Stringish to integral type conversion. Fix #44

Fix  #25.

.travis.yml

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
-  - dmd-2.080.0
+  - dmd-2.081.0
+  - dmd-2.080.1
   - dmd-2.079.1
   - dmd-2.078.3
-  - dmd-2.077.1
 
 env:
   matrix:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ addons:
       - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.080.0'`" ]; then
+  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.081.0'`" ]; then
       export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
     fi
 

README.md

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ types.
 * `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
 * `exception`: Common exceptions and errors.
 * `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
+* `functional`: Functions that manipulate other functions and their argument
+lists.
 * `hash`: Hash algorithms.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
 * `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
@@ -172,10 +174,10 @@ parameter is used)
 
 | DMD     | GCC       |
 |:-------:|:---------:|
-| 2.080.0 | *master*  |
+| 2.081.1 | *master*  |
+| 2.080.1 |           |
 | 2.079.1 |           |
 | 2.078.3 |           |
-| 2.077.1 |           |
 
 ### Release management
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.0
+      DVersion: 2.081.1
       arch: x64
     - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.080.0
+      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.080.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.080.1
       arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.079.1
@@ -21,12 +27,6 @@ environment:
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.078.3
       arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
 

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 
 	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
 		mov %rdx, %rcx
+		cmp $0x0, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsb
 		jl less

source/tanya/algorithm/comparison.d

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.math : isNaN;
+import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -270,3 +271,63 @@ if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
         assert(max(s2, s3).s == 3);
     }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Compares element-wise two ranges for equality.
+ *
+ * If the ranges have different lengths, they aren't equal.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R1 = First range type.
+ *  R2 = Second range type.
+ *  r1 = First range.
+ *  r2 = Second range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if both ranges are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+bool equal(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
+{
+    static if (isDynamicArray!R1
+            && is(R1 == R2)
+            && __traits(isPOD, ElementType!R1))
+    {
+        return cmp(r1, r2) == 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static if (hasLength!R1 && hasLength!R2)
+        {
+            if (r1.length != r2.length)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        for (; !r1.empty && !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
+        {
+            if (r1.front != r2.front)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        static if (hasLength!R1 && hasLength!R2)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return r1.empty && r2.empty;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[2] range1 = [1, 2];
+    assert(equal(range1[], range1[]));
+
+    int[3] range2 = [1, 2, 3];
+    assert(!equal(range1[], range2[]));
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ enum : short
 
 struct kevent_t
 {
-    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
-    short       filter; /* filter for event */
-    ushort       flags;
-    uint        fflags;
-    intptr_t      data;
-    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+    uintptr_t ident; // Identifier for this event
+    short filter; // Filter for event
+    ushort flags;
+    uint fflags;
+    intptr_t data;
+    void* udata; // Opaque user data identifier
 }
 
 enum
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
                filter,
                flags,
                0U,
-               0L,
+               0,
                null);
         ++changeCount;
     }

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -13,50 +13,52 @@
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
- *  private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *     private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
- *  {
- *      transport.write(data);
- *  }
+ *     void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ *     {
+ *         ubyte[512] buffer;
+ *         buffer[0 .. data.length] = data;
+ *         transport.write(buffer[]);
+ *     }
  *
- *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
- *  {
- *      this.transport = transport;
- *  }
+ *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ *     {
+ *         this.transport = transport;
+ *     }
  *
- *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
- *  {
- *  }
+ *     void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
+ *     {
+ *     }
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *     auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
- *  version (Windows)
- *  {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *  }
- *  else
- *  {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *      sock.blocking = false;
- *  }
+ *     version (Windows)
+ *     {
+ *         auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *     }
+ *     else
+ *     {
+ *         auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *         sock.blocking = false;
+ *     }
  *
- *  sock.bind(address);
- *  sock.listen(5);
+ *     sock.bind(address);
+ *     sock.listen(5);
  *
- *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *     auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *     io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
- *  defaultLoop.start(io);
- *  defaultLoop.run();
+ *     defaultLoop.start(io);
+ *     defaultLoop.run();
  *
- *  sock.shutdown();
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
+ *     sock.shutdown();
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
  *

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 module tanya.container.array;
 
 import core.checkedint;
-import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront,
                                 copy,
                                 fill,

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ version (unittest)
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Available space.
-    private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
+    private size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
+    private size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(length_ <= buffer_.length);
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
-        assert(minAvailable > 0);
+        assert(this.length_ <= this.buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
+        assert(this.minAvailable > 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *                 $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
      *  allocator    = Allocator.
      */
-    this(in size_t size,
-         in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+    this(size_t size,
+         size_t minAvailable = 1024,
          shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     {
         this(allocator);
         this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
         this.blockSize = size;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this() @trusted
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        return length_ - start;
+        return this.length_ - start;
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     void clear()
     {
-        start = length_ = ring;
+        start = this.length_ = ring;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     {
-        length_ += length;
+        this.length_ += length;
         ring = start;
         return this;
     }
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
+        return this.buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -250,23 +250,24 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     {
         if (start > 0)
         {
-            auto ret = buffer_[0 .. start];
+            auto ret = this.buffer_[0 .. start];
             ring = 0;
             return ret;
         }
         else
         {
-            if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
+            if (capacity - length < this.minAvailable)
             {
-                void[] buf = buffer_;
-                immutable cap = capacity;
+                void[] buf = this.buffer_;
+                const cap = capacity;
                 () @trusted {
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf,
+                                         (cap + this.blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            ring = length_;
-            return buffer_[length_ .. $];
+            ring = this.length_;
+            return this.buffer_[this.length_ .. $];
         }
     }
 
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -322,16 +323,16 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private const size_t blockSize;
 
     /// The position of the free area in the buffer.
     private size_t position;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
         // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
-        assert(position <= buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.position <= this.buffer_.length);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    this(size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(size > 0);
@@ -350,10 +351,10 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
     do
     {
-        blockSize = size;
+        this.blockSize = size;
         ring = size - 1;
         allocator_ = allocator;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     @disable this();
@@ -363,7 +364,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -384,13 +385,13 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
             return ring - start + 1;
         }
         else
         {
-            return position - start;
+            return this.position - start;
         }
     }
 
@@ -433,61 +434,62 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      * Params:
      *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(const T[] buffer)
         if (op == "~")
     {
         size_t end, start;
 
