Add GCC backend glue

.ruby-version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.3.6

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,19 +3,17 @@ project(Elna)
 
 set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS 1)
 set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
 
-# find_package(Boost CONFIG COMPONENTS process program_options REQUIRED)
+find_package(Boost CONFIG COMPONENTS process program_options REQUIRED)
 find_package(FLEX REQUIRED)
 find_package(BISON REQUIRED)
 
-# include_directories(${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR})
-
 FLEX_TARGET(lexer source/lexer.ll ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/lexer.cc)
 BISON_TARGET(parser source/parser.yy ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/parser.cc)
 add_flex_bison_dependency(lexer parser)
 
-add_executable(elna cli/main.cc
+add_library(elna-frontend
 	source/ast.cc include/elna/source/ast.h
 	source/types.cc include/elna/source/types.h
 	source/driver.cc include/elna/source/driver.h
@@ -24,5 +22,15 @@ add_executable(elna cli/main.cc
 	source/semantic.cc include/elna/source/semantic.h
 	${BISON_parser_OUTPUTS} ${FLEX_lexer_OUTPUTS}
 )
-target_include_directories(elna PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} include)
+target_include_directories(elna-frontend PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} include)
-# target_link_libraries(elna LINK_PUBLIC ${Boost_LIBRARIES})
+target_compile_options(elna-frontend PRIVATE
+	$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>:-fno-exceptions -fno-rtti>
+)
+
+add_executable(elna cli/main.cc)
+target_link_libraries(elna PRIVATE elna-frontend)
+target_include_directories(elna PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} include ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR})
+target_link_libraries(elna LINK_PUBLIC ${Boost_LIBRARIES})
+target_compile_options(elna PRIVATE
+	$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>:-fno-exceptions -fno-rtti>
+)

cli/main.cc

@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ int main()
 {
     elna::source::driver driver{ "-" };
     std::istringstream inp(R"(
-        var x: Int;
-
         proc f();
         begin
         end;
 
+        var x: Int;
+
         begin
+            x := 4 + 2
         end.
     )");
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ int main()
     {
         for (const auto& error : driver.errors())
         {
-            std::cerr << error->path().string() << ':'
+            std::cerr << error->path << ':'
                 << error->line() << ':' << error->column()
                 << ": error: " << error->what()
                 << '.' << std::endl;
@@ -41,15 +42,7 @@ int main()
 
     for (auto& definition : driver.tree->definitions())
     {
-        if (auto const_definition = dynamic_cast<elna::source::constant_definition *>(definition.get()))
+        std::cout << "Definition identifier: " << definition->identifier() << std::endl;
-        {
-            std::cout << "const " << const_definition->identifier() << " = "
-                << const_definition->body().number() << std::endl;
-        }
-        else if (auto proc_definition = dynamic_cast<elna::source::procedure_definition *>(definition.get()))
-        {
-            std::cout << "const " << proc_definition->identifier() << "()" << std::endl;
-        }
     }
     return 0;
 }

gcc/generic-visitor.cc

@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@ namespace gcc
 {
     void generic_visitor::visit(source::call_statement *statement)
     {
+        empty_visitor::visit(statement);
+
         const char *format_integer = "%d\n";
         tree args[] = {
             build_string_literal(strlen(format_integer) + 1, format_integer),
-            build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 8)
+            this->current_expression
         };
         tree fndecl_type_param[] = {
             build_pointer_type (build_qualified_type(char_type_node, TYPE_QUAL_CONST)) /* const char* */
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ namespace gcc
     {
         tree main_fndecl_type_param[] = {
             integer_type_node,
-            build_pointer_type (build_pointer_type (char_type_node))
+            build_pointer_type(build_pointer_type (char_type_node))
         };
         tree main_fndecl_type = build_function_type_array(integer_type_node, 2, main_fndecl_type_param);
         tree main_fndecl = build_fn_decl("main", main_fndecl_type);
@@ -64,5 +66,41 @@ namespace gcc
        
         cgraph_node::finalize_function(main_fndecl, true);
     }
+
+    void generic_visitor::visit(source::integer_literal *literal)
+    {
+        current_expression = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, literal->number());
+    }
+
+    void generic_visitor::visit(source::binary_expression *expression)
+    {
+        expression->lhs().accept(this);
+        auto left = this->current_expression;
+
+        expression->rhs().accept(this);
+        auto right = this->current_expression;
+
+        tree_code operator_code{};
+
+        switch (expression->operation())
+        {
+            case source::binary_operator::sum:
+                operator_code = PLUS_EXPR;
+                break;
+            case source::binary_operator::subtraction:
+                operator_code = MINUS_EXPR;
+                break;
+            case source::binary_operator::division:
+                operator_code = TRUNC_DIV_EXPR;
+                break;
+            case source::binary_operator::multiplication:
+                operator_code = MULT_EXPR;
+                break;
+            default:
+                gcc_unreachable();
+        }
+
+        this->current_expression = build2(operator_code, integer_type_node, left, right);
+    }
 }
 }

