fragment name with a list of 'Field's.
+data Replacement m = Replacement
+    { fragments :: HashMap Full.Name (Fragment m)
+    , fragmentDefinitions :: FragmentDefinitions
+    , variableValues :: Type.Subs
+    , types :: HashMap Full.Name (Type m)
     }
 
-type TransformT a = StateT Replacement (ReaderT Schema.Subs Maybe) a
+type FragmentDefinitions = HashMap Full.Name Full.FragmentDefinition
 
-liftJust :: forall a. a -> TransformT a
-liftJust = lift . lift . Just
+-- | Represents fragments and inline fragments.
+data Fragment m
+    = Fragment (CompositeType m) (Seq (Selection m))
+
+-- | Single selection element.
+data Selection m
+    = SelectionFragment (Fragment m)
+    | SelectionField (Field m)
+
+-- | GraphQL has 3 operation types: queries, mutations and subscribtions.
+--
+-- Currently only queries and mutations are supported.
+data Operation m
+    = Query (Maybe Text) (Seq (Selection m))
+    | Mutation (Maybe Text) (Seq (Selection m))
+
+-- | Single GraphQL field.
+data Field m = Field
+    (Maybe Full.Name) Full.Name (HashMap Full.Name Input) (Seq (Selection m))
+
+-- | Contains the operation to be executed along with its root type.
+data Document m = Document
+    (HashMap Full.Name (Type m)) (Out.ObjectType m) (Operation m)
+
+data OperationDefinition = OperationDefinition
+    Full.OperationType
+    (Maybe Full.Name)
+    [Full.VariableDefinition]
+    [Full.Directive]
+    Full.SelectionSet
+
+-- | Query error types.
+data QueryError
+    = OperationNotFound Text
+    | OperationNameRequired
+    | CoercionError
+    | TransformationError
+    | EmptyDocument
+    | UnsupportedRootOperation
+
+data Input
+    = Int Int32
+    | Float Double
+    | String Text
+    | Boolean Bool
+    | Null
+    | Enum Name
+    | List [Type.Value]
+    | Object (HashMap Name Input)
+    | Variable Type.Value
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+queryError :: QueryError -> Text
+queryError (OperationNotFound operationName) = Text.unwords
+    ["Operation", operationName, "couldn't be found in the document."]
+queryError OperationNameRequired = "Missing operation name."
+queryError CoercionError = "Coercion error."
+queryError TransformationError = "Schema transformation error."
+queryError EmptyDocument =
+    "The document doesn't contain any executable operations."
+queryError UnsupportedRootOperation =
+    "Root operation type couldn't be found in the schema."
+
+getOperation
+    :: Maybe Full.Name
+    -> NonEmpty OperationDefinition
+    -> Either QueryError OperationDefinition
+getOperation Nothing (operation' :| []) = pure operation'
+getOperation Nothing _ = Left OperationNameRequired
+getOperation (Just operationName) operations
+    | Just operation' <- find matchingName operations = pure operation'
+    | otherwise = Left $ OperationNotFound operationName
+  where
+    matchingName (OperationDefinition _ name _ _ _) =
+        name == Just operationName
+
+lookupInputType
+    :: Full.Type
+    -> HashMap.HashMap Full.Name (Type m)
+    -> Maybe In.Type
+lookupInputType (Full.TypeNamed name) types =
+    case HashMap.lookup name types of
+        Just (ScalarType scalarType) ->
+            Just $ In.NamedScalarType scalarType
+        Just (EnumType enumType) ->
+            Just $ In.NamedEnumType enumType
+        Just (InputObjectType objectType) ->
+            Just $ In.NamedInputObjectType objectType
+        _ -> Nothing
+lookupInputType (Full.TypeList list) types
+    = In.ListType
+    <$> lookupInputType list types
+lookupInputType (Full.TypeNonNull (Full.NonNullTypeNamed nonNull)) types  =
+    case HashMap.lookup nonNull types of
+        Just (ScalarType scalarType) ->
+            Just $ In.NonNullScalarType scalarType
+        Just (EnumType enumType) ->
+            Just $ In.NonNullEnumType enumType
+        Just (InputObjectType objectType) ->
+            Just $ In.NonNullInputObjectType objectType
+        _ -> Nothing
+lookupInputType (Full.TypeNonNull (Full.NonNullTypeList nonNull)) types
+    = In.NonNullListType
+    <$> lookupInputType nonNull types
+
+coerceVariableValues :: Coerce.VariableValue a
+    => forall m
+    . HashMap Full.Name (Type m)
+    -> OperationDefinition
+    -> HashMap.HashMap Full.Name a
+    -> Either QueryError Type.Subs
+coerceVariableValues types operationDefinition variableValues =
+    let OperationDefinition _ _ variableDefinitions _ _ = operationDefinition
+     in maybe (Left CoercionError) Right
+        $ foldr forEach (Just HashMap.empty) variableDefinitions
+  where
+    forEach variableDefinition coercedValues = do
+        let Full.VariableDefinition variableName variableTypeName defaultValue =
+                variableDefinition
+        let defaultValue' = constValue <$> defaultValue
+        variableType <- lookupInputType variableTypeName types
+
+        Coerce.matchFieldValues
+            coerceVariableValue'
+            variableValues
+            variableName
+            variableType
+            defaultValue'
+            coercedValues
+    coerceVariableValue' variableType value'
+        = Coerce.coerceVariableValue variableType value'
+        >>= Coerce.coerceInputLiteral variableType
+
+constValue :: Full.ConstValue -> Type.Value
+constValue (Full.ConstInt i) = Type.Int i
+constValue (Full.ConstFloat f) = Type.Float f
+constValue (Full.ConstString x) = Type.String x
+constValue (Full.ConstBoolean b) = Type.Boolean b
+constValue Full.ConstNull = Type.Null
+constValue (Full.ConstEnum e) = Type.Enum e
+constValue (Full.ConstList l) = Type.List $ constValue <$> l
+constValue (Full.ConstObject o) =
+    Type.Object $ HashMap.fromList $ constObjectField <$> o
+  where
+    constObjectField (Full.ObjectField key value') = (key, constValue value')
 
 -- | Rewrites the original syntax tree into an intermediate representation used
 -- for query execution.
-document :: Schema.Subs -> Document -> Maybe Core.Document
-document subs document' =
-    flip runReaderT subs
-        $ evalStateT (collectFragments >> operations operationDefinitions)
-        $ Replacement HashMap.empty fragmentTable
+document :: Coerce.VariableValue a
+    => forall m
+    . Schema m
+    -> Maybe Full.Name
+    -> HashMap Full.Name a
+    -> Full.Document
+    -> Either QueryError (Document m)
+document schema operationName subs ast = do
+    let referencedTypes = collectReferencedTypes schema
+
+    (operations, fragmentTable) <- defragment ast
+    chosenOperation <- getOperation operationName operations
+    coercedValues <- coerceVariableValues referencedTypes chosenOperation subs
+
+    let replacement = Replacement
+            { fragments = HashMap.empty
+            , fragmentDefinitions = fragmentTable
+            , variableValues = coercedValues
+            , types = referencedTypes
+            }
+    case chosenOperation of
+        OperationDefinition Full.Query _ _ _ _ ->
+            pure $ Document referencedTypes (query schema)
+                $ operation chosenOperation replacement
+        OperationDefinition Full.Mutation _ _ _ _
+            | Just mutationType <- mutation schema ->
+                pure $ Document referencedTypes mutationType
+                    $ operation chosenOperation replacement
+        _ -> Left UnsupportedRootOperation
+
+defragment
+    :: Full.Document
+    -> Either QueryError (NonEmpty OperationDefinition, FragmentDefinitions)
+defragment ast =
+    let (operations, fragmentTable) = foldr defragment' ([], HashMap.empty) ast
+        nonEmptyOperations = NonEmpty.nonEmpty operations
+        emptyDocument = Left EmptyDocument
+     in (, fragmentTable) <$> maybe emptyDocument Right nonEmptyOperations
   where
-    (fragmentTable, operationDefinitions) = foldr defragment mempty document'
-    defragment (ExecutableDefinition (Full.DefinitionOperation definition)) acc =
-        (definition :) <$> acc
-    defragment (ExecutableDefinition (Full.DefinitionFragment definition)) acc =
-        let (Full.FragmentDefinition name _ _ _) = definition
-         in first (HashMap.insert name definition) acc
-    defragment _ acc = acc
+    defragment' definition (operations, fragments')
+        | (Full.ExecutableDefinition executable) <- definition
+        , (Full.DefinitionOperation operation') <- executable =
+            (transform operation' : operations, fragments')
+        | (Full.ExecutableDefinition executable) <- definition
+        , (Full.DefinitionFragment fragment) <- executable
+        , (Full.FragmentDefinition name _ _ _) <- fragment =
+            (operations, HashMap.insert name fragment fragments')
+    defragment' _ acc = acc
+    transform = \case
+        Full.OperationDefinition type' name variables directives' selections ->
+            OperationDefinition type' name variables directives' selections
+        Full.SelectionSet selectionSet ->
+            OperationDefinition Full.Query Nothing mempty mempty selectionSet
 
