Stringish to integral type conversion. Fix #44

Fix  #25.

.travis.yml

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
+  - dmd-2.081.0
+  - dmd-2.080.1
   - dmd-2.079.1
   - dmd-2.078.3
-  - dmd-2.077.1
 
 env:
   matrix:
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ addons:
       - gcc-multilib
 
 before_script:
-  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.079.1'`" ]; then
+  - if [ "`$DC --version | head -n 1 | grep 'v2.081.0'`" ]; then
       export UNITTEST="unittest-cov";
     fi
 

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Tanya
 
-[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.com/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.com/caraus-ecms/tanya)
 [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/master)
 [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/caraus-ecms/tanya)
 [![Dub version](https://img.shields.io/dub/v/tanya.svg)](https://code.dlang.org/packages/tanya)
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@ Tanya consists of the following packages and (top-level) modules:
 * `algorithm`: Collection of generic algorithms.
 * `async`: Event loop (epoll, kqueue and IOCP).
 * `container`: Queue, Array, Singly and doubly linked lists, Buffers, UTF-8
-string, Hash table.
+string, Set, Hash table.
 * `conv`: This module provides functions for converting between different
 types.
 * `encoding`: This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
 * `exception`: Common exceptions and errors.
 * `format`: Formatting and conversion functions.
+* `functional`: Functions that manipulate other functions and their argument
+lists.
 * `hash`: Hash algorithms.
 * `math`: Arbitrary precision integer and a set of functions.
 * `memory`: Tools for manual memory management (allocators, smart pointers).
@@ -172,17 +174,10 @@ parameter is used)
 
 | DMD     | GCC       |
 |:-------:|:---------:|
-| 2.079.1 | *master*  |
+| 2.081.1 | *master*  |
+| 2.080.1 |           |
+| 2.079.1 |           |
 | 2.078.3 |           |
-| 2.077.1 |           |
-
-### Current status
-
-Following modules are under development:
-
-| Feature    | Branch    | Build status                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
-|------------|:---------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Hash table | bitvector | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) [![bitvector](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/djkmverdfsylc7ti/branch/bitvector?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/belka-ew/tanya/branch/bitvector) |
 
 ### Release management
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -3,6 +3,18 @@ os: Visual Studio 2015
 
 environment:
   matrix:
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.081.1
+      arch: x86
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.080.1
+      arch: x64
+    - DC: dmd
+      DVersion: 2.080.1
+      arch: x86
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.079.1
       arch: x64
@@ -15,12 +27,6 @@ environment:
     - DC: dmd
       DVersion: 2.078.3
       arch: x86
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x64
-    - DC: dmd
-      DVersion: 2.077.1
-      arch: x86
 
 skip_tags: true
 

arch/x64/linux/math/abs.S

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 
 // fabsf.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNffZf
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
 
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNffZf:
 	mov $0x7fffffff, %eax
 	movq %rax, %xmm1
 	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTfZ3absFNaNbNiNffZf:
 
 
 // fabs.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfdZd
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
 
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfdZd:
 	mov $0x7fffffffffffffff, %rax
 	movq %rax, %xmm1
 	andpd %xmm1, %xmm0
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTdZ3absFNaNbNiNfdZd:
 
 
 // fabsl.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfeZe
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
 
 // Load the parameter from the stack onto FP stack, execute 'fabs' instruction
 // The result is returned in ST0.
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory10__T3absTeZ3absFNaNbNiNfeZe:
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory4fabsFNaNbNiNfeZe:
 	fldt 0x8(%rsp)
 	fabs
 	ret

arch/x64/linux/math/log.S

@@ -1,22 +1,29 @@
 	.text
 
 
-// logl.
+// logf.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTeZ2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4logfFNaNbNiNffZf
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTeZ2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4logfFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory4logfFNaNbNiNffZf:
+	movss %xmm0, -4(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
 
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTeZ2lnFNaNbNiNfeZe:
 	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
-	fldt 8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the FPU stack
+	flds -4(%rsp) // Put a float onto the FPU stack
 	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
+
+	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
+	fstps -4(%rsp)
+	movss -4(%rsp), %xmm0
+
 	ret
 
 
 // log.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTdZ2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory3logFNaNbNiNfdZd
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTdZ2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory3logFNaNbNiNfdZd, @function
 
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTdZ2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd:
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory3logFNaNbNiNfdZd:
 	movsd %xmm0, -8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
 
 	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
@@ -30,19 +37,12 @@ _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTdZ2lnFNaNbNiNfdZd:
 	ret
 
 
-// logf.
+// logl.
-	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTfZ2lnFNaNbNiNffZf
+	.globl _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4loglFNaNbNiNfeZe
-	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTfZ2lnFNaNbNiNffZf, @function
+	.type _D5tanya4math8nbtheory4loglFNaNbNiNfeZe, @function
-
-_D5tanya4math8nbtheory9__T2lnTfZ2lnFNaNbNiNffZf:
-	movss %xmm0, -4(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the stack
 
+_D5tanya4math8nbtheory4loglFNaNbNiNfeZe:
 	fldln2 // Put lb(e) onto the FPU stack
-	flds -4(%rsp) // Put a float onto the FPU stack
+	fldt 8(%rsp) // Put the argument onto the FPU stack
 	fyl2x // %st1 * lb(%st0)
-
-	 // The result is on the FPU stack, but returned in %xmm0
-	fstps -4(%rsp)
-	movss -4(%rsp), %xmm0
-
 	ret

arch/x64/linux/memory/cmp.S

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ _D5tanya6memory2op9cmpMemoryFNaNbNixAvxAvZi:
 
 	aligned_1: // Compare the remaining bytes
 		mov %rdx, %rcx
+		cmp $0x0, %rcx
 
 		repe cmpsb
 		jl less

arch/x64/linux/syscall.S

@@ -22,44 +22,31 @@ syscall1:
 	ret
 
 
-	.globl syscall2
+// 2 parameters.
-	.type syscall2, @function
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl, @function
 
-syscall2:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllZl:
-	// Store registers.
+	movq %rdx, %rax
-	movq %rdi, %r8
-
-	movq %rdx, %rax // Syscall number.
-
-	// Syscall arguments.
-	movq %rsi, %rdi
-	movq %r8, %rsi
 
 	syscall
 
-	// Restore registers.
-	movq %rdi, %rsi
-	movq %r8, %rdi
-
 	ret
 
 
-	.globl syscall3
+// 6 parameters.
-	.type syscall3, @function
+	.globl _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl
+	.type _D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl, @function
 
-syscall3:
+_D5tanya3sys5linux7syscall7syscallFNbNilllllllZl:
-	// Store registers.
+	pushq %rbp
-	movq %rdi, %r8
+	movq %rsp, %rbp
 
-	movq %rcx, %rax // Syscall number.
+	movq 16(%rbp), %rax
 
-	// Syscall arguments.
+	mov %rcx, %r10
-	movq %rdx, %rdi
-	movq %r8, %rdx
 
 	syscall
 
-	// Restore registers.
+	leave
-	movq %r8, %rdi
-
 	ret

dscanner.ini

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ if_else_same_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for some problems with constructors
 constructor_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for unused variables and function parameters
-unused_variable_check="disabled"
+unused_variable_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for unused labels
 unused_label_check="skip-unittest"
 ; Checks for duplicate attributes

source/tanya/algorithm/comparison.d

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms for comparing values.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/algorithm/comparison.d,
+ *                 tanya/algorithm/comparison.d)
+ */
+module tanya.algorithm.comparison;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.math : isNaN;
+import tanya.memory.op;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+private ref inout(Args[0]) minMax(alias cmp, Args...)(ref inout Args args)
+{
+    auto actual = ((ref arg) @trusted => &arg)(args[0]);
+
+    foreach (i, arg; args[1 .. $])
+    {
+        static if (isFloatingPoint!(Args[0]))
+        {
+            if (isNaN(arg))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isNaN(*actual))
+            {
+                actual = ((ref arg) @trusted => &arg)(args[i + 1]);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (cmp(arg, *actual))
+        {
+            actual = ((ref arg) @trusted => &arg)(args[i + 1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return *actual;
+}
+
+private T moveIf(T)(ref T arg)
+{
+    static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T && isMutable!T)
+    {
+        return move(arg);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the smallest element in the argument list or a range.
+ *
+ * If a range is passed, $(D_PSYMBOL min) returns a range of the same type,
+ * whose front element is the smallest in the range. If more than one element
+ * fulfills this condition, the front of the returned range points to
+ * the first one found.
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) is empty, the original range is returned.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Args) are floating point numbers, $(B NaN) is not considered
+ * for comparison. $(B NaN) is returned only if all arguments are $(B NaN)s.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args  = Types of the arguments. All arguments should have the same type.
+ *  Range = Forward range type.
+ *  args  = Argument list.
+ *  range = Forward range.
+ *
+ * Returns: The smallest element.
+ */
+CommonType!Args min(Args...)(Args args)
+if (Args.length >= 2
+ && isOrderingComparable!(Args[0])
+ && allSameType!(Map!(Unqual, Args)))
+{
+    return moveIf(minMax!((ref a, ref b) => a < b)(args));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref inout(Unqual!(Args[0])) min(Args...)(ref inout Args args)
+if (Args.length >= 2
+ && isOrderingComparable!(Args[0])
+ && allSameType!(Map!(Unqual, Args)))
+{
+    return minMax!((ref a, ref b) => a < b)(args);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(!is(typeof(min(1, 1UL))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(5, 3) == 3);
+    assert(min(4, 4) == 4);
+    assert(min(5.2, 3.0) == 3.0);
+
+    assert(min(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(min(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(min(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+Range min(Range)(Range range)
+if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
+{
+    if (range.empty)
+    {
+        return range;
+    }
+    auto actual = range.save;
+
+    range.popFront();
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        if (range.front < actual.front)
+        {
+            actual = range.save;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return actual;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(1, 2) == 1);
+    assert(min(3, 2) == 2);
+    assert(min(3, 1, 2) == 1);
+
+    int[4] range = [3, 1, 1, 2];
+    auto minElement = min(range[]);
+    assert(minElement.front == 1);
+    assert(minElement.length == 3);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(min(cast(ubyte[]) []).empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the largest element in the argument list or a range.
+ *
+ * If a range is passed, $(D_PSYMBOL max) returns a range of the same type,
+ * whose front element is the largest in the range. If more than one element
+ * fulfills this condition, the front of the returned range points to
+ * the first one found.
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) is empty, the original range is returned.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Args) are floating point numbers, $(B NaN) is not considered
+ * for comparison. $(B NaN) is returned only if all arguments are $(B NaN)s.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args  = Types of the arguments. All arguments should have the same type.
+ *  Range = Forward range type.
+ *  args  = Argument list.
+ *  range = Forward range.
+ *
+ * Returns: The largest element.
+ */
+CommonType!Args max(Args...)(Args args)
+if (Args.length >= 2
+ && isOrderingComparable!(Args[0])
+ && allSameType!(Map!(Unqual, Args)))
+{
+    return moveIf(minMax!((ref a, ref b) => a > b)(args));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+ref inout(Unqual!(Args[0])) max(Args...)(ref inout Args args)
+if (Args.length >= 2
+ && isOrderingComparable!(Args[0])
+ && allSameType!(Map!(Unqual, Args)))
+{
+    return minMax!((ref a, ref b) => a > b)(args);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(!is(typeof(max(1, 1UL))));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(5, 3) == 5);
+    assert(max(4, 4) == 4);
+    assert(max(5.2, 3.0) == 5.2);
+
+    assert(max(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
+    assert(max(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
+    assert(isNaN(max(double.nan, double.nan)));
+}
+
+/// ditto
+Range max(Range)(Range range)
+if (isForwardRange!Range && isOrderingComparable!(ElementType!Range))
+{
+    if (range.empty)
+    {
+        return range;
+    }
+    auto actual = range.save;
+
+    range.popFront();
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        if (range.front > actual.front)
+        {
+            actual = range.save;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return actual;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(1, 2) == 2);
+    assert(max(3, 2) == 3);
+    assert(max(1, 3, 2) == 3);
+
+    int[4] range = [1, 5, 5, 2];
+    auto maxElement = max(range[]);
+    assert(maxElement.front == 5);
+    assert(maxElement.length == 3);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(max(cast(ubyte[]) []).empty);
+}
+
+// min/max compare const and mutable structs.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int s;
+
+        int opCmp(typeof(this) that) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.s - that.s;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        const s1 = S(1);
+        assert(min(s1, S(2)).s == 1);
+        assert(max(s1, S(2)).s == 2);
+    }
+    {
+        auto s2 = S(2), s3 = S(3);
+        assert(min(s2, s3).s == 2);
+        assert(max(s2, s3).s == 3);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares element-wise two ranges for equality.
+ *
+ * If the ranges have different lengths, they aren't equal.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R1 = First range type.
+ *  R2 = Second range type.
+ *  r1 = First range.
+ *  r2 = Second range.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if both ranges are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+bool equal(R1, R2)(R1 r1, R2 r2)
+if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, R1, R2) && is(typeof(r1.front == r2.front)))
+{
+    static if (isDynamicArray!R1
+            && is(R1 == R2)
+            && __traits(isPOD, ElementType!R1))
+    {
+        return cmp(r1, r2) == 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        static if (hasLength!R1 && hasLength!R2)
+        {
+            if (r1.length != r2.length)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        for (; !r1.empty && !r2.empty; r1.popFront(), r2.popFront())
+        {
+            if (r1.front != r2.front)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        static if (hasLength!R1 && hasLength!R2)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return r1.empty && r2.empty;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int[2] range1 = [1, 2];
+    assert(equal(range1[], range1[]));
+
+    int[3] range2 = [1, 2, 3];
+    assert(!equal(range1[], range2[]));
+}

source/tanya/algorithm/package.d

@@ -14,4 +14,5 @@
  */
 module tanya.algorithm;
 
+public import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 public import tanya.algorithm.mutation;

source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d

@@ -1,187 +1,187 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
+
-/**
+/**
- * Event loop implementation for Linux.
+ * Event loop implementation for Linux.
- *
+ *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/async/event/epoll.d,
- *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
+ *                 tanya/async/event/epoll.d)
- */
+ */
-module tanya.async.event.epoll;
+module tanya.async.event.epoll;
-
+
-version (D_Ddoc)
+version (D_Ddoc)
-{
+{
-}
+}
-else version (linux):
+else version (linux):
-
+
-import core.stdc.errno;
+import core.stdc.errno;
-public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
+public import core.sys.linux.epoll;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import core.sys.posix.unistd;
-import core.time;
+import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
-import tanya.async.event.selector;
+import tanya.async.event.selector;
-import tanya.async.loop;
+import tanya.async.loop;
-import tanya.async.protocol;
+import tanya.async.protocol;
-import tanya.async.transport;
+import tanya.async.transport;
-import tanya.async.watcher;
+import tanya.async.watcher;
-import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.container.array;
-import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.memory;
-import tanya.network.socket;
+import tanya.network.socket;
-
+
-extern (C) nothrow @nogc
+extern (C) nothrow @nogc
-{
+{
-    int epoll_create1(int flags);
+    int epoll_create1(int flags);
-    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
+    int epoll_ctl (int epfd, int op, int fd, epoll_event *event);
-    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
+    int epoll_wait (int epfd, epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
-}
+}
-
+
-final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
+final class EpollLoop : SelectorLoop
-{
+{
-    protected int fd;
+    protected int fd;
-    private Array!epoll_event events;
+    private Array!epoll_event events;
-
+
-    /**
+    /**
-     * Initializes the loop.
+     * Initializes the loop.
-     */
+     */
-    this() @nogc
+    this() @nogc
-    {
+    {
-        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+        if ((fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
-        {
+        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
+            throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException("epoll initialization failed");
-        }
+        }
-        super();
+        super();
-        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents);
+        events = Array!epoll_event(maxEvents);
-    }
+    }
-
+
-    /**
+    /**
-     * Frees loop internals.
+     * Frees loop internals.
-     */
+     */
-    ~this() @nogc
+    ~this() @nogc
-    {
+    {
-        close(fd);
+        close(fd);
-    }
+    }
-
+
-    /**
+    /**
-     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
+     * Should be called if the backend configuration changes.
-     *
+     *
-     * Params:
+     * Params:
-     *  watcher   = Watcher.
+     *  watcher   = Watcher.
-     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
+     *  oldEvents = The events were already set.
-     *  events    = The events should be set.
+     *  events    = The events should be set.
-     *
+     *
-     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the operation was successful.
-     */
+     */
-    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
+    protected override bool reify(SocketWatcher watcher,
-                                  EventMask oldEvents,
+                                  EventMask oldEvents,
-                                  EventMask events) @nogc
+                                  EventMask events) @nogc
-    {
+    {
-        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
+        int op = EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
-        epoll_event ev;
+        epoll_event ev;
-
+
-        if (events == oldEvents)
+        if (events == oldEvents)
-        {
+        {
-            return true;
+            return true;
-        }
+        }
-        if (events && oldEvents)
+        if (events && oldEvents)
-        {
+        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
-        }
+        }
-        else if (events && !oldEvents)
+        else if (events && !oldEvents)
-        {
+        {
-            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
+            op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
-        }
+        }
-
+
-        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
+        ev.data.fd = watcher.socket.handle;
-        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
+        ev.events = (events & (Event.read | Event.accept) ? EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI : 0)
-                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
+                  | (events & Event.write ? EPOLLOUT : 0)
-                  | EPOLLET;
+                  | EPOLLET;
-
+
-        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
+        return epoll_ctl(fd, op, watcher.socket.handle, &ev) == 0;
-    }
+    }
-
+
-    /**
+    /**
-     * Does the actual polling.
+     * Does the actual polling.
-     */
+     */
-    protected override void poll() @nogc
+    protected override void poll() @nogc
-    {
+    {
-        // Don't block
+        // Don't block
-        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
+        immutable timeout = cast(immutable int) blockTime.total!"msecs";
-        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
+        auto eventCount = epoll_wait(fd, events.get().ptr, maxEvents, timeout);
-
+
-        if (eventCount < 0)
+        if (eventCount < 0)
-        {
+        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
+            if (errno != EINTR)
-            {
+            {
-                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
+                throw defaultAllocator.make!BadLoopException();
-            }
+            }
-            return;
+            return;
-        }
+        }
-
+
-        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
+        for (auto i = 0; i < eventCount; ++i)
-        {
+        {
-            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+            auto transport = cast(StreamTransport) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-
+
-            if (transport is null)
+            if (transport is null)
-            {
+            {
-                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
+                auto connection = cast(ConnectionWatcher) connections[events[i].data.fd];
-                assert(connection !is null);
+                assert(connection !is null);
-
+
-                acceptConnections(connection);
+                acceptConnections(connection);
-            }
+            }
-            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
+            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLERR)
-            {
+            {
-                kill(transport);
+                kill(transport);
-                continue;
+                continue;
-            }
+            }
-            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
+            else if (events[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI | EPOLLHUP))
-            {
+            {
-                SocketException exception;
+                SocketException exception;
-                try
+                try
-                {
+                {
-                    ptrdiff_t received;
+                    ptrdiff_t received;
-                    do
+                    do
-                    {
+                    {
-                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
+                        received = transport.socket.receive(transport.output[]);
-                        transport.output += received;
+                        transport.output += received;
-                    }
+                    }
-                    while (received);
+                    while (received);
-                }
+                }
-                catch (SocketException e)
+                catch (SocketException e)
-                {
+                {
-                    exception = e;
+                    exception = e;
-                }
+                }
-                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
+                if (transport.socket.disconnected)
-                {
+                {
-                    kill(transport, exception);
+                    kill(transport, exception);
-                    continue;
+                    continue;
-                }
+                }
-                else if (transport.output.length)
+                else if (transport.output.length)
-                {
+                {
-                    pendings.insertBack(transport);
+                    pendings.insertBack(transport);
-                }
+                }
-            }
+            }
-            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+            if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
-            {
+            {
-                transport.writeReady = true;
+                transport.writeReady = true;
-                if (transport.input.length)
+                if (transport.input.length)
-                {
+                {
-                    feed(transport);
+                    feed(transport);
-                }
+                }
-            }
+            }
-        }
+        }
-    }
+    }
-
+
-    /**
+    /**
-     * Returns: The blocking time.
+     * Returns: The blocking time.
-     */
+     */
-    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
+    override protected @property inout(Duration) blockTime()
-    inout @safe pure nothrow
+    inout @safe pure nothrow
-    {
+    {
-        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
+        return min(super.blockTime, 1.dur!"seconds");
-    }
+    }
-}
+}