-        if (position >= this.start && position <= ring)
+        if (this.position >= this.start && this.position <= ring)
         {
             auto afterRing = ring + 1;
 
-            end = position + buffer.length;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length;
             if (end > afterRing)
             {
                 end = afterRing;
             }
-            start = end - position;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
+            start = end - this.position;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
             if (end == afterRing)
             {
-                position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
+                this.position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
             }
             else
             {
-                position = end;
+                this.position = end;
             }
         }
 
         // Check if we have some free space at the beginning
-        if (start < buffer.length && position < this.start)
+        if (start < buffer.length && this.position < this.start)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > this.start)
             {
                 end = this.start;
             }
-            auto areaEnd = end - position + start;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
-            position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - position;
+            auto areaEnd = end - this.position + start;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
+            this.position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - this.position;
             start = areaEnd;
         }
 
         // And if we still haven't found any place, save the rest in the overflow area
         if (start < buffer.length)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > capacity)
             {
-                auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+                const newSize = end / this.blockSize * this.blockSize
+                              + this.blockSize;
                 () @trusted {
-                    void[] buf = buffer_;
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                    void[] buf = this.buffer_;
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize * T.sizeof);
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
-            position = end;
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
+            this.position = end;
             if (this.start == 0)
             {
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -506,7 +508,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     in
     {
@@ -521,42 +523,42 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         {
             return this;
         }
-        else if (position <= afterRing)
+        else if (this.position <= afterRing)
         {
             start += length;
-            if (start > 0 && position == afterRing)
+            if (start > 0 && this.position == afterRing)
             {
-                position = oldStart;
+                this.position = oldStart;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            auto overflow = position - afterRing;
+            auto overflow = this.position - afterRing;
 
             if (overflow > length)
             {
-                immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
-                buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
-                buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
-                position -= length;
+                const afterLength = afterRing + length;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + length] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+                this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = this.buffer_[afterLength .. this.position];
+                this.position -= length;
             }
             else if (overflow == length)
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
-                position -= overflow;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
+                this.position -= overflow;
             }
             else
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
-                position = overflow;
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
+                this.position = overflow;
             }
             start += length;
 
-            if (start == position)
+            if (start == this.position)
             {
-                if (position != afterRing)
+                if (this.position != afterRing)
                 {
-                    position = 0;
+                    this.position = 0;
                 }
                 start = 0;
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -596,15 +598,15 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
         }
         else
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
         }
     }
 

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -82,12 +82,18 @@ package struct Bucket(K, V = void)
         }
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref inout(K) key) inout
+    void moveKey(ref K key)
+    {
+        move(key, this.key());
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(T)(ref const T key) const
     {
         return this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.key == key;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref inout(typeof(this)) that) inout
+    bool opEquals(ref const(typeof(this)) that) const
     {
         return key == that.key && this.status == that.status;
     }
@@ -171,24 +177,29 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
         this.length = that.length;
     }
 
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return primes[this.lengthIndex];
+    }
+
     /*
      * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
      * empty `buckets` array.
      */
-    size_t locateBucket(ref const Key key) const
+    size_t locateBucket(T)(ref const T key) const
     {
-        return this.array.length == 0
-             ? 0
-             : hasher(key) % primes[this.lengthIndex];
+        return this.array.length == 0 ? 0 : hasher(key) % bucketCount;
     }
 
     /*
-     * Inserts a key into an empty or deleted bucket. If the key is
-     * already in there, does nothing. Returns the bucket with the key.
+     * If the key doesn't already exists, returns an empty bucket the key can
+     * be inserted in and adjusts the element count. Otherwise returns the
+     * bucket containing the key.
      */
     ref Bucket insert(ref Key key)
     {
-        while ((this.lengthIndex + 1) != primes.length)
+        const newLengthIndex = this.lengthIndex + 1;
+        if (newLengthIndex != primes.length)
         {
             foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
             {
@@ -203,17 +214,29 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
                 }
             }
 
-            if (this.rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1))
+            this.rehashToSize(newLengthIndex);
+        }
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key)
             {
-                ++this.lengthIndex;
+                return e;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++this.length;
+                return e;
             }
         }
-        this.array.insertBack(Bucket(key));
+
+        this.array.length = this.array.length + 1;
+        ++this.length;
         return this.array[$ - 1];
     }
 
     // Takes an index in the primes array.
-    bool rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
     in
     {
         assert(n < primes.length);
@@ -231,15 +254,15 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
                 {
                     if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the key
                     {
-                        e2 = e1;
+                        .move(e1, e2);
                         continue DataLoop;
                     }
                 }
-                return false; // Rehashing failed.
+                storage.insertBack(.move(e1));
             }
         }
         .move(storage, this.array);
-        return true;
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
     }
 
     void rehash(const size_t n)
@@ -252,9 +275,9 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if (this.rehashToSize(lengthIndex))
+        if (lengthIndex > this.lengthIndex)
         {
-            this.lengthIndex = lengthIndex;
+            this.rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
         }
     }
 
@@ -287,7 +310,7 @@ package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(ref inout(Key) key) inout
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", T)(ref const T key) const
     {
         foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
         {

source/tanya/container/hashtable.d

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.hashtable;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.hash.lookup;
@@ -138,6 +139,236 @@ struct Range(T)
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Bidirectional range iterating over the key of a $(D_PSYMBOL HashTable).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the internal hash storage.
+ */
+struct ByKey(T)
+{
+    private alias Key = CopyConstness!(T, T.Key);
+    static if (isMutable!T)
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.Range;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.ConstRange;
+    }
+    private DataRange dataRange;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(DataRange dataRange)
+    {
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        this.dataRange = dataRange;
+    }
+
+    @property ByKey save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.empty();
+    }
+
+    @property void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            this.dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            this.dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        while (!empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(Key) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.front.key;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(Key) back() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.back.key;
+    }
+
+    ByKey opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+
+    ByKey!(const T) opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bidirectional range iterating over the key of a $(D_PSYMBOL HashTable).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the internal hash storage.
+ */
+struct ByValue(T)
+{
+    private alias Value = CopyConstness!(T, T.Value);
+    static if (isMutable!T)
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.Range;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.ConstRange;
+    }
+    private DataRange dataRange;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(DataRange dataRange)
+    {
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        this.dataRange = dataRange;
+    }
+
+    @property ByValue save()
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.empty();
+    }
+
+    @property void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            this.dataRange.popFront();
+        }
+        while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    out
+    {
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            this.dataRange.popBack();
+        }
+        while (!empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(Value) front() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.front.kv.value;
+    }
+
+    @property ref inout(Value) back() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+        assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.dataRange.back.kv.value;
+    }
+
+    ByValue opIndex()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+
+    ByValue!(const T) opIndex() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * Hash table is a data structure that stores pairs of keys and values without
  * any particular order.
@@ -155,7 +386,7 @@ struct Range(T)
  *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM Key).
  */
 struct HashTable(Key, Value, alias hasher = hash)
-if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
+if (is(typeof(((Key k) => hasher(k))(Key.init)) == size_t))
 {
     private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, Key, Value);
     private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
@@ -171,11 +402,18 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
     /// ditto
     alias ConstRange = .Range!(const HashArray);
 