 -- * Operation
 
-operations :: [Full.OperationDefinition] -> TransformT Core.Document
-operations operations' = do
-    coreOperations <- traverse operation operations'
-    lift . lift $ NonEmpty.nonEmpty coreOperations
-
-operation :: Full.OperationDefinition -> TransformT Core.Operation
-operation (Full.SelectionSet sels)
-    = operation $ Full.OperationDefinition Full.Query mempty mempty mempty sels
-operation (Full.OperationDefinition Full.Query name _vars _dirs sels)
-    = Core.Query name <$> appendSelection sels
-operation (Full.OperationDefinition Full.Mutation name _vars _dirs sels)
-    = Core.Mutation name <$> appendSelection sels
+operation :: OperationDefinition -> Replacement m -> Operation m
+operation operationDefinition replacement
+    = runIdentity
+    $ evalStateT (collectFragments >> transform operationDefinition) replacement
+  where
+    transform (OperationDefinition Full.Query name _ _ sels) =
+        Query name <$> appendSelection sels
+    transform (OperationDefinition Full.Mutation name _ _ sels) =
+        Mutation name <$> appendSelection sels
 
 -- * Selection
 
-selection ::
-    Full.Selection ->
-    TransformT (Either (Seq Core.Selection) Core.Selection)
+selection
+    :: Full.Selection
+    ->  State (Replacement m) (Either (Seq (Selection m)) (Selection m))
 selection (Full.Field alias name arguments' directives' selections) =
-    maybe (Left mempty) (Right . Core.SelectionField) <$> do
-        fieldArguments <- arguments arguments'
+    maybe (Left mempty) (Right . SelectionField) <$> do
+        fieldArguments <- foldM go HashMap.empty arguments'
         fieldSelections <- appendSelection selections
         fieldDirectives <- Directive.selection <$> directives directives'
-        let field' = Core.Field alias name fieldArguments fieldSelections
+        let field' = Field alias name fieldArguments fieldSelections
         pure $ field' <$ fieldDirectives
+  where
+    go arguments (Full.Argument name' value') =
+        inputField arguments name' value'
+
 selection (Full.FragmentSpread name directives') =
-    maybe (Left mempty) (Right . Core.SelectionFragment) <$> do
+    maybe (Left mempty) (Right . SelectionFragment) <$> do
         spreadDirectives <- Directive.selection <$> directives directives'
         fragments' <- gets fragments
-        fragment <- maybe lookupDefinition liftJust (HashMap.lookup name fragments')
-        pure $ fragment <$ spreadDirectives
-  where
-    lookupDefinition = do
+
         fragmentDefinitions' <- gets fragmentDefinitions
-        found <- lift . lift $ HashMap.lookup name fragmentDefinitions'
-        fragmentDefinition found
+        case HashMap.lookup name fragments' of
+            Just definition -> lift $ pure $ definition <$ spreadDirectives
+            Nothing
+                | Just definition <- HashMap.lookup name fragmentDefinitions' -> do
+                    fragDef <- fragmentDefinition definition
+                    case fragDef of
+                        Just fragment -> lift $ pure $ fragment <$ spreadDirectives
+                        _ -> lift $ pure  Nothing
+                | otherwise -> lift $ pure  Nothing
 selection (Full.InlineFragment type' directives' selections) = do
     fragmentDirectives <- Directive.selection <$> directives directives'
     case fragmentDirectives of
         Nothing -> pure $ Left mempty
         _ -> do
             fragmentSelectionSet <- appendSelection selections
-            pure $ maybe Left selectionFragment type' fragmentSelectionSet
+
+            case type' of
+                Nothing -> pure $ Left fragmentSelectionSet
+                Just typeName -> do
+                    typeCondition' <- lookupTypeCondition typeName
+                    case typeCondition' of
+                        Just typeCondition -> pure $
+                            selectionFragment typeCondition fragmentSelectionSet
+                        Nothing -> pure $ Left mempty
   where
     selectionFragment typeName = Right
-        . Core.SelectionFragment
-        . Core.Fragment typeName
+        . SelectionFragment
+        . Fragment typeName
 
-appendSelection ::
-    Traversable t =>
-    t Full.Selection ->
-    TransformT (Seq Core.Selection)
+appendSelection :: Traversable t
+    => t Full.Selection
+    ->  State (Replacement m) (Seq (Selection m))
 appendSelection = foldM go mempty
   where
     go acc sel = append acc <$> selection sel
     append acc (Left list) = list >< acc
     append acc (Right one) = one <| acc
 
-directives :: [Full.Directive] -> TransformT [Core.Directive]
+directives :: [Full.Directive] ->  State (Replacement m) [Directive]
 directives = traverse directive
   where
-    directive (Full.Directive directiveName directiveArguments) =
-        Core.Directive directiveName <$> arguments directiveArguments
+    directive (Full.Directive directiveName directiveArguments)
+        = Directive directiveName . Arguments
+        <$> foldM go HashMap.empty directiveArguments
+    go arguments (Full.Argument name value') = do
+        substitutedValue <- value value'
+        return $ HashMap.insert name substitutedValue arguments
 
 -- * Fragment replacement
 
 -- | Extract fragment definitions into a single 'HashMap'.
-collectFragments :: TransformT ()
+collectFragments ::  State (Replacement m) ()
 collectFragments = do
     fragDefs <- gets fragmentDefinitions
     let nextValue = head $ HashMap.elems fragDefs
@@ -127,41 +358,79 @@ collectFragments = do
         _ <- fragmentDefinition nextValue
         collectFragments
 
-fragmentDefinition ::
-    Full.FragmentDefinition ->
-    TransformT Core.Fragment
+lookupTypeCondition :: Full.Name -> State (Replacement m) (Maybe (CompositeType m))
+lookupTypeCondition type' = do
+    types' <- gets types
+    case HashMap.lookup type' types' of
+        Just (ObjectType objectType) ->
+            lift $ pure $ Just $ CompositeObjectType objectType
+        Just (UnionType unionType) ->
+            lift $ pure $ Just $ CompositeUnionType unionType
+        Just (InterfaceType interfaceType) ->
+            lift $ pure $ Just $ CompositeInterfaceType interfaceType
+        _ -> lift $ pure Nothing
+
+fragmentDefinition
+    :: Full.FragmentDefinition
+    ->  State (Replacement m) (Maybe (Fragment m))
 fragmentDefinition (Full.FragmentDefinition name type' _ selections) = do
     modify deleteFragmentDefinition
     fragmentSelection <- appendSelection selections
-    let newValue = Core.Fragment type' fragmentSelection
-    modify $ insertFragment newValue
-    liftJust newValue
+    compositeType <- lookupTypeCondition type'
+
+    case compositeType of
+        Just compositeType' -> do
+            let newValue = Fragment compositeType' fragmentSelection
+            modify $ insertFragment newValue
+            lift $ pure $ Just newValue
+        _ -> lift $ pure Nothing
   where
-    deleteFragmentDefinition (Replacement fragments' fragmentDefinitions') =
-        Replacement fragments' $ HashMap.delete name fragmentDefinitions'
-    insertFragment newValue (Replacement fragments' fragmentDefinitions') =
-        let newFragments = HashMap.insert name newValue fragments'
-         in Replacement newFragments fragmentDefinitions'
+    deleteFragmentDefinition replacement@Replacement{..} =
+        let newDefinitions = HashMap.delete name fragmentDefinitions
+         in replacement{ fragmentDefinitions = newDefinitions }
+    insertFragment newValue replacement@Replacement{..} =
+        let newFragments = HashMap.insert name newValue fragments
+         in replacement{ fragments = newFragments }
 
-arguments :: [Full.Argument] -> TransformT Core.Arguments
-arguments = fmap Core.Arguments . foldM go HashMap.empty
+value :: forall m. Full.Value -> State (Replacement m) Type.Value
+value (Full.Variable name) =
+    gets (fromMaybe Type.Null . HashMap.lookup name . variableValues)
+value (Full.Int int) = pure $ Type.Int int
+value (Full.Float float) = pure $ Type.Float float
+value (Full.String string) = pure $ Type.String string
+value (Full.Boolean boolean) = pure $ Type.Boolean boolean
+value Full.Null = pure Type.Null
+value (Full.Enum enum) = pure $ Type.Enum enum
+value (Full.List list) = Type.List <$> traverse value list
+value (Full.Object object) =
+    Type.Object . HashMap.fromList <$> traverse objectField object
   where
-    go arguments' (Full.Argument name value') = do
-        substitutedValue <- value value'
-        return $ HashMap.insert name substitutedValue arguments'
+    objectField (Full.ObjectField name value') = (name,) <$> value value'
 
-value :: Full.Value -> TransformT Core.Value
-value (Full.Variable name) = lift (asks $ HashMap.lookup name) >>= lift . lift
-value (Full.Int i) = pure $ Core.Int i
-value (Full.Float f) = pure $ Core.Float f
-value (Full.String x) = pure $ Core.String x
-value (Full.Boolean b) = pure $ Core.Boolean b
-value Full.Null = pure   Core.Null
-value (Full.Enum e) = pure $ Core.Enum e
-value (Full.List l) =
-    Core.List <$> traverse value l
-value (Full.Object o) =
-    Core.Object . HashMap.fromList <$> traverse objectField o
+input :: forall m. Full.Value -> State (Replacement m) (Maybe Input)
+input (Full.Variable name) =
+    gets (fmap Variable . HashMap.lookup name . variableValues)
+input (Full.Int int) = pure $ pure $ Int int
+input (Full.Float float) = pure $ pure $ Float float
+input (Full.String string) = pure $ pure $ String string
+input (Full.Boolean boolean) = pure $ pure $ Boolean boolean
+input Full.Null = pure $ pure Null
+input (Full.Enum enum) = pure $ pure $ Enum enum
+input (Full.List list) = pure . List <$> traverse value list
+input (Full.Object object) = do
+    objectFields <- foldM objectField HashMap.empty object
+    pure $ pure $ Object objectFields
+  where
+    objectField resultMap (Full.ObjectField name value') =
+        inputField resultMap name value'
 
