25 changed files with 1017 additions and 941 deletions
--- a/.gitea/deploy.awk
+++ b/.gitea/deploy.awk
@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-END {
-    system("cabal upload --username belka --password "ENVIRON["HACKAGE_PASSWORD"]" "$0)
-}
--- a/.gitea/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/build.yml
@ -2,32 +2,67 @@ name: Build

 on:
  push:
-    branches:
-      - '**'
  pull_request:
    branches: [master]

 jobs:
  audit:
-    runs-on: buildenv
+    runs-on: alpine
    steps:
+      - name: Set up environment
+        shell: ash {0}
+        run: |
+          apk add --no-cache git bash curl build-base readline-dev openssl-dev zlib-dev libpq-dev gmp-dev
+      - name: Prepare system
+        run: |
+          curl --create-dirs --output-dir \
+            ~/.ghcup/bin https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghcup/0.1.19.5/x86_64-linux-ghcup-0.1.19.5 -o ghcup
+          chmod +x ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install ghc 9.4.8
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install cabal 3.6.2.0
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - run: hlint -- src tests
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal update
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal install hlint --constraint="hlint ==3.6.1"
+      - run: ~/.cabal/bin/hlint -- src tests

  test:
-    runs-on: buildenv
+    runs-on: alpine
    steps:
+      - name: Set up environment
+        shell: ash {0}
+        run: |
+          apk add --no-cache git bash curl build-base readline-dev openssl-dev zlib-dev libpq-dev gmp-dev
+      - name: Prepare system
+        run: |
+          curl --create-dirs --output-dir \
+            ~/.ghcup/bin https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghcup/0.1.19.5/x86_64-linux-ghcup-0.1.19.5 -o ghcup
+          chmod +x ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install ghc 9.4.8
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install cabal 3.6.2.0
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: cabal update
-      - name: Prepare system
-        run: cabal build graphql-test
-      - run: cabal test --test-show-details=streaming
+        run: |
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal update
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal build graphql-test
+      - run: ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal test --test-show-details=direct

  doc:
-    runs-on: buildenv
+    runs-on: alpine
    steps:
+      - name: Set up environment
+        shell: ash {0}
+        run: |
+          apk add --no-cache git bash curl build-base readline-dev openssl-dev zlib-dev libpq-dev gmp-dev
+      - name: Prepare system
+        run: |
+          curl --create-dirs --output-dir \
+            ~/.ghcup/bin https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghcup/0.1.19.5/x86_64-linux-ghcup-0.1.19.5 -o ghcup
+          chmod +x ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install ghc 9.4.8
+          ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup install cabal 3.6.2.0
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: cabal update
-      - run: cabal haddock --enable-documentation
+        run: ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal update
+      - run: ~/.ghcup/bin/ghcup run --ghc 9.4.8 --cabal 3.6.2.0 -- cabal haddock --enable-documentation
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-name: Release
-
-on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - '**'
-
-jobs:
-  release:
-    runs-on: buildenv
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Upload a candidate
-        env:
-          HACKAGE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.HACKAGE_PASSWORD }}
-        run: |
-          cabal sdist | awk -f .gitea/deploy.awk
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -7,38 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to
 [Haskell Package Versioning Policy](https://pvp.haskell.org/).

 ## [Unreleased]
-### Changed
- Remove deprecated 'gql' quasi quoter.
-
-## [1.4.0.0] - 2024-10-26
-### Changed
- `Schema.Directive` is extended to contain a boolean argument, representing
-  repeatable directives. The parser can parse repeatable directive definitions.
-  Validation allows repeatable directives.
- `AST.Document.Directive` is a record.
- `gql` quasi quoter is deprecated (moved to graphql-spice package).
-
-### Fixed
- `gql` quasi quoter recognizeds all GraphQL line endings (CR, LF and CRLF).
-
-### Added
- @specifiedBy directive.
-
-## [1.3.0.0] - 2024-05-01
-### Changed
- Remove deprecated `runCollectErrs`, `Resolution`, `CollectErrsT` from the
-  `Error` module.
-
-## [1.2.0.3] - 2024-01-09
-### Fixed
- Fix corrupted source distribution.
-
-## [1.2.0.2] - 2024-01-09
 ### Fixed
 - `gql` removes not only leading `\n` but also `\r`.
 - Fix non nullable type string representation in executor error messages.
 - Fix input objects not being coerced to lists.
- Fix used variables are not found in the properties of input objects.

 ## [1.2.0.1] - 2023-04-25
 ### Fixed
@ -542,11 +514,7 @@ and this project adheres to
 ### Added
 - Data types for the GraphQL language.

-[Unreleased]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.4.0.0...master
-[1.4.0.0]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.3.0.0...v1.4.0.0
-[1.3.0.0]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.2.0.3...v1.3.0.0
-[1.2.0.3]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.2.0.2...v1.2.0.3
-[1.2.0.2]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.2.0.1...v1.2.0.2
+[Unreleased]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.2.0.1...master
 [1.2.0.1]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.2.0.0...v1.2.0.1
 [1.2.0.0]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.1.0.0...v1.2.0.0
 [1.1.0.0]: https://git.caraus.tech/OSS/graphql/compare/v1.0.3.0...v1.1.0.0
--- a/graphql.cabal
+++ b/graphql.cabal
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-cabal-version: 3.0
+cabal-version: 2.4

 name:           graphql
-version:        1.4.0.0
+version:        1.2.0.1
 synopsis:       Haskell GraphQL implementation
 description:    Haskell <https://spec.graphql.org/June2018/ GraphQL> implementation.
 category:       Language
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ author:         Danny Navarro <j@dannynavarro.net>,
                Matthías Páll Gissurarson <mpg@mpg.is>,
                Sólrún Halla Einarsdóttir <she@mpg.is>
 maintainer:     belka@caraus.de
-copyright:      (c) 2019-2024 Eugen Wissner,
+copyright:      (c) 2019-2023 Eugen Wissner,
                (c) 2015-2017 J. Daniel Navarro
 license:        MPL-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause
 license-files:  LICENSE,
@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ extra-source-files:
  CHANGELOG.md
  README.md
 tested-with:
-  GHC == 9.8.2
+  GHC == 9.4.7,
+  GHC == 9.6.3

 source-repository head
  type: git
@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ library
    Language.GraphQL.Execute
    Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
    Language.GraphQL.Execute.OrderedMap
+    Language.GraphQL.TH
    Language.GraphQL.Type
    Language.GraphQL.Type.In
    Language.GraphQL.Type.Out
@ -56,12 +58,13 @@ library
  ghc-options: -Wall

  build-depends:
-    base >= 4.15 && < 5,
+    base >= 4.7 && < 5,
    conduit ^>= 1.3.4,
-    containers >= 0.6 && < 0.8,
+    containers ^>= 0.6.2,
    exceptions ^>= 0.10.4,
    megaparsec >= 9.0 && < 10,
    parser-combinators >= 1.3 && < 2,
+    template-haskell >= 2.16 && < 3,
    text >= 1.2 && < 3,
    transformers >= 0.5.6 && < 0.7,
    unordered-containers ^>= 0.2.14,
@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ test-suite graphql-test
  ghc-options: -threaded -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-N -Wall

  build-depends:
-    QuickCheck >= 2.14 && < 2.16,
+    QuickCheck ^>= 2.14.1,
    base,
    conduit,
    exceptions,
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/DirectiveLocation.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/DirectiveLocation.hs
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE Safe #-}

-- | Various parts of a GraphQL document can be annotated with directives.
+-- | Various parts of a GraphQL document can be annotated with directives. 
 -- This module describes locations in a document where directives can appear.
 module Language.GraphQL.AST.DirectiveLocation
    ( DirectiveLocation(..)
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Document.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Document.hs
@ -380,11 +380,7 @@ instance Show NonNullType where
 --
 -- Directives begin with "@", can accept arguments, and can be applied to the
 -- most GraphQL elements, providing additional information.
-data Directive = Directive
-    { name :: Name
-    , arguments :: [Argument]
-    , location :: Location
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+data Directive = Directive Name [Argument] Location deriving (Eq, Show)

 -- * Type System

@ -409,7 +405,7 @@ data TypeSystemDefinition
    = SchemaDefinition [Directive] (NonEmpty OperationTypeDefinition)
    | TypeDefinition TypeDefinition
    | DirectiveDefinition
-        Description Name ArgumentsDefinition Bool (NonEmpty DirectiveLocation)
+        Description Name ArgumentsDefinition (NonEmpty DirectiveLocation)
    deriving (Eq, Show)