+    /// ditto
+    alias ByKey = .ByKey!(const HashArray);
+
+    /// ditto
+    alias ByValue = .ByValue!HashArray;
+
+    /// ditto
+    alias ConstByValue = .ByValue!(const HashArray);
+
     invariant
     {
         assert(this.data.lengthIndex < primes.length);
-        assert(this.data.array.length == 0
-            || this.data.array.length == primes[this.data.lengthIndex]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -440,6 +678,23 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
         assert(hashTable.empty);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns current bucket count in the container.
+     *
+     * Bucket count equals to the number of the elements can be saved in the
+     * container in the best case scenario for key distribution, i.d. every key
+     * has a unique hash value. In a worse case the bucket count can be less
+     * than the number of elements stored in the container.
+     *
+     * Returns: Current bucket count.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL rehash).
+     */
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return this.data.bucketCount;
+    }
+
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
@@ -453,14 +708,28 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
      *
      * Returns: Just inserted element.
      */
-    ref Value opIndexAssign(Value value, Key key)
+    ref Value opIndexAssign()(auto ref Value value, auto ref Key key)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(key);
         if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
         {
-            e.key = key;
+            static if (__traits(isRef, key))
+            {
+                e.key = key;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                e.moveKey(key);
+            }
+        }
+        static if (__traits(isRef, value))
+        {
+            return e.kv.value = value;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return e.kv.value = move(value);
         }
-        return e.kv.value = value;
     }
 
     ///
@@ -490,7 +759,7 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
      *
      * Returns: The number of the inserted elements with a unique key.
      */
-    size_t insert(KeyValue keyValue)
+    size_t insert(ref KeyValue keyValue)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(keyValue.key);
         size_t inserted;
@@ -503,6 +772,20 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
         return inserted;
     }
 
+    /// ditto
+    size_t insert(KeyValue keyValue)
+    {
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(keyValue.key);
+        size_t inserted;
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            e.moveKey(keyValue.key);
+            inserted = 1;
+        }
+        move(keyValue.value, e.kv.value);
+        return inserted;
+    }
+
     ///
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
@@ -557,13 +840,15 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
      * Find the element with the key $(D_PARAM key).
      *
      * Params:
+     *  T   = Type comparable with the key type, used for the lookup.
      *  key = The key to be find.
      *
      * Returns: The value associated with $(D_PARAM key).
      *
      * Precondition: Element with $(D_PARAM key) is in this hash table.
      */
-    ref Value opIndex(Key key)
+    ref Value opIndex(T)(auto ref const T key)
+    if (ifTestable!(T, a => Key.init == a))
     {
         const code = this.data.locateBucket(key);
 
@@ -619,12 +904,14 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
      * Looks for $(D_PARAM key) in this hash table.
      *
      * Params:
+     *  T   = Type comparable with the key type, used for the lookup.
      *  key = The key to look for.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM key) exists in the hash table,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref inout(Key) key) inout
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", T)(auto ref const T key) const
+    if (ifTestable!(T, a => Key.init == a))
     {
         return key in this.data;
     }
@@ -645,18 +932,15 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
      * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
      * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount)
      * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
      * forced.
      *
      * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
      * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
-     * is forced without resizing the container.
-     *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
-     * function may have no effect.
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is less than or equal to the current
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount), the function may have no effect.
      *
      * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
      * to insert new elements.
@@ -697,6 +981,86 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
         assert(hashTable[].front == hashTable.KeyValue("Iguanodon", 9));
         assert(hashTable[].back == hashTable.KeyValue("Iguanodon", 9));
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a bidirectional range that iterats over the keys of this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL HashTable).
+     *
+     * This function always returns a $(D_KEYWORD const) range, since changing
+     * a key of a hash table would probably change its hash value and require
+     * rehashing.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD const) bidirectional range that iterates over the
+     *          keys of the container.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL byValue).
+     */
+    ByKey byKey() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        HashTable!(string, int) hashTable;
+        hashTable["one"] = 1;
+        hashTable["two"] = 2;
+
+        auto byKey = hashTable.byKey();
+        assert(!byKey.empty);
+
+        assert(byKey.front == "one" || byKey.front == "two");
+        assert(byKey.back == "one" || byKey.back == "two");
+        assert(byKey.front != byKey.back);
+
+        byKey.popFront();
+        assert(byKey.front == byKey.back);
+
+        byKey.popBack();
+        assert(byKey.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a bidirectional range that iterats over the values of this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL HashTable).
+     *
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the values of the
+     *          container.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL byKey).
+     */
+    ByValue byValue()
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ConstByValue byValue() const
+    {
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        HashTable!(string, int) hashTable;
+        hashTable["one"] = 1;
+        hashTable["two"] = 2;
+
+        auto byValue = hashTable.byValue();
+        assert(!byValue.empty);
+
+        assert(byValue.front == 1 || byValue.front == 2);
+        assert(byValue.back == 1 || byValue.back == 2);
+        assert(byValue.front != byValue.back);
+
+        byValue.popFront();
+        assert(byValue.front == byValue.back);
+
+        byValue.popBack();
+        assert(byValue.empty);
+    }
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
@@ -727,6 +1091,9 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
     static assert(is(HashTable!(string, int) a));
     static assert(is(const HashTable!(string, int)));
     static assert(isForwardRange!(HashTable!(string, int).Range));
+
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, int, (ref const int) => size_t.init)));
+    static assert(is(HashTable!(int, int, (int) => size_t.init)));
 }
 