-objectField :: Full.ObjectField -> TransformT (Core.Name, Core.Value)
-objectField (Full.ObjectField name value') = (name,) <$> value value'
+inputField :: forall m
+    . HashMap Full.Name Input
+    -> Full.Name
+    -> Full.Value
+    -> State (Replacement m) (HashMap Full.Name Input)
+inputField resultMap name value' = do
+    objectFieldValue <-  input value'
+    case objectFieldValue of
+        Just fieldValue -> pure $ HashMap.insert name fieldValue resultMap
+        Nothing -> pure resultMap

src/Language/GraphQL/Schema.hs

@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
-
--- | This module provides a representation of a @GraphQL@ Schema in addition to
--- functions for defining and manipulating schemas.
-module Language.GraphQL.Schema
-    ( Resolver(..)
-    , Subs
-    , object
-    , resolve
-    , resolversToMap
-    , scalar
-    , wrappedObject
-    , wrappedScalar
-    -- * AST Reexports
-    , Field
-    , Value(..)
-    ) where
-
-import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (lift)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.Except (runExceptT)
-import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (runReaderT)
-import Data.Foldable (fold, toList)
-import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
-import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
-import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
-import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
-import Data.Sequence (Seq)
-import Data.Text (Text)
-import qualified Data.Text as T
-import Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
-import Language.GraphQL.Error
-import Language.GraphQL.Trans
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
-
--- | Resolves a 'Field' into an @Aeson.@'Data.Aeson.Types.Object' with error
---   information (if an error has occurred). @m@ is an arbitrary monad, usually
---   'IO'.
-data Resolver m = Resolver
-    Text -- ^ Name
-    (Field -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Object) -- ^ Resolver
-
--- | Converts resolvers to a map.
-resolversToMap
-    :: (Foldable f, Functor f)
-    => f (Resolver m)
-    -> HashMap Text (Field -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Object)
-resolversToMap = HashMap.fromList . toList . fmap toKV
-  where
-    toKV (Resolver name f) = (name, f)
-
--- | Contains variables for the query. The key of the map is a variable name,
---   and the value is the variable value.
-type Subs = HashMap Name Value
-
--- | Create a new 'Resolver' with the given 'Name' from the given 'Resolver's.
-object :: Monad m => Name -> ActionT m [Resolver m] -> Resolver m
-object name f = Resolver name $ resolveFieldValue f resolveRight
-  where
-    resolveRight fld@(Field _ _ _ flds) resolver
-        = withField (resolve (resolversToMap resolver) flds) fld
-
--- | Like 'object' but can be null or a list of objects.
-wrappedObject ::
-    Monad m =>
-    Name ->
-    ActionT m (Type.Wrapping [Resolver m]) ->
-    Resolver m
-wrappedObject name f = Resolver name $ resolveFieldValue f resolveRight
-  where
-    resolveRight fld@(Field _ _ _ sels) resolver
-        = withField (traverse (resolveMap sels) resolver) fld
-    resolveMap = flip (resolve . resolversToMap)
-
--- | A scalar represents a primitive value, like a string or an integer.
-scalar :: (Monad m, Aeson.ToJSON a) => Name -> ActionT m a -> Resolver m
-scalar name f = Resolver name $ resolveFieldValue f resolveRight
-  where
-    resolveRight fld result = withField (return result) fld
-
--- | Like 'scalar' but can be null or a list of scalars.
-wrappedScalar ::
-    (Monad m, Aeson.ToJSON a) =>
-    Name ->
-    ActionT m (Type.Wrapping a) ->
-    Resolver m
-wrappedScalar name f = Resolver name $ resolveFieldValue f resolveRight
-  where
-    resolveRight fld (Type.Named result) = withField (return result) fld
-    resolveRight fld Type.Null
-        = return $ HashMap.singleton (aliasOrName fld) Aeson.Null
-    resolveRight fld (Type.List result) = withField (return result) fld
-
-resolveFieldValue ::
-    Monad m =>
-    ActionT m a ->
-    (Field -> a -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Object) ->
-    Field ->
-    CollectErrsT m (HashMap Text Aeson.Value)
-resolveFieldValue f resolveRight fld@(Field _ _ args _) = do
-    result <- lift $ reader . runExceptT . runActionT $ f
-    either resolveLeft (resolveRight fld) result
-      where
-        reader = flip runReaderT $ Context {arguments=args}
-        resolveLeft err = do
-            _ <- addErrMsg err
-            return $ HashMap.singleton (aliasOrName fld) Aeson.Null
-
--- | Helper function to facilitate error handling and result emitting.
-withField :: (Monad m, Aeson.ToJSON a)
-    => CollectErrsT m a -> Field -> CollectErrsT m (HashMap Text Aeson.Value)
-withField v fld
-    = HashMap.singleton (aliasOrName fld) . Aeson.toJSON <$> runAppendErrs v
-
--- | Takes a list of 'Resolver's and a list of 'Field's and applies each
---   'Resolver' to each 'Field'. Resolves into a value containing the
---   resolved 'Field', or a null value and error information.
-resolve :: Monad m
-    => HashMap Text (Field -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Object)
-    -> Seq Selection
-    -> CollectErrsT m Aeson.Value
-resolve resolvers = fmap (Aeson.toJSON . fold) . traverse tryResolvers
-  where
-    resolveTypeName f = do
-        value <- f $ Field Nothing "__typename" mempty mempty
-        return $ HashMap.lookupDefault "" "__typename" value
-    tryResolvers (SelectionField fld@(Field _ name _ _))
-        = fromMaybe (errmsg fld) $ HashMap.lookup name resolvers <*> Just fld
-    tryResolvers (SelectionFragment (Fragment typeCondition selections')) = do
-        that <- traverse resolveTypeName $ HashMap.lookup "__typename" resolvers
-        if maybe True (Aeson.String typeCondition ==) that
-            then fmap fold . traverse tryResolvers $ selections'
-            else return mempty
-    errmsg fld@(Field _ name _ _) = do
-        addErrMsg $ T.unwords ["field", name, "not resolved."]
-        return $ HashMap.singleton (aliasOrName fld) Aeson.Null
-
-aliasOrName :: Field -> Text
-aliasOrName (Field alias name _ _) = fromMaybe name alias

src/Language/GraphQL/Trans.hs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -- | Monad transformer stack used by the @GraphQL@ resolvers.
 module Language.GraphQL.Trans
-    ( ActionT(..)
+    ( argument
+    , ActionT(..)
     , Context(..)
-    , argument
     ) where
 
 import Control.Applicative (Alternative(..))
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (ReaderT, asks)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
 import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
 import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
 import Prelude hiding (lookup)
 
 -- | Resolution context holds resolver arguments.
-newtype Context = Context
+data Context = Context
     { arguments :: Arguments
+    , values :: Value
     }
 
 -- | Monad transformer stack used by the resolvers to provide error handling
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ instance Monad m => MonadPlus (ActionT m) where
     mplus = (<|>)
 
 -- | Retrieves an argument by its name. If the argument with this name couldn't
---   be found, returns 'Value.Null' (i.e. the argument is assumed to
+--   be found, returns 'Null' (i.e. the argument is assumed to
 --   be optional then).
 argument :: Monad m => Name -> ActionT m Value
 argument argumentName = do

src/Language/GraphQL/Type.hs

@@ -1,55 +1,16 @@
--- | Definitions for @GraphQL@ input types.
+-- | Reexports non-conflicting type system and schema definitions.
 module Language.GraphQL.Type
-    ( Wrapping(..)
+    ( In.InputField(..)
+    , In.InputObjectType(..)
+    , Out.Field(..)
+    , Out.InterfaceType(..)
+    , Out.ObjectType(..)
+    , Out.UnionType(..)
+    , module Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+    , module Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
     ) where
 
-import Data.Aeson as Aeson (ToJSON, toJSON)
-import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
-
--- | GraphQL distinguishes between "wrapping" and "named" types. Each wrapping
---   type can wrap other wrapping or named types. Wrapping types are lists and
---   Non-Null types (named types are nullable by default).
---
---   This 'Wrapping' type doesn\'t reflect this distinction exactly but it is
---   used in the resolvers to take into account that the returned value can be
---   nullable or an (arbitrary nested) list.
-data Wrapping a
-    = List [Wrapping a] -- ^ Arbitrary nested list
-    | Named a -- ^ Named type without further wrapping
-    | Null -- ^ Null
-    deriving (Eq, Show)
-
-instance Functor Wrapping where
-    fmap f (List list) = List $ fmap (fmap f) list
-    fmap f (Named named) = Named $ f named
-    fmap _ Null = Null
-
-instance Foldable Wrapping where
-    foldr f acc (List list) = foldr (flip $ foldr f) acc list
-    foldr f acc (Named named) = f named acc
-    foldr _ acc Null = acc
-
-instance Traversable Wrapping where
-    traverse f (List list) = List <$> traverse (traverse f) list
-    traverse f (Named named) = Named <$> f named
-    traverse _ Null = pure Null
-
-instance Applicative Wrapping where
-    pure = Named
-    Null <*> _ = Null
-    _ <*> Null = Null
-    (Named f) <*> (Named x) = Named $ f x
-    (List fs) <*> (List xs) = List $ (<*>) <$> fs <*> xs
-    (Named f) <*> list = f <$> list
-    (List fs) <*> named = List $ (<*> named) <$> fs
-
-instance Monad Wrapping where
-    return = pure
-    Null >>= _ = Null
-    (Named x) >>= f = f x
-    (List xs) >>= f = List $ fmap (>>= f) xs
-
-instance ToJSON a => ToJSON (Wrapping a) where
-    toJSON (List list) = toJSON list
-    toJSON (Named named) = toJSON named
-    toJSON Null = Aeson.Null
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema (Schema(..))
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out