 -- ** Type System Extensions
@ -482,9 +478,12 @@ instance Monoid Description
 data TypeDefinition
    = ScalarTypeDefinition Description Name [Directive]
    | ObjectTypeDefinition
-        Description Name (ImplementsInterfaces []) [Directive] [FieldDefinition]
-    | InterfaceTypeDefinition
-        Description Name (ImplementsInterfaces []) [Directive] [FieldDefinition]
+        Description
+        Name
+        (ImplementsInterfaces [])
+        [Directive]
+        [FieldDefinition]
+    | InterfaceTypeDefinition Description Name [Directive] [FieldDefinition]
    | UnionTypeDefinition Description Name [Directive] (UnionMemberTypes [])
    | EnumTypeDefinition Description Name [Directive] [EnumValueDefinition]
    | InputObjectTypeDefinition
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Encoder.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Encoder.hs
@ -159,12 +159,11 @@ typeSystemDefinition formatter = \case
            <> optempty (directives formatter) operationDirectives
            <> bracesList formatter (operationTypeDefinition formatter) (NonEmpty.toList operationTypeDefinitions')
    Full.TypeDefinition typeDefinition' -> typeDefinition formatter typeDefinition'
-    Full.DirectiveDefinition description' name' arguments' repeatable locations
+    Full.DirectiveDefinition description' name' arguments' locations
        -> description formatter description'
        <> "@"
        <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict name'
        <> argumentsDefinition formatter arguments'
-        <> (if repeatable then " repeatable" else mempty)
        <> " on"
        <> pipeList formatter (directiveLocation <$> locations)

@ -226,11 +225,10 @@ typeDefinition formatter = \case
        <> optempty (directives formatter) directives'
        <> eitherFormat formatter " " ""
        <> bracesList formatter (fieldDefinition nextFormatter) fields'
-    Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition description' name' ifaces' directives' fields'
+    Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition description' name' directives' fields'
        -> optempty (description formatter) description'
        <> "interface "
        <> Lazy.Text.fromStrict name'
-        <> optempty (" " <>) (implementsInterfaces ifaces')
        <> optempty (directives formatter) directives'
        <> eitherFormat formatter " " ""
        <> bracesList formatter (fieldDefinition nextFormatter) fields'
@ -278,7 +276,7 @@ pipeList :: Foldable t => Formatter -> t Lazy.Text -> Lazy.Text
 pipeList Minified =  (" " <>) . Lazy.Text.intercalate " | " . toList
 pipeList (Pretty _) =  Lazy.Text.concat
    . fmap (("\n" <> indentSymbol <> "| ") <>)
-    . toList
+    . toList 

 enumValueDefinition :: Formatter -> Full.EnumValueDefinition -> Lazy.Text
 enumValueDefinition (Pretty _) enumValue =
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Lexer.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Lexer.hs
@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ module Language.GraphQL.AST.Lexer
    , unicodeBOM
    ) where

-import Control.Applicative (Alternative(..))
-import qualified Control.Applicative.Combinators.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
+import Control.Applicative (Alternative(..), liftA2)
 import Data.Char (chr, digitToInt, isAsciiLower, isAsciiUpper, ord)
 import Data.Foldable (foldl')
 import Data.List (dropWhileEnd)
@ -38,22 +37,22 @@ import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
 import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import Data.Proxy (Proxy(..))
 import Data.Void (Void)
-import Text.Megaparsec
-    ( Parsec
-    , (<?>)
-    , between
-    , chunk
-    , chunkToTokens
-    , notFollowedBy
-    , oneOf
-    , option
-    , optional
-    , satisfy
-    , skipSome
-    , takeP
-    , takeWhile1P
-    , try
-    )
+import Text.Megaparsec ( Parsec
+                       , (<?>)
+                       , between
+                       , chunk
+                       , chunkToTokens
+                       , notFollowedBy
+                       , oneOf
+                       , option
+                       , optional
+                       , satisfy
+                       , sepBy
+                       , skipSome
+                       , takeP
+                       , takeWhile1P
+                       , try
+                       )
 import Text.Megaparsec.Char (char, digitChar, space1)
 import qualified Text.Megaparsec.Char.Lexer as Lexer
 import Data.Text (Text)
@ -143,13 +142,12 @@ blockString :: Parser T.Text
 blockString = between "\"\"\"" "\"\"\"" stringValue <* spaceConsumer
  where
    stringValue = do
-        byLine <- NonEmpty.sepBy1 (many blockStringCharacter) lineTerminator
-        let indentSize = foldr countIndent 0 $ NonEmpty.tail byLine
-            withoutIndent = NonEmpty.head byLine
-                : (removeIndent indentSize <$> NonEmpty.tail byLine)
+        byLine <- sepBy (many blockStringCharacter) lineTerminator
+        let indentSize = foldr countIndent 0 $ tail byLine
+            withoutIndent = head byLine : (removeIndent indentSize <$> tail byLine)
            withoutEmptyLines = liftA2 (.) dropWhile dropWhileEnd removeEmptyLine withoutIndent

-        pure $ T.intercalate "\n" $ T.concat <$> withoutEmptyLines
+        return $ T.intercalate "\n" $ T.concat <$> withoutEmptyLines
    removeEmptyLine [] = True
    removeEmptyLine [x] = T.null x || isWhiteSpace (T.head x)
    removeEmptyLine _ = False
@ -182,10 +180,10 @@ name :: Parser T.Text
 name = do
    firstLetter <- nameFirstLetter
    rest <- many $ nameFirstLetter <|> digitChar
-    void spaceConsumer
-    pure $ TL.toStrict $ TL.cons firstLetter $ TL.pack rest
-  where
-    nameFirstLetter = satisfy isAsciiUpper <|> satisfy isAsciiLower <|> char '_'
+    _ <- spaceConsumer
+    return $ TL.toStrict $ TL.cons firstLetter $ TL.pack rest
+      where
+        nameFirstLetter = satisfy isAsciiUpper <|> satisfy isAsciiLower <|> char '_'

 isChunkDelimiter :: Char -> Bool
 isChunkDelimiter = flip notElem ['"', '\\', '\n', '\r']
@ -199,25 +197,25 @@ lineTerminator = chunk "\r\n" <|> chunk "\n" <|> chunk "\r"
 isSourceCharacter :: Char -> Bool
 isSourceCharacter = isSourceCharacter' . ord
  where
-    isSourceCharacter' code
-        = code >= 0x0020
-        || elem code [0x0009, 0x000a, 0x000d]
+    isSourceCharacter' code = code >= 0x0020
+                           || code == 0x0009
+                           || code == 0x000a
+                           || code == 0x000d

 escapeSequence :: Parser Char
 escapeSequence = do
-    void $ char '\\'
+    _ <- char '\\'
    escaped <- oneOf ['"', '\\', '/', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', 'u']
    case escaped of
-        'b' -> pure '\b'
-        'f' -> pure '\f'
-        'n' -> pure '\n'
-        'r' -> pure '\r'
-        't' -> pure '\t'
-        'u' -> chr
-            . foldl' step 0
-            . chunkToTokens (Proxy :: Proxy T.Text)
-            <$> takeP Nothing 4
-        _ -> pure escaped
+        'b' -> return '\b'
+        'f' -> return '\f'
+        'n' -> return '\n'
+        'r' -> return '\r'
+        't' -> return '\t'
+        'u' -> chr . foldl' step 0
+                   . chunkToTokens (Proxy :: Proxy T.Text)
+                 <$> takeP Nothing 4
+        _ -> return escaped
  where
    step accumulator = (accumulator * 16 +) . digitToInt

--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Parser.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/AST/Parser.hs
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser
    ( document
    ) where

-import Control.Applicative (Alternative(..), optional)
+import Control.Applicative (Alternative(..), liftA2, optional)
 import Control.Applicative.Combinators (sepBy1)
 import qualified Control.Applicative.Combinators.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
 import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import Text.Megaparsec
    , unPos
    , (<?>)
    )
-import Data.Maybe (isJust)

 -- | Parser for the GraphQL documents.
 document :: Parser Full.Document
@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ directiveDefinition description' = Full.DirectiveDefinition description'
    <* at
    <*> name
    <*> argumentsDefinition
-    <*> (isJust <$> optional (symbol "repeatable"))
    <* symbol "on"
    <*> directiveLocations
    <?> "DirectiveDefinition"
@ -214,7 +212,6 @@ interfaceTypeDefinition :: Full.Description -> Parser Full.TypeDefinition
 interfaceTypeDefinition description' = Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition description'
    <$ symbol "interface"
    <*> name
-    <*> option (Full.ImplementsInterfaces []) (implementsInterfaces sepBy1)
    <*> directives
    <*> braces (many fieldDefinition)
    <?> "InterfaceTypeDefinition"
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Error.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Error.hs
@ -8,22 +8,28 @@