 // Constructs by reference
@@ -773,3 +1140,60 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(Key.init)) == size_t))
     }
     testFunc(hashTable);
 }
+
+// Issue 53: https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/issues/53
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        HashTable!(uint, uint) hashTable;
+        foreach (uint i; 0 .. 14)
+        {
+            hashTable[i + 1] = i;
+        }
+        assert(hashTable.length == 14);
+    }
+    {
+        HashTable!(int, int) hashtable;
+
+        hashtable[1194250162] = 3;
+        hashtable[-1131293824] = 6;
+        hashtable[838100082] = 9;
+
+        hashtable.rehash(11);
+
+        assert(hashtable[-1131293824] == 6);
+    }
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct String
+    {
+        bool opEquals(string) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(ref const string) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(String) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool opEquals(ref const String) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(typeof("asdf" in HashTable!(String, int)())));
+    static assert(is(typeof(HashTable!(String, int)()["asdf"])));
+}

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
@@ -178,7 +177,6 @@ struct SList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = SList!int(2, 3);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 3);
     }
 
@@ -192,7 +190,6 @@ struct SList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = SList!int(2);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
@@ -432,7 +429,6 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l2.front == 25);
 
         l2.insertFront(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.front == 9);
     }
 
@@ -566,12 +562,6 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    deprecated
-    @property size_t length() const
-    {
-        return count(this[]);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Comparison for equality.
      *
@@ -583,7 +573,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      */
     bool opEquals()(auto ref typeof(this) that) inout
     {
-        return equal(this[], that[]);
+        return equal(opIndex(), that[]);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1154,7 +1144,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = DList!int(2, 3);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 3);
         assert(l.back == 3);
     }
@@ -1169,7 +1158,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = DList!int(2);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
@@ -1480,7 +1468,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 15);
 
         l2.insertFront(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.front == 9);
         assert(l2.back == 15);
     }
@@ -1600,7 +1587,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 15);
 
         l2.insertBack(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.back == 9);
     }
 
@@ -1855,12 +1841,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    deprecated
-    @property size_t length() const
-    {
-        return count(this[]);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Comparison for equality.
      *
@@ -2354,7 +2334,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     l.insertAfter(l[], 234);
     assert(l.front == 234);
     assert(l.back == 234);
-    assert(l.length == 1);
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -20,26 +20,3 @@ public import tanya.container.hashtable;
 public import tanya.container.list;
 public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.string;
-
-/**
- * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
- * is full.
- */
-deprecated
-class HashContainerFullException : Exception
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string msg,
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.set;
 
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.hash.lookup;
@@ -432,6 +431,23 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
         assert(set.empty);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns current bucket count in the container.
+     *
+     * Bucket count equals to the number of the elements can be saved in the
+     * container in the best case scenario for key distribution, i.d. every key
+     * has a unique hash value. In a worse case the bucket count can be less
+     * than the number of elements stored in the container.
+     *
+     * Returns: Current bucket count.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL rehash).
+     */
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return this.data.bucketCount;
+    }
+
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
@@ -443,6 +459,17 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
      *
      * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
      */
+    size_t insert(ref T value)
+    {
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            e.moveKey(value);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     size_t insert(T value)
     {
         auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
@@ -534,12 +561,14 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
      * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
      *
      * Params:
+     *  U     = Type comparable with the element type, used for the lookup.
      *  value = Element to be searched for.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref inout(T) value) inout
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", U)(auto ref const U value) const
+    if (ifTestable!(U, a => T.init == a))
     {
         return value in this.data;
     }
@@ -559,18 +588,15 @@ if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
      * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
      * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount)
      * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
      * forced.
      *
      * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
      * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
-     * is forced without resizing the container.
-     *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
-     * function may have no effect.
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is less than or equal to the current
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount), the function may have no effect.
      *
      * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
      * to insert new elements.

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -26,11 +26,12 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.string;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp, equal;
+import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront, copy;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String(0, 'K');
         assert(s.length == 0);
@@ -579,16 +580,10 @@ struct String
      * Params:
      *  chr = The character should be inserted.
      *
-     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
+     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted (1).
      */
-    size_t insertBack(const char chr) @nogc pure @trusted
+    size_t insertBack(char chr) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     {
-        if ((chr & 0x80) != 0)
-        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 character");
-        }
         reserve(length + 1);
 
         *(data + length) = chr;
@@ -652,8 +647,6 @@ struct String
      *  str = String should be inserted.
      *
      * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
      */
     size_t insertBack(R)(R str) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
@@ -673,46 +666,18 @@ struct String
             this.length_ = size;
             return str.length;
         }
+        else static if (isInstanceOf!(ByCodeUnit, R))
+        {
+            str.get.copy(this.data[length .. size]);
+            this.length_ = size;
+            return str.length;
+        }
         else
         {
             size_t insertedLength;
-            while (!str.empty)
+            foreach (c; str)
             {
-                ubyte expectedLength;
-                if ((str.front & 0x80) == 0x00)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 1;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xe0) == 0xc0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 2;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 3;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf8) == 0xf0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 4;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                }
-                size = length + expectedLength;
-                reserve(size);
-
-                for (; expectedLength > 0; --expectedLength)
-                {
-                    if (str.empty)
-                    {
-                        throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                    }
-                    *(data + length) = str.front;
-                    str.popFront();
-                }
-                insertedLength += expectedLength;
-                this.length_ = size;
+                insertedLength += insertBack(c);
             }
             return insertedLength;
         }
@@ -828,7 +793,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.capacity == 0);
@@ -869,7 +834,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Die Alten lasen laut.");
         assert(s.capacity == 21);
@@ -894,7 +859,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("In allem Schreiben ist Schamlosigkeit.");
         assert(s.capacity == 38);
@@ -991,7 +956,7 @@ struct String
      *
      * Returns: Null-terminated string.
      */
-    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure
+    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         reserve(length + 1);
         this.data[length] = '\0';
@@ -999,7 +964,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto s = String("C string.");
         assert(s.toStringz()[0] == 'C');
@@ -1018,7 +983,7 @@ struct String
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Piscis primuin a capite foetat.");
         assert(s.length == 31);
@@ -1044,7 +1009,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Alea iacta est.");
         assert(s[0] == 'A');
@@ -1067,7 +1032,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Plutarchus");
         auto r = s[];
@@ -1086,7 +1051,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = const String("Was ich vermag, soll gern geschehen. Goethe");
         auto r1 = s[];
@@ -1162,7 +1127,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.empty);
@@ -1207,7 +1172,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Vladimir Soloviev");
         auto r = s[9 .. $];
@@ -1271,7 +1236,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Черная, потом пропахшая выть!");
         s = String("Как мне тебя не ласкать, не любить?");
@@ -1299,10 +1264,11 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Оловом светится лужная голь...");
         s = "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.";
+        assert(s == "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.");
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1344,7 +1310,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Голубая кофта.") < String("Синие глаза."));
         assert(String("Никакой я правды") < String("милой не сказал")[]);
@@ -1397,7 +1363,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Милая спросила:") != String("Крутит ли метель?"));
         assert(String("Затопить бы печку,") != String("постелить постель.")[]);
@@ -1430,7 +1396,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("alea iacta est.");
 