gcc/tiny1.cc

@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-#include "config.h"
-#include "system.h"
-#include "coretypes.h"
-#include "target.h"
-#include "tree.h"
-#include "tree-iterator.h"
-#include "gimple-expr.h"
-#include "diagnostic.h"
-#include "opts.h"
-#include "fold-const.h"
-#include "cgraph.h"
-#include "gimplify.h"
-#include "stor-layout.h"
-#include "debug.h"
-#include "convert.h"
-#include "langhooks.h"
-#include "langhooks-def.h"
-#include "common/common-target.h"
-
-/* Language-dependent contents of a type.  */
-
-struct GTY (()) lang_type
-{
-  char dummy;
-};
-
-/* Language-dependent contents of a decl.  */
-
-struct GTY (()) lang_decl
-{
-  char dummy;
-};
-
-/* Language-dependent contents of an identifier.  This must include a
-   tree_identifier.  */
-
-struct GTY (()) lang_identifier
-{
-  struct tree_identifier common;
-};
-
-/* The resulting tree type.  */
-
-union GTY ((desc ("TREE_CODE (&%h.generic) == IDENTIFIER_NODE"),
-	    chain_next ("CODE_CONTAINS_STRUCT (TREE_CODE (&%h.generic), "
-			"TS_COMMON) ? ((union lang_tree_node *) TREE_CHAIN "
-			"(&%h.generic)) : NULL"))) lang_tree_node
-{
-  union tree_node GTY ((tag ("0"), desc ("tree_node_structure (&%h)"))) generic;
-  struct lang_identifier GTY ((tag ("1"))) identifier;
-};
-
-/* We don't use language_function.  */
-
-struct GTY (()) language_function
-{
-  int dummy;
-};
-
-/* Creates an expression whose value is that of EXPR, converted to type TYPE.
-   This function implements all reasonable scalar conversions.  */
-
-tree
-convert (tree type, tree expr)
-{
-  return expr;
-}
-
-/* Language hooks.  */
-
-static bool
-elna_langhook_init (void)
-{
-  /* NOTE: Newer versions of GCC use only:
-           build_common_tree_nodes (false);
-     See Eugene's comment in the comments section. */
-  build_common_tree_nodes (false);
-
-  /* I don't know why this has to be done explicitly.  */
-  void_list_node = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, void_type_node);
-
-  build_common_builtin_nodes ();
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-static void
-elna_parse_file (const char *filename)
-{
-  FILE *file = fopen (filename, "r");
-  if (file == NULL)
-    {
-      fatal_error (UNKNOWN_LOCATION, "cannot open filename %s: %m", filename);
-    }
-
-  tree main_fndecl_type_param[] = {
-      integer_type_node,
-      build_pointer_type (build_pointer_type (char_type_node))
-  };
-  tree main_fndecl_type = build_function_type_array (integer_type_node, 2, main_fndecl_type_param);
-  tree main_fndecl = build_fn_decl ("main", main_fndecl_type);
-  tree resdecl = build_decl (UNKNOWN_LOCATION, RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE, integer_type_node);
-  DECL_RESULT (main_fndecl) = resdecl;
-  tree set_result
-    = build2 (INIT_EXPR, void_type_node, DECL_RESULT (main_fndecl),
-	      build_int_cst_type (integer_type_node, 3));
-  tree return_stmt = build1 (RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set_result);
-
-  tree list = alloc_stmt_list ();
-
-  append_to_statement_list (return_stmt, &list);
-
-  tree new_block = build_block (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
-  tree bind_expr = build3 (BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL_TREE,  list, new_block);
-
-  BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT (new_block) = main_fndecl;
-  DECL_INITIAL (main_fndecl) = new_block;
-  DECL_SAVED_TREE (main_fndecl) = bind_expr;
-
-  DECL_EXTERNAL (main_fndecl) = 0;
-  DECL_PRESERVE_P (main_fndecl) = 1;
-
-  gimplify_function_tree (main_fndecl);
-
-  cgraph_node::finalize_function (main_fndecl, true);
-
-  fclose(file);
-}
-
-static void
-elna_langhook_parse_file (void)
-{
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_in_fnames; i++)
-    {
-      elna_parse_file (in_fnames[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-static tree
-elna_langhook_type_for_mode (enum machine_mode mode, int unsignedp)
-{
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (float_type_node))
-    return float_type_node;
-
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (double_type_node))
-    return double_type_node;
-
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (intQI_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_intQI_type_node : intQI_type_node;
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (intHI_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_intHI_type_node : intHI_type_node;
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (intSI_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_intSI_type_node : intSI_type_node;
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (intDI_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_intDI_type_node : intDI_type_node;
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (intTI_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_intTI_type_node : intTI_type_node;
-
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (integer_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? unsigned_type_node : integer_type_node;
-
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (long_integer_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? long_unsigned_type_node : long_integer_type_node;
-
-  if (mode == TYPE_MODE (long_long_integer_type_node))
-    return unsignedp ? long_long_unsigned_type_node
-		     : long_long_integer_type_node;
-
-  if (COMPLEX_MODE_P (mode))
-    {
-      if (mode == TYPE_MODE (complex_float_type_node))
-	return complex_float_type_node;
-      if (mode == TYPE_MODE (complex_double_type_node))
-	return complex_double_type_node;
-      if (mode == TYPE_MODE (complex_long_double_type_node))
-	return complex_long_double_type_node;
-      if (mode == TYPE_MODE (complex_integer_type_node) && !unsignedp)
-	return complex_integer_type_node;
-    }
-
-  /* gcc_unreachable */
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-static tree
-elna_langhook_type_for_size (unsigned int bits ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-			     int unsignedp ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
-{
-  gcc_unreachable ();
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/* Record a builtin function.  We just ignore builtin functions.  */
-
-static tree
-elna_langhook_builtin_function (tree decl)
-{
-  return decl;
-}
-
-static bool
-elna_langhook_global_bindings_p (void)
-{
-  gcc_unreachable ();
-  return true;
-}
-
-static tree
-elna_langhook_pushdecl (tree decl ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
-{
-  gcc_unreachable ();
-}
-
-static tree
-elna_langhook_getdecls (void)
-{
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_NAME
-#define LANG_HOOKS_NAME "Tiny"
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_INIT
-#define LANG_HOOKS_INIT elna_langhook_init
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_PARSE_FILE
-#define LANG_HOOKS_PARSE_FILE elna_langhook_parse_file
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_TYPE_FOR_MODE
-#define LANG_HOOKS_TYPE_FOR_MODE elna_langhook_type_for_mode
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_TYPE_FOR_SIZE
-#define LANG_HOOKS_TYPE_FOR_SIZE elna_langhook_type_for_size
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_BUILTIN_FUNCTION
-#define LANG_HOOKS_BUILTIN_FUNCTION elna_langhook_builtin_function
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_GLOBAL_BINDINGS_P
-#define LANG_HOOKS_GLOBAL_BINDINGS_P elna_langhook_global_bindings_p
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_PUSHDECL
-#define LANG_HOOKS_PUSHDECL elna_langhook_pushdecl
-
-#undef LANG_HOOKS_GETDECLS
-#define LANG_HOOKS_GETDECLS elna_langhook_getdecls
-
-struct lang_hooks lang_hooks = LANG_HOOKS_INITIALIZER;
-
-#include "gt-tiny-tiny1.h"
-#include "gtype-tiny.h"