 -- | Error handling.
 module Language.GraphQL.Error
-    ( Error(..)
+    ( CollectErrsT
+    , Error(..)
    , Path(..)
+    , Resolution(..)
    , ResolverException(..)
    , Response(..)
    , ResponseEventStream
    , parseError
+    , runCollectErrs
    ) where

 import Conduit
 import Control.Exception (Exception(..))
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State (StateT, runStateT)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import Data.Sequence (Seq(..), (|>))
 import qualified Data.Sequence as Seq
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import qualified Data.Text as Text
-import Language.GraphQL.AST (Location(..))
+import Language.GraphQL.AST (Location(..), Name)
 import Language.GraphQL.Execute.Coerce
+import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema as Schema
 import Prelude hiding (null)
 import Text.Megaparsec
    ( ParseErrorBundle(..)
@ -91,3 +97,28 @@ instance Show ResolverException where
    show (ResolverException e) = show e

 instance Exception ResolverException
+
+-- * Deprecated
+
+{-# DEPRECATED runCollectErrs "runCollectErrs was part of the old executor and isn't used anymore" #-}
+-- | Runs the given query computation, but collects the errors into an error
+-- list, which is then sent back with the data.
+runCollectErrs :: (Monad m, Serialize a)
+    => HashMap Name (Schema.Type m)
+    -> CollectErrsT m a
+    -> m (Response a)
+runCollectErrs types' res = do
+    (dat, Resolution{..}) <- runStateT res
+        $ Resolution{ errors = Seq.empty, types = types' }
+    pure $ Response dat errors
+
+{-# DEPRECATED Resolution "Resolution was part of the old executor and isn't used anymore" #-}
+-- | Executor context.
+data Resolution m = Resolution
+    { errors :: Seq Error
+    , types :: HashMap Name (Schema.Type m)
+    }
+
+{-# DEPRECATED CollectErrsT "CollectErrsT was part of the old executor and isn't used anymore" #-}
+-- | A wrapper to pass error messages around.
+type CollectErrsT m = StateT (Resolution m) m
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Execute.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Execute.hs
@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ coerceArgumentValues argumentDefinitions argumentValues =
        $ Full.node <$> argumentValues

    coerceArgumentValue inputType transform =
-      coerceInputLiteral inputType $ extractArgumentValue transform
+      coerceInputLiteral inputType $ extractArgumentValue transform 

    extractArgumentValue (Transform.Int integer) = Type.Int integer
    extractArgumentValue (Transform.Boolean boolean) = Type.Boolean boolean
@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ coerceArgumentValues argumentDefinitions argumentValues =
    extractArgumentValue (Transform.Float float) = Type.Float float
    extractArgumentValue (Transform.Enum enum) = Type.Enum enum
    extractArgumentValue Transform.Null = Type.Null
-    extractArgumentValue (Transform.List list) =
+    extractArgumentValue (Transform.List list) = 
      Type.List $ extractArgumentValue <$> list
    extractArgumentValue (Transform.Object object) =
      Type.Object $ extractArgumentValue <$> object
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Execute/Coerce.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Execute/Coerce.hs
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ coerceInputLiteral (In.EnumBaseType type') (Type.Enum enumValue)
    | member enumValue type' = Just $ Type.Enum enumValue
  where
    member value (Type.EnumType _ _ members) = HashMap.member value members
-coerceInputLiteral (In.InputObjectBaseType type') (Type.Object values) =
+coerceInputLiteral (In.InputObjectBaseType type') (Type.Object values) = 
    let (In.InputObjectType _ _ inputFields) = type'
     in Type.Object
            <$> HashMap.foldrWithKey (matchFieldValues' values) (Just HashMap.empty) inputFields
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/TH.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/TH.hs
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{- This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+   v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+   obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -}
+
+-- | Template Haskell helpers.
+module Language.GraphQL.TH
+    ( gql
+    ) where
+
+import Language.Haskell.TH.Quote (QuasiQuoter(..))
+import Language.Haskell.TH (Exp(..), Lit(..))
+
+stripIndentation :: String -> String
+stripIndentation code = reverse
+    $ dropNewlines
+    $ reverse
+    $ unlines
+    $ indent spaces <$> lines withoutLeadingNewlines
+  where
+    indent 0 xs = xs
+    indent count (' ' : xs) = indent (count - 1) xs
+    indent _ xs = xs
+    withoutLeadingNewlines = dropNewlines code
+    dropNewlines = dropWhile $ flip any ['\n', '\r'] . (==)
+    spaces = length $ takeWhile (== ' ') withoutLeadingNewlines
+
+-- | Removes leading and trailing newlines. Indentation of the first line is
+-- removed from each line of the string.
+gql :: QuasiQuoter
+gql = QuasiQuoter
+    { quoteExp = pure . LitE . StringL . stripIndentation
+    , quotePat = const
+        $ fail "Illegal gql QuasiQuote (allowed as expression only, used as a pattern)"
+    , quoteType = const
+        $ fail "Illegal gql QuasiQuote (allowed as expression only, used as a type)"
+    , quoteDec = const
+        $ fail "Illegal gql QuasiQuote (allowed as expression only, used as a declaration)"
+    }
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/In.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/In.hs
@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ instance Show Type where

 -- | Field argument definition.
 data Argument = Argument (Maybe Text) Type (Maybe Definition.Value)
-    deriving Eq

 -- | Field argument definitions.
 type Arguments = HashMap Name Argument
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Internal.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Internal.hs
@ -48,11 +48,7 @@ data Type m
    deriving Eq

 -- | Directive definition.
--
-- A definition consists of an optional description, arguments, whether the
-- directive is repeatable, and the allowed directive locations.
-data Directive = Directive (Maybe Text) In.Arguments Bool [DirectiveLocation]
-    deriving Eq
+data Directive = Directive (Maybe Text) [DirectiveLocation] In.Arguments

 -- | Directive definitions.
 type Directives = HashMap Full.Name Directive
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Schema.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Type/Schema.hs
@ -85,16 +85,15 @@ schemaWithTypes description' queryRoot mutationRoot subscriptionRoot types' dire
        [ ("skip", skipDirective)
        , ("include", includeDirective)
        , ("deprecated", deprecatedDirective)
-        , ("specifiedBy", specifiedByDirective)
        ]
    includeDirective =
-        Directive includeDescription includeArguments False skipIncludeLocations
+        Directive includeDescription skipIncludeLocations includeArguments
    includeArguments = HashMap.singleton "if"
        $ In.Argument (Just "Included when true.") ifType Nothing
    includeDescription = Just
        "Directs the executor to include this field or fragment only when the \
        \`if` argument is true."
-    skipDirective = Directive skipDescription skipArguments False skipIncludeLocations
+    skipDirective = Directive skipDescription skipIncludeLocations skipArguments
    skipArguments = HashMap.singleton "if"
        $ In.Argument (Just "skipped when true.") ifType Nothing
    ifType = In.NonNullScalarType Definition.boolean
@ -107,15 +106,16 @@ schemaWithTypes description' queryRoot mutationRoot subscriptionRoot types' dire
        , ExecutableDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.InlineFragment
        ]
    deprecatedDirective =
-        Directive deprecatedDescription deprecatedArguments False deprecatedLocations
+        Directive deprecatedDescription deprecatedLocations deprecatedArguments
    reasonDescription = Just
        "Explains why this element was deprecated, usually also including a \
        \suggestion for how to access supported similar data. Formatted using \
        \the Markdown syntax, as specified by \
        \[CommonMark](https://commonmark.org/).'"
    deprecatedArguments = HashMap.singleton "reason"
-        $ In.Argument reasonDescription (In.NamedScalarType Definition.string)
+        $ In.Argument reasonDescription reasonType
        $ Just "No longer supported"
+    reasonType = In.NamedScalarType Definition.string
    deprecatedDescription = Just
        "Marks an element of a GraphQL schema as no longer supported."
    deprecatedLocations =
@ -124,16 +124,6 @@ schemaWithTypes description' queryRoot mutationRoot subscriptionRoot types' dire
        , TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.InputFieldDefinition
        , TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.EnumValue
        ]
-    specifiedByDirective =
-        Directive specifiedByDescription specifiedByArguments False specifiedByLocations
-    urlDescription = Just
-        "The URL that specifies the behavior of this scalar."
-    specifiedByArguments = HashMap.singleton "url"
-        $ In.Argument urlDescription (In.NonNullScalarType Definition.string) Nothing
-    specifiedByDescription = Just
-        "Exposes a URL that specifies the behavior of this scalar."
-    specifiedByLocations =
-        [TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.Scalar]