source/tanya/async/event/kqueue.d

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.sys.posix.time; // timespec
 import core.sys.posix.unistd;
 import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.async.event.selector;
 import tanya.async.loop;
 import tanya.async.transport;
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ enum : short
 
 struct kevent_t
 {
-    uintptr_t    ident; /* identifier for this event */
+    uintptr_t ident; // Identifier for this event
-    short       filter; /* filter for event */
+    short filter; // Filter for event
-    ushort       flags;
+    ushort flags;
-    uint        fflags;
+    uint fflags;
-    intptr_t      data;
+    intptr_t data;
-    void        *udata; /* opaque user data identifier */
+    void* udata; // Opaque user data identifier
 }
 
 enum
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
                filter,
                flags,
                0U,
-               0L,
+               0,
                null);
         ++changeCount;
     }
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ final class KqueueLoop : SelectorLoop
         timespec ts;
         blockTime.split!("seconds", "nsecs")(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 
-        if (changeCount > maxEvents) 
+        if (changeCount > maxEvents)
         {
             events.length = changes.length;
         }

source/tanya/async/loop.d

@@ -13,50 +13,52 @@
  *
  * class EchoProtocol : TransmissionControlProtocol
  * {
- *  private DuplexTransport transport;
+ *     private DuplexTransport transport;
  *
- *  void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
+ *     void received(in ubyte[] data) @nogc
- *  {
+ *     {
- *      transport.write(data);
+ *         ubyte[512] buffer;
- *  }
+ *         buffer[0 .. data.length] = data;
+ *         transport.write(buffer[]);
+ *     }
  *
- *  void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
+ *     void connected(DuplexTransport transport) @nogc
- *  {
+ *     {
- *      this.transport = transport;
+ *         this.transport = transport;
- *  }
+ *     }
  *
- *  void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
+ *     void disconnected(SocketException e) @nogc
- *  {
+ *     {
- *  }
+ *     }
  * }
  *
  * void main()
  * {
- *  auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *     auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", cast(ushort) 8192);
  *
- *  version (Windows)
+ *     version (Windows)
- *  {
+ *     {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *         auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!OverlappedStreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *  }
+ *     }
- *  else
+ *     else
- *  {
+ *     {
- *      auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *         auto sock = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
- *      sock.blocking = false;
+ *         sock.blocking = false;
- *  }
+ *     }
  *
- *  sock.bind(address);
+ *     sock.bind(address);
- *  sock.listen(5);
+ *     sock.listen(5);
  *
- *  auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
+ *     auto io = defaultAllocator.make!ConnectionWatcher(sock);
- *  io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
+ *     io.setProtocol!EchoProtocol;
  *
- *  defaultLoop.start(io);
+ *     defaultLoop.start(io);
- *  defaultLoop.run();
+ *     defaultLoop.run();
  *
- *  sock.shutdown();
+ *     sock.shutdown();
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(io);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(sock);
- *  defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(address);
  * }
  * ---
  *
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ abstract class Loop
         return 128U;
     }
 
-    private unittest
+    @nogc @system unittest
     {
         auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
         assert(loop.maxEvents == 64);
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ abstract class Loop
         this.done = true;
     }
 
-    private unittest
+    @nogc @system unittest
     {
         auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
         assert(loop.done);
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ abstract class Loop
         defaultAllocator.dispose(loop);
     }
 
-    private unittest
+    @nogc @system unittest
     {
         auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
         auto watcher = defaultAllocator.make!DummyWatcher;
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ abstract class Loop
         blockTime_ = blockTime;
     }
 
-    private unittest
+    @nogc @system unittest
     {
         auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;
         assert(loop.blockTime == 1.dur!"minutes");
@@ -417,7 +419,7 @@ do
 
 private Loop defaultLoop_;
 
-private unittest
+@nogc @system unittest
 {
     auto oldLoop = defaultLoop_;
     auto loop = defaultAllocator.make!TestLoop;

source/tanya/container/array.d

@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 module tanya.container.array;
 
 import core.checkedint;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront,
                                 copy,
                                 fill,
                                 initializeAll,
                                 uninitializedFill;
 import std.meta;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.exception;
 import tanya.memory;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ struct Range(A)
         --this.end;
     }
 
-    ref inout(E) opIndex(const size_t i) inout @trusted
+    ref inout(E) opIndex(size_t i) inout @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i < length);
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ struct Range(A)
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin, this.end);
     }
 
-    Range opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
+    Range opSlice(size_t i, size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ struct Range(A)
         return typeof(return)(*this.container, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
 
-    A.ConstRange opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
+    A.ConstRange opSlice(size_t i, size_t j) const @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ struct Array(T)
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (!isInfinite!R
+    if (!isInfinite!R
-         && isInputRange!R
+     && isInputRange!R
-         && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
         this(allocator);
         insertBack(init);
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
     this(R)(ref R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(Unqual!R == Array))
+    if (is(Unqual!R == Array))
     {
         this(allocator);
         insertBack(init[]);
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ struct Array(T)
 
     /// ditto
     this(R)(R init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
-        if (is(R == Array))
+    if (is(R == Array))
     {
         this(allocator);
         if (allocator is init.allocator)
@@ -299,16 +299,16 @@ struct Array(T)
      *  init      = Initial value to fill the array with.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
      */
-    this(const size_t len, T init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    this(size_t len, T init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         reserve(len);
-        uninitializedFill(this.data[0 .. len], init);
+        uninitializedFill(slice(len), init);
         length_ = len;
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    this(const size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this(size_t len, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
         length = len;
@@ -348,10 +348,10 @@ struct Array(T)
     /**
      * Destroys this $(D_PSYMBOL Array).
      */
-    ~this() @trusted
+    ~this()
     {
         clear();
-        allocator.deallocate(this.data[0 .. capacity]);
+        (() @trusted => allocator.deallocate(slice(capacity)))();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      */
     this(this)
     {
-        auto buf = this.data[0 .. this.length_];
+        auto buf = slice(this.length);
         this.length_ = capacity_ = 0;
         this.data = null;
         insertBack(buf);
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Params:
      *  len = New length.
      */
-    @property void length(const size_t len) @trusted
+    @property void length(size_t len) @trusted
     {
         if (len == length)
         {
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Params:
      *  size = Desired size.
      */
-    void reserve(const size_t size) @trusted
+    void reserve(size_t size) @trusted
     {
         if (capacity_ >= size)
         {
@@ -531,14 +531,14 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Params:
      *  size = Desired size.
      */
-    void shrink(const size_t size) @trusted
+    void shrink(size_t size) @trusted
     {
         if (capacity <= size)
         {
             return;
         }
         const n = max(length, size);
-        void[] buf = this.data[0 .. this.capacity_];
+        void[] buf = slice(this.capacity_);
         if (allocator.reallocateInPlace(buf, n * T.sizeof))
         {
             this.capacity_ = n;
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *
      * Returns: The number of elements removed
      */
-    size_t removeBack(const size_t howMany)
+    size_t removeBack(size_t howMany)
     out (removed)
     {
         assert(removed <= howMany);
@@ -621,7 +621,17 @@ struct Array(T)
         assert(v.removeBack(3) == 0);
     }
 
-    private @property inout(T)* end() inout
+    private inout(T)[] slice(size_t length) inout @trusted
+    in
+    {
+        assert(length <= capacity);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.data[0 .. length];
+    }
+
+    private @property inout(T)* end() inout @trusted
     {
         return this.data + this.length_;
     }
@@ -637,22 +647,24 @@ struct Array(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) refers to a region of $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    Range remove(Range r) @trusted
+    Range remove(Range r)
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
         assert(r.begin >= this.data);
-        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
+        assert(r.end <= end);
     }
     do
     {
         auto target = r.begin;
-        for (auto source = r.end; source != end; ++source, ++target)
+        auto source = r.end;
+        while (source !is end)
         {
             move(*source, *target);
+            ((ref s, ref t) @trusted {++s; ++t;})(source, target);
         }
         length = length - r.length;
-        return Range(this, r.begin, this.data + length);
+        return Range(this, r.begin, end);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -677,7 +689,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     private void moveBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
-        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
         reserve(this.length + 1);
         moveEmplace(el, *end);
@@ -694,20 +706,20 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Returns: The number of elements inserted.
      */
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el)
-        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
         moveBack(el);
         return 1;
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
+    size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el)
-        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        this.length = this.length + 1;
+        length = length + 1;
         scope (failure)
         {
-            this.length = this.length - 1;
+            length = length - 1;
         }
         opIndex(this.length - 1) = el;
         return 1;
@@ -715,9 +727,9 @@ struct Array(T)
 
     /// ditto
     size_t insertBack(R)(R el)
-        if (!isInfinite!R
+    if (!isInfinite!R
-         && isInputRange!R
+     && isInputRange!R
-         && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
         static if (hasLength!R)
         {
@@ -794,9 +806,9 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) refers to a region of $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, R el)
-        if (!isInfinite!R
+    if (!isInfinite!R
-         && isInputRange!R
+     && isInputRange!R
-         && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
@@ -827,7 +839,7 @@ struct Array(T)
 
     /// ditto
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
-        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
@@ -854,9 +866,9 @@ struct Array(T)
 
     /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, R el)
-        if (!isInfinite!R
+    if (!isInfinite!R
-         && isInputRange!R
+     && isInputRange!R
-         && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
@@ -883,7 +895,7 @@ struct Array(T)
 
     /// ditto
     size_t insertBefore(R)(Range r, auto ref R el)
-        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
         assert(r.container is &this);
@@ -992,7 +1004,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos).
      */
-    ref T opIndexAssign(E : T)(auto ref E value, const size_t pos)
+    ref T opIndexAssign(E : T)(auto ref E value, size_t pos)
     {
         return opIndex(pos) = value;
     }
@@ -1057,7 +1069,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos).
      */
-    ref inout(T) opIndex(const size_t pos) inout @trusted
+    ref inout(T) opIndex(size_t pos) inout @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(length > pos);
@@ -1132,7 +1144,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
     bool opEquals(R)(R that) const
-        if (is(R == Range) || is(R == ConstRange))
+    if (is(R == Range) || is(R == ConstRange))
     {
         return equal(opIndex(), that);
     }
@@ -1221,7 +1233,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length).
      */
-    Range opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
+    Range opSlice(size_t i, size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -1233,7 +1245,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    ConstRange opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
+    ConstRange opSlice(size_t i, size_t j) const @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -1294,7 +1306,7 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length
      *                           && value.length == j - i)
      */
-    Range opSliceAssign(size_t R)(T[R] value, const size_t i, const size_t j)
+    Range opSliceAssign(size_t R)(T[R] value, size_t i, size_t j)
     @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1308,7 +1320,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    Range opSliceAssign(R : T)(auto ref R value, const size_t i, const size_t j)
+    Range opSliceAssign(R : T)(auto ref R value, size_t i, size_t j)
     @trusted
     in
     {
@@ -1322,7 +1334,7 @@ struct Array(T)
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    Range opSliceAssign(Range value, const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
+    Range opSliceAssign(Range value, size_t i, size_t j) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(i <= j);
@@ -1401,14 +1413,14 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(ref R that)
-        if (is(Unqual!R == Array))
+    if (is(Unqual!R == Array))
     {
         return this = that[];
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that) @trusted
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
-        if (is(R == Array))
+    if (is(R == Array))
     {
         swap(this.data, that.data);
         swap(this.length_, that.length_);
@@ -1427,9 +1439,9 @@ struct Array(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that)
-        if (!isInfinite!R
+    if (!isInfinite!R
-         && isInputRange!R
+     && isInputRange!R
-         && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+     && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
         length = 0;
         insertBack(that);
@@ -1669,3 +1681,14 @@ struct Array(T)
     Array!int v1;
     v1 = Array!int([5, 15, 8]);
 }
+
+// Postblit is safe
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto array = Array!int(3);
+    void func(Array!int arg)
+    {
+        assert(arg.capacity == 3);
+    }
+    func(array);
+}

source/tanya/container/buffer.d

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import tanya.meta.trait;
 version (unittest)
 {
     private int fillBuffer(ubyte[] buffer,
-                           in size_t size,
                            int start = 0,
                            int end = 10) @nogc pure nothrow
     in
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ version (unittest)
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -67,16 +66,16 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Available space.
-    private immutable size_t minAvailable = 1024;
+    private size_t minAvailable = 1024;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize = 8192;
+    private size_t blockSize = 8192;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(length_ <= buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.length_ <= this.buffer_.length);
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
-        assert(minAvailable > 0);
+        assert(this.minAvailable > 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -90,14 +89,14 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *                 $(D_PSYMBOL free) < $(D_PARAM minAvailable)).
      *  allocator    = Allocator.
      */
-    this(in size_t size,
+    this(size_t size,
-         in size_t minAvailable = 1024,
+         size_t minAvailable = 1024,
          shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     {
         this(allocator);
         this.minAvailable = minAvailable;
         this.blockSize = size;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this() @trusted
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        return length_ - start;
+        return this.length_ - start;
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     void clear()
     {
-        start = length_ = ring;
+        start = this.length_ = ring;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         assert(b.free == 0);
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
         assert(b.free == b.blockSize - numberRead);
         b.clear();
@@ -188,23 +187,23 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+    ref ReadBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     {
-        length_ += length;
+        this.length_ += length;
         ring = start;
         return this;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
         result = b[0 .. $];
@@ -214,10 +213,10 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
         b.clear();
 
         // It shouldn't overwrite, but append another 5 bytes to the buffer
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 20, 25);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 20, 25);
         b += numberRead;
 
         result = b[0..$];
@@ -235,9 +234,9 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: Array between $(D_PARAM start) and $(D_PARAM end).
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        return buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
+        return this.buffer_[this.start + start .. this.start + end];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -251,35 +250,36 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
     {
         if (start > 0)
         {
-            auto ret = buffer_[0 .. start];
+            auto ret = this.buffer_[0 .. start];
             ring = 0;
             return ret;
         }
         else
         {
-            if (capacity - length < minAvailable)
+            if (capacity - length < this.minAvailable)
             {
-                void[] buf = buffer_;
+                void[] buf = this.buffer_;
-                immutable cap = capacity;
+                const cap = capacity;
                 () @trusted {
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, (cap + blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf,
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                                         (cap + this.blockSize) * T.sizeof);
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            ring = length_;
+            ring = this.length_;
-            return buffer_[length_ .. $];
+            return this.buffer_[this.length_ .. $];
         }
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         ReadBuffer!ubyte b;
         size_t numberRead;
         ubyte[] result;
 
         // Fills the buffer with values 0..10
-        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], b.free, 0, 10);
+        numberRead = fillBuffer(b[], 0, 10);
         b += numberRead;
 
         assert(b.length == 10);
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ struct ReadBuffer(T = ubyte)
  *  T = Buffer type.
  */
 struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
-    if (isScalarType!T)
+if (isScalarType!T)
 {
     /// Internal buffer.
     private T[] buffer_;
@@ -323,16 +323,16 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     private size_t ring;
 
     /// Size by which the buffer will grow.
-    private immutable size_t blockSize;
+    private const size_t blockSize;
 