gcc/tinyspec.cc

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-void
-lang_specific_driver (struct cl_decoded_option ** /* in_decoded_options */,
-		      unsigned int * /* in_decoded_options_count */,
-		      int * /*in_added_libraries */)
-{
-}
-
-/* Called before linking.  Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.  */
-int
-lang_specific_pre_link (void)
-{
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Number of extra output files that lang_specific_pre_link may generate.  */
-int lang_specific_extra_outfiles = 0;

include/elna/gcc/generic-visitor.h

@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ namespace gcc
     class generic_visitor final : public source::empty_visitor
     {
         tree current_statements{ NULL_TREE };
+        tree current_expression{ NULL_TREE };
 
     public:
         void visit(source::program *program) override;
         void visit(source::call_statement *statement) override;
+        void visit(source::integer_literal *literal) override;
+        void visit(source::binary_expression *expression) override;
     };
 }
 }

include/elna/source/ast.h

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include "elna/source/result.h"
 #include "elna/source/types.h"

include/elna/source/driver.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <list>
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ namespace source
 
     public:
         syntax_error(const std::string& message,
-                const std::filesystem::path& input_file, const yy::location& location);
+                const char *input_file, const yy::location& location);
 
         virtual std::string what() const override;
     };
@@ -24,12 +27,12 @@ namespace source
     class driver
     {
         std::list<std::unique_ptr<struct error>> m_errors;
-        const std::filesystem::path input_file;
+        const char *input_file;
 
     public:
         std::unique_ptr<program> tree;
 