 -- | Traverses the schema and finds all referenced types.
 collectReferencedTypes :: forall m
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Validate.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Validate.hs
@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ typeSystemDefinition context rule = \case
        directives context rule schemaLocation directives'
    Full.TypeDefinition typeDefinition' ->
        typeDefinition context rule typeDefinition'
-    Full.DirectiveDefinition _ _ arguments' _ _ ->
+    Full.DirectiveDefinition _ _ arguments' _ ->
        argumentsDefinition context rule arguments'

 typeDefinition :: forall m. Validation m -> ApplyRule m Full.TypeDefinition
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ typeDefinition context rule = \case
    Full.ObjectTypeDefinition _ _ _ directives' fields
        -> directives context rule objectLocation directives'
        >< foldMap (fieldDefinition context rule) fields
-    Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition _ _ _ directives' fields
+    Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition _ _ directives' fields
        -> directives context rule interfaceLocation directives'
        >< foldMap (fieldDefinition context rule) fields
    Full.UnionTypeDefinition _ _ directives' _ ->
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ operationDefinition rule context operation
    schema' = Validation.schema context
    queryRoot = Just $ Out.NamedObjectType $ Schema.query schema'
    types' = Schema.types schema'
-
+        
 typeToOut :: forall m. Schema.Type m -> Maybe (Out.Type m)
 typeToOut (Schema.ObjectType objectType) =
    Just $ Out.NamedObjectType objectType
@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ arguments :: forall m
    -> Seq (Validation.RuleT m)
 arguments rule argumentTypes = foldMap forEach . Seq.fromList
  where
-    forEach argument'@(Full.Argument argumentName _ _) =
+    forEach argument'@(Full.Argument argumentName _ _) = 
       let argumentType = HashMap.lookup argumentName argumentTypes
        in argument rule argumentType argument'

@ -482,4 +482,4 @@ directive context rule (Full.Directive directiveName arguments' _) =
            $ Validation.schema context
     in arguments rule argumentTypes arguments'
  where
-    directiveArguments (Schema.Directive _ argumentTypes _ _) = argumentTypes
+    directiveArguments (Schema.Directive _ _ argumentTypes) = argumentTypes
--- a/src/Language/GraphQL/Validate/Rules.hs
+++ b/src/Language/GraphQL/Validate/Rules.hs
@ -2,13 +2,11 @@
   v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
   obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -}

-{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}

 -- | This module contains default rules defined in the GraphQL specification.
@ -50,21 +48,19 @@ import Control.Monad.Trans.Class (MonadTrans(..))
 import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader (ReaderT(..), ask, asks, mapReaderT)
 import Control.Monad.Trans.State (StateT, evalStateT, gets, modify)
 import Data.Bifunctor (first)
-import Data.Foldable (Foldable(..), find)
+import Data.Foldable (find, fold, foldl', toList)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
 import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
 import Data.HashSet (HashSet)
 import qualified Data.HashSet as HashSet
-import Data.List (sortBy)
+import Data.List (groupBy, sortBy, sortOn)
 import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe, isJust, isNothing, mapMaybe)
 import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
-import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
 import Data.Sequence (Seq(..), (|>))
 import qualified Data.Sequence as Seq
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import qualified Data.Text as Text
-import GHC.Records (HasField(..))
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.Document as Full
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Definition as Definition
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Internal as Type
@ -254,16 +250,14 @@ findDuplicates :: (Full.Definition -> [Full.Location] -> [Full.Location])
    -> Full.Location
    -> String
    -> RuleT m
-findDuplicates filterByName thisLocation errorMessage =
-    asks ast >>= go . foldr filterByName []
+findDuplicates filterByName thisLocation errorMessage = do
+    ast' <- asks ast
+    let locations' = foldr filterByName [] ast'
+    if length locations' > 1 && head locations' == thisLocation
+        then pure $ error' locations'
+        else lift mempty
  where
-    go locations' =
-        case locations' of
-            headLocation : otherLocations -- length locations' > 1
-                | not $ null otherLocations
-                , headLocation == thisLocation -> pure $ makeError locations'
-            _ -> lift mempty
-    makeError locations' = Error
+    error' locations' = Error 
        { message = errorMessage
        , locations = locations'
        }
@ -533,20 +527,16 @@ uniqueArgumentNamesRule = ArgumentsRule fieldRule directiveRule
 -- used, the expected metadata or behavior becomes ambiguous, therefore only one
 -- of each directive is allowed per location.
 uniqueDirectiveNamesRule :: forall m. Rule m
-uniqueDirectiveNamesRule = DirectivesRule $ const $ \directives' -> do
-    definitions' <- asks $ Schema.directives . schema
-    let filterNonRepeatable = flip HashSet.member nonRepeatableSet
-            . getField @"name"
-        nonRepeatableSet =
-            HashMap.foldlWithKey foldNonRepeatable HashSet.empty definitions'
-    lift $ filterDuplicates extract "directive"
-        $ filter filterNonRepeatable directives'
+uniqueDirectiveNamesRule = DirectivesRule
+    $ const $ lift . filterDuplicates extract "directive"
  where
-    foldNonRepeatable  hashSet directiveName' (Schema.Directive _ _ False _) =
-        HashSet.insert directiveName' hashSet
-    foldNonRepeatable hashSet _ _ = hashSet
-    extract (Full.Directive directiveName' _ location') =
-        (directiveName', location')
+    extract (Full.Directive directiveName _ location') =
+        (directiveName, location')
+
+groupSorted :: forall a. (a -> Text) -> [a] -> [[a]]
+groupSorted getName = groupBy equalByName . sortOn getName
+  where
+    equalByName lhs rhs = getName lhs == getName rhs

 filterDuplicates :: forall a
    . (a -> (Text, Full.Location))
@ -556,12 +546,12 @@ filterDuplicates :: forall a
 filterDuplicates extract nodeType = Seq.fromList
    . fmap makeError
    . filter ((> 1) . length)
-    . NonEmpty.groupAllWith getName
+    . groupSorted getName
  where
    getName = fst . extract
    makeError directives' = Error
-        { message = makeMessage $ NonEmpty.head directives'
-        , locations = snd . extract <$> toList directives'
+        { message = makeMessage $ head directives'
+        , locations = snd . extract <$> directives'
        }
    makeMessage directive = concat
        [ "There can be only one "
@ -678,16 +668,25 @@ variableUsageDifference difference errorMessage = OperationDefinitionRule $ \cas
        = filterSelections' selections
        >>= lift . mapReaderT (<> mapDirectives directives') . pure
    findDirectiveVariables (Full.Directive _ arguments _) = mapArguments arguments
+
    mapArguments = Seq.fromList . (>>= findArgumentVariables)
    mapDirectives = foldMap findDirectiveVariables

-    findArgumentVariables (Full.Argument _ value _) = findNodeVariables value
-    findNodeVariables Full.Node{ node = value, ..} = findValueVariables location value
+    findArgumentVariables (Full.Argument _ Full.Node{node = value, ..} _) =
+        findValueVariables location value

    findValueVariables location (Full.Variable value') = [(value', [location])]
-    findValueVariables _ (Full.List values) = values >>= findNodeVariables
-    findValueVariables _ (Full.Object fields) = fields
-        >>= findNodeVariables . getField @"value"
+    findValueVariables location (Full.List values) =
+        values
+            >>= (\(Full.Node{node = value}) -> findValueVariables location value)
+    findValueVariables _ (Full.Object fields) =
+        fields
+            >>= ( \( Full.ObjectField
+                        { location = location
+                        , value = Full.Node{node = value}
+                        }
+                    ) -> findValueVariables location value
+                )
    findValueVariables _ _ = []
    makeError operationName (variableName, locations') = Error
        { message = errorMessage operationName variableName
@ -840,7 +839,7 @@ knownArgumentNamesRule = ArgumentsRule fieldRule directiveRule
            . Schema.directives . schema
        Full.Argument argumentName _ location' <- lift $ Seq.fromList arguments
        case available of
-            Just (Schema.Directive _ definitions _ _)
+            Just (Schema.Directive _ _ definitions)
                | not $ HashMap.member argumentName definitions ->
                    pure $ makeError argumentName directiveName location'
            _ -> lift mempty
@ -856,23 +855,23 @@ knownArgumentNamesRule = ArgumentsRule fieldRule directiveRule
        , "\"."
        ]

-- | GraphQL services define what directives they support. For each usage of a
-- directive, the directive must be available on that service.
+-- | GraphQL servers define what directives they support. For each usage of a
+-- directive, the directive must be available on that server.
 knownDirectiveNamesRule :: Rule m
 knownDirectiveNamesRule = DirectivesRule $ const $ \directives' -> do
    definitions' <- asks $ Schema.directives . schema
-    let directiveSet = HashSet.fromList $ fmap (getField @"name") directives'
-        definitionSet = HashSet.fromList $ HashMap.keys definitions'
-        difference = HashSet.difference directiveSet definitionSet
-        undefined' = filter (definitionFilter difference) directives'
+    let directiveSet = HashSet.fromList $ fmap directiveName directives'
+    let definitionSet = HashSet.fromList $ HashMap.keys definitions'
+    let difference = HashSet.difference directiveSet definitionSet
+    let undefined' = filter (definitionFilter difference) directives'
    lift $ Seq.fromList $ makeError <$> undefined'
  where
-    definitionFilter :: HashSet Full.Name -> Full.Directive -> Bool
    definitionFilter difference = flip HashSet.member difference
-        . getField @"name"
-    makeError Full.Directive{..} = Error
-        { message = errorMessage name
-        , locations = [location]
+        . directiveName
+    directiveName (Full.Directive directiveName' _ _) = directiveName'
+    makeError (Full.Directive directiveName' _ location') = Error
+        { message = errorMessage directiveName'
+        , locations = [location']
        }
    errorMessage directiveName' = concat
        [ "Unknown directive \"@"
@ -909,9 +908,9 @@ knownInputFieldNamesRule = ValueRule go constGo
        , "\"."
        ]