@@ -1455,7 +1421,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("Buttercup");
         auto s2 = String("Cap");
@@ -1469,7 +1435,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("Wow");
         s1[] = 'a';
@@ -1482,7 +1448,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("ö");
         s1[] = "oe";
@@ -1574,7 +1540,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertAfter(s[0 .. 27], ",");
@@ -1603,7 +1569,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertBefore(s[27 .. $], ",");
@@ -1614,11 +1580,21 @@ struct String
         assert(s == "Казнить, нельзя помиловать.");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Calculates the hash value for the string.
+     *
+     * Returns: Hash value for the string.
+     */
+    size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return hash(get);
+    }
+
     mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
-// Postblit works.
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
+// Postblit works
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     void internFunc(String arg)
     {
@@ -1637,7 +1613,7 @@ struct String
     topFunc(String("asdf"));
 }
 
-// Const range produces mutable ranges.
+// Const range produces mutable ranges
 @nogc pure @safe unittest
 {
     auto s = const String("И снизу лед, и сверху - маюсь между.");
@@ -1663,7 +1639,7 @@ struct String
     }
 }
 
-// Can pop multibyte characters.
+// Can pop multibyte characters
 @nogc pure @safe unittest
 {
     auto s = String("\U00024B62\U00002260");
@@ -1680,3 +1656,12 @@ struct String
     s[$ - 3] = 0xf0;
     assertThrown!UTFException(&(range.popFront));
 }
+
+// Inserts own char range correctly
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String(`ü`);
+    String s2;
+    s2.insertBack(s1[]);
+    assert(s1 == s2);
+}

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -264,28 +266,169 @@ final class ConvException : Exception
     }
 }
 
-package bool stringToInt(R)(R range, ref ushort n)
+/*
+ * Converts a string $(D_PARAM range) into an integral value of type
+ * $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM base).
+ *
+ * The convertion stops when $(D_PARAM range) is empty of if the next character
+ * cannot be converted because it is not a digit (with respect to the
+ * $(D_PARAM base)) or if the reading the next character would cause integer
+ * overflow. The function returns the value converted so far then. The front
+ * element of the $(D_PARAM range) points to the first character cannot be
+ * converted or $(D_PARAM range) is empty if the whole string could be
+ * converted.
+ *
+ * Base must be between 2 and 36 inclursive. Default base is 10.
+ *
+ * The function doesn't handle the sign (+ or -) or number prefixes (like 0x).
+ */
+package T readIntegral(T, R)(ref R range, const ubyte base = 10)
+if (isInputRange!R
+ && isSomeChar!(ElementType!R)
+ && isIntegral!T
+ && isUnsigned!T)
+in
 {
-    import tanya.encoding.ascii;
-    import tanya.range.array;
-
-    size_t i = 1;
-    uint lPort;
-
-    for (; !range.empty && range.front.isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i, range.popFront())
+    assert(base >= 2);
+    assert(base <= 36);
+}
+do
+{
+    T boundary = cast(T) (T.max / base);
+    if (range.empty)
     {
-        lPort = lPort * 10 + (range.front - '0');
+        return T.init;
     }
-    if (i != 1 && (range.empty || range.front == '/'))
+
+    T n;
+    int digit;
+    do
     {
-        if (lPort > ushort.max)
+        if (range.front >= 'a')
         {
-            return false;
+            digit = range.front - 'W';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= 'A')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '7';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= '0')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '0';
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        if (digit >= base)
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+        range.popFront();
+
+        if (range.empty)
+        {
+            return n;
         }
-        n = cast(ushort) lPort;
-        return true;
     }
-    return false;
+    while (n < boundary);
+
+    if (range.front >= 'a')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - 'W';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= 'A')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '7';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= '0')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '0';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    if (n > cast(T) ((T.max - digit) / base))
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+    range.popFront();
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+// reads ubyte.max
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "255";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number) == 255);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// detects integer overflow
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "500";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '0');
+    assert(number.length == 1);
+}
+
+// stops on a non-digit
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "10-";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '-');
+}
+
+// returns false if the number string is empty
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "29";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number) == 29);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "25467";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '6');
+}
+
+// Converts lower case hexadecimals
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "a";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 16) == 10);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// Converts upper case hexadecimals
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "FF";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 16) == 255);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// Handles small overflows
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "256";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 10) == 25);
+    assert(number.front == '6');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -732,3 +875,135 @@ if (is(Unqual!To == String))
     static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
     static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Converts a stringish range to an integral value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) doesn't contain an
+ *         integral value.
+ */
+To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
+if (isInputRange!From && isSomeChar!(ElementType!From) && isIntegral!To)
+{
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        bool negative;
+    }
+    if (from.front == '-')
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Negative integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            negative = true;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    ubyte base = 10;
+    if (from.front == '0')
+    {
+        from.popFront();
+        if (from.empty)
+        {
+            return To.init;
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'x' || from.front == 'X')
+        {
+            base = 16;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'b' || from.front == 'B')
+        {
+            base = 2;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            base = 8;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto unsigned = readIntegral!(Unsigned!To, From)(from, base);
+    if (!from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        if (negative)
+        {
+            auto predecessor = cast(Unsigned!To) (unsigned - 1);
+            if (predecessor > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+            return cast(To) (-(cast(Largest!(To, ptrdiff_t)) predecessor) - 1);
+        }
+        else if (unsigned > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return unsigned;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return unsigned;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert("1234".to!uint() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
+
+    assert("0".to!int() == 0);
+    assert("-0".to!int() == 0);
+
+    assert("0x10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("0X10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("-0x10".to!int() == -16);
+
+    assert("0b10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("0B10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("-0b10".to!int() == -2);
+
+    assert("010".to!int() == 8);
+    assert("-010".to!int() == -8);
+
+
+    assert("-128".to!byte == cast(byte) -128);
+
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "".to!int);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-".to!int);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-5".to!uint);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-129".to!byte);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "256".to!ubyte);
+}

source/tanya/exception.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Common exceptions and errors.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/functional.d