src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Definition.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+
+-- | Types that can be used as both input and output types.
+module Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+    ( EnumType(..)
+    , EnumValue(..)
+    , ScalarType(..)
+    , Subs
+    , Value(..)
+    , boolean
+    , float
+    , id
+    , int
+    , string
+    ) where
+
+import Data.Int (Int32)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import Data.String (IsString(..))
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Name)
+import Prelude hiding (id)
+
+-- | Represents accordingly typed GraphQL values.
+data Value
+    = Int Int32
+    | Float Double -- ^ GraphQL Float is double precision.
+    | String Text
+    | Boolean Bool
+    | Null
+    | Enum Name
+    | List [Value] -- ^ Arbitrary nested list.
+    | Object (HashMap Name Value)
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+instance IsString Value where
+    fromString = String . fromString
+
+-- | Contains variables for the query. The key of the map is a variable name,
+-- and the value is the variable value.
+type Subs = HashMap Name Value
+
+-- | Scalar type definition.
+--
+-- The leaf values of any request and input values to arguments are Scalars (or
+-- Enums) .
+data ScalarType = ScalarType Name (Maybe Text)
+
+instance Eq ScalarType where
+    (ScalarType this _) == (ScalarType that _) = this == that
+
+-- | Enum type definition.
+--
+-- Some leaf values of requests and input values are Enums. GraphQL serializes
+-- Enum values as strings, however internally Enums can be represented by any
+-- kind of type, often integers.
+data EnumType = EnumType Name (Maybe Text) (HashMap Name EnumValue)
+
+instance Eq EnumType where
+    (EnumType this _ _) == (EnumType that _ _) = this == that
+
+-- | Enum value is a single member of an 'EnumType'.
+newtype EnumValue = EnumValue (Maybe Text)
+
+-- | The @String@ scalar type represents textual data, represented as UTF-8
+-- character sequences. The String type is most often used by GraphQL to
+-- represent free-form human-readable text.
+string :: ScalarType
+string = ScalarType "String" (Just description)
+  where
+    description =
+        "The `String` scalar type represents textual data, represented as \
+        \UTF-8 character sequences. The String type is most often used by \
+        \GraphQL to represent free-form human-readable text."
+
+-- | The @Boolean@ scalar type represents @true@ or @false@.
+boolean :: ScalarType
+boolean = ScalarType "Boolean" (Just description)
+  where
+    description = "The `Boolean` scalar type represents `true` or `false`."
+
+-- | The @Int@ scalar type represents non-fractional signed whole numeric
+-- values. Int can represent values between \(-2^{31}\) and \(2^{31 - 1}\).
+int :: ScalarType
+int = ScalarType "Int" (Just description)
+  where
+    description =
+        "The `Int` scalar type represents non-fractional signed whole numeric \
+        \values. Int can represent values between -(2^31) and 2^31 - 1."
+
+-- | The @Float@ scalar type represents signed double-precision fractional
+-- values as specified by
+-- [IEEE 754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point).
+float :: ScalarType
+float = ScalarType "Float" (Just description)
+  where
+    description =
+        "The `Float` scalar type represents signed double-precision fractional \
+        \values as specified by \
+        \[IEEE 754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point)."
+
+-- | The @ID@ scalar type represents a unique identifier, often used to refetch
+-- an object or as key for a cache. The ID type appears in a JSON response as a
+-- String; however, it is not intended to be human-readable. When expected as an
+-- input type, any string (such as @"4"@) or integer (such as @4@) input value
+-- will be accepted as an ID.
+id :: ScalarType
+id = ScalarType "ID" (Just description)
+  where
+    description =
+        "The `ID` scalar type represents a unique identifier, often used to \
+        \refetch an object or as key for a cache. The ID type appears in a \
+        \JSON response as a String; however, it is not intended to be \
+        \human-readable. When expected as an input type, any string (such as \
+        \`\"4\"`) or integer (such as `4`) input value will be accepted as an ID."

src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Directive.hs

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
 
 module Language.GraphQL.Type.Directive
-    ( selection
+    ( Directive(..)
+    , selection
     ) where
 
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Core
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+
+-- | Directive.
+data Directive = Directive Name Arguments
+    deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- | Directive processing status.
 data Status

src/Language/GraphQL/Type/In.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
+
+-- | Input types and values.
+--
+-- This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes
+-- with 'Language.GraphQL.Type.Out'.
+module Language.GraphQL.Type.In
+    ( Argument(..)
+    , InputField(..)
+    , InputObjectType(..)
+    , Type(..)
+    , isNonNullType
+    , pattern EnumBaseType
+    , pattern ListBaseType
+    , pattern InputObjectBaseType
+    , pattern ScalarBaseType
+    ) where
+
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+
+-- | Single field of an 'InputObjectType'.
+data InputField = InputField (Maybe Text) Type (Maybe Value)
+
+-- | Input object type definition.
+--
+-- An input object defines a structured collection of fields which may be
+-- supplied to a field argument.
+data InputObjectType = InputObjectType
+    Name (Maybe Text) (HashMap Name InputField)
+
+instance Eq InputObjectType where
+    (InputObjectType this _ _) == (InputObjectType that _ _) = this == that
+
+-- | These types may be used as input types for arguments and directives.
+--
+-- GraphQL distinguishes between "wrapping" and "named" types. Each wrapping
+-- type can wrap other wrapping or named types. Wrapping types are lists and
+-- Non-Null types (named types are nullable by default).
+data Type
+    = NamedScalarType ScalarType
+    | NamedEnumType EnumType
+    | NamedInputObjectType InputObjectType
+    | ListType Type
+    | NonNullScalarType ScalarType
+    | NonNullEnumType EnumType
+    | NonNullInputObjectType InputObjectType
+    | NonNullListType Type
+    deriving Eq
+
+-- | Field argument definition.
+data Argument = Argument (Maybe Text) Type (Maybe Value)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedScalarType' or 'NonNullScalarType'.
+pattern ScalarBaseType :: ScalarType -> Type
+pattern ScalarBaseType scalarType <- (isScalarType -> Just scalarType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedEnumType' or 'NonNullEnumType'.
+pattern EnumBaseType :: EnumType -> Type
+pattern EnumBaseType enumType <- (isEnumType -> Just enumType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedInputObjectType' or 'NonNullInputObjectType'.
+pattern InputObjectBaseType :: InputObjectType -> Type
+pattern InputObjectBaseType objectType <- (isInputObjectType -> Just objectType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'ListType' or 'NonNullListType'.
+pattern ListBaseType :: Type -> Type
+pattern ListBaseType listType <- (isListType -> Just listType)
+
+{-# COMPLETE EnumBaseType, ListBaseType, InputObjectBaseType, ScalarBaseType #-}
+
+isScalarType :: Type -> Maybe ScalarType
+isScalarType (NamedScalarType inputType) = Just inputType
+isScalarType (NonNullScalarType inputType) = Just inputType
+isScalarType _ = Nothing
+
+isInputObjectType :: Type -> Maybe InputObjectType
+isInputObjectType (NamedInputObjectType inputType) = Just inputType
+isInputObjectType (NonNullInputObjectType inputType) = Just inputType
+isInputObjectType _ = Nothing
+
+isEnumType :: Type -> Maybe EnumType
+isEnumType (NamedEnumType inputType) = Just inputType
+isEnumType (NonNullEnumType inputType) = Just inputType
+isEnumType _ = Nothing
+
+isListType :: Type -> Maybe Type
+isListType (ListType inputType) = Just inputType
+isListType (NonNullListType inputType) = Just inputType
+isListType _ = Nothing
+
+-- | Checks whether the given input type is a non-null type.
+isNonNullType :: Type -> Bool
+isNonNullType (NonNullScalarType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullEnumType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullInputObjectType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullListType _) = True
+isNonNullType _ = False