-- | GraphQL services define what directives they support and where they support
+-- | GraphQL servers define what directives they support and where they support
 -- them. For each usage of a directive, the directive must be used in a location
-- that the service has declared support for.
+-- that the server has declared support for.
 directivesInValidLocationsRule :: Rule m
 directivesInValidLocationsRule = DirectivesRule directivesRule
  where
@ -920,7 +919,7 @@ directivesInValidLocationsRule = DirectivesRule directivesRule
        maybeDefinition <- asks
            $ HashMap.lookup directiveName . Schema.directives . schema
        case maybeDefinition of
-            Just (Schema.Directive _ _ _ allowedLocations)
+            Just (Schema.Directive _ allowedLocations _)
                | directiveLocation `notElem` allowedLocations -> pure $ Error
                    { message = errorMessage directiveName directiveLocation
                    , locations = [location]
@ -950,7 +949,7 @@ providedRequiredArgumentsRule = ArgumentsRule fieldRule directiveRule
        available <- asks
            $ HashMap.lookup directiveName . Schema.directives . schema
        case available of
-            Just (Schema.Directive _ definitions _ _) ->
+            Just (Schema.Directive _ _ definitions) ->
                let forEach = go (directiveMessage directiveName) arguments location'
                 in lift $ HashMap.foldrWithKey forEach Seq.empty definitions
            _ -> lift mempty
@ -1418,7 +1417,7 @@ variablesInAllowedPositionRule = OperationDefinitionRule $ \case
        let Full.Directive directiveName arguments _ = directive
        directiveDefinitions <- lift $ asks $ Schema.directives . schema
        case HashMap.lookup directiveName directiveDefinitions of
-            Just (Schema.Directive _ directiveArguments _ _) ->
+            Just (Schema.Directive _ _ directiveArguments) ->
                mapArguments variables directiveArguments arguments
            Nothing -> pure mempty
    mapArguments variables argumentTypes = fmap fold
--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/Arbitrary.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/Arbitrary.hs
@ -1,26 +1,14 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

-module Language.GraphQL.AST.Arbitrary
-    ( AnyArgument(..)
-    , AnyLocation(..)
-    , AnyName(..)
-    , AnyNode(..)
-    , AnyObjectField(..)
-    , AnyValue(..)
-    , printArgument
-    ) where
+module Language.GraphQL.AST.Arbitrary where

 import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.Document as Doc
 import Test.QuickCheck.Arbitrary (Arbitrary (arbitrary))
 import Test.QuickCheck (oneof, elements, listOf, resize, NonEmptyList (..))
 import Test.QuickCheck.Gen (Gen (..))
-import Data.Text (Text)
-import qualified Data.Text as Text
-import Data.Functor ((<&>))
+import Data.Text (Text, pack)

-newtype AnyPrintableChar = AnyPrintableChar
-    { getAnyPrintableChar :: Char
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyPrintableChar = AnyPrintableChar { getAnyPrintableChar :: Char } deriving (Eq, Show)

 alpha :: String
 alpha = ['a'..'z'] <> ['A'..'Z']
@ -31,42 +19,30 @@ num = ['0'..'9']
 instance Arbitrary AnyPrintableChar where
    arbitrary = AnyPrintableChar <$> elements chars
        where
-           chars = alpha <> num <> ['_']
+           chars = alpha <> num <> ['_'] 

-newtype AnyPrintableText = AnyPrintableText
-    { getAnyPrintableText :: Text
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyPrintableText = AnyPrintableText { getAnyPrintableText :: Text } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary AnyPrintableText where
    arbitrary = do
        nonEmptyStr <- getNonEmpty <$> (arbitrary :: Gen (NonEmptyList AnyPrintableChar))
-        pure $ AnyPrintableText
-            $ Text.pack
-            $ map getAnyPrintableChar nonEmptyStr
+        pure $ AnyPrintableText (pack $ map getAnyPrintableChar nonEmptyStr)

 -- https://spec.graphql.org/June2018/#Name
-newtype AnyName = AnyName
-    { getAnyName :: Text
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyName = AnyName { getAnyName :: Text } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary AnyName where
    arbitrary = do
        firstChar <- elements $ alpha <> ['_']
        rest <- (arbitrary :: Gen [AnyPrintableChar])
-        pure $ AnyName
-            $ Text.pack
-            $ firstChar : map getAnyPrintableChar rest
+        pure $ AnyName (pack $ firstChar : map getAnyPrintableChar rest)

-newtype AnyLocation = AnyLocation
-    { getAnyLocation :: Doc.Location
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyLocation = AnyLocation { getAnyLocation :: Doc.Location } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary AnyLocation where
    arbitrary = AnyLocation <$> (Doc.Location <$> arbitrary <*> arbitrary)

-newtype AnyNode a = AnyNode
-    { getAnyNode :: Doc.Node a
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyNode a = AnyNode { getAnyNode :: Doc.Node a } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyNode a) where
    arbitrary = do
@ -74,9 +50,7 @@ instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyNode a) where
        node' <- flip Doc.Node location' <$> arbitrary
        pure $ AnyNode node'

-newtype AnyObjectField a = AnyObjectField
-    { getAnyObjectField :: Doc.ObjectField a
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyObjectField a = AnyObjectField { getAnyObjectField :: Doc.ObjectField a } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyObjectField a) where
    arbitrary = do
@ -85,38 +59,34 @@ instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyObjectField a) where
        location' <- getAnyLocation <$> arbitrary
        pure $ AnyObjectField $ Doc.ObjectField name' value' location'

-newtype AnyValue = AnyValue
-    { getAnyValue :: Doc.Value
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyValue = AnyValue { getAnyValue :: Doc.Value } deriving (Eq, Show)

-instance Arbitrary AnyValue
-  where
-    arbitrary =
-        let variableGen :: Gen Doc.Value
-            variableGen = Doc.Variable . getAnyName <$> arbitrary
-            listGen :: Gen [Doc.Node Doc.Value]
-            listGen = (resize 5 . listOf) nodeGen
-            nodeGen :: Gen (Doc.Node Doc.Value)
-            nodeGen = fmap getAnyNode arbitrary <&> fmap getAnyValue
-            objectGen :: Gen [Doc.ObjectField Doc.Value]
-            objectGen = resize 1
-                $ fmap getNonEmpty arbitrary
-                <&> map (fmap getAnyValue . getAnyObjectField)
-         in AnyValue <$> oneof
-            [ variableGen
-            , Doc.Int <$> arbitrary
-            , Doc.Float <$> arbitrary
-            , Doc.String . getAnyPrintableText <$> arbitrary
-            , Doc.Boolean <$> arbitrary
-            , MkGen $ \_ _ -> Doc.Null
-            , Doc.Enum . getAnyName <$> arbitrary
-            , Doc.List <$> listGen
-            , Doc.Object <$> objectGen
-            ]
+instance Arbitrary AnyValue where
+    arbitrary = AnyValue <$> oneof
+        [ variableGen
+        , Doc.Int <$> arbitrary
+        , Doc.Float <$> arbitrary
+        , Doc.String <$> (getAnyPrintableText <$> arbitrary)
+        , Doc.Boolean <$> arbitrary
+        , MkGen $ \_ _ -> Doc.Null
+        , Doc.Enum <$> (getAnyName <$> arbitrary)
+        , Doc.List <$> listGen
+        , Doc.Object <$> objectGen
+        ]
+            where
+                variableGen :: Gen Doc.Value
+                variableGen = Doc.Variable <$> (getAnyName <$> arbitrary)
+                listGen :: Gen [Doc.Node Doc.Value]
+                listGen = (resize 5 . listOf) nodeGen
+                nodeGen = do
+                    node' <- getAnyNode <$> (arbitrary :: Gen (AnyNode AnyValue))
+                    pure (getAnyValue <$> node')
+                objectGen :: Gen [Doc.ObjectField Doc.Value]
+                objectGen = resize 1 $ do
+                    list <- getNonEmpty <$> (arbitrary :: Gen (NonEmptyList (AnyObjectField AnyValue)))
+                    pure $ map (fmap getAnyValue . getAnyObjectField) list