     /// The position of the free area in the buffer.
     private size_t position;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(blockSize > 0);
+        assert(this.blockSize > 0);
         // Position can refer to an element outside the buffer if the buffer is full.
-        assert(position <= buffer_.length);
+        assert(this.position <= this.buffer_.length);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE size > 0 && allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(in size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
+    this(size_t size, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(size > 0);
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
     do
     {
-        blockSize = size;
+        this.blockSize = size;
         ring = size - 1;
         allocator_ = allocator;
-        buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
+        this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) allocator_.allocate(size * T.sizeof);
     }
 
     @disable this();
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        allocator.deallocate(buffer_);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.buffer_);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return buffer_.length;
+        return this.buffer_.length;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -385,13 +385,13 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
             return ring - start + 1;
         }
         else
         {
-            return position - start;
+            return this.position - start;
         }
     }
 
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
         ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
@@ -434,61 +434,62 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      * Params:
      *  buffer = Buffer chunk got with $(D_PSYMBOL opIndex).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in T[] buffer)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(const T[] buffer)
         if (op == "~")
     {
         size_t end, start;
 
-        if (position >= this.start && position <= ring)
+        if (this.position >= this.start && this.position <= ring)
         {
             auto afterRing = ring + 1;
 
-            end = position + buffer.length;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length;
             if (end > afterRing)
             {
                 end = afterRing;
             }
-            start = end - position;
+            start = end - this.position;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[0 .. start];
             if (end == afterRing)
             {
-                position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
+                this.position = this.start == 0 ? afterRing : 0;
             }
             else
             {
-                position = end;
+                this.position = end;
             }
         }
 
         // Check if we have some free space at the beginning
-        if (start < buffer.length && position < this.start)
+        if (start < buffer.length && this.position < this.start)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > this.start)
             {
                 end = this.start;
             }
-            auto areaEnd = end - position + start;
+            auto areaEnd = end - this.position + start;
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. areaEnd];
-            position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - position;
+            this.position = end == this.start ? ring + 1 : end - this.position;
             start = areaEnd;
         }
 
         // And if we still haven't found any place, save the rest in the overflow area
         if (start < buffer.length)
         {
-            end = position + buffer.length - start;
+            end = this.position + buffer.length - start;
             if (end > capacity)
             {
-                auto newSize = (end / blockSize * blockSize + blockSize) * T.sizeof;
+                const newSize = end / this.blockSize * this.blockSize
+                              + this.blockSize;
                 () @trusted {
-                    void[] buf = buffer_;
+                    void[] buf = this.buffer_;
-                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize);
+                    allocator.reallocate(buf, newSize * T.sizeof);
-                    buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
+                    this.buffer_ = cast(T[]) buf;
                 }();
             }
-            buffer_[position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
+            this.buffer_[this.position .. end] = buffer[start .. $];
-            position = end;
+            this.position = end;
             if (this.start == 0)
             {
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -507,7 +508,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(in size_t length)
+    ref WriteBuffer opOpAssign(string op)(size_t length)
         if (op == "+")
     in
     {
@@ -522,42 +523,42 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         {
             return this;
         }
-        else if (position <= afterRing)
+        else if (this.position <= afterRing)
         {
             start += length;
-            if (start > 0 && position == afterRing)
+            if (start > 0 && this.position == afterRing)
             {
-                position = oldStart;
+                this.position = oldStart;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            auto overflow = position - afterRing;
+            auto overflow = this.position - afterRing;
 
             if (overflow > length)
             {
-                immutable afterLength = afterRing + length;
+                const afterLength = afterRing + length;
-                buffer_[start .. start + length] = buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + length] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength];
-                buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = buffer_[afterLength .. position];
+                this.buffer_[afterRing .. afterLength] = this.buffer_[afterLength .. this.position];
-                position -= length;
+                this.position -= length;
             }
             else if (overflow == length)
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
-                position -= overflow;
+                this.position -= overflow;
             }
             else
             {
-                buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = buffer_[afterRing .. position];
+                this.buffer_[start .. start + overflow] = this.buffer_[afterRing .. this.position];
-                position = overflow;
+                this.position = overflow;
             }
             start += length;
 
-            if (start == position)
+            if (start == this.position)
             {
-                if (position != afterRing)
+                if (this.position != afterRing)
                 {
-                    position = 0;
+                    this.position = 0;
                 }
                 start = 0;
                 ring = capacity - 1;
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
@@ -597,22 +598,20 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
      *
      * Returns: A chunk of data buffer.
      */
-    T[] opSlice(in size_t start, in size_t end)
+    T[] opSlice(size_t start, size_t end)
     {
-        immutable internStart = this.start + start;
+        if (this.position > ring || this.position < start) // Buffer overflowed
-
-        if (position > ring || position < start) // Buffer overflowed
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. ring + 1 - length + end];
         }
         else
         {
-            return buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
+            return this.buffer_[this.start .. this.start + end];
         }
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(6);
         ubyte[6] buf = [23, 23, 255, 128, 127, 9];
@@ -655,7 +654,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
     static assert(is(typeof(WriteBuffer!int(5))));
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(4);
     ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];
@@ -677,7 +676,7 @@ struct WriteBuffer(T = ubyte)
         && b.buffer_[2] == 48 && b.buffer_[3] == 23 && b.buffer_[4] == 255);
 }
 
-@nogc nothrow pure unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto b = WriteBuffer!ubyte(2);
     ubyte[3] buf = [48, 23, 255];

source/tanya/container/entry.d

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.entry;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.array;
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.typecons;
 
 package struct SEntry(T)
@@ -35,17 +39,6 @@ package struct DEntry(T)
     DEntry* next, prev;
 }
 
-package struct HashEntry(K, V)
-{
-    this(ref K key, ref V value)
-    {
-        this.pair = Pair!(K, V)(key, value);
-    }
-
-    Pair!(K, V) pair;
-    HashEntry* next;
-}
-
 package enum BucketStatus : byte
 {
     deleted = -1,
@@ -53,56 +46,283 @@ package enum BucketStatus : byte
     used = 1,
 }
 
-package struct Bucket(T)
+package struct Bucket(K, V = void)
 {
-    @property void content(ref T content)
+    static if (is(V == void))
     {
-        this.content_ = content;
+        K key_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias KV = Tuple!(K, "key", V, "value");
+        KV kv;
+    }
+    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+
+    this(ref K key)
+    {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    @property void key(ref K key)
+    {
+        this.key() = key;
         this.status = BucketStatus.used;
     }
 
-    @property ref inout(T) content() inout
+    @property ref inout(K) key() inout
     {
-        return this.content_;
+        static if (is(V == void))
-    }
-
-    bool opEquals(ref T content)
-    {
-        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
         {
-            return true;
+            return this.key_;
         }
-        return false;
+        else
-    }
-
-    bool opEquals(ref const T content) const
-    {
-        if (this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.content == content)
         {
-            return true;
+            return this.kv.key;
         }
-        return false;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that)
+    void moveKey(ref K key)
     {
-        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+        move(key, this.key());
+        this.status = BucketStatus.used;
     }
 
-    bool opEquals(ref typeof(this) that) const
+    bool opEquals(T)(ref const T key) const
     {
-        return this.content == that.content && this.status == that.status;
+        return this.status == BucketStatus.used && this.key == key;
+    }
+
+    bool opEquals(ref const(typeof(this)) that) const
+    {
+        return key == that.key && this.status == that.status;
     }
 
     void remove()
     {
-        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!K)
         {
-            destroy(this.content);
+            destroy(key);
         }
         this.status = BucketStatus.deleted;
     }
-
+}
-    T content_;
+
-    BucketStatus status = BucketStatus.empty;
+// Possible sizes for the hash-based containers.
+package static immutable size_t[33] primes = [
+    0, 3, 7, 13, 23, 37, 53, 97, 193, 389, 769, 1543, 3079, 6151, 12289,
+    24593, 49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+    12582917, 25165843, 50331653, 100663319, 201326611, 402653189,
+    805306457, 1610612741, 3221225473
+];
+
+package struct HashArray(alias hasher, K, V = void)
+{
+    alias Key = K;
+    alias Value = V;
+    alias Bucket = .Bucket!(Key, Value);
+    alias Buckets = Array!Bucket;
+
+    Buckets array;
+    size_t lengthIndex;
+    size_t length;
+
+    this(shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(allocator);
+    }
+
+    this(T)(ref T data, shared Allocator allocator)
+    if (is(Unqual!T == HashArray))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(data.array, allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = data.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = data.length;
+    }
+
+    // Move constructor
+    void move(ref HashArray data, shared Allocator allocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.array = Buckets(.move(data.array), allocator);
+        this.lengthIndex = data.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = data.length;
+    }
+
+    void swap(ref HashArray data)
+    {
+        .swap(this.array, data.array);
+        .swap(this.lengthIndex, data.lengthIndex);
+        .swap(this.length, data.length);
+    }
+
+    void opAssign(ref typeof(this) that)
+    {
+        this.array = that.array;
+        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
+        this.length = that.length;
+    }
+
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return primes[this.lengthIndex];
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
+     * empty `buckets` array.
+     */
+    size_t locateBucket(T)(ref const T key) const
+    {
+        return this.array.length == 0 ? 0 : hasher(key) % bucketCount;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If the key doesn't already exists, returns an empty bucket the key can
+     * be inserted in and adjusts the element count. Otherwise returns the
+     * bucket containing the key.
+     */
+    ref Bucket insert(ref Key key)
+    {
+        const newLengthIndex = this.lengthIndex + 1;
+        if (newLengthIndex != primes.length)
+        {
+            foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+            {
+                if (e == key)
+                {
+                    return e;
+                }
+                else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+                {
+                    ++this.length;
+                    return e;
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.rehashToSize(newLengthIndex);
+        }
+
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key)
+            {
+                return e;
+            }
+            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                ++this.length;
+                return e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.array.length = this.array.length + 1;
+        ++this.length;
+        return this.array[$ - 1];
+    }
+
+    // Takes an index in the primes array.
+    void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(n < primes.length);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        auto storage = typeof(this.array)(primes[n], this.array.allocator);
+        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.array[])
+        {
+            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
+            {
+                auto bucketPosition = hasher(e1.key) % primes[n];
+
+                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
+                {
+                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the key
+                    {
+                        .move(e1, e2);
+                        continue DataLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+                storage.insertBack(.move(e1));
+            }
+        }
+        .move(storage, this.array);
+        this.lengthIndex = n;
+    }
+
+    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    {
+        size_t lengthIndex;
+        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
+        {
+            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (lengthIndex > this.lengthIndex)
+        {
+            this.rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return this.array.length;
+    }
+
+    void clear()
+    {
+        this.array.clear();
+        this.length = 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t remove(ref Key key)
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key) // Found.
+            {
+                e.remove();
+                --this.length;
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", T)(ref const T key) const
+    {
+        foreach (ref e; this.array[locateBucket(key) .. $])
+        {
+            if (e == key) // Found.
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
 }

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.list;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
@@ -177,7 +177,6 @@ struct SList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = SList!int(2, 3);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 3);
     }
 
@@ -191,7 +190,6 @@ struct SList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = SList!int(2);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +429,6 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l2.front == 25);
 
         l2.insertFront(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.front == 9);
     }
 
@@ -565,12 +562,6 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    deprecated
-    @property size_t length() const
-    {
-        return count(this[]);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Comparison for equality.
      *
@@ -582,7 +573,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      */
     bool opEquals()(auto ref typeof(this) that) inout
     {
-        return equal(this[], that[]);
+        return equal(opIndex(), that[]);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -707,7 +698,7 @@ struct SList(T)
         auto outOfScopeList = typeof(this)(allocator);
         outOfScopeList.head = *r.head;
         *r.head = null;
-    
+
         return r;
     }
 
@@ -1153,7 +1144,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = DList!int(2, 3);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 3);
         assert(l.back == 3);
     }
@@ -1168,7 +1158,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto l = DList!int(2);
-        assert(l.length == 2);
         assert(l.front == 0);
     }
 
@@ -1479,7 +1468,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 15);
 
         l2.insertFront(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.front == 9);
         assert(l2.back == 15);
     }
@@ -1599,7 +1587,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         assert(l2.back == 15);
 
         l2.insertBack(l1[]);
-        assert(l2.length == 5);
         assert(l2.back == 9);
     }
 
@@ -1854,12 +1841,6 @@ struct DList(T)
         return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
 
-    deprecated
-    @property size_t length() const
-    {
-        return count(this[]);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Comparison for equality.
      *
@@ -2353,7 +2334,6 @@ struct DList(T)
     l.insertAfter(l[], 234);
     assert(l.front == 234);
     assert(l.back == 234);
-    assert(l.length == 1);
 }
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest

source/tanya/container/package.d

@@ -16,28 +16,7 @@ module tanya.container;
 
 public import tanya.container.array;
 public import tanya.container.buffer;
+public import tanya.container.hashtable;
 public import tanya.container.list;
 public import tanya.container.set;
 public import tanya.container.string;
-
-/**
- * Thrown if $(D_PSYMBOL Set) cannot insert a new element because the container
- * is full.
- */
-class HashContainerFullException : Exception
-{
-    /**
-     * Params:
-     *  msg  = The message for the exception.
-     *  file = The file where the exception occurred.
-     *  line = The line number where the exception occurred.
-     *  next = The previous exception in the chain of exceptions, if any.
-     */
-    this(string msg,
-         string file = __FILE__,
-         size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
-    {
-        super(msg, file, line, next);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/container/set.d

@@ -15,28 +15,30 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.set;
 
-import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.container.array;
-import tanya.container;
 import tanya.container.entry;
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 /**
  * Bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s values.
  *
  * Params:
- *  E = Element type.
+ *  T = Type of the internal hash storage.
  */
-struct Range(E)
+struct Range(T)
 {
-    static if (isMutable!E)
+    private alias E = CopyConstness!(T, T.Key);
+    static if (isMutable!T)
     {
-        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).Range;
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.Range;
     }
     else
     {
-        private alias DataRange = Array!(Bucket!(Unqual!E)).ConstRange;
+        private alias DataRange = T.array.ConstRange;
     }
     private DataRange dataRange;
 
@@ -68,63 +70,61 @@ struct Range(E)
     @property void popFront()
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     out
     {
-        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
-            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     do
     {
         do
         {
-            dataRange.popFront();
+            this.dataRange.popFront();
         }
-        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
+        while (!empty && dataRange.front.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
     @property void popBack()
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     out
     {
-        assert(this.dataRange.empty
+        assert(empty || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
-            || this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     do
     {
         do
         {
-            dataRange.popBack();
+            this.dataRange.popBack();
         }
-        while (!dataRange.empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
+        while (!empty && dataRange.back.status != BucketStatus.used);
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) front() inout
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.front.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     do
     {
-        return dataRange.front.content;
+        return this.dataRange.front.key;
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) back() inout
     in
     {
-        assert(!this.dataRange.empty);
+        assert(!empty);
         assert(this.dataRange.back.status == BucketStatus.used);
     }
     do
     {
-        return dataRange.back.content;
+        return this.dataRange.back.key;
     }
 
     Range opIndex()
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ struct Range(E)
         return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
     }
 
-    Range!(const E) opIndex() const
+    Range!(const T) opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(this.dataRange[]);
     }
@@ -145,25 +145,33 @@ struct Range(E)
  * This $(D_PSYMBOL Set) is implemented using closed hashing. Hash collisions
  * are resolved with linear probing.
  *
- * Currently works only with integral types.
+ * $(D_PARAM T) should be hashable with $(D_PARAM hasher). $(D_PARAM hasher) is
+ * a callable that accepts an argument of type $(D_PARAM T) and returns a hash
+ * value for it ($(D_KEYWORD size_t)).
  *
  * Params:
- *  T = Element type.
+ *  T      = Element type.
+ *  hasher = Hash function for $(D_PARAM T).
  */
-struct Set(T)
+struct Set(T, alias hasher = hash)
-    if (isIntegral!T || is(Unqual!T == bool))
+if (is(typeof(hasher(T.init)) == size_t))
 {
+    private alias HashArray = .HashArray!(hasher, T);
+    private alias Buckets = HashArray.Buckets;
+
+    private HashArray data;
+
     /// The range types for $(D_PSYMBOL Set).
-    alias Range = .Range!T;
+    alias Range = .Range!HashArray;
 
     /// ditto
-    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const T);
+    alias ConstRange = .Range!(const HashArray);
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(this.lengthIndex < primes.length);
+        assert(this.data.lengthIndex < primes.length);
-        assert(this.data.length == 0
+        assert(this.data.array.length == 0
-            || this.data.length == primes[this.lengthIndex]);
+            || this.data.array.length == primes[this.data.lengthIndex]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -175,7 +183,7 @@ struct Set(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
      */
-    this(const size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this(size_t n, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -183,7 +191,14 @@ struct Set(T)
     do
     {
         this(allocator);
-        rehash(n);
+        this.data.rehash(n);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        auto set = Set!int(5);
+        assert(set.capacity == 7);
     }
 
     /// ditto
@@ -194,20 +209,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     }
     do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(allocator);
+        this.data = HashArray(allocator);
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        {
-            auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
-            assert(set.capacity == 0);
-        }
-        {
-            auto set = Set!int(8);
-            assert(set.capacity == 13);
-        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -220,30 +222,90 @@ struct Set(T)
      *  S         = Source set type.
      *  init      = Source set.
      *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
      */
     this(S)(ref S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
     do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(init.data, allocator);
+        this.data = HashArray(init.data, allocator);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     this(S)(S init, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
-        if (is(S == Set))
+    if (is(S == Set))
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
     }
     do
     {
-        this.data = typeof(this.data)(move(init.data), allocator);
+        this.data.move(init.data, allocator);
-        this.lengthIndex = init.lengthIndex;
+    }
-        init.lengthIndex = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the set from a forward range.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R         = Range type.
+     *  range     = Forward range.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(R)(R range, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    if (isForwardRange!R && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        insert(range);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        int[2] range = [1, 2];
+        Set!int set = Set!int(range[]);
+
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the set from a static array.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  n         = Array size.
+     *  array     = Static array.
+     *  allocator = Allocator.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
+     */
+    this(size_t n)(T[n] array, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(allocator !is null);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        insert(array[]);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set = Set!int([1, 2]);
+
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -259,19 +321,17 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(ref S that)
-        if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
+    if (is(Unqual!S == Set))
     {
         this.data = that.data;
-        this.lengthIndex = that.lengthIndex;
         return this;
     }
 