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Functions that manipulate other functions and their argument lists.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/functional.d,
+ *                 tanya/functional.d)
+ */
+module tanya.functional;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+
+private template forwardOne(alias arg)
+{
+    static if (__traits(isRef, arg) || __traits(isOut, arg))
+    {
+        alias forwardOne = arg;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @property auto forwardOne()
+        {
+            return move(arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Forwards its argument list preserving $(D_KEYWORD ref) and $(D_KEYWORD out)
+ * storage classes.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL forward) accepts a list of variables or literals. It returns an
+ * argument list of the same length that can be for example passed to a
+ * function accepting the arguments of this type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  args = Argument list.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM args) with their original storage classes.
+ */
+template forward(args...)
+{
+    static if (args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias forward = forwardOne!(args[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias forward = Map!(forwardOne, args);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof((ref int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({
+        void f(int i, ref int j, out int k)
+        {
+            f(forward!(i, j, k));
+        }
+    })));
+}

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp, equal;
+import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : copy, fill, reverse;
 import std.range;
 import tanya.algorithm.comparison;

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
 /**
  * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
  *
- * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float) $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
  * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
     static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
 }
 
-private union FloatBits(F)
+package(tanya) union FloatBits(F)
 {
     Unqual!F floating;
     static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
  * represented as
  *
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
  *
  * <pre>
@@ -739,101 +739,3 @@ bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
     assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
 }
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.min instead")
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.min instead")
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.min instead")
-ref T min(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.min instead")
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 3);
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.max instead")
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.max instead")
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.max instead")
-ref T max(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.algorithm.comparison.max instead")
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 5);
-}
-
-// min/max accept const and mutable references.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    {
-        Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-    {
-        const Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ version (TanyaNative)
         fillMemory(buffer[1 .. $], 0);
         assert(buffer[0] == 1 && buffer[1] == 0);
     }
+
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        assert(cmp(null, null) == 0);
+    }
 }
 
 private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;

source/tanya/meta/trait.d

@@ -70,26 +70,6 @@ enum bool isWideString(T) = is(T : const dchar[]) && !isStaticArray!T;
     static assert(!isWideString!(dchar[10]));
 }
 
-deprecated("Use tanya.meta.transform.Smallest instead")
-template Smallest(Args...)
-if (Args.length >= 1)
-{
-    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
-
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Args[0];
-    }
-    else static if (Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof < Args[0].sizeof)
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Args[0];
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM T) is a complex type.
  *
@@ -178,7 +158,7 @@ enum bool isPolymorphicType(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface);
  */
 template hasStaticMember(T, string member)
 {
-    static if (__traits(hasMember, T, member))
+    static if (hasMember!(T, member))
     {
         alias Member = Alias!(__traits(getMember, T, member));
 
@@ -928,26 +908,6 @@ template mostNegative(T)
     static assert(mostNegative!cfloat == -cfloat.max);
 }
 
-deprecated("Use tanya.meta.transform.Largest instead")
-template Largest(Args...)
-if (Args.length >= 1)
-{
-    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
-
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
-    {
-        alias Largest = Args[0];
-    }
-    else static if (Largest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof > Args[0].sizeof)
-    {
-        alias Largest = Largest!(Args[1 .. $]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Largest = Args[0];
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether the type $(D_PARAM T) is copyable.
  *
@@ -1540,7 +1500,6 @@ if (F.length == 1)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) defines a symbol
  *          $(D_PARAM member), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-deprecated("Use __traits(hasMember) instead")
 enum bool hasMember(T, string member) = __traits(hasMember, T, member);
 
 ///

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -305,7 +305,14 @@ struct URL
      */
     private bool parsePort(const(char)[] port) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
-        return stringToInt(port[1 .. $], this.port);
+        auto unparsed = port[1 .. $];
+        auto parsed = readIntegral!ushort(unparsed);
+        if (unparsed.length == 0 || unparsed[0] == '/')
+        {
+            this.port = parsed;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 }
 

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Network programming.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -5,7 +5,43 @@
 /**
  * Low-level socket programming.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Current API supports only server-side TCP communication.
+ *
+ * Here is an example of a cross-platform blocking server:
+ *
+ * ---
+ * import std.stdio;
+ * import tanya.memory;
+ * import tanya.network;
+ *
+ * void main()
+ * {
+ *     auto socket = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *     auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1",
+ *                                                          cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *
+ *     socket.setOption(SocketOptionLevel.SOCKET, SocketOption.REUSEADDR, true);
+ *     socket.blocking = true;
+ *     socket.bind(address);
+ *     socket.listen(5);
+ *
+ *     auto client = socket.accept();
+ *     client.send(cast(const(ubyte)[]) "Test\n");
+ *
+ *     ubyte[100] buf;
+ *     auto response = client.receive(buf[]);
+ *
+ *     writeln(cast(const(char)[]) buf[0 .. response]);
+ *
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(client);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(socket);
+ * }
+ * ---
+ *
+ * For an example of an asynchronous server refer to the documentation of the
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.async.loop) module.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -76,17 +112,10 @@ else version (Windows)
                                        socket,
                                        socklen_t,
                                        SOL_SOCKET,
+                                       WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
                                        WSAGetLastError;
     import tanya.async.iocp;
     import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-    import tanya.sys.windows.error : ECONNABORTED = WSAECONNABORTED,
-                                     ENOBUFS = WSAENOBUFS,
-                                     EOPNOTSUPP = WSAEOPNOTSUPP,
-                                     EPROTONOSUPPORT = WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT,
-                                     EPROTOTYPE = WSAEPROTOTYPE,
-                                     ESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
-                                     ETIMEDOUT = WSAETIMEDOUT,
-                                     EWOULDBLOCK = WSAEWOULDBLOCK;
     public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
     public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
@@ -580,37 +609,6 @@ enum AddressFamily : int
     inet6     = 10,    /// IP version 6.
 }
 