-newtype AnyArgument a = AnyArgument
-    { getAnyArgument :: Doc.Argument
-    } deriving (Eq, Show)
+newtype AnyArgument a = AnyArgument { getAnyArgument :: Doc.Argument } deriving (Eq, Show)

 instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyArgument a) where
    arbitrary = do
@ -126,5 +96,4 @@ instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (AnyArgument a) where
        pure $ AnyArgument $ Doc.Argument name' (Doc.Node value' location') location'

 printArgument :: AnyArgument AnyValue -> Text
-printArgument (AnyArgument (Doc.Argument name' (Doc.Node value' _) _)) =
-    name' <> ": " <> (Text.pack . show) value'
+printArgument (AnyArgument (Doc.Argument name' (Doc.Node value' _) _)) = name' <> ": " <> (pack . show) value'
--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/EncoderSpec.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/EncoderSpec.hs
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
 module Language.GraphQL.AST.EncoderSpec
    ( spec
    ) where
@ -6,17 +7,20 @@ module Language.GraphQL.AST.EncoderSpec
 import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.Document as Full
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Encoder
+import Language.GraphQL.TH
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, context, describe, it, shouldBe, shouldStartWith, shouldEndWith, shouldNotContain)
 import Test.QuickCheck (choose, oneof, forAll)
 import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as Text.Lazy
-import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.DirectiveLocation as DirectiveLocation

 spec :: Spec
 spec = do
    describe "value" $ do
+        context "null value" $ do
+            let testNull formatter = value formatter Full.Null `shouldBe` "null"
+            it "minified" $ testNull minified
+            it "pretty" $ testNull pretty
+
        context "minified" $ do
-            it "encodes null" $
-                value minified Full.Null `shouldBe` "null"
            it "escapes \\" $
                value minified (Full.String "\\") `shouldBe` "\"\\\\\""
            it "escapes double quotes" $
@ -42,95 +46,113 @@ spec = do
                it "~" $ value minified (Full.String "\x007E") `shouldBe` "\"~\""

        context "pretty" $ do
-            it "encodes null" $
-                value pretty Full.Null `shouldBe` "null"
-
            it "uses strings for short string values" $
                value pretty (Full.String "Short text") `shouldBe` "\"Short text\""
            it "uses block strings for text with new lines, with newline symbol" $
-                let expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  Line 1\n\
-                        \  Line 2\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                let expected = [gql|
+                  """
+                    Line 1
+                    Line 2
+                  """
+                |]
                    actual = value pretty $ Full.String "Line 1\nLine 2"
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "uses block strings for text with new lines, with CR symbol" $
-                let expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  Line 1\n\
-                        \  Line 2\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                let expected = [gql|
+                  """
+                    Line 1
+                    Line 2
+                  """
+                |]
                    actual = value pretty $ Full.String "Line 1\rLine 2"
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "uses block strings for text with new lines, with CR symbol followed by newline" $
-                let expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  Line 1\n\
-                        \  Line 2\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                let expected = [gql|
+                  """
+                    Line 1
+                    Line 2
+                  """
+                |]
                    actual = value pretty $ Full.String "Line 1\r\nLine 2"
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "encodes as one line string if has escaped symbols" $ do
-                let genNotAllowedSymbol = oneof
-                        [ choose ('\x0000', '\x0008')
-                        , choose ('\x000B', '\x000C')
-                        , choose ('\x000E', '\x001F')
-                        , pure '\x007F'
-                        ]
+                let
+                  genNotAllowedSymbol = oneof
+                    [ choose ('\x0000', '\x0008')
+                    , choose ('\x000B', '\x000C')
+                    , choose ('\x000E', '\x001F')
+                    , pure '\x007F'
+                    ]
+
                forAll genNotAllowedSymbol $ \x -> do
-                    let rawValue = "Short \n" <> Text.Lazy.cons x "text"
-                        encoded = Text.Lazy.unpack
-                            $ value pretty
-                            $ Full.String
-                            $ Text.Lazy.toStrict rawValue
-                    shouldStartWith encoded "\""
-                    shouldEndWith encoded "\""
-                    shouldNotContain encoded "\"\"\""
+                    let
+                      rawValue = "Short \n" <> Text.Lazy.cons x "text"
+                      encoded = value pretty
+                          $ Full.String $ Text.Lazy.toStrict rawValue
+                    shouldStartWith (Text.Lazy.unpack encoded) "\""
+                    shouldEndWith (Text.Lazy.unpack encoded) "\""
+                    shouldNotContain (Text.Lazy.unpack encoded) "\"\"\""

            it "Hello world" $
                let actual = value pretty
                        $ Full.String "Hello,\n  World!\n\nYours,\n  GraphQL."
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  Hello,\n\
-                        \    World!\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \  Yours,\n\
-                        \    GraphQL.\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+                        Hello,
+                          World!
+
+                        Yours,
+                          GraphQL.
+                      """
+                    |]
                  in actual `shouldBe` expected

            it "has only newlines" $
                let actual = value pretty $ Full.String "\n"
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\n\n\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+
+
+                      """
+                    |]
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "has newlines and one symbol at the begining" $
                let actual = value pretty $ Full.String "a\n\n"
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  a\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+                        a
+
+
+                      """|]
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "has newlines and one symbol at the end" $
                let actual = value pretty $ Full.String "\n\na"
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \  a\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+
+
+                        a
+                      """
+                    |]
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "has newlines and one symbol in the middle" $
                let actual = value pretty $ Full.String "\na\n"
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \  a\n\
-                        \\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+
+                        a
+
+                      """
+                    |]
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
            it "skip trailing whitespaces" $
                let actual = value pretty $ Full.String "  Short\ntext    "
-                    expected = "\"\"\"\n\
-                        \  Short\n\
-                        \  text\n\
-                        \\"\"\""
+                    expected = [gql|
+                      """
+                        Short
+                        text
+                      """
+                    |]
                 in actual `shouldBe` expected

    describe "definition" $
@ -142,12 +164,14 @@ spec = do
                fieldSelection = pure $ Full.FieldSelection field
                operation = Full.DefinitionOperation
                    $ Full.SelectionSet fieldSelection location
-                expected = "{\n\
-                    \  field(message: \"\"\"\n\
-                    \    line1\n\
-                    \    line2\n\
-                    \  \"\"\")\n\
-                    \}\n"
+                expected = Text.Lazy.snoc [gql|
+                  {
+                    field(message: """
+                      line1
+                      line2
+                    """)
+                  }
+                |] '\n'
                actual = definition pretty operation
             in actual `shouldBe` expected

@ -162,10 +186,12 @@ spec = do
                mutationType = Full.OperationTypeDefinition Full.Mutation "MutationType"
                operations = queryType :| pure mutationType
                definition' = Full.SchemaDefinition [] operations
-                expected = "schema {\n\
-                    \  query: QueryRootType\n\
-                    \  mutation: MutationType\n\
-                    \}\n"
+                expected = Text.Lazy.snoc [gql|
+                  schema {
+                    query: QueryRootType
+                    mutation: MutationType
+                  }
+                |] '\n'
                actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
             in actual `shouldBe` expected

@ -181,12 +207,14 @@ spec = do
                argument = Full.InputValueDefinition mempty "arg" someType Nothing mempty
                arguments = Full.ArgumentsDefinition [argument]
                definition' = Full.TypeDefinition
-                    $ Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition mempty "UUID" (Full.ImplementsInterfaces []) mempty
+                    $ Full.InterfaceTypeDefinition mempty "UUID" mempty
                    $ pure
                    $ Full.FieldDefinition mempty "value" arguments someType mempty
-                expected = "interface UUID {\n\
-                    \  value(arg: String): String\n\
-                    \}"
+                expected = [gql|
+                  interface UUID {
+                    value(arg: String): String
+                  }
+                |]
                actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
             in actual `shouldBe` expected

@ -194,9 +222,11 @@ spec = do
            let definition' = Full.TypeDefinition
                    $ Full.UnionTypeDefinition mempty "SearchResult" mempty
                    $ Full.UnionMemberTypes ["Photo", "Person"]
-                expected = "union SearchResult =\n\
-                    \  | Photo\n\
-                    \  | Person"
+                expected = [gql|
+                  union SearchResult =
+                    | Photo
+                    | Person
+                |]
                actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
             in actual `shouldBe` expected

@ -209,12 +239,14 @@ spec = do
                    ]
                definition' = Full.TypeDefinition
                    $ Full.EnumTypeDefinition mempty "Direction" mempty values
-                expected = "enum Direction {\n\
-                    \  NORTH\n\
-                    \  EAST\n\
-                    \  SOUTH\n\
-                    \  WEST\n\
-                    \}"
+                expected = [gql|
+                  enum Direction {
+                    NORTH
+                    EAST
+                    SOUTH
+                    WEST
+                  }
+                |]
                actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
             in actual `shouldBe` expected