     /// ditto
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(S)(S that) @trusted
-        if (is(S == Set))
+    if (is(S == Set))
     {
-        swap(this.data, that.data);
+        this.data.swap(that.data);
-        swap(this.lengthIndex, that.lengthIndex);
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -287,7 +347,7 @@ struct Set(T)
     }
     do
     {
-        return cast(shared Allocator) this.data.allocator;
+        return this.data.array.allocator;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -301,11 +361,11 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     @property size_t capacity() const
     {
-        return this.data.length;
+        return this.data.capacity;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set.capacity == 0);
@@ -321,19 +381,11 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        size_t count;
+        return this.data.length;
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[])
-        {
-            if (e.status == BucketStatus.used)
-            {
-                ++count;
-            }
-        }
-        return count;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set.length == 0);
@@ -342,81 +394,63 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set.length == 1);
     }
 
-    private static const size_t[41] primes = [
+    /**
-        3, 7, 13, 23, 29, 37, 53, 71, 97, 131, 163, 193, 239, 293, 389, 521,
+     * Tells whether the container contains any elements.
-        769, 919, 1103, 1327, 1543, 2333, 3079, 4861, 6151, 12289, 24593,
+     *
-        49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469,
+     * Returns: Whether the container is empty.
-        12582917, 25165843, 139022417, 282312799, 573292817, 1164186217,
+     */
-    ];
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return length == 0;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        assert(set.empty);
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(!set.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all elements.
+     */
+    void clear()
+    {
+        this.data.clear();
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+        set.insert(5);
+        assert(!set.empty);
+        set.clear();
+        assert(set.empty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns current bucket count in the container.
+     *
+     * Bucket count equals to the number of the elements can be saved in the
+     * container in the best case scenario for key distribution, i.d. every key
+     * has a unique hash value. In a worse case the bucket count can be less
+     * than the number of elements stored in the container.
+     *
+     * Returns: Current bucket count.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL rehash).
+     */
+    @property size_t bucketCount() const
+    {
+        return this.data.bucketCount;
+    }
 
     /// The maximum number of buckets the container can have.
     enum size_t maxBucketCount = primes[$ - 1];
 
-    static private size_t calculateHash(U)(ref const U value)
-    if (is(U == Unqual!T))
-    {
-        static if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || is(T == bool))
-        {
-            return (cast(size_t) value);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            static assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static private size_t locateBucket(ref const DataType buckets,
-                                       const size_t hash)
-    in
-    {
-        assert(buckets.length > 0);
-    }
-    do
-    {
-        return hash % buckets.length;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Returns bucket position for `hash`. `0` may mean the 0th position or an
-     * empty `buckets` array.
-     */
-    private size_t locateBucket(const size_t hash) const
-    {
-        return this.data.length == 0 ? 0 : locateBucket(this.data, hash);
-    }
-
-    private enum InsertStatus : byte
-    {
-        found = -1,
-        failed = 0,
-        added = 1,
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Inserts the value in an empty or deleted bucket. If the value is
-     * already in there, does nothing and returns InsertStatus.found. If the
-     * hash array is full returns InsertStatus.failed. Otherwise,
-     * InsertStatus.added is returned.
-     */
-    private InsertStatus insertInUnusedBucket(ref T value)
-    {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(this.data, calculateHash(value));
-
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Already in the set.
-            {
-                return InsertStatus.found;
-            }
-            else if (e.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
-            {
-                e.content = value;
-                return InsertStatus.added;
-            }
-        }
-        return InsertStatus.failed;
-    }
-
     /**
      * Inserts a new element.
      *
@@ -424,31 +458,31 @@ struct Set(T)
      *  value = Element value.
      *
      * Returns: Amount of new elements inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL HashContainerFullException) if the insertion failed.
      */
+    size_t insert(ref T value)
+    {
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
+        {
+            e.moveKey(value);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     size_t insert(T value)
     {
-        if (this.data.length == 0)
+        auto e = ((ref v) @trusted => &this.data.insert(v))(value);
+        if (e.status != BucketStatus.used)
         {
-            this.data = DataType(primes[0], allocator);
+            e.key = value;
+            return 1;
         }
-
+        return 0;
-        InsertStatus status = insertInUnusedBucket(value);
-        for (; !status; status = insertInUnusedBucket(value))
-        {
-            if (this.primes.length == (this.lengthIndex + 1))
-            {
-                throw make!HashContainerFullException(defaultAllocator,
-                                                      "Set is full");
-            }
-            rehashToSize(this.lengthIndex + 1);
-        }
-        return status == InsertStatus.added;
     }
 
     ///
-    unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -465,6 +499,38 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Inserts the value from a forward range into the set.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  R     = Range type.
+     *  range = Forward range.
+     *
+     * Returns: The number of new elements inserted.
+     */
+    size_t insert(R)(R range)
+    if (isForwardRange!R && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
+    {
+        size_t count;
+        foreach (e; range)
+        {
+            count += insert(e);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        Set!int set;
+
+        int[3] range = [2, 1, 2];
+
+        assert(set.insert(range[]) == 2);
+        assert(1 in set);
+        assert(2 in set);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes an element.
      *
@@ -476,31 +542,16 @@ struct Set(T)
      */
     size_t remove(T value)
     {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        return this.data.remove(value);
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Found.
-            {
-                e.remove();
-                return 1;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
-        assert(8 !in set);
-
         set.insert(8);
-        assert(8 in set);
 
+        assert(8 in set);
         assert(set.remove(8) == 1);
         assert(set.remove(8) == 0);
         assert(8 !in set);
@@ -510,30 +561,20 @@ struct Set(T)
      * $(D_KEYWORD in) operator.
      *
      * Params:
+     *  U     = Type comparable with the element type, used for the lookup.
      *  value = Element to be searched for.
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if the given element exists in the container,
      *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in")(auto ref const T value) const
+    bool opBinaryRight(string op : "in", U)(auto ref const U value) const
+    if (ifTestable!(U, a => T.init == a))
     {
-        auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(calculateHash(value));
+        return value in this.data;
-        foreach (ref e; this.data[bucketPosition .. $])
-        {
-            if (e == value) // Found.
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-            else if (e.status == BucketStatus.empty)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
 
@@ -547,18 +588,15 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Sets the number of buckets in the container to at least $(D_PARAM n)
      * and rearranges all the elements according to their hash values.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity)
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than the current $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount)
      * and lower than or equal to $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount), a rehash is
      * forced.
      *
      * If $(D_PARAM n) is greater than $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount),
      * $(D_PSYMBOL maxBucketCount) is used instead as a new number of buckets.
      *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is equal to the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), rehashing
+     * If $(D_PARAM n) is less than or equal to the current
-     * is forced without resizing the container.
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL bucketCount), the function may have no effect.
-     *
-     * If $(D_PARAM n) is lower than the current $(D_PSYMBOL capacity), the
-     * function may have no effect.
      *
      * Rehashing is automatically performed whenever the container needs space
      * to insert new elements.
@@ -566,62 +604,29 @@ struct Set(T)
      * Params:
      *  n = Minimum number of buckets.
      */
-    void rehash(const size_t n)
+    void rehash(size_t n)
     {
-        size_t lengthIndex;
+        this.data.rehash(n);
-        for (; lengthIndex < primes.length; ++lengthIndex)
-        {
-            if (primes[lengthIndex] >= n)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        rehashToSize(lengthIndex);
-    }
-
-    // Takes an index in the primes array.
-    private void rehashToSize(const size_t n)
-    {
-        auto storage = DataType(primes[n], allocator);
-        DataLoop: foreach (ref e1; this.data[])
-        {
-            if (e1.status == BucketStatus.used)
-            {
-                auto bucketPosition = locateBucket(storage,
-                                                   calculateHash(e1.content));
-
-                foreach (ref e2; storage[bucketPosition .. $])
-                {
-                    if (e2.status != BucketStatus.used) // Insert the value.
-                    {
-                        e2.content = e1.content;
-                        continue DataLoop;
-                    }
-                }
-                return; // Rehashing failed.
-            }
-        }
-        move(storage, this.data);
-        this.lengthIndex = n;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the $(D_PSYMBOL Set)'s
+     * Returns a bidirectional range over the container.
-     *          elements.
+     *
+     * Returns: A bidirectional range that iterates over the container.
      */
     Range opIndex()
     {
-        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
     }
 
     /// ditto
     ConstRange opIndex() const
     {
-        return typeof(return)(this.data[]);
+        return typeof(return)(this.data.array[]);
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         Set!int set;
         assert(set[].empty);
@@ -630,77 +635,42 @@ struct Set(T)
         assert(!set[].empty);
         assert(set[].front == 8);
         assert(set[].back == 8);
-
-        set.remove(8);
-        assert(set[].empty);
     }
-
-    private @nogc unittest
-    {
-        const Set!int set;
-        assert(set[].empty);
-    }
-
-    private @nogc unittest
-    {
-        Set!int set;
-        set.insert(8);
-
-        auto r1 = set[];
-        auto r2 = r1.save();
-
-        r1.popFront();
-        assert(r1.empty);
-
-        r2.popBack();
-        assert(r2.empty);
-    }
-
-    private alias DataType = Array!(Bucket!T);
-    private DataType data;
-    private size_t lengthIndex;
 }
 
 // Basic insertion logic.
-private @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     Set!int set;
 
     assert(set.insert(5) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(5 in set);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data.array.length == 3);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
 
     assert(set.insert(5) == 0);
-    assert(set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(5 in set);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(set.data.array.length == 3);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
 
     assert(set.insert(9) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].content == 9 && set.data[0].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(9 in set);
-    assert(set.data[1].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(5 in set);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 5 && set.data[2].status == BucketStatus.used);
+    assert(set.data.array.length == 3);
-    assert(set.data.length == 3);
 
     assert(set.insert(7) == 1);
     assert(set.insert(8) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[0].content == 7);
+    assert(8 in set);
-    assert(set.data[1].content == 8);
+    assert(5 in set);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(9 in set);
-    assert(set.data[3].status == BucketStatus.empty);
+    assert(7 in set);
-    assert(set.data[5].content == 5);
+    assert(set.data.array.length == 7);
-    assert(set.data.length == 7);
 
     assert(set.insert(16) == 1);
-    assert(set.data[2].content == 9);
+    assert(16 in set);
-    assert(set.data[3].content == 16);
+    assert(set.data.array.length == 7);
-    assert(set.data[4].status == BucketStatus.empty);
 }
 
 // Static checks.
-private unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     import tanya.range.primitive;
 
@@ -717,3 +687,83 @@ private unittest
     static assert(is(Set!ushort));
     static assert(is(Set!bool));
 }
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    const Set!int set;
+    assert(set[].empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+    set.insert(8);
+
+    auto r1 = set[];
+    auto r2 = r1.save();
+
+    r1.popFront();
+    assert(r1.empty);
+
+    r2.popBack();
+    assert(r2.empty);
+}
+
+// Initial capacity is 0.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(defaultAllocator);
+    assert(set.capacity == 0);
+}
+
+// Capacity is set to a prime.
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(8);
+    assert(set.capacity == 13);
+}
+
+// Constructs by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set1 = Set!int(7);
+    auto set2 = Set!int(set1);
+    assert(set1.length == set2.length);
+    assert(set1.capacity == set2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Constructs by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(Set!int(7));
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Assigns by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set1 = Set!int(7);
+    Set!int set2;
+    set1 = set2;
+    assert(set1.length == set2.length);
+    assert(set1.capacity == set2.capacity);
+}
+
+// Assigns by value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Set!int set;
+    set = Set!int(7);
+    assert(set.capacity == 7);
+}
+
+// Postblit copies
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto set = Set!int(7);
+    void testFunc(Set!int set)
+    {
+        assert(set.capacity == 7);
+    }
+    testFunc(set);
+}

source/tanya/container/string.d

@@ -26,10 +26,12 @@
  */
 module tanya.container.string;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : bringToFront, copy;
 import std.algorithm.searching;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.hash.lookup;
 import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
@@ -498,7 +500,7 @@ struct String
         }
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String(0, 'K');
         assert(s.length == 0);
@@ -578,16 +580,10 @@ struct String
      * Params:
      *  chr = The character should be inserted.
      *
-     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
+     * Returns: The number of bytes inserted (1).
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
      */
-    size_t insertBack(const char chr) @nogc pure @trusted
+    size_t insertBack(char chr) @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     {
-        if ((chr & 0x80) != 0)
-        {
-            throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 character");
-        }
         reserve(length + 1);
 
         *(data + length) = chr;
@@ -651,8 +647,6 @@ struct String
      *  str = String should be inserted.
      *
      * Returns: The number of bytes inserted.
-     *
-     * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL UTFException).
      */
     size_t insertBack(R)(R str) @trusted
     if (!isInfinite!R
@@ -672,46 +666,18 @@ struct String
             this.length_ = size;
             return str.length;
         }
+        else static if (isInstanceOf!(ByCodeUnit, R))
+        {
+            str.get.copy(this.data[length .. size]);
+            this.length_ = size;
+            return str.length;
+        }
         else
         {
             size_t insertedLength;
-            while (!str.empty)
+            foreach (c; str)
             {
-                ubyte expectedLength;
+                insertedLength += insertBack(c);
-                if ((str.front & 0x80) == 0x00)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 1;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xe0) == 0xc0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 2;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 3;
-                }
-                else if ((str.front & 0xf8) == 0xf0)
-                {
-                    expectedLength = 4;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                }
-                size = length + expectedLength;
-                reserve(size);
-
-                for (; expectedLength > 0; --expectedLength)
-                {
-                    if (str.empty)
-                    {
-                        throw defaultAllocator.make!UTFException("Invalid UTF-8 sequeunce");
-                    }
-                    *(data + length) = str.front;
-                    str.popFront();
-                }
-                insertedLength += expectedLength;
-                this.length_ = size;
             }
             return insertedLength;
         }
@@ -827,7 +793,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.capacity == 0);
@@ -868,7 +834,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Die Alten lasen laut.");
         assert(s.capacity == 21);
@@ -893,7 +859,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("In allem Schreiben ist Schamlosigkeit.");
         assert(s.capacity == 38);
@@ -990,7 +956,7 @@ struct String
      *
      * Returns: Null-terminated string.
      */
-    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure
+    const(char)* toStringz() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         reserve(length + 1);
         this.data[length] = '\0';
@@ -998,7 +964,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto s = String("C string.");
         assert(s.toStringz()[0] == 'C');
@@ -1017,7 +983,7 @@ struct String
     alias opDollar = length;
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Piscis primuin a capite foetat.");
         assert(s.length == 31);
@@ -1043,7 +1009,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Alea iacta est.");
         assert(s[0] == 'A');
@@ -1066,7 +1032,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Plutarchus");
         auto r = s[];
@@ -1085,7 +1051,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = const String("Was ich vermag, soll gern geschehen. Goethe");
         auto r1 = s[];
@@ -1161,7 +1127,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         String s;
         assert(s.empty);
@@ -1206,7 +1172,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Vladimir Soloviev");
         auto r = s[9 .. $];
@@ -1270,7 +1236,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Черная, потом пропахшая выть!");
         s = String("Как мне тебя не ласкать, не любить?");
@@ -1298,10 +1264,11 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Оловом светится лужная голь...");
         s = "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.";
+        assert(s == "Грустная песня, ты - русская боль.");
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1343,7 +1310,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Голубая кофта.") < String("Синие глаза."));
         assert(String("Никакой я правды") < String("милой не сказал")[]);
@@ -1396,7 +1363,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         assert(String("Милая спросила:") != String("Крутит ли метель?"));
         assert(String("Затопить бы печку,") != String("постелить постель.")[]);
@@ -1429,7 +1396,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("alea iacta est.");
 
@@ -1454,7 +1421,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("Buttercup");
         auto s2 = String("Cap");
@@ -1468,7 +1435,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("Wow");
         s1[] = 'a';
@@ -1481,7 +1448,7 @@ struct String
         return opSliceAssign(value, 0, length);
     }
 
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s1 = String("ö");
         s1[] = "oe";
@@ -1573,7 +1540,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertAfter(s[0 .. 27], ",");
@@ -1602,7 +1569,7 @@ struct String
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc pure @safe unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
     {
         auto s = String("Казнить нельзя помиловать.");
         s.insertBefore(s[27 .. $], ",");
@@ -1613,11 +1580,21 @@ struct String
         assert(s == "Казнить, нельзя помиловать.");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Calculates the hash value for the string.
+     *
+     * Returns: Hash value for the string.
+     */
+    size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    {
+        return hash(get);
+    }
+
     mixin DefaultAllocator;
 }
 
-// Postblit works.
+// Postblit works
-@nogc pure @safe unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     void internFunc(String arg)
     {
@@ -1636,7 +1613,7 @@ struct String
     topFunc(String("asdf"));
 }
 
-// Const range produces mutable ranges.
+// Const range produces mutable ranges
 @nogc pure @safe unittest
 {
     auto s = const String("И снизу лед, и сверху - маюсь между.");
@@ -1662,7 +1639,7 @@ struct String
     }
 }
 