src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Out.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
+
+-- | Output types and values.
+--
+-- This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes
+-- with 'Language.GraphQL.Type.In'.
+module Language.GraphQL.Type.Out
+    ( Field(..)
+    , InterfaceType(..)
+    , ObjectType(..)
+    , Resolver(..)
+    , Type(..)
+    , UnionType(..)
+    , isNonNullType
+    , pattern EnumBaseType
+    , pattern InterfaceBaseType
+    , pattern ListBaseType
+    , pattern ObjectBaseType
+    , pattern ScalarBaseType
+    , pattern UnionBaseType
+    ) where
+
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.Trans
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+
+-- | Resolves a 'Field' into an @Aeson.@'Data.Aeson.Types.Object' with error
+-- information (if an error has occurred). @m@ is an arbitrary monad, usually
+-- 'IO'.
+--
+-- Resolving a field can result in a leaf value or an object, which is
+-- represented as a list of nested resolvers, used to resolve the fields of that
+-- object.
+data Resolver m = Resolver (Field m) (ActionT m Value)
+
+-- | Object type definition.
+--
+--   Almost all of the GraphQL types you define will be object types. Object
+--   types have a name, but most importantly describe their fields.
+data ObjectType m = ObjectType
+    Name (Maybe Text) [InterfaceType m] (HashMap Name (Resolver m))
+
+instance forall a. Eq (ObjectType a) where
+    (ObjectType this _ _ _) == (ObjectType that _ _ _) = this == that
+
+-- | Interface Type Definition.
+--
+-- When a field can return one of a heterogeneous set of types, a Interface type
+-- is used to describe what types are possible, and what fields are in common
+-- across all types.
+data InterfaceType m = InterfaceType
+    Name (Maybe Text) [InterfaceType m] (HashMap Name (Field m))
+
+instance forall a. Eq (InterfaceType a) where
+    (InterfaceType this _ _ _) == (InterfaceType that _ _ _) = this == that
+
+-- | Union Type Definition.
+--
+-- When a field can return one of a heterogeneous set of types, a Union type is
+-- used to describe what types are possible.
+data UnionType m = UnionType Name (Maybe Text) [ObjectType m]
+
+instance forall a. Eq (UnionType a) where
+    (UnionType this _ _) == (UnionType that _ _) = this == that
+
+-- | Output object field definition.
+data Field m = Field
+    (Maybe Text) -- ^ Description.
+    (Type m) -- ^ Field type.
+    (HashMap Name In.Argument) -- ^ Arguments.
+
+-- | These types may be used as output types as the result of fields.
+--
+-- GraphQL distinguishes between "wrapping" and "named" types. Each wrapping
+-- type can wrap other wrapping or named types. Wrapping types are lists and
+-- Non-Null types (named types are nullable by default).
+data Type m
+    = NamedScalarType ScalarType
+    | NamedEnumType EnumType
+    | NamedObjectType (ObjectType m)
+    | NamedInterfaceType (InterfaceType m)
+    | NamedUnionType (UnionType m)
+    | ListType (Type m)
+    | NonNullScalarType ScalarType
+    | NonNullEnumType EnumType
+    | NonNullObjectType (ObjectType m)
+    | NonNullInterfaceType (InterfaceType m)
+    | NonNullUnionType (UnionType m)
+    | NonNullListType (Type m)
+    deriving Eq
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedScalarType' or 'NonNullScalarType'.
+pattern ScalarBaseType :: forall m. ScalarType -> Type m
+pattern ScalarBaseType scalarType <- (isScalarType -> Just scalarType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedEnumType' or 'NonNullEnumType'.
+pattern EnumBaseType :: forall m. EnumType -> Type m
+pattern EnumBaseType enumType <- (isEnumType -> Just enumType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedObjectType' or 'NonNullObjectType'.
+pattern ObjectBaseType :: forall m. ObjectType m -> Type m
+pattern ObjectBaseType objectType <- (isObjectType -> Just objectType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedInterfaceType' or 'NonNullInterfaceType'.
+pattern InterfaceBaseType :: forall m. InterfaceType m -> Type m
+pattern InterfaceBaseType interfaceType <-
+    (isInterfaceType -> Just interfaceType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'NamedUnionType' or 'NonNullUnionType'.
+pattern UnionBaseType :: forall m. UnionType m -> Type m
+pattern UnionBaseType unionType <- (isUnionType -> Just unionType)
+
+-- | Matches either 'ListType' or 'NonNullListType'.
+pattern ListBaseType :: forall m. Type m -> Type m
+pattern ListBaseType listType <- (isListType -> Just listType)
+
+{-# COMPLETE ScalarBaseType
+    , EnumBaseType
+    , ObjectBaseType
+    , ListBaseType
+    , InterfaceBaseType
+    , UnionBaseType
+    #-}
+
+isScalarType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe ScalarType
+isScalarType (NamedScalarType outputType) = Just outputType
+isScalarType (NonNullScalarType outputType) = Just outputType
+isScalarType _ = Nothing
+
+isObjectType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe (ObjectType m)
+isObjectType (NamedObjectType outputType) = Just outputType
+isObjectType (NonNullObjectType outputType) = Just outputType
+isObjectType _ = Nothing
+
+isEnumType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe EnumType
+isEnumType (NamedEnumType outputType) = Just outputType
+isEnumType (NonNullEnumType outputType) = Just outputType
+isEnumType _ = Nothing
+
+isInterfaceType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe (InterfaceType m)
+isInterfaceType (NamedInterfaceType interfaceType) = Just interfaceType
+isInterfaceType (NonNullInterfaceType interfaceType) = Just interfaceType
+isInterfaceType _ = Nothing
+
+isUnionType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe (UnionType m)
+isUnionType (NamedUnionType unionType) = Just unionType
+isUnionType (NonNullUnionType unionType) = Just unionType
+isUnionType _ = Nothing
+
+isListType :: forall m. Type m -> Maybe (Type m)
+isListType (ListType outputType) = Just outputType
+isListType (NonNullListType outputType) = Just outputType
+isListType _ = Nothing
+
+-- | Checks whether the given output type is a non-null type.
+isNonNullType :: forall m. Type m -> Bool
+isNonNullType (NonNullScalarType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullEnumType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullObjectType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullInterfaceType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullUnionType _) = True
+isNonNullType (NonNullListType _) = True
+isNonNullType _ = False

src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Schema.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
+
+-- | This module provides a representation of a @GraphQL@ Schema in addition to
+-- functions for defining and manipulating schemas.
+module Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema
+    ( AbstractType(..)
+    , CompositeType(..)
+    , Schema(..)
+    , Type(..)
+    , collectReferencedTypes
+    ) where
+
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document (Name)
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition as Definition
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+
+-- | These are all of the possible kinds of types.
+data Type m
+    = ScalarType Definition.ScalarType
+    | EnumType Definition.EnumType
+    | ObjectType (Out.ObjectType m)
+    | InputObjectType In.InputObjectType
+    | InterfaceType (Out.InterfaceType m)
+    | UnionType (Out.UnionType m)
+    deriving Eq
+
+-- | These types may describe the parent context of a selection set.
+data CompositeType m
+    = CompositeUnionType (Out.UnionType m)
+    | CompositeObjectType (Out.ObjectType m)
+    | CompositeInterfaceType (Out.InterfaceType m)
+    deriving Eq
+
+-- | These types may describe the parent context of a selection set.
+data AbstractType m
+    = AbstractUnionType (Out.UnionType m)
+    | AbstractInterfaceType (Out.InterfaceType m)
+    deriving Eq
+
+-- | A Schema is created by supplying the root types of each type of operation,
+--   query and mutation (optional). A schema definition is then supplied to the
+--   validator and executor.
+--
+--   __Note:__ When the schema is constructed, by default only the types that
+--   are reachable by traversing the root types are included, other types must
+--   be explicitly referenced.
+data Schema m = Schema
+    { query :: Out.ObjectType m
+    , mutation :: Maybe (Out.ObjectType m)
+    }
+
+-- | Traverses the schema and finds all referenced types.
+collectReferencedTypes :: forall m. Schema m -> HashMap Name (Type m)
+collectReferencedTypes schema =
+    let queryTypes = traverseObjectType (query schema) HashMap.empty
+     in maybe queryTypes (`traverseObjectType` queryTypes) $ mutation schema
+  where
+    collect traverser typeName element foundTypes
+        | HashMap.member typeName foundTypes = foundTypes
+        | otherwise = traverser $ HashMap.insert typeName element foundTypes
+    visitFields (Out.Field _ outputType arguments) foundTypes
+        = traverseOutputType outputType
+        $ foldr visitArguments foundTypes arguments
+    visitArguments (In.Argument _ inputType _) = traverseInputType inputType
+    visitInputFields (In.InputField _ inputType _) = traverseInputType inputType
+    traverseInputType (In.InputObjectBaseType objectType) =
+        let (In.InputObjectType typeName _ inputFields) = objectType
+            element = InputObjectType objectType
+            traverser = flip (foldr visitInputFields) inputFields
+         in collect traverser typeName element
+    traverseInputType (In.ListBaseType listType) =
+        traverseInputType listType
+    traverseInputType (In.ScalarBaseType scalarType) =
+        let (Definition.ScalarType typeName _) = scalarType
+         in collect Prelude.id typeName (ScalarType scalarType)
+    traverseInputType (In.EnumBaseType enumType) =
+        let (Definition.EnumType typeName _ _) = enumType
+         in collect Prelude.id typeName (EnumType enumType)
+    traverseOutputType (Out.ObjectBaseType objectType) =
+        traverseObjectType objectType
+    traverseOutputType (Out.InterfaceBaseType interfaceType) =
+        traverseInterfaceType interfaceType
+    traverseOutputType (Out.UnionBaseType unionType) =
+        let (Out.UnionType typeName _ types) = unionType
+            traverser = flip (foldr traverseObjectType) types
+         in collect traverser typeName (UnionType unionType)
+    traverseOutputType (Out.ListBaseType listType) =
+        traverseOutputType listType
+    traverseOutputType (Out.ScalarBaseType scalarType) =
+        let (Definition.ScalarType typeName _) = scalarType
+         in collect Prelude.id typeName (ScalarType scalarType)
+    traverseOutputType (Out.EnumBaseType enumType) =
+        let (Definition.EnumType typeName _ _) = enumType
+         in collect Prelude.id typeName (EnumType enumType)
+    traverseObjectType objectType foundTypes =
+        let (Out.ObjectType typeName _ interfaces resolvers) = objectType
+            element = ObjectType objectType
+            fields = extractObjectField <$> resolvers
+            traverser = polymorphicTraverser interfaces fields
+         in collect traverser typeName element foundTypes
+    traverseInterfaceType interfaceType foundTypes =
+        let (Out.InterfaceType typeName _ interfaces fields) = interfaceType
+            element = InterfaceType interfaceType
+            traverser = polymorphicTraverser interfaces fields
+         in collect traverser typeName element foundTypes
+    polymorphicTraverser interfaces fields
+        = flip (foldr visitFields) fields
+        . flip (foldr traverseInterfaceType) interfaces
+    extractObjectField (Out.Resolver field _) = field

stack.yaml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-resolver: lts-15.12
+resolver: lts-16.1
 
 packages:
 - .

tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/ParserSpec.hs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it)
-import Test.Hspec.Megaparsec (shouldParse, shouldSucceedOn)
+import Test.Hspec.Megaparsec (shouldParse, shouldFailOn, shouldSucceedOn)
 import Text.Megaparsec (parse)
 import Text.RawString.QQ (r)
 