-        driver(const std::filesystem::path& input_file);
+        driver(const char *input_file);
 
         void error(const yy::location& loc, const std::string& message);
         const std::list<std::unique_ptr<struct error>>& errors() const noexcept;

include/elna/source/result.h

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <filesystem>
 #include "elna/source/types.h"
 
 namespace elna
@@ -26,7 +28,6 @@ namespace source
     class error
     {
         position m_position;
-        std::filesystem::path m_path;
 
     protected:
         /**
@@ -35,9 +36,11 @@ namespace source
          * \param path Source file name.
          * \param position Error position in the source text.
          */
-        error(const std::filesystem::path& path, const position position);
+        error(const char *path, const position position);
 
     public:
+        const char *path;
+
         virtual ~error() noexcept = default;
 
         /// Error text.
@@ -48,9 +51,6 @@ namespace source
 
         /// Error column in the source text.
         std::size_t column() const noexcept;
-
-        /// Source file name.
-        const std::filesystem::path& path() const noexcept;
     };
 
     class name_collision final : public error
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace source
          * \param current Current symbol position.
          * \param previous Position of the previously defined symbol.
          */
-        name_collision(const std::string& name, const std::filesystem::path& path,
+        name_collision(const std::string& name, const char *path,
                 const position current, const position previous);
 
         std::string what() const override;
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ namespace source
          * \param path Source file name.
          * \param position Operation position.
          */
-        type_mismatch(std::shared_ptr<const type> got, operation kind, const std::filesystem::path& path,
+        type_mismatch(std::shared_ptr<const type> got, operation kind, const char *path,
                 const struct position position);
 
         std::string what() const override;

include/elna/source/semantic.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <list>
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ namespace source
     class name_analysis_visitor final : public empty_visitor
     {
         std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table;
-        const std::filesystem::path filename;
+        const char *filename;
         std::list<std::unique_ptr<error>> m_errors;
         const std::size_t pointer_size;
 
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ namespace source
          * \param path Source filename.
          * \param target_pointer_size Pointer size on the target platform.
          */
-        name_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table, const std::filesystem::path& filename,
+        name_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table, const char *filename,
                 const std::size_t target_pointer_size);
 
         /**
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ namespace source
     class type_analysis_visitor final : public empty_visitor
     {
         std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table;
-        const std::filesystem::path filename;
+        const char *filename;
         const std::size_t pointer_size;
         std::list<std::unique_ptr<error>> m_errors;
 
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ namespace source
          * \param path Source filename.
          * \param target_pointer_size Pointer size on the target platform.
          */
-        type_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table, const std::filesystem::path& filename,
+        type_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table, const char *filename,
                 const std::size_t target_pointer_size);
 
         /**

include/elna/source/symbol_table.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cstdint>

include/elna/source/types.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <memory>