-// Can pop multibyte characters.
+// Can pop multibyte characters
 @nogc pure @safe unittest
 {
     auto s = String("\U00024B62\U00002260");
@@ -1679,3 +1656,12 @@ struct String
     s[$ - 3] = 0xf0;
     assertThrown!UTFException(&(range.popFront));
 }
+
+// Inserts own char range correctly
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    auto s1 = String(`ü`);
+    String s2;
+    s2.insertBack(s1[]);
+    assert(s1 == s2);
+}

source/tanya/conv.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * This module provides functions for converting between different types.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import tanya.memory;
 import tanya.memory.op;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
+import tanya.range.array;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
 
 version (unittest)
 {
@@ -264,6 +266,171 @@ final class ConvException : Exception
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Converts a string $(D_PARAM range) into an integral value of type
+ * $(D_PARAM T) in $(D_PARAM base).
+ *
+ * The convertion stops when $(D_PARAM range) is empty of if the next character
+ * cannot be converted because it is not a digit (with respect to the
+ * $(D_PARAM base)) or if the reading the next character would cause integer
+ * overflow. The function returns the value converted so far then. The front
+ * element of the $(D_PARAM range) points to the first character cannot be
+ * converted or $(D_PARAM range) is empty if the whole string could be
+ * converted.
+ *
+ * Base must be between 2 and 36 inclursive. Default base is 10.
+ *
+ * The function doesn't handle the sign (+ or -) or number prefixes (like 0x).
+ */
+package T readIntegral(T, R)(ref R range, const ubyte base = 10)
+if (isInputRange!R
+ && isSomeChar!(ElementType!R)
+ && isIntegral!T
+ && isUnsigned!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(base >= 2);
+    assert(base <= 36);
+}
+do
+{
+    T boundary = cast(T) (T.max / base);
+    if (range.empty)
+    {
+        return T.init;
+    }
+
+    T n;
+    int digit;
+    do
+    {
+        if (range.front >= 'a')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - 'W';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= 'A')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '7';
+        }
+        else if (range.front >= '0')
+        {
+            digit = range.front - '0';
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        if (digit >= base)
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+        n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+        range.popFront();
+
+        if (range.empty)
+        {
+            return n;
+        }
+    }
+    while (n < boundary);
+
+    if (range.front >= 'a')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - 'W';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= 'A')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '7';
+    }
+    else if (range.front >= '0')
+    {
+        digit = range.front - '0';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    if (n > cast(T) ((T.max - digit) / base))
+    {
+        return n;
+    }
+    n = cast(T) (n * base + digit);
+    range.popFront();
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+// reads ubyte.max
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "255";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number) == 255);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// detects integer overflow
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "500";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '0');
+    assert(number.length == 1);
+}
+
+// stops on a non-digit
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "10-";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '-');
+}
+
+// returns false if the number string is empty
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "29";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number) == 29);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "25467";
+    readIntegral!ubyte(number);
+    assert(number.front == '6');
+}
+
+// Converts lower case hexadecimals
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "a";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 16) == 10);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// Converts upper case hexadecimals
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "FF";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 16) == 255);
+    assert(number.empty);
+}
+
+// Handles small overflows
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    string number = "256";
+    assert(readIntegral!ubyte(number, 10) == 25);
+    assert(number.front == '6');
+}
+
 /**
  * If the source type $(D_PARAM From) and the target type $(D_PARAM To) are
  * equal, does nothing. If $(D_PARAM From) can be implicitly converted to
@@ -708,3 +875,135 @@ if (is(Unqual!To == String))
     static assert(is(typeof((const String("true")).to!bool)));
     static assert(is(typeof(false.to!(const String) == "false")));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Converts a stringish range to an integral value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  From = Source type.
+ *  To   = Target type.
+ *  from = Source value.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM from) converted to $(D_PARAM To).
+ *
+ * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL ConvException) if $(D_PARAM from) doesn't contain an
+ *         integral value.
+ */
+To to(To, From)(auto ref From from)
+if (isInputRange!From && isSomeChar!(ElementType!From) && isIntegral!To)
+{
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        bool negative;
+    }
+    if (from.front == '-')
+    {
+        static if (isUnsigned!To)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                     "Negative integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            negative = true;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Input range is empty");
+    }
+
+    ubyte base = 10;
+    if (from.front == '0')
+    {
+        from.popFront();
+        if (from.empty)
+        {
+            return To.init;
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'x' || from.front == 'X')
+        {
+            base = 16;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else if (from.front == 'b' || from.front == 'B')
+        {
+            base = 2;
+            from.popFront();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            base = 8;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto unsigned = readIntegral!(Unsigned!To, From)(from, base);
+    if (!from.empty)
+    {
+        throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+    }
+
+    static if (isSigned!To)
+    {
+        if (negative)
+        {
+            auto predecessor = cast(Unsigned!To) (unsigned - 1);
+            if (predecessor > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+            {
+                throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator,
+                                         "Negative integer overflow");
+            }
+            return cast(To) (-(cast(Largest!(To, ptrdiff_t)) predecessor) - 1);
+        }
+        else if (unsigned > cast(Unsigned!To) To.max)
+        {
+            throw make!ConvException(defaultAllocator, "Integer overflow");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return unsigned;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return unsigned;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert("1234".to!uint() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
+    assert("1234".to!int() == 1234);
+
+    assert("0".to!int() == 0);
+    assert("-0".to!int() == 0);
+
+    assert("0x10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("0X10".to!int() == 16);
+    assert("-0x10".to!int() == -16);
+
+    assert("0b10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("0B10".to!int() == 2);
+    assert("-0b10".to!int() == -2);
+
+    assert("010".to!int() == 8);
+    assert("-010".to!int() == -8);
+
+
+    assert("-128".to!byte == cast(byte) -128);
+
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "".to!int);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-".to!int);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-5".to!uint);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "-129".to!byte);
+    assertThrown!ConvException(() => "256".to!ubyte);
+}

source/tanya/encoding/ascii.d

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  * ASCII is $(B A)merican $(B S)tandard $(B C)ode for $(B I)nformation
  * $(B I)nterchange.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -19,23 +19,23 @@ module tanya.encoding.ascii;
 
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
-const string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
+immutable string fullHexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"; /// 0..9A..Fa..f.
-const string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
+immutable string hexDigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /// 0..9A..F.
-const string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"; /// 0..9a..f.
+immutable string lowerHexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"; /// 0..9a..f.
-const string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
+immutable string digits = "0123456789"; /// 0..9.
-const string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
+immutable string octalDigits = "01234567"; /// 0..7.
 
 /// A..Za..z.
-const string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+immutable string letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 
-const string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
+immutable string uppercase = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; /// A..Z.
-const string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
+immutable string lowercase = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; /// a..z.
 
 /**
  * Whitespace, Horizontal Tab (HT), Line Feed (LF), Carriage Return (CR),
  * Vertical Tab (VT) or Form Feed (FF).
  */
-const string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
+immutable string whitespace = "\t\n\v\f\r ";
 
 /// Letter case specifier.
 enum LetterCase : bool
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isUpper('A'));
     assert(isUpper('Z'));
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isLower('a'));
     assert(isLower('z'));
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isAlpha('A'));
     assert(isAlpha('Z'));
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isDigit('0'));
     assert(isDigit('1'));
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isAlphaNum('0'));
     assert(isAlphaNum('1'));
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isASCII('0'));
     assert(isASCII('L'));
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isControl('\t'));
     assert(isControl('\0'));
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isWhite('\t'));
     assert(isWhite('\n'));
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isGraphical('a'));
     assert(isGraphical('0'));
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isPrintable('a'));
     assert(isPrintable('0'));
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isHexDigit('0'));
     assert(isHexDigit('1'));
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isOctalDigit('0'));
     assert(isOctalDigit('1'));
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ if (isSomeChar!C)
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(isPunctuation('!'));
     assert(isPunctuation(':'));
@@ -459,14 +459,14 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
  * Returns: The lowercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
  *          otherwise.
  */
-C toUpper(C)(const C c)
+C toUpper(C)(C c)
 if (isSomeChar!C)
 {
     return isLower(c) ? (cast(C) (c - 32)) : c;
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(toUpper('a') == 'A');
     assert(toUpper('A') == 'A');
@@ -486,14 +486,14 @@ pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
  * Returns: The uppercase of $(D_PARAM c) if available, just $(D_PARAM c)
  *          otherwise.
  */
-C toLower(C)(const C c)
+C toLower(C)(C c)
 if (isSomeChar!C)
 {
     return isUpper(c) ? (cast(C) (c + 32)) : c;
 }
 
 ///
-pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
     assert(toLower('A') == 'a');
     assert(toLower('a') == 'a');

source/tanya/encoding/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * This package provides tools to work with text encodings.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/exception.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Common exceptions and errors.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/functional.d

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Functions that manipulate other functions and their argument lists.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/functional.d,
+ *                 tanya/functional.d)
+ */
+module tanya.functional;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+
+private template forwardOne(alias arg)
+{
+    static if (__traits(isRef, arg) || __traits(isOut, arg))
+    {
+        alias forwardOne = arg;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        @property auto forwardOne()
+        {
+            return move(arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Forwards its argument list preserving $(D_KEYWORD ref) and $(D_KEYWORD out)
+ * storage classes.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL forward) accepts a list of variables or literals. It returns an
+ * argument list of the same length that can be for example passed to a
+ * function accepting the arguments of this type.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  args = Argument list.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_PARAM args) with their original storage classes.
+ */
+template forward(args...)
+{
+    static if (args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias forward = forwardOne!(args[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias forward = Map!(forwardOne, args);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(typeof((int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof((ref int i) { int v = forward!i; })));
+    static assert(is(typeof({
+        void f(int i, ref int j, out int k)
+        {
+            f(forward!(i, j, k));
+        }
+    })));
+}

source/tanya/hash/lookup.d

@@ -77,10 +77,11 @@ private struct FNV
 }
 
 /**
- * Takes an a argument of an arbitrary type $(D_PARAM T) and calculates the hash value.
+ * Takes an argument of an arbitrary type $(D_PARAM T) and calculates the hash
+ * value.
  *
  * Hash calculation is supported for all scalar types. Aggregate types, like
- *$(D_KEYWORD struct)s should implement `toHash`-function:
+ * $(D_KEYWORD struct)s, should implement `toHash`-function:
  * ---
  * size_t toHash() const
  * {
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ private struct FNV
  * Individual values are combined then and the resulting hash is returned.
  *
  * Params:
- *  T = Hashable type.
+ *  T   = Hashable type.
  *  key = Hashable value.
  *
  * Returns: Calculated hash value.
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ version (unittest)
                                ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x ~ r10!x;
     enum string r500(string x) = r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x ~ r100!x;
 
-    private struct ToHash
+    private static struct ToHash
     {
         size_t toHash() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe
         {
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ version (unittest)
         }
     }
 
-    private struct HashRange
+    private static struct HashRange
     {
         string fo = "fo";
 
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ version (unittest)
         }
     }
 
-    private struct ToHashRange
+    private static struct ToHashRange
     {
         bool empty_;
 

source/tanya/math/mp.d

@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@
  */
 module tanya.math.mp;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import std.algorithm.comparison : cmp;
 import std.algorithm.mutation : copy, fill, reverse;
 import std.range;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.container.array;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
@@ -1256,7 +1257,7 @@ struct Integer
 
         for (size_t i; i < this.size; ++i)
         {
-            const limit = min(factor.size, digits - i);
+            const limit = min(cast(size_t) factor.size, digits - i);
             word carry;
             auto k = i;
 

source/tanya/math/nbtheory.d

@@ -16,9 +16,17 @@ module tanya.math.nbtheory;
 
 import tanya.math.mp;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
+import tanya.meta.transform;
 
 version (TanyaNative)
 {
+    private extern float fabs(float) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+    private extern double fabs(double) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+    private extern real fabs(real) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+
+    private extern double log(double) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+    private extern float logf(float) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+    private extern real logl(real) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
 }
 else
 {
@@ -35,7 +43,7 @@ else
  *
  * Returns: Absolute value of $(D_PARAM x).
  */
-T abs(T)(T x)
+Unqual!T abs(T)(T x)
 if (isIntegral!T)
 {
     static if (isSigned!T)
@@ -60,24 +68,11 @@ if (isIntegral!T)
     static assert(is(typeof(u.abs) == uint));
 }
 
-version (D_Ddoc)
+/// ditto
+Unqual!T abs(T)(T x)
+if (isFloatingPoint!T)
 {
-    /// ditto
+    return fabs(x);
-    T abs(T)(T x)
-    if (isFloatingPoint!T);
-}
-else version (TanyaNative)
-{
-    extern T abs(T)(T number) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    if (isFloatingPoint!T);
-}
-else
-{
-    T abs(T)(T x)
-    if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-    {
-        return fabs(cast(real) x);
-    }
 }
 
 ///
@@ -122,17 +117,31 @@ version (D_Ddoc)
      *
      * Returns: Natural logarithm of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    T ln(T)(T x)
+    Unqual!T ln(T)(T x)
     if (isFloatingPoint!T);
 }
 else version (TanyaNative)
 {
-    extern T ln(T)(T x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+    Unqual!T ln(T)(T x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    if (isFloatingPoint!T);
+    if (isFloatingPoint!T)
+    {
+        static if (is(Unqual!T == float))
+        {
+            return logf(x);
+        }
+        else static if (is(Unqual!T == double))
+        {
+            return log(x);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return logl(x);
+        }
+    }
 }
 else
 {
-    T ln(T)(T x)
+    Unqual!T ln(T)(T x)
     if (isFloatingPoint!T)
     {
         return log(x);

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum IEEEPrecision : ubyte
 /**
  * Tests the precision of floating-point type $(D_PARAM F).
  *
- * For $(D_KEYWORD float), $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
+ * For $(D_KEYWORD float) $(D_PSYMBOL ieeePrecision) always evaluates to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.single); for $(D_KEYWORD double) - to
  * $(D_INLINECODE IEEEPrecision.double). It returns different values only
  * for $(D_KEYWORD real), since $(D_KEYWORD real) is a platform-dependent type.
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
     static assert(ieeePrecision!double == IEEEPrecision.double_);
 }
 
-private union FloatBits(F)
+package(tanya) union FloatBits(F)
 {
-    F floating;
+    Unqual!F floating;
     static if (ieeePrecision!F == IEEEPrecision.single)
     {
         uint integral;
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a denormilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Denormalized number is a number between `0` and `1` that cannot be
  * represented as
  *
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ if (isFloatingPoint!F)
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM x) is a normilized number or not.
-
+ *
  * Normalized number is a number that can be represented as
  *
  * <pre>
@@ -632,7 +632,6 @@ do
     size_t i;
     auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
     auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
-    bool firstBit;
 
     if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
     {
@@ -740,158 +739,3 @@ bool isPseudoprime(ulong x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     assert(899809363.isPseudoprime);
     assert(982451653.isPseudoprime);
 }
-
-/**
- * Determines minimum of two numbers.
- *
- * Params:
- *  x = First number.
- *  y = Second number.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is smaller than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
- *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL max).
- */
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(5, 3) == 3);
-    assert(min(4, 4) == 4);
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(5.2, 3.0) == 3.0);
-
-    assert(min(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
-    assert(min(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
-    assert(isNaN(min(double.nan, double.nan)));
-}
-
-/// ditto
-ref T min(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? x : y;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T min(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x < y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(min(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 3);
-}
-
-/**
- * Determines maximum of two numbers.
- *
- * Params:
- *  x = First number.
- *  y = Second number.
- *
- * Returns: $(D_PARAM x) if $(D_PARAM x) is larger than $(D_PSYMBOL y),
- *          $(D_PARAM y) otherwise.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL min).
- */
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isIntegral!T)
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(5, 3) == 5);
-    assert(max(4, 4) == 4);
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (isFloatingPoint!T)
-{
-    if (isNaN(x))
-    {
-        return y;
-    }
-    if (isNaN(y))
-    {
-        return x;
-    }
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(5.2, 3.0) == 5.2);
-
-    assert(max(5.2, double.nan) == 5.2);
-    assert(max(double.nan, 3.0) == 3.0);
-    assert(isNaN(max(double.nan, double.nan)));
-}
-
-/// ditto
-ref T max(T)(ref T x, ref T y)
-if (is(Unqual!T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? x : y;
-}
-
-/// ditto
-T max(T)(T x, T y)
-if (is(T == Integer))
-{
-    return x > y ? move(x) : move(y);
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    assert(max(Integer(5), Integer(3)) == 5);
-}
-
-// min/max accept const and mutable references.
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    {
-        Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-    {
-        const Integer i1 = 5, i2 = 3;
-        assert(min(i1, i2) == 3);
-        assert(max(i1, i2) == 5);
-    }
-}

source/tanya/memory/allocator.d

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Deallocates a memory block.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the allocated memory.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 
     /**
      * Reallocates a memory block in place if possible or returns
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ interface Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
     shared pure nothrow @nogc;
 }
 

source/tanya/memory/mallocator.d

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ import tanya.memory.allocator;
 final class Mallocator : Allocator
 {
     private alias MallocType = extern (C) void* function(size_t)
-                               pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                               @nogc nothrow pure @system;
     private alias FreeType = extern (C) void function(void*)
-                             pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                             @nogc nothrow pure @system;
     private alias ReallocType = extern (C) void* function(void*, size_t)
-                                pure nothrow @system @nogc;
+                                @nogc nothrow pure @system;
 
     /**
      * Allocates $(D_PARAM size) bytes of memory.
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
         assert(p.length == 20);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p !is null)
         {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         assert(Mallocator.instance.deallocate(p));
@@ -101,14 +101,15 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD false).
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
-    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
+        cast(void) size;
         return false;
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         assert(!Mallocator.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 8));
@@ -123,7 +124,8 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
 
@@ -169,8 +171,8 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(p is null);
     }
 
-    // Fails with false.
+    // Fails with false
-    private @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p = Mallocator.instance.allocate(20);
         void[] oldP = p;
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
     /**
      * Returns: The alignment offered.
      */
-    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property uint alignment() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         return (void*).alignof;
     }
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
         assert(Mallocator.instance.alignment == (void*).alignof);
     }
 
-    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
+    static private shared(Mallocator) instantiate() @nogc nothrow @system
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
@@ -213,13 +215,13 @@ final class Mallocator : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: The global $(D_PSYMBOL Allocator) instance.
      */
-    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    static @property shared(Mallocator) instance() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         return (cast(GetPureInstance!Mallocator) &instantiate)();
     }
 