@@ -141,4 +141,11 @@ spec = describe "Parser" $ do
             extend type Story {
               isHiddenLocally: Boolean
             }
-        |]
+        |]
+
+    it "rejects variables in DefaultValue" $
+        parse document "" `shouldFailOn` [r|
+            query ($book: String = "Zarathustra", $author: String = $book) {
+              title
+            }
+        |]

tests/Language/GraphQL/Execute/CoerceSpec.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+module Language.GraphQL.Execute.CoerceSpec
+    ( spec
+    ) where
+
+import Data.Aeson as Aeson ((.=))
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
+import qualified Data.Aeson.Types as Aeson
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Data.Maybe (isNothing)
+import Data.Scientific (scientific)
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce as Coerce
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import Prelude hiding (id)
+import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe, shouldSatisfy)
+
+direction :: EnumType
+direction = EnumType "Direction" Nothing  $ HashMap.fromList
+    [ ("NORTH", EnumValue Nothing)
+    , ("EAST", EnumValue Nothing)
+    , ("SOUTH", EnumValue Nothing)
+    , ("WEST", EnumValue Nothing)
+    ]
+
+singletonInputObject :: In.Type
+singletonInputObject = In.NamedInputObjectType type'
+  where
+    type' = In.InputObjectType "ObjectName" Nothing inputFields
+    inputFields = HashMap.singleton "field" field
+    field = In.InputField Nothing (In.NamedScalarType string) Nothing
+
+namedIdType :: In.Type
+namedIdType = In.NamedScalarType id
+
+spec :: Spec
+spec = do
+    describe "VariableValue Aeson" $ do
+        it "coerces strings" $
+            let expected = Just (String "asdf")
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NamedScalarType string) (Aeson.String "asdf")
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces non-null strings" $
+            let expected = Just (String "asdf")
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NonNullScalarType string) (Aeson.String "asdf")
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces booleans" $
+            let expected = Just (Boolean True)
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NamedScalarType boolean) (Aeson.Bool True)
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces zero to an integer" $
+            let expected = Just (Int 0)
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NamedScalarType int) (Aeson.Number 0)
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "rejects fractional if an integer is expected" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NamedScalarType int) (Aeson.Number $ scientific 14 (-1))
+             in actual `shouldSatisfy` isNothing
+        it "coerces float numbers" $
+            let expected = Just (Float 1.4)
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    (In.NamedScalarType float) (Aeson.Number $ scientific 14 (-1))
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces IDs" $
+            let expected = Just (String "1234")
+                json = Aeson.String "1234"
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue namedIdType json
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces input objects" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue singletonInputObject
+                    $ Aeson.object ["field" .= ("asdf" :: Aeson.Value)]
+                expected = Just $ Object $ HashMap.singleton "field" "asdf"
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "skips the field if it is missing in the variables" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue
+                    singletonInputObject Aeson.emptyObject
+                expected = Just $ Object HashMap.empty
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "fails if input object value contains extra fields" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue singletonInputObject
+                    $ Aeson.object variableFields
+                variableFields =
+                    [ "field" .= ("asdf" :: Aeson.Value)
+                    , "extra" .= ("qwer" :: Aeson.Value)
+                    ]
+             in actual `shouldSatisfy` isNothing
+        it "preserves null" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue namedIdType Aeson.Null
+             in actual `shouldBe` Just Null
+        it "preserves list order" $
+            let list = Aeson.toJSONList ["asdf" :: Aeson.Value, "qwer"]
+                listType = (In.ListType $ In.NamedScalarType string)
+                actual = Coerce.coerceVariableValue listType list
+                expected = Just $ List [String "asdf", String "qwer"]
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+
+    describe "coerceInputLiteral" $ do
+        it "coerces enums" $
+            let expected = Just (Enum "NORTH")
+                actual = Coerce.coerceInputLiteral
+                    (In.NamedEnumType direction) (Enum "NORTH")
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "fails with non-existing enum value" $
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceInputLiteral
+                    (In.NamedEnumType direction) (Enum "NORTH_EAST")
+             in actual `shouldSatisfy` isNothing
+        it "coerces integers to IDs" $
+            let expected = Just (String "1234")
+                actual = Coerce.coerceInputLiteral namedIdType (Int 1234)
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "coerces nulls" $ do
+            let actual = Coerce.coerceInputLiteral namedIdType Null
+             in actual `shouldBe` Just Null
+        it "wraps singleton lists" $ do
+            let expected = Just $ List [List [String "1"]]
+                embeddedType = In.ListType $ In.ListType namedIdType
+                actual = Coerce.coerceInputLiteral embeddedType (String "1")
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected

tests/Language/GraphQL/ExecuteSpec.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+module Language.GraphQL.ExecuteSpec
+    ( spec
+    ) where
+
+import Data.Aeson ((.=))
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
+import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity(..))
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Name)
+import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser (document)
+import Language.GraphQL.Error
+import Language.GraphQL.Execute
+import Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
+import Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)
+import Text.Megaparsec (parse)
+
+schema :: Schema Identity
+schema = Schema {query = queryType, mutation = Nothing}
+
+queryType :: Out.ObjectType Identity
+queryType = Out.ObjectType "Query" Nothing []
+    $ HashMap.singleton "philosopher"
+    $ Out.Resolver philosopherField
+    $ pure
+    $ Type.Object mempty
+  where
+    philosopherField =
+        Out.Field Nothing (Out.NonNullObjectType philosopherType) HashMap.empty
+
+philosopherType :: Out.ObjectType Identity
+philosopherType = Out.ObjectType "Philosopher" Nothing []
+    $ HashMap.fromList resolvers
+  where
+    resolvers =
+        [ ("firstName", firstNameResolver)
+        , ("lastName", lastNameResolver)
+        ]
+    firstNameResolver = Out.Resolver firstNameField $ pure $ Type.String "Friedrich"
+    lastNameResolver = Out.Resolver lastNameField $ pure $ Type.String "Nietzsche"
+    firstNameField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NonNullScalarType string) HashMap.empty
+    lastNameField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NonNullScalarType string) HashMap.empty
+
+spec :: Spec
+spec =
+    describe "execute" $ do
+        it "skips unknown fields" $
+            let expected = Aeson.object
+                    [ "data" .= Aeson.object
+                        [ "philosopher" .= Aeson.object
+                            [ "firstName" .= ("Friedrich" :: String)
+                            ]
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                execute' = execute schema (mempty :: HashMap Name Aeson.Value)
+                actual = runIdentity
+                    $ either parseError execute'
+                    $ parse document "" "{ philosopher { firstName surname } }"
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected
+        it "merges selections" $
+            let expected = Aeson.object
+                    [ "data" .= Aeson.object
+                        [ "philosopher" .= Aeson.object
+                            [ "firstName" .= ("Friedrich" :: String)
+                            , "lastName" .= ("Nietzsche" :: String)
+                            ]
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                execute' = execute schema (mempty :: HashMap Name Aeson.Value)
+                actual = runIdentity
+                    $ either parseError execute'
+                    $ parse document "" "{ philosopher { firstName } philosopher { lastName } }"
+             in actual `shouldBe` expected

tests/Language/GraphQL/Type/OutSpec.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+module Language.GraphQL.Type.OutSpec
+    ( spec
+    ) where
+
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)
+
+spec :: Spec
+spec =
+    describe "Value" $
+        it "supports overloaded strings" $
+            let nietzsche = "Goldstaub abblasen." :: Value
+             in nietzsche `shouldBe` String "Goldstaub abblasen."

tests/Test/DirectiveSpec.hs

@@ -4,21 +4,24 @@ module Test.DirectiveSpec
     ( spec
     ) where
 
-import Data.Aeson (Value, object, (.=))
-import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import Data.Aeson (object, (.=))
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
-import Data.Text (Text)
 import Language.GraphQL
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)
 import Text.RawString.QQ (r)
 
-experimentalResolver :: HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver IO))
-experimentalResolver = HashMap.singleton "Query"
-    $ Schema.scalar "experimentalField" (pure (5 :: Int)) :| []
+experimentalResolver :: Schema IO
+experimentalResolver = Schema { query = queryType, mutation = Nothing }
+  where
+    resolver = pure $ Int 5
+    queryType = Out.ObjectType "Query" Nothing []
+        $ HashMap.singleton "experimentalField"
+        $ Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType int) mempty) resolver
 
-emptyObject :: Value
+emptyObject :: Aeson.Value
 emptyObject = object
     [ "data" .= object []
     ]
@@ -27,17 +30,17 @@ spec :: Spec
 spec =
     describe "Directive executor" $ do
         it "should be able to @skip fields" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 experimentalField @skip(if: true)
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver query
+            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` emptyObject
 
         it "should not skip fields if @skip is false" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 experimentalField @skip(if: false)
               }
@@ -48,21 +51,21 @@ spec =
                         ]
                     ]
 
-            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver query
+            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "should skip fields if @include is false" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 experimentalField @include(if: false)
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver query
+            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` emptyObject
 
         it "should be able to @skip a fragment spread" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 ...experimentalFragment @skip(if: true)
               }
@@ -72,11 +75,11 @@ spec =
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver query
+            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` emptyObject
 
         it "should be able to @skip an inline fragment" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 ... on ExperimentalType @skip(if: true) {
                   experimentalField
@@ -84,5 +87,5 @@ spec =
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver query
+            actual <- graphql experimentalResolver sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` emptyObject

tests/Test/FragmentSpec.hs

@@ -4,32 +4,35 @@ module Test.FragmentSpec
     ( spec
     ) where
 
-import Data.Aeson (Value(..), object, (.=))
+import Data.Aeson (object, (.=))
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import Language.GraphQL
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
-import Test.Hspec ( Spec
-                  , describe
-                  , it
-                  , shouldBe
-                  , shouldSatisfy
-                  , shouldNotSatisfy
-                  )
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+import Test.Hspec
+    ( Spec
+    , describe
+    , it
+    , shouldBe
+    , shouldNotSatisfy
+    )
 import Text.RawString.QQ (r)
 