@ -227,28 +259,11 @@ spec = do
                    ]
                definition' = Full.TypeDefinition
                    $ Full.InputObjectTypeDefinition mempty "ExampleInputObject" mempty fields
-                expected = "input ExampleInputObject {\n\
-                    \  a: String\n\
-                    \  b: Int!\n\
-                    \}"
+                expected = [gql|
+                  input ExampleInputObject {
+                    a: String
+                    b: Int!
+                  }
+                |]
                actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
             in actual `shouldBe` expected
-
-        context "directive definition" $ do
-            it "encodes a directive definition" $ do
-                let definition' = Full.DirectiveDefinition mempty "example" mempty False
-                        $ pure
-                        $ DirectiveLocation.ExecutableDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.Field
-                    expected = "@example() on\n\
-                        \  | FIELD"
-                    actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
-                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
-
-            it "encodes a repeatable directive definition" $ do
-                let definition' = Full.DirectiveDefinition mempty "example" mempty True
-                        $ pure
-                        $ DirectiveLocation.ExecutableDirectiveLocation DirectiveLocation.Field
-                    expected = "@example() repeatable on\n\
-                        \  | FIELD"
-                    actual = typeSystemDefinition pretty definition'
-                 in actual `shouldBe` expected
--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/LexerSpec.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/LexerSpec.hs
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
 module Language.GraphQL.AST.LexerSpec
    ( spec
    ) where
@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ module Language.GraphQL.AST.LexerSpec
 import Data.Text (Text)
 import Data.Void (Void)
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Lexer
+import Language.GraphQL.TH
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, context, describe, it)
 import Test.Hspec.Megaparsec (shouldParse, shouldFailOn, shouldSucceedOn)
 import Text.Megaparsec (ParseErrorBundle, parse)
@ -17,39 +19,38 @@ spec = describe "Lexer" $ do
            parse unicodeBOM "" `shouldSucceedOn` "\xfeff"

        it "lexes strings" $ do
-            parse string "" "\"simple\"" `shouldParse` "simple"
-            parse string "" "\" white space \"" `shouldParse` " white space "
-            parse string "" "\"quote \\\"\"" `shouldParse` "quote \""
-            parse string "" "\"escaped \\n\"" `shouldParse` "escaped \n"
-            parse string "" "\"slashes \\\\ \\/\"" `shouldParse` "slashes \\ /"
-            parse string "" "\"unicode \\u1234\\u5678\\u90AB\\uCDEF\""
+            parse string "" [gql|"simple"|] `shouldParse` "simple"
+            parse string "" [gql|" white space "|] `shouldParse` " white space "
+            parse string "" [gql|"quote \""|] `shouldParse` [gql|quote "|]
+            parse string "" [gql|"escaped \n"|] `shouldParse` "escaped \n"
+            parse string "" [gql|"slashes \\ \/"|] `shouldParse` [gql|slashes \ /|]
+            parse string "" [gql|"unicode \u1234\u5678\u90AB\uCDEF"|]
                `shouldParse` "unicode ሴ噸邫췯"

        it "lexes block string" $ do
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"simple\"\"\"" `shouldParse` "simple"
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\" white space \"\"\""
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""simple"""|] `shouldParse` "simple"
+            parse blockString "" [gql|""" white space """|]
                `shouldParse` " white space "
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"contains \" quote\"\"\""
-                `shouldParse` "contains \" quote"
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"contains \\\"\"\" triplequote\"\"\""
-                `shouldParse` "contains \"\"\" triplequote"
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""contains " quote"""|]
+                `shouldParse` [gql|contains " quote|]
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""contains \""" triplequote"""|]
+                `shouldParse` [gql|contains """ triplequote|]
            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"multi\nline\"\"\"" `shouldParse` "multi\nline"
            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"multi\rline\r\nnormalized\"\"\""
                `shouldParse` "multi\nline\nnormalized"
            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"multi\rline\r\nnormalized\"\"\""
                `shouldParse` "multi\nline\nnormalized"
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"unescaped \\n\\r\\b\\t\\f\\u1234\"\"\""
-                `shouldParse` "unescaped \\n\\r\\b\\t\\f\\u1234"
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"slashes \\\\ \\/\"\"\""
-                `shouldParse` "slashes \\\\ \\/"
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"\n\
-                \\n\
-                \  spans\n\
-                \    multiple\n\
-                \      lines\n\
-                \\n\
-                \\"\"\""
-                `shouldParse` "spans\n  multiple\n    lines"
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""unescaped \n\r\b\t\f\u1234"""|]
+                `shouldParse` [gql|unescaped \n\r\b\t\f\u1234|]
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""slashes \\ \/"""|]
+                `shouldParse` [gql|slashes \\ \/|]
+            parse blockString "" [gql|"""
+
+                spans
+                  multiple
+                    lines
+
+                """|] `shouldParse` "spans\n  multiple\n    lines"

        it "lexes numbers" $ do
            parse integer "" "4" `shouldParse` (4 :: Int)
@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ spec = describe "Lexer" $ do

    context "Implementation tests" $ do
        it "lexes empty block strings" $
-            parse blockString "" "\"\"\"\"\"\"" `shouldParse` ""
+            parse blockString "" [gql|""""""|] `shouldParse` ""
        it "lexes ampersand" $
            parse amp "" "&" `shouldParse` "&"
        it "lexes schema extensions" $
--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/ParserSpec.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/AST/ParserSpec.hs
@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
 module Language.GraphQL.AST.ParserSpec
    ( spec
    ) where

 import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
+import Data.Text (Text)
 import qualified Data.Text as Text
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Document
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.AST.DirectiveLocation as DirLoc
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser
+import Language.GraphQL.TH
 import Test.Hspec (Spec, describe, it, context)
-import Test.Hspec.Megaparsec
-    ( shouldParse
-    , shouldFailOn
-    , parseSatisfies
-    , shouldSucceedOn
-    )
+import Test.Hspec.Megaparsec (shouldParse, shouldFailOn, shouldSucceedOn)
 import Text.Megaparsec (parse)
 import Test.QuickCheck (property, NonEmptyList (..), mapSize)
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Arbitrary
@ -25,160 +23,182 @@ spec = describe "Parser" $ do
        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "\xfeff{foo}"

    context "Arguments" $ do
-        it "accepts block strings as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-                "{ hello(text: \"\"\"Argument\"\"\") }"
+       it "accepts block strings as argument" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 hello(text: """Argument""")
+               }|]

-        it "accepts strings as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "{ hello(text: \"Argument\") }"
+       it "accepts strings as argument" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 hello(text: "Argument")
+               }|]

-        it "accepts int as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "{ user(id: 4) }"
+       it "accepts int as argument1" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 user(id: 4)
+               }|]

-        it "accepts boolean as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-                "{ hello(flag: true) { field1 } }"
+       it "accepts boolean as argument" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 hello(flag: true) { field1 }
+               }|]

-        it "accepts float as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-                "{ body(height: 172.5) { height } }"
+       it "accepts float as argument" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 body(height: 172.5) { height }
+               }|]

-        it "accepts empty list as argument" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "{ query(list: []) { field1 } }"
+       it "accepts empty list as argument" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|{
+                 query(list: []) { field1 }
+               }|]

-        it "accepts two required arguments" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-                "mutation auth($username: String!, $password: String!) { test }"
+       it "accepts two required arguments" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+               mutation auth($username: String!, $password: String!){
+                 test
+               }|]

-        it "accepts two string arguments" $
-            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-                "mutation auth { test(username: \"username\", password: \"password\") }"
+       it "accepts two string arguments" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+               mutation auth{
+                 test(username: "username", password: "password")
+               }|]