rakelib/cross.rake

@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+# v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+# obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -}
+
+require 'pathname'
+require 'uri'
+require 'net/http'
+require 'rake/clean'
+require 'open3'
+require 'etc'
+require_relative 'shared'
+
+GCC_VERSION = "14.2.0"
+BINUTILS_VERSION = '2.43.1'
+GLIBC_VERSION = '2.40'
+KERNEL_VERSION = '5.15.166'
+
+CLOBBER.include TMP
+
+class BuildTarget
+  attr_accessor(:build, :gcc, :target, :tmp)
+
+  def gxx
+    @gcc.gsub 'c', '+'
+  end
+
+  def sysroot
+    tmp + 'sysroot'
+  end
+
+  def rootfs
+    tmp + 'rootfs'
+  end
+
+  def tools
+    tmp + 'tools'
+  end
+end
+
+def gcc_verbose(gcc_binary)
+  read, write = IO.pipe
+  sh({'LANG' => 'C'}, gcc_binary, '--verbose', err: write)
+  write.close
+  output = read.read
+  read.close
+  output
+end
+
+def find_build_target(gcc_version, task)
+  gcc_binary = 'gcc'
+  output = gcc_verbose gcc_binary
+
+  if output.start_with? 'Apple clang'
+    gcc_binary = "gcc-#{gcc_version.split('.').first}"
+    output = gcc_verbose gcc_binary
+  end
+  result = output
+    .lines
+    .each_with_object(BuildTarget.new) do |line, accumulator|
+      if line.start_with? 'Target: '
+        accumulator.build = line.split(' ').last.strip
+      elsif line.start_with? 'COLLECT_GCC'
+        accumulator.gcc = line.split('=').last.strip
+      end
+    end
+  result.tmp = TMP
+  task.with_defaults target: 'riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu'
+  result.target = task[:target]
+  result
+end
+
+def download_and_unarchive(url, target)
+  case File.extname url.path
+  when '.bz2'
+    archive_type = '-j'
+    root_directory = File.basename url.path, '.tar.bz2'
+  when '.xz'
+    archive_type = '-J'
+    root_directory = File.basename url.path, '.tar.xz'
+  else
+    raise "Unsupported archive type #{url.path}."
+  end
+
+  Net::HTTP.start(url.host, url.port, use_ssl: url.scheme == 'https') do |http|
+    request = Net::HTTP::Get.new url.request_uri
+
+    http.request request do |response|
+      case response
+      when Net::HTTPRedirection
+        download_and_unarchive URI.parse(response['location'])
+      when Net::HTTPSuccess
+        Open3.popen2 'tar', '-C', target.to_path, archive_type, '-xv' do |stdin, stdout, wait_thread|
+          Thread.new do
+            stdout.each { |line| puts line }
+          end
+
+          response.read_body do |chunk|
+            stdin.write chunk
+          end
+          stdin.close
+
+          wait_thread.value
+        end
+      else
+        response.error!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  target + root_directory
+end
+
+namespace :cross do
+  desc 'Build cross binutils'
+  task :binutils, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    options.tools.mkpath
+    source_directory = download_and_unarchive(
+      URI.parse("https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-#{BINUTILS_VERSION}.tar.xz"),
+      options.tools)
+
+    cwd = source_directory.dirname + 'build-binutils'
+    cwd.mkpath
+    options.rootfs.mkpath
+
+    env = {
+     'CC' => options.gcc,
+     'CXX' => options.gxx
+    }
+    configure_options = [
+      "--prefix=#{options.rootfs.realpath}",
+      "--target=#{options.target}",
+      '--disable-nls',
+      '--enable-gprofng=no',
+      '--disable-werror',
+      '--enable-default-hash-style=gnu',
+      '--disable-libquadmath'
+    ]
+    configure = source_directory.relative_path_from(cwd) + 'configure'
+    sh env, configure.to_path, *configure_options, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', '-j', Etc.nprocessors.to_s, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', 'install', chdir: cwd.to_path
+  end
+
+  desc 'Build stage 1 GCC'
+  task :gcc1, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    options.tools.mkpath
+    source_directory = download_and_unarchive(
+      URI.parse("https://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/releases/gcc-#{GCC_VERSION}/gcc-#{GCC_VERSION}.tar.xz"),
+      options.tools)
+
+    cwd = source_directory.dirname + 'build-gcc'
+    cwd.mkpath
+    options.rootfs.mkpath
+    options.sysroot.mkpath
+
+    sh 'contrib/download_prerequisites', chdir: source_directory.to_path
+    configure_options = [
+      "--prefix=#{options.rootfs.realpath}",
+      "--with-sysroot=#{options.sysroot.realpath}",
+      '--enable-languages=c,c++',
+      '--disable-shared',
+      '--with-arch=rv32imafdc',
+      '--with-abi=ilp32d',
+      '--with-tune=rocket',
+      '--with-isa-spec=20191213',
+      '--disable-bootstrap',
+      '--disable-multilib',
+      '--disable-libmudflap',
+      '--disable-libssp',
+      '--disable-libquadmath',
+      '--disable-libsanitizer',
+      '--disable-threads',
+      '--disable-libatomic',
+      '--disable-libgomp',
+      '--disable-libvtv',
+      '--disable-libstdcxx',
+      '--disable-nls',
+      '--with-newlib',
+      '--without-headers',
+      "--target=#{options.target}",
+      "--build=#{options.build}",
+      "--host=#{options.build}"