     ///
-    @nogc nothrow unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }

source/tanya/memory/mmappool.d

@@ -14,45 +14,32 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory.mmappool;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
-import tanya.memory.allocator;
-import tanya.memory.op;
-
 version (TanyaNative):
 
-import core.sys.posix.sys.mman : MAP_ANON,
+import mir.linux._asm.unistd;
-                                 MAP_FAILED,
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
-                                 MAP_PRIVATE,
+import tanya.memory.allocator;
-                                 PROT_READ,
+import tanya.memory.op;
-                                 PROT_WRITE;
+import tanya.os.error;
-import core.sys.posix.unistd;
+import tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
+import tanya.sys.posix.mman;
 
-extern(C)
+private void* mapMemory(const size_t length) @nogc nothrow pure @system
-private void* mmap(void* addr,
-                   size_t len,
-                   int prot,
-                   int flags,
-                   int fd,
-                   off_t offset) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-extern(C)
-private int munmap(void* addr, size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc;
-
-private void* mapMemory(const size_t len) pure nothrow @system @nogc
 {
-    void* p = mmap(null,
+    auto p = syscall_(0,
-                   len,
+                      length,
-                   PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                      PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                   MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON,
+                      MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
-                   -1,
+                      -1,
-                   0);
+                      0,
-    return p is MAP_FAILED ? null : p;
+                      NR_mmap);
+    return p == -ErrorCode.noMemory ? null : cast(void*) p;
 }
 
-private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t len)
+private bool unmapMemory(shared void* addr, const size_t length)
-pure nothrow @system @nogc
+@nogc nothrow pure @system
 {
-    return munmap(cast(void*) addr, len) == 0;
+    return syscall_(cast(ptrdiff_t) addr, length, NR_munmap) == 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -83,7 +70,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
 {
     version (none)
     {
-        pure nothrow @nogc invariant
+        @nogc nothrow pure @system invariant
         {
             for (auto r = &head; *r !is null; r = &((*r).next))
             {
@@ -107,7 +94,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Pointer to the new allocated memory.
      */
-    void[] allocate(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    void[] allocate(size_t size) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -128,7 +115,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return data is null ? null : data[0 .. size];
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
         assert(p);
@@ -138,15 +125,14 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         assert(p.length == 0);
     }
 
-    // Issue 245: https://issues.caraus.io/issues/245.
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
     {
         // allocate() check.
         size_t tooMuchMemory = size_t.max
                              - MmapPool.alignment_
                              - BlockEntry.sizeof * 2
                              - RegionEntry.sizeof
-                             - MmapPool.instance.pageSize;
+                             - pageSize;
         assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(tooMuchMemory) is null);
 
         assert(MmapPool.instance.allocate(size_t.max) is null);
@@ -165,7 +151,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Data the block points to or $(D_KEYWORD null).
      */
-    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    private void* findBlock(const ref size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         Block block1;
         RegionLoop: for (auto r = head; r !is null; r = r.next)
@@ -207,7 +194,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     }
 
     // Merge block with the next one.
-    private void mergeNext(Block block) shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private void mergeNext(Block block) const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         block.size = block.size + BlockEntry.sizeof + block.next.size;
         if (block.next.next !is null)
@@ -225,7 +212,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the deallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool deallocate(void[] p) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool deallocate(void[] p) @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p.ptr is null)
         {
@@ -271,7 +258,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         auto p = MmapPool.instance.allocate(20);
 
@@ -290,8 +277,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if successful, $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
      */
-    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, const size_t size)
+    bool reallocateInPlace(ref void[] p, size_t size)
-    shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (p is null || size == 0)
         {
@@ -354,7 +341,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         assert(!MmapPool.instance.reallocateInPlace(p, 5));
@@ -387,7 +374,8 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Whether the reallocation was successful.
      */
-    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    bool reallocate(ref void[] p, size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
         if (size == 0)
         {
@@ -419,7 +407,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return true;
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         void[] p;
         MmapPool.instance.reallocate(p, 10 * int.sizeof);
@@ -447,28 +435,20 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         MmapPool.instance.deallocate(p);
     }
 
-    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() nothrow @nogc
+    static private shared(MmapPool) instantiate() @nogc nothrow @system
     {
         if (instance_ is null)
         {
-            // Get system dependend page size.
-            size_t pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-            if (pageSize < 65536)
-            {
-                pageSize = pageSize * 65536 / pageSize;
-            }
-
             const instanceSize = addAlignment(__traits(classInstanceSize,
                                               MmapPool));
 
             Region head; // Will become soon our region list head
-            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head, pageSize);
+            void* data = initializeRegion(instanceSize, head);
             if (data !is null)
             {
                 copy(typeid(MmapPool).initializer, data[0 .. instanceSize]);
                 instance_ = cast(shared MmapPool) data;
                 instance_.head = head;
-                instance_.pageSize = pageSize;
             }
         }
         return instance_;
@@ -479,12 +459,12 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Global $(D_PSYMBOL MmapPool) instance.
      */
-    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() pure nothrow @nogc
+    static @property shared(MmapPool) instance() @nogc nothrow pure @system
     {
         return (cast(GetPureInstance!MmapPool) &instantiate)();
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         assert(instance is instance);
     }
@@ -498,12 +478,10 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: A pointer to the data.
      */
-    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size,
+    private static void* initializeRegion(const size_t size, ref Region head)
-                                          ref Region head,
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system
-                                          const size_t pageSize)
-    pure nothrow @nogc
     {
-        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size, pageSize);
+        const regionSize = calculateRegionSize(size);
         if (regionSize < size)
         {
             return null;
@@ -550,9 +528,10 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
         return data;
     }
 
-    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size) shared pure nothrow @nogc
+    private void* initializeRegion(const size_t size)
+    @nogc nothrow pure shared @system
     {
-        return initializeRegion(size, this.head, this.pageSize);
+        return initializeRegion(size, this.head);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -561,21 +540,19 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
      *
      * Returns: Aligned size of $(D_PARAM x).
      */
-    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private static size_t addAlignment(const size_t x) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         return (x - 1) / alignment_ * alignment_ + alignment_;
     }
 
     /*
      * Params:
-     *  x        = Required space.
+     *  x = Required space.
-     *  pageSize = Page size.
      *
      * Returns: Minimum region size (a multiple of $(D_PSYMBOL pageSize)).
      */
-    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x,
+    private static size_t calculateRegionSize(ref const size_t x)
-                                              ref const size_t pageSize)
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe
-    pure nothrow @safe @nogc
     {
         return (x + RegionEntry.sizeof + BlockEntry.sizeof * 2)
              / pageSize * pageSize + pageSize;
@@ -584,12 +561,12 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     /*
      * Returns: Alignment offered.
      */
-    @property uint alignment() shared const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property uint alignment() const @nogc nothrow pure @safe shared
     {
         return alignment_;
     }
 
-    @nogc nothrow pure unittest
+    @nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
     {
         assert(MmapPool.instance.alignment == MmapPool.alignment_);
     }
@@ -597,7 +574,9 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
     private enum uint alignment_ = 8;
 
     private shared static MmapPool instance_;
-    private shared size_t pageSize;
+
+    // Page size.
+    enum size_t pageSize = 65536;
 
     private shared struct RegionEntry
     {
@@ -622,7 +601,7 @@ final class MmapPool : Allocator
 
 // A lot of allocations/deallocations, but it is the minimum caused a
 // segmentation fault because MmapPool reallocateInPlace moves a block wrong.
-@nogc nothrow pure unittest
+@nogc nothrow pure @system unittest
 {
     auto a = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);
     auto d = MmapPool.instance.allocate(16);

source/tanya/memory/op.d

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ version (TanyaNative)
         fillMemory(buffer[1 .. $], 0);
         assert(buffer[0] == 1 && buffer[1] == 0);
     }
+
+    @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+    {
+        assert(cmp(null, null) == 0);
+    }
 }
 
 private enum alignMask = size_t.sizeof - 1;

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator_ !is null)
      */
-    this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    this(shared Allocator allocator) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     in
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
      *
      * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    protected @property shared(Allocator) allocator() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
     }
 
     /// ditto
-    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+    @property shared(Allocator) allocator() const @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
     out (allocator)
     {
         assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ mixin template DefaultAllocator()
 
 // From druntime
 extern (C)
-private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) pure nothrow @nogc;
+private void _d_monitordelete(Object h, bool det) @nogc nothrow pure;
 
 shared Allocator allocator;
 
-private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
+private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() @nogc nothrow
 {
     if (allocator is null)
     {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ private shared(Allocator) getAllocatorInstance() nothrow @nogc
  *
  * Postcondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
  */
-@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
+@property shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() @nogc nothrow pure @trusted
 out (allocator)
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ do
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null).
  */
-@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) nothrow @safe @nogc
+@property void defaultAllocator(shared(Allocator) allocator) @nogc nothrow @safe
 in
 {
     assert(allocator !is null);
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ template stateSize(T)
 {
     static assert(stateSize!int == 4);
     static assert(stateSize!bool == 1);
-    static assert(stateSize!(int[]) == (size_t.sizeof * 2)); 
+    static assert(stateSize!(int[]) == (size_t.sizeof * 2));
-    static assert(stateSize!(short[3]) == 6); 
+    static assert(stateSize!(short[3]) == 6);
 
     static struct Empty
     {
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
 }
 
 package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
-    if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+if (isPolymorphicType!T)
 {
     if (p is null)
     {
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ do
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Pointer to the created object.
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)

source/tanya/memory/smartref.d

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.memory.smartref;
 
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
 import tanya.conv;
 import tanya.exception;
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
          * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
          *
          * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
+         *  op = Operation.
          *
          * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
          */
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal 
+     * Returns: Whether this $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) already has an internal
      *          storage.
      */
     @property bool isInitialized() const
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ version (unittest)
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
          * reference types like classes, that can be accessed directly.
          *
          * Params:
-         *  op = Operation. 
+         *  op = Operation.
          *
          * Returns: Reference to the pointed value.
          */
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ struct Unique(T)
  *  A         = Types of the arguments to the constructor of $(D_PARAM T).
  *  allocator = Allocator.
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
- * 
+ *
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL Unique!T).
  *
  * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)

source/tanya/meta/trait.d

@@ -70,45 +70,6 @@ enum bool isWideString(T) = is(T : const dchar[]) && !isStaticArray!T;
     static assert(!isWideString!(dchar[10]));
 }
 
-/**
- * Finds the type with the smallest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If
- * several types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
- *
- * Params:
- *  Args = Type list.
- *
- * Returns: The smallest type.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Largest).
- */
-template Smallest(Args...)
-if (Args.length >= 1)
-{
-    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
-
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Args[0];
-    }
-    else static if (Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof < Args[0].sizeof)
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Smallest = Args[0];
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Smallest!(int, ushort, uint, short) == ushort));
-    static assert(is(Smallest!(short) == short));
-    static assert(is(Smallest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[5]));
-    static assert(!is(Smallest!(short, 5)));
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM T) is a complex type.
  *
@@ -185,6 +146,9 @@ enum bool isPolymorphicType(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface);
 }
 
 /**
+ * Determines whether the type $(D_PARAM T) has a static method
+ * named $(D_PARAM member).
+ *
  * Params:
  *  T      = Aggregate type.
  *  member = Symbol name.
@@ -194,7 +158,7 @@ enum bool isPolymorphicType(T) = is(T == class) || is(T == interface);
  */
 template hasStaticMember(T, string member)
 {
-    static if (__traits(hasMember, T, member))
+    static if (hasMember!(T, member))
     {
         alias Member = Alias!(__traits(getMember, T, member));
 
@@ -944,45 +908,6 @@ template mostNegative(T)
     static assert(mostNegative!cfloat == -cfloat.max);
 }
 
-/**
- * Finds the type with the largest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If several
- * types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
- *
- * Params:
- *  Args = Type list.
- *
- * Returns: The largest type.
- *
- * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Smallest).
- */
-template Largest(Args...)
-if (Args.length >= 1)
-{
-    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
-
-    static if (Args.length == 1)
-    {
-        alias Largest = Args[0];
-    }
-    else static if (Largest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof > Args[0].sizeof)
-    {
-        alias Largest = Largest!(Args[1 .. $]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        alias Largest = Args[0];
-    }
-}
-
-///
-@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
-{
-    static assert(is(Largest!(int, short, uint) == int));
-    static assert(is(Largest!(short) == short));
-    static assert(is(Largest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[8]));
-    static assert(!is(Largest!(short, 5)));
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines whether the type $(D_PARAM T) is copyable.
  *
@@ -1076,8 +1001,19 @@ enum bool isAbstractClass(T) = __traits(isAbstractClass, T);
     static assert(!isAbstractClass!E);
 }
 
-private enum bool isType(alias T) = is(T);
+/**
-private enum bool isType(T) = true;
+ * Checks whether $(D_PARAM T) is a type, same as `is(T)` does.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = A symbol.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) is a type, $(D_KEYWORD false)
+ *          otherwise.
+ */
+enum bool isType(alias T) = is(T);
+
+/// ditto
+enum bool isType(T) = true;
 
 /**
  * Determines whether $(D_PARAM Args) contains only types.
@@ -1564,7 +1500,6 @@ if (F.length == 1)
  * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) defines a symbol
  *          $(D_PARAM member), $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
  */
-deprecated("Use __traits(hasMember) instead")
 enum bool hasMember(T, string member) = __traits(hasMember, T, member);
 
 ///
@@ -3012,3 +2947,99 @@ template Fields(T)
 
     static assert(is(Fields!short == AliasSeq!short));
 }
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether all $(D_PARAM Types) are the same.
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Types) is empty, returns $(D_KEYWORD true).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Types = Type sequence.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if all $(D_PARAM Types) are the same,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+template allSameType(Types...)
+{
+    static if (Types.length == 0)
+    {
+        enum bool allSameType = true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private enum bool sameType(T) = is(T == Types[0]);
+
+        enum bool allSameType = allSatisfy!(sameType, Types[1 .. $]);
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(allSameType!());
+    static assert(allSameType!int);
+    static assert(allSameType!(int, int, int));
+    static assert(!allSameType!(int, uint, int));
+    static assert(!allSameType!(int, uint, short));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether values of type $(D_PARAM T) can be compared for equality,
+ * i.e. using `==` or `!=` binary operators.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type to test.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) can be compared for equality,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+enum bool isEqualityComparable(T) = ifTestable!(T, a => a == a);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isEqualityComparable!int);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether values of type $(D_PARAM T) can be compared for ordering,
+ * i.e. using `>`, `>=`, `<` or `<=` binary operators.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type to test.
+ *
+ * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if $(D_PARAM T) can be compared for ordering,
+ *          $(D_KEYWORD false) otherwise.
+ */
+enum bool isOrderingComparable(T) = ifTestable!(T, a => a > a);
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(isOrderingComparable!int);
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct DisabledOpEquals
+    {
+        @disable bool opEquals(typeof(this)) @nogc nothrow pure @safe;
+
+        int opCmp(typeof(this)) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(!isEqualityComparable!DisabledOpEquals);
+    static assert(isOrderingComparable!DisabledOpEquals);
+
+    static struct OpEquals
+    {
+        bool opEquals(typeof(this)) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(isEqualityComparable!OpEquals);
+    static assert(!isOrderingComparable!OpEquals);
+}

source/tanya/meta/transform.d

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.meta.transform;
 