-deprecated("Use tanya.os.error.ErrorCode.ErrorNo instead")
-enum SocketError : int
-{
-    /// Unknown error.
-    unknown                = 0,
-    /// Firewall rules forbid connection.
-    accessDenied           = EPERM,
-    /// A socket operation was attempted on a non-socket.
-    notSocket              = EBADF,
-    /// The network is not available.
-    networkDown            = ECONNABORTED,
-    /// An invalid pointer address was detected by the underlying socket provider.
-    fault                  = EFAULT,
-    /// An invalid argument was supplied to a $(D_PSYMBOL Socket) member.
-    invalidArgument        = EINVAL,
-    /// The limit on the number of open sockets has been reached.
-    tooManyOpenSockets     = ENFILE,
-    /// No free buffer space is available for a Socket operation.
-    noBufferSpaceAvailable = ENOBUFS,
-    /// The address family is not supported by the protocol family.
-    operationNotSupported  = EOPNOTSUPP,
-    /// The protocol is not implemented or has not been configured.
-    protocolNotSupported   = EPROTONOSUPPORT,
-    /// Protocol error.
-    protocolError          = EPROTOTYPE,
-    /// The connection attempt timed out, or the connected host has failed to respond.
-    timedOut               = ETIMEDOUT,
-    /// The support for the specified socket type does not exist in this address family.
-    socketNotSupported     = ESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
-}
-
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) should be thrown only if one of the socket functions
  * $(D_PSYMBOL socketError) and sets $(D_PSYMBOL errno), because
@@ -1440,7 +1438,7 @@ bool wouldHaveBlocked() nothrow @trusted @nogc
     else version (Windows)
     {
         return WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING
-            || WSAGetLastError() == EWOULDBLOCK
+            || WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK
             || WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE;
     }
 }

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * This package provides platform-independent interfaces to operating system
  * functionality.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/range/adapter.d

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range adapters.
+ *
+ * A range adapter wraps another range and modifies the way, how the original
+ * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
+ *
+ * All adapters are lazy algorithms, they request the next element of the
+ * adapted range on demand.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/adapter.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/adapter.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.adapter;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.math;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+private mixin template Take(R, bool exactly)
+{
+    private R source;
+    size_t length_;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(R source, size_t length)
+    {
+        this.source = source;
+        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
+        {
+            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.length_ = length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref front()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.source.front;
+    }
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.source.popFront();
+        --this.length_;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty()
+    {
+        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
+        {
+            return length == 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return length == 0 || this.source.empty;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property size_t length()
+    {
+        return this.length_;
+    }
+
+    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+    {
+        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = move(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (isForwardRange!R)
+    {
+        typeof(this) save()
+        {
+            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
+    {
+        @property auto ref back()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[this.length - 1];
+        }
+
+        void popBack()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+
+        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i < length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[i];
+        }
+
+        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+        {
+            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = value;
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = move(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (hasSlicing!R)
+    {
+        auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i <= j);
+            assert(j <= length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return take(this.source[i .. j], length);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
+ * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
+ ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
+ * expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
+ *          $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
+ */
+auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    struct Take
+    {
+        mixin .Take!(R, false);
+    }
+    return Take(range, n);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
+ ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
+ * which expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
+ */
+auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    struct TakeExactly
+    {
+        mixin Take!(R, true);
+    }
+    return TakeExactly(range, n);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.range;
 
+public import tanya.range.adapter;
 public import tanya.range.array;
 public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/range/primitive.d

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  */
 module tanya.range.primitive;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.array;

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  * defined here.
  * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ align(1) struct GUID
     ushort Data2;
     ushort Data3;
     char[8] Data4;
-}
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
- */
- deprecated("Use core.sys.windows.winerror instead")
-module tanya.sys.windows.error;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
-enum
-{
-    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
-    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
-    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
-    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
-    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
-    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
-
-    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
-    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
-    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
-    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
-    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
-    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
-    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
-    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
-    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
-    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
-    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
-    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
-    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
-    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
-    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
-    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
-    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
-    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
-    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
-    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
-    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
-    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
-    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
-    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
-    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
-    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
-    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
-    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
-    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
-    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
-    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
-    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
-    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
-    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
-    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
-    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
-    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
-
-    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
-    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
-    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
-    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
-    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
-    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
-    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
-    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
-    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
-    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
-    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
-    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
-    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
-
-    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
-    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
-    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
-    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
-
-    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
-    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
-    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
-    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
-    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
-
-    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
-    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
-    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
-    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
-    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
-    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
-    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
-    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
-    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
-    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
-}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -15,6 +15,5 @@ module tanya.sys.windows;
 version (Windows):
 
 public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Definitions from winbase.h.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ extern(Windows)
 BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
                          OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
                          DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
-                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;
+                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -216,4 +216,4 @@ enum
     SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
     SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
     SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
-}
+}

source/tanya/test/assertion.d

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * The functions can cause segmentation fault if the module is compiled
  * in production mode and the condition fails.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Test suite for $(D_KEYWORD unittest)-blocks.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -17,71 +17,16 @@
  */
 module tanya.typecons;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.format;
 import tanya.meta.metafunction : AliasSeq, AliasTuple = Tuple, Map;
-
-deprecated("Use tanya.typecons.Tuple instead")
-template Pair(Specs...)
-{
-    template parseSpecs(size_t fieldCount, Specs...)
-    {
-        static if (Specs.length == 0)
-        {
-            alias parseSpecs = AliasSeq!();
-        }
-        else static if (is(Specs[0]) && fieldCount < 2)
-        {
-            static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
-            {
-                alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
-                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0]),
-                                parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            static assert(false, "Invalid argument: " ~ Specs[0].stringof);
-        }
-    }
-
-    alias ChooseType(alias T) = T.Seq[0];
-    alias ParsedSpecs = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
-
-    static assert(ParsedSpecs.length == 2, "Invalid argument count");
-
-    struct Pair
-    {
-        /// Field types.
-        alias Types = Map!(ChooseType, ParsedSpecs);
-
-        // Create field aliases.
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[0].length == 2)
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[0][1] ~ " = expand[0];");
-        }
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[1].length == 2)
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[1][1] ~ " = expand[1];");
-        }
-
-        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
-        Types expand;
-
-        alias expand this;
-    }
-}
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) can store two heterogeneous objects.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) can store two or more heterogeneous objects.
  *
- * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
+ * The objects can by accessed by index as `obj[0]` and `obj[1]` or by optional
+ * names (e.g. `obj.first`).
  *
  * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
  * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
@@ -123,7 +68,26 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
     alias ChooseType(alias T) = T.Seq[0];
     alias ParsedSpecs = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
 