-size :: Schema.Resolver IO
-size = Schema.scalar "size" $ return ("L" :: Text)
+size :: (Text, Value)
+size = ("size", String "L")
 
-circumference :: Schema.Resolver IO
-circumference = Schema.scalar "circumference" $ return (60 :: Int)
+circumference :: (Text, Value)
+circumference = ("circumference", Int 60)
 
-garment :: Text -> Schema.Resolver IO
-garment typeName = Schema.object "garment" $ return
-    [ if typeName == "Hat" then circumference else size
-    , Schema.scalar "__typename" $ return typeName
-    ]
+garment :: Text -> (Text, Value)
+garment typeName =
+    ("garment",  Object $ HashMap.fromList
+        [ if typeName == "Hat" then circumference else size
+        , ("__typename", String typeName)
+        ]
+    )
 
 inlineQuery :: Text
 inlineQuery = [r|{
@@ -43,15 +46,52 @@ inlineQuery = [r|{
   }
 }|]
 
-hasErrors :: Value -> Bool
-hasErrors (Object object') = HashMap.member "errors" object'
+hasErrors :: Aeson.Value -> Bool
+hasErrors (Aeson.Object object') = HashMap.member "errors" object'
 hasErrors _ = True
 
+shirtType :: Out.ObjectType IO
+shirtType = Out.ObjectType "Shirt" Nothing []
+    $ HashMap.fromList
+        [ ("size", Out.Resolver sizeFieldType $ pure $ snd size)
+        , ("circumference", Out.Resolver circumferenceFieldType $ pure $ snd circumference)
+        ]
+
+hatType :: Out.ObjectType IO
+hatType = Out.ObjectType "Hat" Nothing []
+    $ HashMap.fromList
+        [ ("size", Out.Resolver sizeFieldType $ pure $ snd size)
+        , ("circumference", Out.Resolver circumferenceFieldType $ pure $ snd circumference)
+        ]
+
+circumferenceFieldType :: Out.Field IO
+circumferenceFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType int) mempty
+
+sizeFieldType :: Out.Field IO
+sizeFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+
+toSchema :: Text -> (Text, Value) -> Schema IO
+toSchema t (_, resolve) = Schema
+    { query = queryType, mutation = Nothing }
+  where
+    unionMember = if t == "Hat" then hatType else shirtType
+    typeNameField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+    garmentField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedObjectType unionMember) mempty
+    queryType =
+        case t of
+            "circumference" -> hatType
+            "size" -> shirtType
+            _ -> Out.ObjectType "Query" Nothing []
+                $ HashMap.fromList
+                    [ ("garment", Out.Resolver garmentField $ pure resolve)
+                    , ("__typename", Out.Resolver typeNameField $ pure $ String "Shirt")
+                    ]
+
 spec :: Spec
 spec = do
     describe "Inline fragment executor" $ do
         it "chooses the first selection if the type matches" $ do
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ garment "Hat" :| []) inlineQuery
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "Hat" $ garment "Hat") inlineQuery
             let expected = object
                     [ "data" .= object
                         [ "garment" .= object
@@ -62,7 +102,7 @@ spec = do
              in actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "chooses the last selection if the type matches" $ do
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ garment "Shirt" :| []) inlineQuery
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "Shirt" $ garment "Shirt") inlineQuery
             let expected = object
                     [ "data" .= object
                         [ "garment" .= object
@@ -73,7 +113,7 @@ spec = do
              in actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "embeds inline fragments without type" $ do
-            let query = [r|{
+            let sourceQuery = [r|{
               garment {
                 circumference
                 ... {
@@ -81,9 +121,9 @@ spec = do
                 }
               }
             }|]
-                resolvers = Schema.object "garment" $ return [circumference,  size]
+                resolvers = ("garment", Object $ HashMap.fromList [circumference,  size])
 
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ resolvers :| []) query
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "garment" resolvers) sourceQuery
             let expected = object
                     [ "data" .= object
                         [ "garment" .= object
@@ -95,18 +135,18 @@ spec = do
              in actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "evaluates fragments on Query" $ do
-            let query = [r|{
+            let sourceQuery = [r|{
               ... {
                 size
               }
             }|]
 
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ size :| []) query
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "size" size) sourceQuery
             actual `shouldNotSatisfy` hasErrors
 
     describe "Fragment spread executor" $ do
         it "evaluates fragment spreads" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 ...circumferenceFragment
               }
@@ -116,7 +156,7 @@ spec = do
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ circumference :| []) query
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "circumference" circumference) sourceQuery
             let expected = object
                     [ "data" .= object
                         [ "circumference" .= (60 :: Int)
@@ -125,7 +165,7 @@ spec = do
              in actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "evaluates nested fragments" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 garment {
                   ...circumferenceFragment
@@ -141,7 +181,7 @@ spec = do
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ garment "Hat" :| []) query
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "Hat" $ garment "Hat") sourceQuery
             let expected = object
                     [ "data" .= object
                         [ "garment" .= object
@@ -152,7 +192,10 @@ spec = do
              in actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "rejects recursive fragments" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let expected = object
+                    [ "data" .= object []
+                    ]
+                sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 ...circumferenceFragment
               }
@@ -162,11 +205,11 @@ spec = do
               }
             |]
 
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ circumference :| []) query
-            actual `shouldSatisfy` hasErrors
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "circumference" circumference) sourceQuery
+            actual `shouldBe` expected
 
         it "considers type condition" $ do
-            let query = [r|
+            let sourceQuery = [r|
               {
                 garment {
                   ...circumferenceFragment
@@ -187,5 +230,5 @@ spec = do
                             ]
                         ]
                     ]
-            actual <- graphql (HashMap.singleton "Query" $ garment "Hat" :| []) query
+            actual <- graphql (toSchema "Hat" $ garment "Hat") sourceQuery
             actual `shouldBe` expected

tests/Test/RootOperationSpec.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
+module Test.RootOperationSpec
+    ( spec
+    ) where
+
+import Data.Aeson ((.=), object)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Language.GraphQL
+import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)
+import Text.RawString.QQ (r)
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
+
+hatType :: Out.ObjectType IO
+hatType = Out.ObjectType "Hat" Nothing []
+    $ HashMap.singleton "circumference"
+    $ Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType int) mempty)
+    $ pure $ Int 60
+
+schema :: Schema IO
+schema = Schema
+    (Out.ObjectType "Query" Nothing [] hatField)
+    (Just $ Out.ObjectType "Mutation" Nothing [] incrementField)
+  where
+    garment = pure $ Object $ HashMap.fromList
+        [ ("circumference", Int 60)
+        ]
+    incrementField = HashMap.singleton "incrementCircumference"
+        $ Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType int) mempty)
+        $ pure $ Int 61
+    hatField = HashMap.singleton "garment"
+        $ Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedObjectType hatType) mempty) garment
+
+spec :: Spec
+spec =
+    describe "Root operation type" $ do
+        it "returns objects from the root resolvers" $ do
+            let querySource = [r|
+              {
+                garment {
+                  circumference
+                }
+              }
+            |]
+                expected = object
+                    [ "data" .= object
+                        [ "garment" .= object
+                            [ "circumference" .= (60 :: Int)
+                            ]
+                        ]
+                    ]
+            actual <- graphql schema querySource
+            actual `shouldBe` expected
+
+        it "chooses Mutation" $ do
+            let querySource = [r|
+              mutation {
+                incrementCircumference
+              }
+            |]
+                expected = object
+                    [ "data" .= object
+                        [ "incrementCircumference" .= (61 :: Int)
+                        ]
+                    ]
+            actual <- graphql schema querySource
+            actual `shouldBe` expected

tests/Test/StarWars/Data.hs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Test.StarWars.Data
     , getHuman
     , id_
     , homePlanet
-    , name
+    , name_
     , secretBackstory
     , typeName
     ) where
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import Control.Monad.Trans.Except (throwE)
 import Data.Maybe (catMaybes)
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import Language.GraphQL.Trans
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
 
 -- * Data
 -- See https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/master/src/__tests__/starWarsData.js
@@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ id_ :: Character -> ID
 id_ (Left  x) = _id_ . _droidChar $ x
 id_ (Right x) = _id_ . _humanChar $ x
 
-name :: Character -> Text
-name (Left  x) = _name . _droidChar $ x
-name (Right x) = _name . _humanChar $ x
+name_ :: Character -> Text
+name_ (Left  x) = _name . _droidChar $ x
+name_ (Right x) = _name . _humanChar $ x
 
 friends :: Character -> [ID]
 friends (Left  x) = _friends . _droidChar $ x
@@ -67,8 +66,8 @@ appearsIn :: Character -> [Int]
 appearsIn (Left  x) = _appearsIn . _droidChar $ x
 appearsIn (Right x) = _appearsIn . _humanChar $ x
 
-secretBackstory :: Character -> ActionT Identity Text
-secretBackstory = const $ ActionT $ throwE "secretBackstory is secret."
+secretBackstory :: ActionT Identity Text
+secretBackstory = ActionT $ throwE "secretBackstory is secret."
 
 typeName :: Character -> Text
 typeName = either (const "Droid") (const "Human")
@@ -184,8 +183,8 @@ getDroid' _      = empty
 getFriends :: Character -> [Character]
 getFriends char = catMaybes $ liftA2 (<|>) getDroid getHuman <$> friends char
 