+import tanya.meta.metafunction;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
@@ -717,3 +718,264 @@ if (isExpressions!T || __traits(isTemplate, T))
     static assert(is(TypeOf!true == bool));
     static assert(!is(TypeOf!(tanya.meta)));
 }
+
+// e.g. returns int for int**.
+private template FinalPointerTarget(T)
+{
+    static if (isPointer!T)
+    {
+        alias FinalPointerTarget = FinalPointerTarget!(PointerTarget!T);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias FinalPointerTarget = T;
+    }
+}
+
+// Returns true if T1 is void* and T2 is some pointer.
+private template voidAndPointer(T1, T2)
+{
+    enum bool voidAndPointer = is(Unqual!(PointerTarget!T1) == void)
+                            && isPointer!T2;
+}
+
+// Type returned by the ternary operator.
+private alias TernaryType(T, U) = typeof(true ? T.init : U.init);
+
+/**
+ * Determines the type all $(D_PARAM Args) can be implicitly converted to.
+ *
+ * $(OL
+ *  $(LI If one of the arguments is $(D_KEYWORD void), the common type is
+ *       $(D_KEYWORD void).)
+ *  $(LI The common type of integers with the same sign is the type with a
+ *       larger size. Signed and unsigned integers don't have a common type.
+ *       Type qualifiers are only preserved if all arguments are the same
+ *       type.)
+ *  $(LI The common type of floating point numbers is the type with more
+ *       precision. Type qualifiers are only preserved if all arguments are
+ *       the same type.)
+ *  $(LI The common type of polymorphic objects is the next, more generic type
+ *       both objects inherit from, e.g. $(D_PSYMBOL Object).)
+ *  $(LI `void*` is concerned as a common type of pointers only if one of the
+ *       arguments is a void pointer.)
+ *  $(LI Other types have a common type only if their pointers have a common
+ *       type. It means that for example $(D_KEYWORD bool) and $(D_KEYWORD int)
+         don't have a common type. If the types fullfill this condition, the
+         common type is determined with the ternary operator, i.e.
+         `typeof(true ? T1.init : T2.init)` is evaluated.)
+ * )
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM Args) don't have a common type, $(D_PSYMBOL CommonType) is
+ * $(D_KEYWORD void).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: Common type for $(D_PARAM Args) or $(D_KEYWORD void) if
+ *          $(D_PARAM Args) don't have a common type.
+ */
+template CommonType(Args...)
+if (allSatisfy!(isType, Args))
+{
+    static if (Args.length == 0
+            || is(Unqual!(Args[0]) == void)
+            || is(Unqual!(Args[1]) == void))
+    {
+        alias CommonType = void;
+    }
+    else static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias CommonType = Args[0];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias Pair = Args[0 .. 2];
+        private enum bool sameSigned = allSatisfy!(isIntegral, Pair)
+                                    && isSigned!(Args[0]) == isSigned!(Args[1]);
+
+        static if (is(Args[0] == Args[1]))
+        {
+            alias CommonType = CommonType!(Args[0], Args[2 .. $]);
+        }
+        else static if (sameSigned || allSatisfy!(isFloatingPoint, Pair))
+        {
+            alias CommonType = CommonType!(Unqual!(Largest!Pair),
+                                           Args[2 .. $]);
+        }
+        else static if (voidAndPointer!Pair
+                     || voidAndPointer!(Args[1], Args[0]))
+        {
+            // Workaround for https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15557.
+            // Determine the qualifiers returned by the ternary operator as if
+            // both pointers were int*. Then copy the qualifiers to void*.
+            alias P1 = CopyTypeQualifiers!(FinalPointerTarget!(Args[0]), int)*;
+            alias P2 = CopyTypeQualifiers!(FinalPointerTarget!(Args[1]), int)*;
+            static if (is(TernaryType!(P1, P2) U))
+            {
+                alias CommonType = CopyTypeQualifiers!(PointerTarget!U, void)*;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                alias CommonType = void;
+            }
+        }
+        else static if ((isPointer!(Args[0]) || isPolymorphicType!(Args[0]))
+                     && is(TernaryType!Pair U))
+        {
+            alias CommonType = CommonType!(U, Args[2 .. $]);
+        }
+        else static if (is(TernaryType!(Args[0]*, Args[1]*)))
+        {
+            alias CommonType = CommonType!(TernaryType!Pair, Args[2 .. $]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alias CommonType = void;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int, int, int) == int));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(ubyte, ushort, uint) == uint));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int, uint) == void));
+
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int, const int) == int));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const int, const int) == const int));
+
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int[], const(int)[]) == const(int)[]));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(string, char[]) == const(char)[]));
+
+    class A
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const A, Object) == const Object));
+}
+
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(void*, int*) == void*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(void*, const(int)*) == const(void)*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(void*, const(void)*) == const(void)*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int*, void*) == void*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const(int)*, void*) == const(void)*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const(void)*, void*) == const(void)*));
+
+    static assert(is(CommonType!() == void));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int*, const(int)*) == const(int)*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int**, const(int)**) == const(int*)*));
+
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(float, double) == double));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(float, int) == void));
+
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(bool, const bool) == bool));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int, bool) == void));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(int, void) == void));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(Object, void*) == void));
+
+    class A
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(A, Object) == Object));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const(A)*, Object*) == const(Object)*));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(A, typeof(null)) == A));
+
+    class B : A
+    {
+    }
+    class C : A
+    {
+    }
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(B, C) == A));
+
+    static struct S
+    {
+        int opCast(T : int)()
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(S, int) == void));
+    static assert(is(CommonType!(const S, S) == const S));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the type with the smallest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If
+ * several types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: The smallest type.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Largest).
+ */
+template Smallest(Args...)
+if (Args.length >= 1)
+{
+    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
+
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Args[0];
+    }
+    else static if (Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof < Args[0].sizeof)
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Smallest!(Args[1 .. $]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Smallest = Args[0];
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(int, ushort, uint, short) == ushort));
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(short) == short));
+    static assert(is(Smallest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[5]));
+    static assert(!is(Smallest!(short, 5)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the type with the largest size in the $(D_PARAM Args) list. If several
+ * types have the same type, the leftmost is returned.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  Args = Type list.
+ *
+ * Returns: The largest type.
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL Smallest).
+ */
+template Largest(Args...)
+if (Args.length >= 1)
+{
+    static assert(is(Args[0]), T.stringof ~ " doesn't have .sizeof property");
+
+    static if (Args.length == 1)
+    {
+        alias Largest = Args[0];
+    }
+    else static if (Largest!(Args[1 .. $]).sizeof > Args[0].sizeof)
+    {
+        alias Largest = Largest!(Args[1 .. $]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        alias Largest = Args[0];
+    }
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static assert(is(Largest!(int, short, uint) == int));
+    static assert(is(Largest!(short) == short));
+    static assert(is(Largest!(ubyte[8], ubyte[5]) == ubyte[8]));
+    static assert(!is(Largest!(short, 5)));
+}

source/tanya/net/inet.d

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.net.inet;
 
-import std.math;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.primitive;
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ import tanya.range.primitive;
  *  L = Desired range length.
  */
 struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
-    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
 {
     static if (L > uint.sizeof)
     {
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
     private StorageType value;
     private size_t size = L;
 
-    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    invariant
     {
         assert(this.size <= L);
     }
@@ -69,13 +68,13 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
      *  T      = Value type.
      *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= (2 ^^ (L * 8)) - 1).
      */
-    this(T)(const T value)
+    this(T)(T value)
-        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    if (isUnsigned!T)
     in
     {
-        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+        assert(value <= (2 ^^ (L * 8)) - 1);
     }
     do
     {
@@ -216,10 +215,10 @@ struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
  *          order.
  */
 T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
-    if (isInputRange!R
+if (isInputRange!R
-     && !isInfinite!R
+ && !isInfinite!R
-     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+ && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
-     && isUnsigned!T)
+ && isUnsigned!T)
 {
     T ret;
     ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;

source/tanya/net/uri.d

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 module tanya.net.uri;
 
+import tanya.conv;
 import tanya.encoding.ascii;
 import tanya.memory;
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ final class URIException : Exception
     this(string msg,
          string file = __FILE__,
          size_t line = __LINE__,
-         Throwable next = null) @nogc @safe pure nothrow
+         Throwable next = null) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
     }
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ struct URL
      *
      * Throws: $(D_PSYMBOL URIException) if the URL is malformed.
      */
-    this(const char[] source) pure @nogc
+    this(const char[] source) @nogc pure
     {
         ptrdiff_t pos = -1, endPos = source.length, start;
 
@@ -152,16 +153,13 @@ struct URL
                     goto ParsePath;
                 }
             }
-            else
+            else if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
             {
                 // Schemas like mailto: and zlib: may not have any slash after
                 // them.
-                if (!parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
+                this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
-                {
+                start = pos + 1;
-                    this.scheme = source[0 .. pos];
+                goto ParsePath;
-                    start = pos + 1;
-                    goto ParsePath;
-                }
             }
         }
         else if (pos == 0 && parsePort(source[pos .. $]))
@@ -305,23 +303,13 @@ struct URL
      *
      * Returns: Whether the port could be found.
      */
-    private bool parsePort(const char[] port) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
+    private bool parsePort(const(char)[] port) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
     {
-        ptrdiff_t i = 1;
+        auto unparsed = port[1 .. $];
-        float lPort = 0;
+        auto parsed = readIntegral!ushort(unparsed);
-
+        if (unparsed.length == 0 || unparsed[0] == '/')
-        for (; i < port.length && port[i].isDigit() && i <= 6; ++i)
         {
-            lPort += (port[i] - '0') / cast(float) (10 ^^ (i - 1));
+            this.port = parsed;
-        }
-        if (i != 1 && (i == port.length || port[i] == '/'))
-        {
-            lPort *= 10 ^^ (i - 2);
-            if (lPort > ushort.max)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            this.port = cast(ushort) lPort;
             return true;
         }
         return false;

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Network programming.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/network/socket.d

@@ -5,7 +5,43 @@
 /**
  * Low-level socket programming.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * Current API supports only server-side TCP communication.
+ *
+ * Here is an example of a cross-platform blocking server:
+ *
+ * ---
+ * import std.stdio;
+ * import tanya.memory;
+ * import tanya.network;
+ *
+ * void main()
+ * {
+ *     auto socket = defaultAllocator.make!StreamSocket(AddressFamily.inet);
+ *     auto address = defaultAllocator.make!InternetAddress("127.0.0.1",
+ *                                                          cast(ushort) 8192);
+ *
+ *     socket.setOption(SocketOptionLevel.SOCKET, SocketOption.REUSEADDR, true);
+ *     socket.blocking = true;
+ *     socket.bind(address);
+ *     socket.listen(5);
+ *
+ *     auto client = socket.accept();
+ *     client.send(cast(const(ubyte)[]) "Test\n");
+ *
+ *     ubyte[100] buf;
+ *     auto response = client.receive(buf[]);
+ *
+ *     writeln(cast(const(char)[]) buf[0 .. response]);
+ *
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(client);
+ *     defaultAllocator.dispose(socket);
+ * }
+ * ---
+ *
+ * For an example of an asynchronous server refer to the documentation of the
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL tanya.async.loop) module.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -16,11 +52,12 @@ module tanya.network.socket;
 
 import core.stdc.errno;
 import core.time;
-import std.algorithm.comparison;
 public import std.socket : SocketOption, SocketOptionLevel;
 import std.traits;
 import std.typecons;
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.memory;
+import tanya.os.error;
 
 /// Value returned by socket operations on error.
 enum int socketError = -1;
@@ -44,10 +81,8 @@ version (Posix)
 }
 else version (Windows)
 {
-    import core.sys.windows.winbase : ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE,
+    import core.sys.windows.winbase;
-                                      ERROR_IO_PENDING,
+    import core.sys.windows.winerror;
-                                      GetModuleHandle,
-                                      GetProcAddress;
     import core.sys.windows.winsock2 : accept,
                                        addrinfo,
                                        bind,
@@ -68,6 +103,7 @@ else version (Windows)
                                        send,
                                        setsockopt,
                                        shutdown,
+                                       SO_TYPE,
                                        SOCKADDR,
                                        sockaddr,
                                        sockaddr_in,
@@ -76,18 +112,10 @@ else version (Windows)
                                        socket,
                                        socklen_t,
                                        SOL_SOCKET,
-                                       SO_TYPE,
+                                       WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
                                        WSAGetLastError;
     import tanya.async.iocp;
     import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-    import tanya.sys.windows.error : ECONNABORTED = WSAECONNABORTED,
-                                     ENOBUFS = WSAENOBUFS,
-                                     EOPNOTSUPP = WSAEOPNOTSUPP,
-                                     EPROTONOSUPPORT = WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT,
-                                     EPROTOTYPE = WSAEPROTOTYPE,
-                                     ESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
-                                     ETIMEDOUT = WSAETIMEDOUT,
-                                     EWOULDBLOCK = WSAEWOULDBLOCK;
     public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
     public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
 
@@ -581,39 +609,6 @@ enum AddressFamily : int
     inet6     = 10,    /// IP version 6.
 }
 
-/**
- * Error codes for $(D_PSYMBOL Socket).
- */
-enum SocketError : int
-{
-    /// Unknown error.
-    unknown                = 0,
-    /// Firewall rules forbid connection.
-    accessDenied           = EPERM,
-    /// A socket operation was attempted on a non-socket.
-    notSocket              = EBADF,
-    /// The network is not available.
-    networkDown            = ECONNABORTED,
-    /// An invalid pointer address was detected by the underlying socket provider.
-    fault                  = EFAULT,
-    /// An invalid argument was supplied to a $(D_PSYMBOL Socket) member.
-    invalidArgument        = EINVAL,
-    /// The limit on the number of open sockets has been reached.
-    tooManyOpenSockets     = ENFILE,
-    /// No free buffer space is available for a Socket operation.
-    noBufferSpaceAvailable = ENOBUFS,
-    /// The address family is not supported by the protocol family.
-    operationNotSupported  = EOPNOTSUPP,
-    /// The protocol is not implemented or has not been configured.
-    protocolNotSupported   = EPROTONOSUPPORT,
-    /// Protocol error.
-    protocolError          = EPROTOTYPE,
-    /// The connection attempt timed out, or the connected host has failed to respond.
-    timedOut               = ETIMEDOUT,
-    /// The support for the specified socket type does not exist in this address family.
-    socketNotSupported     = ESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
-}
-
 /**
  * $(D_PSYMBOL SocketException) should be thrown only if one of the socket functions
  * $(D_PSYMBOL socketError) and sets $(D_PSYMBOL errno), because
@@ -621,7 +616,7 @@ enum SocketError : int
  */
 class SocketException : Exception
 {
-    const SocketError error = SocketError.unknown;
+    const ErrorCode.ErrorNo error = ErrorCode.ErrorNo.success;
 
     /**
      * Params:
@@ -637,7 +632,7 @@ class SocketException : Exception
     {
         super(msg, file, line, next);
 
-        foreach (member; EnumMembers!SocketError)
+        foreach (member; EnumMembers!(ErrorCode.ErrorNo))
         {
             if (member == lastError)
             {
@@ -647,24 +642,24 @@ class SocketException : Exception
         }
         if (lastError == ENOMEM)
         {
-            error = SocketError.noBufferSpaceAvailable;
+            error = ErrorCode.ErrorNo.noBufferSpace;
         }
         else if (lastError == EMFILE)
         {
-            error = SocketError.tooManyOpenSockets;
+            error = ErrorCode.ErrorNo.tooManyDescriptors;
         }
         else version (linux)
         {
             if (lastError == ENOSR)
             {
-                error = SocketError.networkDown;
+                error = ErrorCode.ErrorNo.networkDown;
             }
         }
         else version (Posix)
         {
             if (lastError == EPROTO)
             {
-                error = SocketError.networkDown;
+                error = ErrorCode.ErrorNo.networkDown;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1443,7 +1438,7 @@ bool wouldHaveBlocked() nothrow @trusted @nogc
     else version (Windows)
     {
         return WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING
-            || WSAGetLastError() == EWOULDBLOCK
+            || WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK
             || WSAGetLastError() == ERROR_IO_INCOMPLETE;
     }
 }

source/tanya/os/package.d

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * This package provides platform-independent interfaces to operating system
  * functionality.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/range/adapter.d

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Range adapters.
+ *
+ * A range adapter wraps another range and modifies the way, how the original
+ * range is iterated, or the order in which its elements are accessed.
+ *
+ * All adapters are lazy algorithms, they request the next element of the
+ * adapted range on demand.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/range/adapter.d,
+ *                 tanya/range/adapter.d)
+ */
+module tanya.range.adapter;
+
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.math;
+import tanya.range.primitive;
+
+private mixin template Take(R, bool exactly)
+{
+    private R source;
+    size_t length_;
+
+    @disable this();
+
+    private this(R source, size_t length)
+    {
+        this.source = source;
+        static if (!exactly && hasLength!R)
+        {
+            this.length_ = min(source.length, length);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.length_ = length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property auto ref front()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.source.front;
+    }
+
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!empty);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        this.source.popFront();
+        --this.length_;
+    }
+
+    @property bool empty()
+    {
+        static if (exactly || isInfinite!R)
+        {
+            return length == 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return length == 0 || this.source.empty;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @property size_t length()
+    {
+        return this.length_;
+    }
+
+    static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+    {
+        @property void front(ref ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = value;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(ElementType!R value)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            this.source.front = move(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static if (isForwardRange!R)
+    {
+        typeof(this) save()
+        {
+            return typeof(this)(this.source.save(), length);
+        }
+    }
+    static if (isRandomAccessRange!R)
+    {
+        @property auto ref back()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[this.length - 1];
+        }
+
+        void popBack()
+        in
+        {
+            assert(!empty);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            --this.length_;
+        }
+
+        auto ref opIndex(size_t i)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i < length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return this.source[i];
+        }
+
+        static if (hasAssignableElements!R)
+        {
+            @property void back(ref ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = value;
+            }
+
+            @property void back(ElementType!R value)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(!empty);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[length - 1] = move(value);
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ref ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = value;
+            }
+
+            void opIndexAssign(ElementType!R value, size_t i)
+            in
+            {
+                assert(i < length);
+            }
+            do
+            {
+                this.source[i] = move(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    static if (hasSlicing!R)
+    {
+        auto opSlice(size_t i, size_t j)
+        in
+        {
+            assert(i <= j);
+            assert(j <= length);
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            return take(this.source[i .. j], length);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * If $(D_PARAM range) doesn't have $(D_PARAM n) elements, the resulting range
+ * spans all elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL take) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can take
+ ` $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm which
+ * expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing maximum $(D_PARAM n) first elements of
+ *          $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly).
+ */
+auto take(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    struct Take
+    {
+        mixin .Take!(R, false);
+    }
+    return Take(range, n);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().take(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Takes exactly $(D_PARAM n) elements from $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * $(D_PARAM range) must have at least $(D_PARAM n) elements.
+ *
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL takeExactly) is particulary useful with infinite ranges. You can
+ ` take $(B n) elements from such range and pass the result to an algorithm
+ * which expects a finit range.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  R     = Type of the adapted range.
+ *  range = The range to take the elements from.
+ *  n     = The number of elements to take.
+ *
+ * Returns: A range containing $(D_PARAM n) first elements of $(D_PARAM range).
+ *
+ * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL take).
+ */
+auto takeExactly(R)(R range, size_t n)
+if (isInputRange!R)
+{
+    struct TakeExactly
+    {
+        mixin Take!(R, true);
+    }
+    return TakeExactly(range, n);
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct InfiniteRange
+    {
+        private size_t front_ = 1;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+
+        @property size_t front() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_;
+        }
+
+        @property void front(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front_ = i;
+        }
+
+        void popFront() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            ++this.front_;
+        }
+
+        size_t opIndex(size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this.front_ + i;
+        }
+
+        void opIndexAssign(size_t value, size_t i) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            this.front = i + value;
+        }
+
+        InfiniteRange save() @nogc nothrow pure @safe
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto t = InfiniteRange().takeExactly(3);
+    assert(t.length == 3);
+    assert(t.front == 1);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 3);
+
+    t.popBack();
+    assert(t.front == 2);
+    assert(t.back == 2);
+
+    t.popFront();
+    assert(t.empty);
+}

source/tanya/range/package.d

@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@
  */
 module tanya.range;
 
+public import tanya.range.adapter;
 public import tanya.range.array;
 public import tanya.range.primitive;

source/tanya/range/primitive.d

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  */
 module tanya.range.primitive;
 