-        it "accepts two block string arguments" $
-            let given = "mutation auth {\n\
-                    \  test(username: \"\"\"username\"\"\", password: \"\"\"password\"\"\")\n\
-                    \}"
-             in parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` given
-
-        it "fails to parse an empty argument list in parens" $
-            parse document "" `shouldFailOn` "{ test() }"
-
-        it "accepts any arguments" $ mapSize (const 10) $ property $ \xs ->
-            let arguments' = map printArgument
-                    $ getNonEmpty (xs :: NonEmptyList (AnyArgument AnyValue))
-                query' = "query(" <> Text.intercalate ", " arguments' <> ")"
-             in parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` ("{ " <> query' <> " }")
+       it "accepts two block string arguments" $
+           parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+               mutation auth{
+                 test(username: """username""", password: """password""")
+               }|]
+ 
+       it "accepts any arguments" $ mapSize (const 10) $ property $ \xs ->
+            let
+                query' :: Text
+                arguments = map printArgument $ getNonEmpty (xs :: NonEmptyList (AnyArgument AnyValue))
+                query' = "query(" <> Text.intercalate ", " arguments <> ")" in
+            parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` ("{ " <> query' <> " }")

    it "parses minimal schema definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "schema { query: Query }"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|schema { query: Query }|]

    it "parses minimal scalar definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "scalar Time"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|scalar Time|]

    it "parses ImplementsInterfaces" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "type Person implements NamedEntity & ValuedEntity {\n\
-            \  name: String\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            type Person implements NamedEntity & ValuedEntity {
+              name: String
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses a  type without ImplementsInterfaces" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "type Person {\n\
-            \  name: String\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            type Person {
+              name: String
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses ArgumentsDefinition in an ObjectDefinition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "type Person {\n\
-            \  name(first: String, last: String): String\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            type Person {
+              name(first: String, last: String): String
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses minimal union type definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "union SearchResult = Photo | Person"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            union SearchResult = Photo | Person
+        |]

    it "parses minimal interface type definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "interface NamedEntity {\n\
-            \  name: String\n\
-            \}"
-
-    it "parses ImplementsInterfaces on interfaces" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "interface Person implements NamedEntity & ValuedEntity {\n\
-            \  name: String\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            interface NamedEntity {
+              name: String
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses minimal enum type definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "enum Direction {\n\
-            \  NORTH\n\
-            \  EAST\n\
-            \  SOUTH\n\
-            \  WEST\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            enum Direction {
+              NORTH
+              EAST
+              SOUTH
+              WEST
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses minimal input object type definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "input Point2D {\n\
-            \  x: Float\n\
-            \  y: Float\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            input Point2D {
+              x: Float
+              y: Float
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses minimal input enum definition with an optional pipe" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "directive @example on\n\
-            \  | FIELD\n\
-            \  | FRAGMENT_SPREAD"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            directive @example on
+              | FIELD
+              | FRAGMENT_SPREAD
+        |]

    it "parses two minimal directive definitions" $
-        let directive name' loc = TypeSystemDefinition
-                $ DirectiveDefinition
-                    (Description Nothing)
-                    name'
-                    (ArgumentsDefinition [])
-                    False
-                    (loc :| [])
-            example1 = directive "example1"
-                (DirLoc.TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirLoc.FieldDefinition)
-                (Location {line = 1, column = 1})
-            example2 = directive "example2"
-                (DirLoc.ExecutableDirectiveLocation DirLoc.Field)
-                (Location {line = 2, column = 1})
-            testSchemaExtension = example1 :| [example2]
-            query = Text.unlines
-                [ "directive @example1 on FIELD_DEFINITION"
-                , "directive @example2 on FIELD"
-                ]
+        let directive nm loc =
+                TypeSystemDefinition
+                    (DirectiveDefinition
+                         (Description Nothing)
+                         nm
+                         (ArgumentsDefinition [])
+                         (loc :| []))
+            example1 =
+                directive "example1"
+                    (DirLoc.TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirLoc.FieldDefinition)
+                    (Location {line = 1, column = 1})
+            example2 =
+                directive "example2"
+                    (DirLoc.ExecutableDirectiveLocation DirLoc.Field)
+                    (Location {line = 2, column = 1})
+            testSchemaExtension = example1 :| [ example2 ]
+            query = [gql|
+              directive @example1 on FIELD_DEFINITION
+              directive @example2 on FIELD
+            |]
         in parse document "" query `shouldParse` testSchemaExtension

    it "parses a directive definition with a default empty list argument" $
-        let argumentValue = Just
-                $ Node (ConstList [])
-                $ Location{ line = 1, column = 33 }
-            loc = DirLoc.TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirLoc.FieldDefinition
-            argumentValueDefinition = InputValueDefinition
-                (Description Nothing)
-                "foo"
-                (TypeList (TypeNamed "String"))
-                argumentValue
-                []
-            definition = DirectiveDefinition
-                (Description Nothing)
-                "test"
-                (ArgumentsDefinition [argumentValueDefinition])
-                False
-                (loc :| [])
-            directive = TypeSystemDefinition definition
-                $ Location{ line = 1, column = 1 }
-            query = "directive @test(foo: [String] = []) on FIELD_DEFINITION"
-         in parse document "" query `shouldParse` (directive :| [])
+        let directive nm loc args =
+                TypeSystemDefinition
+                    (DirectiveDefinition
+                         (Description Nothing)
+                         nm
+                         (ArgumentsDefinition
+                              [ InputValueDefinition
+                                    (Description Nothing)
+                                    argName
+                                    argType
+                                    argValue
+                                    []
+                              | (argName, argType, argValue) <- args])
+                         (loc :| []))
+            defn =
+                directive "test"
+                    (DirLoc.TypeSystemDirectiveLocation DirLoc.FieldDefinition)
+                    [("foo",
+                      TypeList (TypeNamed "String"),
+                      Just
+                          $ Node (ConstList [])
+                          $ Location {line = 1, column = 33})]
+                    (Location {line = 1, column = 1})
+            query = [gql|directive @test(foo: [String] = []) on FIELD_DEFINITION|]
+         in parse document "" query `shouldParse` (defn :| [ ])

    it "parses schema extension with a new directive" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "extend schema @newDirective"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`[gql|
+            extend schema @newDirective
+        |]

    it "parses schema extension with an operation type definition" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` "extend schema { query: Query }"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|extend schema { query: Query }|]

    it "parses schema extension with an operation type and directive" $
        let newDirective = Directive "newDirective" [] $ Location 1 15
@ -187,42 +207,45 @@ spec = describe "Parser" $ do
                $ OperationTypeDefinition Query "Query" :| []
            testSchemaExtension = TypeSystemExtension schemaExtension
                $ Location 1 1
-            query = "extend schema @newDirective { query: Query }"
+            query = [gql|extend schema @newDirective { query: Query }|]
         in parse document "" query `shouldParse` (testSchemaExtension :| [])

-    it "parses a repeatable directive definition" $
-        let given = "directive @test repeatable on FIELD_DEFINITION"
-            isRepeatable (TypeSystemDefinition definition' _ :| [])
-                | DirectiveDefinition _ _ _ repeatable _ <- definition' = repeatable
-            isRepeatable _ = False
-         in parse document "" given `parseSatisfies` isRepeatable
-
    it "parses an object extension" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "extend type Story { isHiddenLocally: Boolean }"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            extend type Story {
+              isHiddenLocally: Boolean
+            }
+        |]

    it "rejects variables in DefaultValue" $
-        parse document "" `shouldFailOn`
-            "query ($book: String = \"Zarathustra\", $author: String = $book) {\n\
-            \  title\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldFailOn` [gql|
+            query ($book: String = "Zarathustra", $author: String = $book) {
+              title
+            }
+        |]

    it "rejects empty selection set" $
-       parse document "" `shouldFailOn` "query { innerField {} }"
+       parse document "" `shouldFailOn` [gql|
+            query {
+              innerField {}
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses documents beginning with a comment" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "\"\"\"\n\
-            \Query\n\
-            \\"\"\"\n\
-            \type Query {\n\
-            \  queryField: String\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            """
+            Query
+            """
+            type Query {
+                queryField: String
+            }
+        |]

    it "parses subscriptions" $
-        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn`
-            "subscription NewMessages {\n\
-            \  newMessage(roomId: 123) {\n\
-            \    sender\n\
-            \  }\n\
-            \}"
+        parse document "" `shouldSucceedOn` [gql|
+            subscription NewMessages {
+              newMessage(roomId: 123) {
+                sender
+              }
+            }
+        |]
--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/ExecuteSpec.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/ExecuteSpec.hs
@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE DuplicateRecordFields #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}

 module Language.GraphQL.ExecuteSpec
    ( spec
@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ import Language.GraphQL.AST (Document, Location(..), Name)
 import Language.GraphQL.AST.Parser (document)
 import Language.GraphQL.Error
 import Language.GraphQL.Execute (execute)
+import Language.GraphQL.TH
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type.Schema as Schema
 import qualified Language.GraphQL.Type as Type
 import Language.GraphQL.Type
@ -266,15 +269,15 @@ spec :: Spec
 spec =
    describe "execute" $ do
        it "rejects recursive fragments" $
-            let sourceQuery = "\
-              \{\n\
-              \  ...cyclicFragment\n\
-              \}\n\
-              \\n\
-              \fragment cyclicFragment on Query {\n\
-              \  ...cyclicFragment\n\
-              \}\
-              \"
+            let sourceQuery = [gql|
+              {
+                ...cyclicFragment
+              }
+
+              fragment cyclicFragment on Query {
+                ...cyclicFragment
+              }
+            |]
                expected = Response (Object mempty) mempty
             in sourceQuery `shouldResolveTo` expected

--- a/tests/Language/GraphQL/Validate/RulesSpec.hs
+++ b/tests/Language/GraphQL/Validate/RulesSpec.hs