+    ]
+    flags = '-O2 -fPIC'
+    env = {
+      'CC' => options.gcc,
+      'CXX' => options.gxx,
+      'CFLAGS' => flags,
+      'CXXFLAGS' => flags,
+      'PATH' => "#{options.rootfs.realpath + 'bin'}:#{ENV['PATH']}"
+    }
+    configure = source_directory.relative_path_from(cwd) + 'configure'
+    sh env, configure.to_path, *configure_options, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', '-j', Etc.nprocessors.to_s, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', 'install', chdir: cwd.to_path
+  end
+
+  desc 'Copy glibc headers'
+  task :headers, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    options.tools.mkpath
+
+    source_directory = download_and_unarchive(
+      URI.parse("https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-#{GLIBC_VERSION}.tar.xz"),
+      options.tools)
+    include_directory = options.tools + 'include'
+
+    include_directory.mkpath
+    cp (source_directory + 'elf/elf.h'), (include_directory + 'elf.h')
+  end
+
+  desc 'Build linux kernel'
+  task :kernel, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    options.tools.mkpath
+
+    cwd = download_and_unarchive(
+      URI.parse("https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-#{KERNEL_VERSION}.tar.xz"),
+      options.tools)
+
+    env = {
+      'CROSS_COMPILE' => "#{options.target}-",
+      'ARCH' => 'riscv',
+      'PATH' => "#{options.rootfs.realpath + 'bin'}:#{ENV['PATH']}",
+      'HOSTCFLAGS' => "-D_UUID_T -D__GETHOSTUUID_H -I#{options.tools.realpath + 'include'}"
+    }
+    sh env, 'make', 'rv32_defconfig', chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', '-j', Etc.nprocessors.to_s, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', 'headers', chdir: cwd.to_path
+
+    user_directory = options.sysroot + 'usr'
+
+    user_directory.mkpath
+    cp_r (cwd + 'usr/include'), (user_directory + 'include')
+  end
+
+  desc 'Build glibc'
+  task :glibc, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    source_directory = options.tools + "glibc-#{GLIBC_VERSION}"
+    configure_options = [
+      '--prefix=/usr',
+      "--host=#{options.target}",
+      "--target=#{options.target}",
+      "--build=#{options.build}",
+      "--enable-kernel=#{KERNEL_VERSION}",
+      "--with-headers=#{options.sysroot.realpath + 'usr/include'}",
+      '--disable-nscd',
+      '--disable-libquadmath',
+      '--disable-libitm',
+      '--disable-werror',
+      'libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes'
+    ]
+    bin = options.rootfs.realpath + 'bin'
+    env = {
+      'PATH' => "#{bin}:#{ENV['PATH']}",
+      'MAKE' => 'make' # Otherwise it uses gnumake which can be different and too old.
+    }
+    cwd = source_directory.dirname + 'build-glibc'
+    cwd.mkpath
+
+    configure = source_directory.relative_path_from(cwd) +'./configure'
+    sh env, configure.to_path, *configure_options, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', '-j', Etc.nprocessors.to_s, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', "install_root=#{options.sysroot.realpath}", 'install', chdir: cwd.to_path
+  end
+
+  desc 'Build stage 2 GCC'
+  task :gcc2, [:target] do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    source_directory = options.tools + "gcc-#{GCC_VERSION}"
+    cwd = options.tools + 'build-gcc'
+
+    rm_rf cwd
+    cwd.mkpath
+
+    configure_options = [
+      "--prefix=#{options.rootfs.realpath}",
+      "--with-sysroot=#{options.sysroot.realpath}",
+      '--enable-languages=c,c++,lto',
+      '--enable-lto',
+      '--enable-shared',
+      '--with-arch=rv32imafdc',
+      '--with-abi=ilp32d',
+      '--with-tune=rocket',
+      '--with-isa-spec=20191213',
+      '--disable-bootstrap',
+      '--disable-multilib',
+      '--enable-checking=release',
+      '--disable-libssp',
+      '--disable-libquadmath',
+      '--enable-threads=posix',
+      '--with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new',
+      '--disable-nls',
+      "--target=#{options.target}",
+      "--build=#{options.build}",
+      "--host=#{options.build}"
+
+    ]
+    flags = '-O2 -fPIC'
+    env = {
+      'CFLAGS' => flags,
+      'CXXFLAGS' => flags,
+      'PATH' => "#{options.rootfs.realpath + 'bin'}:#{ENV['PATH']}"
+    }
+    configure = source_directory.relative_path_from(cwd) + 'configure'
+    sh env, configure.to_path, *configure_options, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', '-j', Etc.nprocessors.to_s, chdir: cwd.to_path
+    sh env, 'make', 'install', chdir: cwd.to_path
+  end
+
+  task :init, [:target]  do |_, args|
+    options = find_build_target GCC_VERSION, args
+    env = {
+      'PATH' => "#{options.rootfs.realpath + 'bin'}:#{ENV['PATH']}"
+    }
+    sh env, 'riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc',
+      '-ffreestanding', '-static',
+      '-o', (options.tools + 'init').to_path,
+      'tools/init.c'
+  end
+end
+
+desc 'Build cross toolchain'
+task cross: [
+  'cross:binutils',
+  'cross:gcc1',
+  'cross:headers',
+  'cross:kernel',
+  'cross:glibc',
+  'cross:gcc2',
+  'cross:init'
+] do
+end