-getEpisode :: Int -> Maybe (Type.Wrapping Text)
-getEpisode 4 = pure $ Type.Named "NEWHOPE"
-getEpisode 5 = pure $ Type.Named "EMPIRE"
-getEpisode 6 = pure $ Type.Named "JEDI"
+getEpisode :: Int -> Maybe Text
+getEpisode 4 = pure "NEW_HOPE"
+getEpisode 5 = pure "EMPIRE"
+getEpisode 6 = pure "JEDI"
 getEpisode _ = empty

tests/Test/StarWars/QuerySpec.hs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity(..))
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import Language.GraphQL
-import Language.GraphQL.Schema (Subs)
 import Text.RawString.QQ (r)
 import Test.Hspec.Expectations (Expectation, shouldBe)
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it)
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
                 id
                 name
                 friends {
-                name
+                  name
                 }
             }
             }
@@ -65,9 +64,9 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
                 friends {
                   name
                   appearsIn
-                    friends {
-                      name
-                    }
+                  friends {
+                    name
+                  }
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
             , "friends" .= [
                   Aeson.object [
                       "name" .= ("Luke Skywalker" :: Text)
-                    , "appearsIn" .= ["NEWHOPE","EMPIRE","JEDI" :: Text]
+                    , "appearsIn" .= ["NEW_HOPE", "EMPIRE", "JEDI" :: Text]
                     , "friends" .= [
                           Aeson.object [hanName]
                         , Aeson.object [leiaName]
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
                     ]
                 , Aeson.object [
                       hanName
-                    , "appearsIn" .= [ "NEWHOPE","EMPIRE","JEDI" :: Text]
+                    , "appearsIn" .= ["NEW_HOPE", "EMPIRE", "JEDI" :: Text]
                     , "friends" .=
                         [ Aeson.object [lukeName]
                         , Aeson.object [leiaName]
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
                     ]
                 , Aeson.object [
                       leiaName
-                    , "appearsIn" .= [ "NEWHOPE","EMPIRE","JEDI" :: Text]
+                    , "appearsIn" .= ["NEW_HOPE", "EMPIRE", "JEDI" :: Text]
                     , "friends" .=
                         [ Aeson.object [lukeName]
                         , Aeson.object [hanName]
@@ -360,6 +359,6 @@ spec = describe "Star Wars Query Tests" $ do
 testQuery :: Text -> Aeson.Value -> Expectation
 testQuery q expected = runIdentity (graphql schema q) `shouldBe` expected
 
-testQueryParams :: Subs -> Text -> Aeson.Value -> Expectation
+testQueryParams :: Aeson.Object -> Text -> Aeson.Value -> Expectation
 testQueryParams f q expected =
     runIdentity (graphqlSubs schema f q) `shouldBe` expected

tests/Test/StarWars/Schema.hs

@@ -1,66 +1,133 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 module Test.StarWars.Schema
-    ( character
-    , droid
-    , hero
-    , human
-    , schema
+    ( schema
     ) where
 
+import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (asks)
 import Control.Monad.Trans.Except (throwE)
 import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (lift)
 import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity)
-import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
-import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import Data.Maybe (catMaybes)
 import Data.Text (Text)
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Schema as Schema
 import Language.GraphQL.Trans
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
+import Language.GraphQL.Type
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.In as In
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Out as Out
 import Test.StarWars.Data
+import Prelude hiding (id)
 
 -- See https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/master/src/__tests__/starWarsSchema.js
 
-schema :: HashMap Text (NonEmpty (Schema.Resolver Identity))
-schema = HashMap.singleton "Query" $ hero :| [human, droid]
+schema :: Schema Identity
+schema = Schema { query = queryType, mutation = Nothing }
+  where
+    queryType = Out.ObjectType "Query" Nothing [] $ HashMap.fromList
+        [ ("hero", Out.Resolver heroField hero)
+        , ("human", Out.Resolver humanField human)
+        , ("droid", Out.Resolver droidField droid)
+        ]
+    heroField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedObjectType heroObject)
+        $ HashMap.singleton "episode"
+        $ In.Argument Nothing (In.NamedEnumType episodeEnum) Nothing
+    humanField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedObjectType heroObject)
+        $ HashMap.singleton "id"
+        $ In.Argument Nothing (In.NonNullScalarType string) Nothing
+    droidField = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedObjectType droidObject) mempty
 
-hero :: Schema.Resolver Identity
-hero = Schema.object "hero" $ do
+heroObject :: Out.ObjectType Identity
+heroObject = Out.ObjectType "Human" Nothing [] $ HashMap.fromList
+    [ ("id", Out.Resolver idFieldType (idField "id"))
+    , ("name", Out.Resolver nameFieldType (idField "name"))
+    , ("friends", Out.Resolver friendsFieldType (idField "friends"))
+    , ("appearsIn", Out.Resolver appearsInField (idField "appearsIn"))
+    , ("homePlanet", Out.Resolver homePlanetFieldType (idField "homePlanet"))
+    , ("secretBackstory", Out.Resolver secretBackstoryFieldType (String <$> secretBackstory))
+    , ("__typename", Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty) (idField "__typename"))
+    ]
+  where
+    homePlanetFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+
+droidObject :: Out.ObjectType Identity
+droidObject = Out.ObjectType "Droid" Nothing [] $ HashMap.fromList
+    [ ("id", Out.Resolver idFieldType (idField "id"))
+    , ("name", Out.Resolver nameFieldType (idField "name"))
+    , ("friends", Out.Resolver friendsFieldType (idField "friends"))
+    , ("appearsIn", Out.Resolver appearsInField (idField "appearsIn"))
+    , ("primaryFunction", Out.Resolver primaryFunctionFieldType (idField "primaryFunction"))
+    , ("secretBackstory", Out.Resolver secretBackstoryFieldType (String <$> secretBackstory))
+    , ("__typename", Out.Resolver (Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty) (idField "__typename"))
+    ]
+  where
+    primaryFunctionFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+
+idFieldType :: Out.Field Identity
+idFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType id) mempty
+
+nameFieldType :: Out.Field Identity
+nameFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+
+friendsFieldType :: Out.Field Identity
+friendsFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.ListType $ Out.NamedObjectType droidObject) mempty
+
+appearsInField :: Out.Field Identity
+appearsInField = Out.Field (Just description) fieldType mempty
+  where
+    fieldType = Out.ListType $ Out.NamedEnumType episodeEnum
+    description = "Which movies they appear in."
+
+secretBackstoryFieldType :: Out.Field Identity
+secretBackstoryFieldType = Out.Field Nothing (Out.NamedScalarType string) mempty
+
+idField :: Text -> ActionT Identity Value
+idField f = do
+    v <- ActionT $ lift $ asks values
+    let (Object v') = v
+    pure $ v' HashMap.! f
+
+episodeEnum :: EnumType
+episodeEnum = EnumType "Episode" (Just description)
+    $ HashMap.fromList [newHope, empire, jedi]
+  where
+    description = "One of the films in the Star Wars Trilogy"
+    newHope = ("NEW_HOPE", EnumValue $ Just "Released in 1977.")
+    empire = ("EMPIRE", EnumValue $ Just "Released in 1980.")
+    jedi = ("JEDI", EnumValue $ Just "Released in 1983.")
+
+hero :: ActionT Identity Value
+hero = do
   episode <- argument "episode"
-  character $ case episode of
-      Schema.Enum "NEWHOPE" -> getHero 4
-      Schema.Enum "EMPIRE" -> getHero 5
-      Schema.Enum "JEDI" -> getHero 6
+  pure $ character $ case episode of
+      Enum "NEW_HOPE" -> getHero 4
+      Enum "EMPIRE" -> getHero 5
+      Enum "JEDI" -> getHero 6
       _ -> artoo
 
-human :: Schema.Resolver Identity
-human = Schema.wrappedObject "human" $ do
+human :: ActionT Identity Value
+human = do
     id' <- argument "id"
     case id' of
-        Schema.String i -> do
+        String i -> do
             humanCharacter <- lift $ return $ getHuman i >>= Just
             case humanCharacter of
-                Nothing -> return Type.Null
-                Just e -> Type.Named <$> character e
+                Nothing -> pure Null
+                Just e -> pure $ character e
         _ -> ActionT $ throwE "Invalid arguments."
 
-droid :: Schema.Resolver Identity
-droid = Schema.object "droid" $ do
+droid :: ActionT Identity Value
+droid = do
     id' <- argument "id"
     case id' of
-        Schema.String i -> character =<< getDroid i
+        String i -> character <$> getDroid i
         _ -> ActionT $ throwE "Invalid arguments."
 
-character :: Character -> ActionT Identity [Schema.Resolver Identity]
-character char = return
-    [ Schema.scalar "id" $ return $ id_ char
-    , Schema.scalar "name" $ return $ name char
-    , Schema.wrappedObject "friends"
-        $ traverse character $ Type.List $ Type.Named <$> getFriends char
-    , Schema.wrappedScalar "appearsIn" $ return . Type.List
-        $ catMaybes (getEpisode <$> appearsIn char)
-    , Schema.scalar "secretBackstory" $ secretBackstory char
-    , Schema.scalar "homePlanet" $ return $ either mempty homePlanet char
-    , Schema.scalar "__typename" $ return $ typeName char
+character :: Character -> Value
+character char = Object $ HashMap.fromList
+    [ ("id", String $ id_ char)
+    , ("name", String $ name_ char)
+    , ("friends", List $ character <$> getFriends char)
+    , ("appearsIn", List $ Enum <$> catMaybes (getEpisode <$> appearsIn char))
+    , ("homePlanet", String $ either mempty homePlanet char)
+    , ("__typename", String $ typeName char)
     ]