-    static assert(ParsedSpecs.length == 2, "Invalid argument count");
+    static assert(ParsedSpecs.length > 1, "Invalid argument count");
+
+    private string formatAliases(size_t n, Specs...)()
+    {
+        static if (Specs.length == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            string fieldAlias;
+            static if (Specs[0].length == 2)
+            {
+                char[21] buffer;
+                fieldAlias = "alias " ~ Specs[0][1] ~ " = expand["
+                           ~ integral2String(n, buffer).idup ~ "];";
+            }
+            return fieldAlias ~ formatAliases!(n + 1, Specs[1 .. $])();
+        }
+    }
 
     struct Tuple
     {
@@ -131,14 +95,7 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
         alias Types = Map!(ChooseType, ParsedSpecs);
 
         // Create field aliases.
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[0].length == 2)
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[0][1] ~ " = expand[0];");
-        }
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[1].length == 2)
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[1][1] ~ " = expand[1];");
-        }
+        mixin(formatAliases!(0, ParsedSpecs[0 .. $])());
 
         /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) as a list of values.
         Types expand;
@@ -171,4 +128,327 @@ template Tuple(Specs...)
     static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, int, int)));
 
     static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first")));
+
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, double, char)));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first", double, "second", char, "third")));
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is a type that contains an optional value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the encapsulated value.
+ */
+struct Option(T)
+{
+    private bool isNothing_ = true;
+    private T value = void;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new option with $(D_PARAM value).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Encapsulated value.
+     */
+    this()(ref T value)
+    {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this()(T value) @trusted
+    {
+        moveEmplace(value, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells if the option is just a value or nothing.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) contains a nothing,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if it contains a value.
+     */
+    @property bool isNothing() const
+    {
+        return this.isNothing_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the encapsulated value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Value encapsulated in this $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL or).
+     *
+     * Precondition: `!isNothing`.
+     */
+    @property ref inout(T) get() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!isNothing, "Option is nothing");
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the encapsulated value if available or a default value
+     * otherwise.
+     *
+     * Note that the contained value can be returned by reference only if the
+     * default value is passed by reference as well.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U            = Type of the default value.
+     *  defaultValue = Default value.
+     *
+     * Returns: The value of this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) if available,
+     *          $(D_PARAM defaultValue) otherwise.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNothing), $(D_PSYMBOL get).
+     */
+    @property U or(U)(U defaultValue) inout
+    if (is(U == T) && isCopyable!T)
+    {
+        return isNothing ? defaultValue : this.value;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    @property ref inout(T) or(ref inout(T) defaultValue) inout
+    {
+        return isNothing ? defaultValue : this.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) to $(D_KEYWORD bool).
+     *
+     * An $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is $(D_KEYWORD true) if it contains a value,
+     * ($D_KEYWORD false) if it contains nothing.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) contains a value,
+     *          ($D_KEYWORD false) if it contains nothing.
+     */
+    bool opCast(U : bool)()
+    {
+        return !isNothing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) with $(D_PARAM that).
+     *
+     * If both objects are options of the same type and they don't contain a
+     * value, they are considered equal. If only one of them contains a value,
+     * they aren't equal. Otherwise, the encapsulated values are compared for
+     * equality.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM U) is a type comparable with the type encapsulated by this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Option), the value of this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is compared
+     * with $(D_PARAM that), this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) must have a value then.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U    = Type of the object to compare with.
+     *  that = Object to compare with.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) and
+     *          $(D_PARAM that) are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false) if not.
+     *
+     * Precondition: `!isNothing` if $(D_PARAM U) is equality comparable with
+     *               $(D_PARAM T).
+     */
+    bool opEquals(U)(auto ref const U that) const
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        if (!isNothing && !that.isNothing)
+        {
+            return this.value == that.value;
+        }
+        return isNothing == that.isNothing;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    bool opEquals(U)(auto ref const U that) const
+    if (ifTestable!(U, a => a == T.init) && !is(U == Option))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!isNothing);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return get == that;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) and destroys the contained value.
+     *
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL reset) can be safely called on an $(D_PSYMBOL Option) that
+     * doesn't contain any value.
+     */
+    void reset()
+    {
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            destroy(this.value);
+        }
+        this.isNothing_ = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns a new value.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U    = Type of the new value.
+     *  that = New value.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(ref U that)
+    if (is(U : T) && !is(U == Option))
+    {
+        this.value = that;
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(U that)
+    if (is(U == T))
+    {
+        move(that, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(ref U that)
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        this.value = that;
+        this.isNothing_ = that.isNothing;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(U that)
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        move(that.value, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = that.isNothing_;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Option!int option;
+    assert(option.isNothing);
+    assert(option.or(8) == 8);
+    
+    option = 5;
+    assert(!option.isNothing);
+    assert(option.get == 5);
+    assert(option.or(8) == 5);
+
+    option.reset();
+    assert(option.isNothing);
+}
+
+// Assigns a new value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        Option!int option = 5;
+        option = 8;
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+        assert(option == 8);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!int option;
+        const int newValue = 8;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = newValue;
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+        assert(option == newValue);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!int option1;
+        Option!int option2 = 5;
+        assert(option1.isNothing);
+        option1 = option2;
+        assert(!option1.isNothing);
+        assert(option1.get == 5);
+    }
+}
+
+// Constructs with a value passed by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int i = 5;
+    assert(Option!int(i).get == 5);
+}
+
+// Moving
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct NotCopyable
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable()))));
+    // The value cannot be returned by reference because the default value
+    // isn't passed by reference
+    static assert(!is(typeof(Option!DisabledPostblit().or(NotCopyable()))));
+    {
+        NotCopyable notCopyable;
+        static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable().or(notCopyable))));
+    }
+    {
+        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = NotCopyable();
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable());
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+    }
+}
+
+// Cast to bool is done before touching the encapsulated value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(Option!bool(false));
+}
+
+// Option can be const
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert((const Option!int(5)).get == 5);
+    assert((const Option!int()).or(5) == 5);
+}
+
+// Equality
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(Option!int() == Option!int());
+    assert(Option!int(0) != Option!int());
+    assert(Option!int(5) == Option!int(5));
+    assert(Option!int(5) == 5);
+    assert(Option!int(5) == cast(ubyte) 5);
+}
+
+// Returns default value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        int i = 5;
+        assert(((ref e) => e)(Option!int().or(i)) == 5);
+    }
 }