rakelib/shared.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+# v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+# obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -}
+
+TMP = Pathname.new('./build')

rakelib/tester.rake

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+# v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+# obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -}
+
+require 'open3'
+require 'rake/clean'
+require_relative 'shared'
+
+CLEAN.include(TMP + 'riscv')
+
+LINKER = 'build/rootfs/riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/ld'
+AS = 'build/rootfs/riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/as'
+
+namespace :test do
+  test_sources = FileList['tests/vm/*.elna', 'tests/vm/*.s']
+  compiler = `cabal list-bin elna`.strip
+  object_directory = TMP + 'riscv/tests'
+  root_directory = TMP + 'riscv/root'
+  executable_directory = root_directory + 'tests'
+  expectation_directory = root_directory + 'expectations'
+  init = TMP + 'riscv/root/init'
+  builtin = TMP + 'riscv/builtin.o'
+
+  directory root_directory
+  directory object_directory
+  directory executable_directory
+  directory expectation_directory
+
+  file builtin => ['tools/builtin.s', object_directory] do |task|
+    sh AS, '-o', task.name, task.prerequisites.first
+  end
+
+  test_files = test_sources.flat_map do |test_source|
+    test_basename = File.basename(test_source, '.*')
+    test_object = object_directory + test_basename.ext('.o')
+
+    file test_object => [test_source, object_directory] do |task|
+      case File.extname(task.prerequisites.first)
+      when '.s'
+        sh AS, '-mno-relax', '-o', task.name, task.prerequisites.first
+      when '.elna'
+        sh compiler, '--output', task.name, task.prerequisites.first
+      else
+        raise "Unknown source file extension #{task.prerequisites.first}"
+      end
+    end
+    test_executable = executable_directory + test_basename
+
+    file test_executable => [test_object, executable_directory, builtin] do |task|
+      objects = task.prerequisites.filter { |prerequisite| File.file? prerequisite }
+
+      sh LINKER, '-o', test_executable.to_path, *objects
+    end
+    expectation_name = test_basename.ext '.txt'
+    source_expectation = "tests/expectations/#{expectation_name}"
+    target_expectation = expectation_directory + expectation_name
+
+    file target_expectation => [source_expectation, expectation_directory] do
+      cp source_expectation, target_expectation
+    end
+
+    [test_executable, target_expectation]
+  end
+
+  file init => [root_directory] do |task|
+    cp (TMP + 'tools/init'), task.name
+  end
+  # Directories should come first.
+  test_files.unshift executable_directory, expectation_directory, init
+
+  file (TMP + 'riscv/root.cpio') => test_files do |task|
+    root_files = task.prerequisites
+      .map { |prerequisite| Pathname.new(prerequisite).relative_path_from(root_directory).to_path }
+
+    File.open task.name, 'wb' do |cpio_file|
+      cpio_options = {
+        chdir: root_directory.to_path
+      }
+      cpio_stream = Open3.popen2 'cpio', '-o', '--format=newc', cpio_options do |stdin, stdout, wait_thread|
+        stdin.write root_files.join("\n")
+        stdin.close
+        stdout.each { |chunk| cpio_file.write chunk }
+        wait_thread.value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  task :vm => (TMP + 'riscv/root.cpio') do |task|
+    kernels = FileList.glob(TMP + 'tools/linux-*/arch/riscv/boot/Image')
+
+    sh 'qemu-system-riscv32',
+      '-nographic',
+      '-M', 'virt',
+      '-bios', 'default',
+      '-kernel', kernels.first,
+      '-append', 'quiet panic=1',
+      '-initrd', task.prerequisites.first,
+      '-no-reboot'
+  end
+end

source/ast.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "elna/source/ast.h"
 
 namespace elna

source/driver.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "elna/source/driver.h"
 
 namespace elna
@@ -13,7 +16,7 @@ namespace source
     }
 
     syntax_error::syntax_error(const std::string& message,
-            const std::filesystem::path& input_file, const yy::location& location)
+            const char *input_file, const yy::location& location)
         : error(input_file, make_position(location)), message(message)
     {
     }
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ namespace source
         return message;
     }
 
-    driver::driver(const std::filesystem::path& input_file)
+    driver::driver(const char *input_file)
         : input_file(input_file)
     {
     }

source/lexer.ll

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+/*
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+ * v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+ * obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ */
 %{
 #define YY_NO_UNISTD_H
 #define YY_USER_ACTION this->location.columns(yyleng);

source/parser.yy

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+/*
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+ * v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+ * obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ */
 %require "3.2"
 %language "c++"
 
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@
 %type <std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::declaration>>> variable_declarations variable_declaration_part
     formal_parameter_list;
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::type_expression>> type_expression;
-%type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::expression>> expression pointer summand factor address;
+%type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::expression>> expression pointer summand factor address comparand;
 %type <std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::expression>>> expressions actual_parameter_list;
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::variable_expression>> variable_expression;
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::compound_statement>> compound_statement;
@@ -81,24 +86,25 @@
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::statement>> statement;
 %type <std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::statement>>> statements optional_statements;
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::procedure_definition>> procedure_definition;
-%type <std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::procedure_definition>>> procedure_definitions;
+%type <std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::procedure_definition>>> procedure_definitions
+    procedure_definition_part;
 %type <std::unique_ptr<elna::source::block>> block;
 %%
-program: constant_definition_part variable_declaration_part procedure_definitions statement DOT
+program: constant_definition_part procedure_definition_part variable_declaration_part statement DOT
         {
-            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::definition>> definitions($1.size() + $3.size());
+            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::definition>> definitions($1.size() + $2.size());
             std::vector<std::unique_ptr<elna::source::definition>>::iterator definition = definitions.begin();
 
             for (auto& constant : $1)
             {
                 *definition++ = std::move(constant);
             }
-            for (auto& constant : $3)
+            for (auto& procedure : $2)
             {
-                *definition++ = std::move(constant);
+                *definition++ = std::move(procedure);
             }
             driver.tree = std::make_unique<elna::source::program>(elna::source::position{},
-                 std::move(definitions), std::move($2),
+                 std::move(definitions), std::move($3),
                  std::move($4));
         }
 block: constant_definition_part variable_declaration_part statement
@@ -127,6 +133,9 @@ procedure_definitions:
             $$.emplace($$.cbegin(), std::move($1));
         }
     | procedure_definition { $$.emplace_back(std::move($1)); }
+procedure_definition_part:
+    /* no procedure definitions */ {}
+    | procedure_definitions { std::swap($$, $1); }
 integer_literal: NUMBER
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::integer_literal>(elna::source::make_position(@1), $1); 
@@ -191,38 +200,50 @@ factor:
                 std::move($2), '@');
         }
     | address { $$ = std::move($1); }
+comparand:
+    summand PLUS summand
+        {
+            $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
+                std::move($1), std::move($3), '+');
+        }
+    | summand MINUS summand
+        {
+            $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
+                std::move($1), std::move($3), '-');
+        }
+    | summand { $$ = std::move($1); }
 expression:
-    summand EQUALS summand
+    comparand EQUALS comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), '=');
         }
-    | summand NOT_EQUAL summand
+    | comparand NOT_EQUAL comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), 'n');
         }
-    | summand LESS_THAN summand
+    | comparand LESS_THAN comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), '<');
         }
-    | summand GREATER_THAN summand
+    | comparand GREATER_THAN comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), '>');
         }
-    | summand LESS_EQUAL summand
+    | comparand LESS_EQUAL comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), '<');
         }
-    | summand GREATER_EQUAL summand
+    | comparand GREATER_EQUAL comparand
         {
             $$ = std::make_unique<elna::source::binary_expression>(elna::source::make_position(@1),
                 std::move($1), std::move($3), '>');
         }
-    | summand { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    | comparand { $$ = std::move($1); }
 expressions:
     expression COMMA expressions
         {

source/result.cc

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "elna/source/result.h"
 
 namespace elna
 {
 namespace source
 {
-    error::error(const std::filesystem::path& path, const position position)
+    error::error(const char *path, const position position)
-        : m_position(position), m_path(path)
+        : m_position(position), path(path)
     {
     }
 
@@ -19,12 +22,7 @@ namespace source
         return this->m_position.column;
     }
 
-    const std::filesystem::path& error::path() const noexcept
+    name_collision::name_collision(const std::string& name, const char *path,
-    {
-        return this->m_path;
-    }
-
-    name_collision::name_collision(const std::string& name, const std::filesystem::path& path,
             const position current, const position previous)
         : error(path, current), name(name), previous(previous)
     {
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ namespace source
     }
 
     type_mismatch::type_mismatch(std::shared_ptr<const type> got, operation kind,
-            const std::filesystem::path& path, const struct position position)
+            const char *path, const struct position position)
         : error(path, position), kind(kind), got(got)
     {
     }

source/semantic.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "elna/source/semantic.h"
 #include "elna/source/result.h"
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -7,7 +10,7 @@ namespace elna
 namespace source
 {
     name_analysis_visitor::name_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table,
-            const std::filesystem::path& filename, const std::size_t target_pointer_size)
+            const char *filename, const std::size_t target_pointer_size)
         : table(table), filename(filename), pointer_size(target_pointer_size)
     {
     }
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ namespace source
     }
 
     type_analysis_visitor::type_analysis_visitor(std::shared_ptr<symbol_table> table,
-            const std::filesystem::path& filename, const std::size_t target_pointer_size)
+            const char *filename, const std::size_t target_pointer_size)
         : table(table), filename(filename), pointer_size(target_pointer_size)
     {
     }

source/symbol_table.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "elna/source/types.h"
 #include "elna/source/symbol_table.h"
 

source/types.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License
+// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
+// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include <elna/source/types.h>
 
 namespace elna