+import tanya.algorithm.comparison;
 import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
-import tanya.math;
 import tanya.meta.trait;
 import tanya.meta.transform;
 import tanya.range.array;

source/tanya/sys/linux/syscall.d

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/linux/syscall.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/linux/syscall.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.linux.syscall;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow @system;
+
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall(ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t,
+                         ptrdiff_t) @nogc nothrow @system;
+
+// Same syscalls as above but pure.
+private template getOverloadMangling(size_t n)
+{
+    enum string getOverloadMangling = __traits(getOverloads,
+                                               tanya.sys.linux.syscall,
+                                               "syscall")[n].mangleof;
+}
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!0)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t)
+@nogc nothrow pure @system;
+
+pragma(mangle, getOverloadMangling!1)
+extern ptrdiff_t syscall_(ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t,
+                          ptrdiff_t) @nogc nothrow pure @system;

source/tanya/sys/posix/mman.d

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2018.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/posix/mman.d,
+ *                 tanya/sys/posix/mman.d)
+ */
+module tanya.sys.posix.mman;
+
+version (TanyaNative):
+
+enum
+{
+    PROT_EXEC = 0x4, // Page can be executed.
+    PROT_NONE = 0x0, // Page cannot be accessed.
+    PROT_READ = 0x1, // Page can be read.
+    PROT_WRITE = 0x2, // Page can be written.
+}
+
+enum
+{
+    MAP_FIXED = 0x10, // Interpret addr exactly.
+    MAP_PRIVATE = 0x02, // Changes are private.
+    MAP_SHARED = 0x01, // Share changes.
+    MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20, // Don't use a file.
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/def.d

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  * defined here.
  * Also aliases for specific types like $(D_PSYMBOL SOCKET) are defined here.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ align(1) struct GUID
     ushort Data2;
     ushort Data3;
     char[8] Data4;
-}
+}

source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
-
-/**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
- * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
- *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
- * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
- * Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/caraus-ecms/tanya/blob/master/source/tanya/sys/windows/error.d,
- *                 tanya/sys/windows/error.d)
- */
-module tanya.sys.windows.error;
-
-version (Windows):
-
-private enum WSABASEERR = 10000;
-enum
-{
-    WSAEINTR = WSABASEERR + 4,
-    WSAEBADF = WSABASEERR + 9,
-    WSAEACCES = WSABASEERR + 13,
-    WSAEFAULT = WSABASEERR + 14,
-    WSAEINVAL = WSABASEERR + 22,
-    WSAEMFILE = WSABASEERR + 24,
-
-    WSAEWOULDBLOCK = WSABASEERR + 35,
-    WSAEINPROGRESS = WSABASEERR + 36,
-    WSAEALREADY = WSABASEERR + 37,
-    WSAENOTSOCK = WSABASEERR + 38,
-    WSAEDESTADDRREQ = WSABASEERR + 39,
-    WSAEMSGSIZE = WSABASEERR + 40,
-    WSAEPROTOTYPE = WSABASEERR + 41,
-    WSAENOPROTOOPT = WSABASEERR + 42,
-    WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 43,
-    WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 44,
-    WSAEOPNOTSUPP = WSABASEERR + 45,
-    WSAEPFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 46,
-    WSAEAFNOSUPPORT = WSABASEERR + 47,
-    WSAEADDRINUSE = WSABASEERR + 48,
-    WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL = WSABASEERR + 49,
-    WSAENETDOWN = WSABASEERR + 50,
-    WSAENETUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 51,
-    WSAENETRESET = WSABASEERR + 52,
-    WSAECONNABORTED = WSABASEERR + 53,
-    WSAECONNRESET = WSABASEERR + 54,
-    WSAENOBUFS = WSABASEERR + 55,
-    WSAEISCONN = WSABASEERR + 56,
-    WSAENOTCONN = WSABASEERR + 57,
-    WSAESHUTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 58,
-    WSAETOOMANYREFS = WSABASEERR + 59,
-    WSAETIMEDOUT = WSABASEERR + 60,
-    WSAECONNREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 61,
-    WSAELOOP = WSABASEERR + 62,
-    WSAENAMETOOLONG = WSABASEERR + 63,
-    WSAEHOSTDOWN = WSABASEERR + 64,
-    WSAEHOSTUNREACH = WSABASEERR + 65,
-    WSAENOTEMPTY = WSABASEERR + 66,
-    WSAEPROCLIM = WSABASEERR + 67,
-    WSAEUSERS = WSABASEERR + 68,
-    WSAEDQUOT = WSABASEERR + 69,
-    WSAESTALE = WSABASEERR + 70,
-    WSAEREMOTE = WSABASEERR + 71,
-
-    WSASYSNOTREADY = WSABASEERR + 91,
-    WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED = WSABASEERR + 92,
-    WSANOTINITIALISED = WSABASEERR + 93,
-    WSAEDISCON = WSABASEERR + 101,
-    WSAENOMORE = WSABASEERR + 102,
-    WSAECANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 103,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROCTABLE = WSABASEERR + 104,
-    WSAEINVALIDPROVIDER = WSABASEERR + 105,
-    WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT = WSABASEERR + 106,
-    WSASYSCALLFAILURE = WSABASEERR + 107,
-    WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 108,
-    WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 109,
-    WSA_E_NO_MORE = WSABASEERR + 110,
-    WSA_E_CANCELLED = WSABASEERR + 111,
-    WSAEREFUSED = WSABASEERR + 112,
-    
-    WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND = WSABASEERR + 1001,
-    WSATRY_AGAIN = WSABASEERR + 1002,
-    WSANO_RECOVERY = WSABASEERR + 1003,
-    WSANO_DATA = WSABASEERR + 1004,
-
-    WSA_QOS_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1005,
-    WSA_QOS_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1006,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_SENDERS = WSABASEERR + 1007,
-    WSA_QOS_NO_RECEIVERS = WSABASEERR + 1008,
-    WSA_QOS_REQUEST_CONFIRMED = WSABASEERR + 1009,
-    WSA_QOS_ADMISSION_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1010,
-    WSA_QOS_POLICY_FAILURE = WSABASEERR + 1011,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_STYLE = WSABASEERR + 1012,
-    WSA_QOS_BAD_OBJECT = WSABASEERR + 1013,
-
-    WSA_QOS_TRAFFIC_CTRL_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1014,
-    WSA_QOS_GENERIC_ERROR = WSABASEERR + 1015,
-    WSA_QOS_ESERVICETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1016,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1017,
-    WSA_QOS_EPROVSPECBUF = WSABASEERR + 1018,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERSTYLE = WSABASEERR + 1019,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERTYPE = WSABASEERR + 1020,
-    WSA_QOS_EFILTERCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1021,
-    WSA_QOS_EOBJLENGTH = WSABASEERR + 1022,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWCOUNT = WSABASEERR + 1023,
-    WSA_QOS_EUNKOWNPSOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1024,
-    WSA_QOS_EPOLICYOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1025,
-    WSA_QOS_EFLOWDESC = WSABASEERR + 1026,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFLOWSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1027,
-    WSA_QOS_EPSFILTERSPEC = WSABASEERR + 1028,
-    WSA_QOS_ESDMODEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1029,
-    WSA_QOS_ESHAPERATEOBJ = WSABASEERR + 1030,
-    WSA_QOS_RESERVED_PETYPE = WSABASEERR + 1031,
-}

source/tanya/sys/windows/package.d

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
 
 /**
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -15,6 +15,5 @@ module tanya.sys.windows;
 version (Windows):
 
 public import tanya.sys.windows.def;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.error;
 public import tanya.sys.windows.winbase;
-public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;
+public import tanya.sys.windows.winsock2;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winbase.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Definitions from winbase.h.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ extern(Windows)
 BOOL GetOverlappedResult(HANDLE hFile,
                          OVERLAPPED* lpOverlapped,
                          DWORD* lpNumberOfBytesTransferred,
-                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;
+                         BOOL bWait) nothrow @system @nogc;

source/tanya/sys/windows/winsock2.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Definitions from winsock2.h, ws2def.h and MSWSock.h.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
@@ -216,4 +216,4 @@ enum
     SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT = 0x700B,
     SO_CONNECT_TIME = 0x700C,
     SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010,
-}
+}

source/tanya/test/assertion.d

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * The functions can cause segmentation fault if the module is compiled
  * in production mode and the condition fails.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/test/package.d

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 /**
  * Test suite for $(D_KEYWORD unittest)-blocks.
  *
- * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017.
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2017-2018.
  * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
  *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
  * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)

source/tanya/typecons.d

@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@
  */
 module tanya.typecons;
 
-import tanya.meta.metafunction;
+import tanya.algorithm.mutation;
+import tanya.format;
+import tanya.meta.metafunction : AliasSeq, AliasTuple = Tuple, Map;
+import tanya.meta.trait;
 
 /**
- * $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) can store two heterogeneous objects.
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) can store two or more heterogeneous objects.
  *
- * The objects can by accessed by index as $(D_INLINECODE obj[0]) and
+ * The objects can by accessed by index as `obj[0]` and `obj[1]` or by optional
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj[1]) or by optional names (e.g.
+ * names (e.g. `obj.first`).
- * $(D_INLINECODE obj.first)).
  *
  * $(D_PARAM Specs) contains a list of object types and names. First
  * comes the object type, then an optional string containing the name.
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ import tanya.meta.metafunction;
  * Params:
  *  Specs = Field types and names.
  */
-template Pair(Specs...)
+template Tuple(Specs...)
 {
     template parseSpecs(size_t fieldCount, Specs...)
     {
@@ -47,13 +49,13 @@ template Pair(Specs...)
             static if (is(typeof(Specs[1]) == string))
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(Tuple!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0], Specs[1]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[2 .. $]));
             }
             else
             {
                 alias parseSpecs
-                    = AliasSeq!(Tuple!(Specs[0]),
+                    = AliasSeq!(AliasTuple!(Specs[0]),
                                 parseSpecs!(fieldCount + 1, Specs[1 .. $]));
             }
         }
@@ -66,24 +68,36 @@ template Pair(Specs...)
     alias ChooseType(alias T) = T.Seq[0];
     alias ParsedSpecs = parseSpecs!(0, Specs);
 
-    static assert(ParsedSpecs.length == 2, "Invalid argument count");
+    static assert(ParsedSpecs.length > 1, "Invalid argument count");
 
-    struct Pair
+    private string formatAliases(size_t n, Specs...)()
+    {
+        static if (Specs.length == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            string fieldAlias;
+            static if (Specs[0].length == 2)
+            {
+                char[21] buffer;
+                fieldAlias = "alias " ~ Specs[0][1] ~ " = expand["
+                           ~ integral2String(n, buffer).idup ~ "];";
+            }
+            return fieldAlias ~ formatAliases!(n + 1, Specs[1 .. $])();
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Tuple
     {
         /// Field types.
         alias Types = Map!(ChooseType, ParsedSpecs);
 
         // Create field aliases.
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[0].length == 2)
+        mixin(formatAliases!(0, ParsedSpecs[0 .. $])());
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[0][1] ~ " = expand[0];");
-        }
-        static if (ParsedSpecs[1].length == 2)
-        {
-            mixin("alias " ~ ParsedSpecs[1][1] ~ " = expand[1];");
-        }
 
-        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Pair) as a list of values.
+        /// Represents the values of the $(D_PSYMBOL Tuple) as a list of values.
         Types expand;
 
         alias expand this;
@@ -93,7 +107,7 @@ template Pair(Specs...)
 ///
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    auto pair = Pair!(int, "first", string, "second")(1, "second");
+    auto pair = Tuple!(int, "first", string, "second")(1, "second");
     assert(pair.first == 1);
     assert(pair[0] == 1);
     assert(pair.second == "second");
@@ -102,16 +116,339 @@ template Pair(Specs...)
 
 @nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
 {
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int)));
+    static assert(is(Tuple!(int, int)));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, 5)));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, 5)));
 
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+    static assert(is(Tuple!(int, "first", int)));
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int, "second")));
+    static assert(is(Tuple!(int, "first", int, "second")));
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, "first", int)));
+    static assert(is(Tuple!(int, "first", int)));
 
-    static assert(is(Pair!(int, int, "second")));
+    static assert(is(Tuple!(int, int, "second")));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!("first", int, "second", int)));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!("first", int, "second", int)));
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, int, int)));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, int, int)));
 
-    static assert(!is(Pair!(int, "first")));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first")));
+
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, double, char)));
+    static assert(!is(Tuple!(int, "first", double, "second", char, "third")));
+}
+
+/**
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is a type that contains an optional value.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T = Type of the encapsulated value.
+ */
+struct Option(T)
+{
+    private bool isNothing_ = true;
+    private T value = void;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new option with $(D_PARAM value).
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  value = Encapsulated value.
+     */
+    this()(ref T value)
+    {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    this()(T value) @trusted
+    {
+        moveEmplace(value, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells if the option is just a value or nothing.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) contains a nothing,
+     *          $(D_KEYWORD false) if it contains a value.
+     */
+    @property bool isNothing() const
+    {
+        return this.isNothing_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the encapsulated value.
+     *
+     * Returns: Value encapsulated in this $(D_PSYMBOL Option).
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL or).
+     *
+     * Precondition: `!isNothing`.
+     */
+    @property ref inout(T) get() inout
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!isNothing, "Option is nothing");
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return this.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the encapsulated value if available or a default value
+     * otherwise.
+     *
+     * Note that the contained value can be returned by reference only if the
+     * default value is passed by reference as well.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U            = Type of the default value.
+     *  defaultValue = Default value.
+     *
+     * Returns: The value of this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) if available,
+     *          $(D_PARAM defaultValue) otherwise.
+     *
+     * See_Also: $(D_PSYMBOL isNothing), $(D_PSYMBOL get).
+     */
+    @property U or(U)(U defaultValue) inout
+    if (is(U == T) && isCopyable!T)
+    {
+        return isNothing ? defaultValue : this.value;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    @property ref inout(T) or(ref inout(T) defaultValue) inout
+    {
+        return isNothing ? defaultValue : this.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) to $(D_KEYWORD bool).
+     *
+     * An $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is $(D_KEYWORD true) if it contains a value,
+     * ($D_KEYWORD false) if it contains nothing.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) contains a value,
+     *          ($D_KEYWORD false) if it contains nothing.
+     */
+    bool opCast(U : bool)()
+    {
+        return !isNothing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) with $(D_PARAM that).
+     *
+     * If both objects are options of the same type and they don't contain a
+     * value, they are considered equal. If only one of them contains a value,
+     * they aren't equal. Otherwise, the encapsulated values are compared for
+     * equality.
+     *
+     * If $(D_PARAM U) is a type comparable with the type encapsulated by this
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL Option), the value of this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) is compared
+     * with $(D_PARAM that), this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) must have a value then.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U    = Type of the object to compare with.
+     *  that = Object to compare with.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD true) if this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) and
+     *          $(D_PARAM that) are equal, $(D_KEYWORD false) if not.
+     *
+     * Precondition: `!isNothing` if $(D_PARAM U) is equality comparable with
+     *               $(D_PARAM T).
+     */
+    bool opEquals(U)(auto ref const U that) const
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        if (!isNothing && !that.isNothing)
+        {
+            return this.value == that.value;
+        }
+        return isNothing == that.isNothing;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    bool opEquals(U)(auto ref const U that) const
+    if (ifTestable!(U, a => a == T.init) && !is(U == Option))
+    in
+    {
+        assert(!isNothing);
+    }
+    do
+    {
+        return get == that;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this $(D_PSYMBOL Option) and destroys the contained value.
+     *
+     * $(D_PSYMBOL reset) can be safely called on an $(D_PSYMBOL Option) that
+     * doesn't contain any value.
+     */
+    void reset()
+    {
+        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
+        {
+            destroy(this.value);
+        }
+        this.isNothing_ = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns a new value.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  U    = Type of the new value.
+     *  that = New value.
+     *
+     * Returns: $(D_KEYWORD this).
+     */
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(ref U that)
+    if (is(U : T) && !is(U == Option))
+    {
+        this.value = that;
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(U that)
+    if (is(U == T))
+    {
+        move(that, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = false;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(ref U that)
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        this.value = that;
+        this.isNothing_ = that.isNothing;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// ditto
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign(U)(U that)
+    if (is(U == Option))
+    {
+        move(that.value, this.value);
+        this.isNothing_ = that.isNothing_;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    alias get this;
+}
+
+///
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    Option!int option;
+    assert(option.isNothing);
+    assert(option.or(8) == 8);
+    
+    option = 5;
+    assert(!option.isNothing);
+    assert(option.get == 5);
+    assert(option.or(8) == 5);
+
+    option.reset();
+    assert(option.isNothing);
+}
+
+// Assigns a new value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        Option!int option = 5;
+        option = 8;
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+        assert(option == 8);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!int option;
+        const int newValue = 8;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = newValue;
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+        assert(option == newValue);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!int option1;
+        Option!int option2 = 5;
+        assert(option1.isNothing);
+        option1 = option2;
+        assert(!option1.isNothing);
+        assert(option1.get == 5);
+    }
+}
+
+// Constructs with a value passed by reference
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    int i = 5;
+    assert(Option!int(i).get == 5);
+}
+
+// Moving
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    static struct NotCopyable
+    {
+        @disable this(this);
+    }
+
+    static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable()))));
+    // The value cannot be returned by reference because the default value
+    // isn't passed by reference
+    static assert(!is(typeof(Option!DisabledPostblit().or(NotCopyable()))));
+    {
+        NotCopyable notCopyable;
+        static assert(is(typeof(Option!NotCopyable().or(notCopyable))));
+    }
+    {
+        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = NotCopyable();
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+    }
+    {
+        Option!NotCopyable option;
+        assert(option.isNothing);
+        option = Option!NotCopyable(NotCopyable());
+        assert(!option.isNothing);
+    }
+}
+
+// Cast to bool is done before touching the encapsulated value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(Option!bool(false));
+}
+
+// Option can be const
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert((const Option!int(5)).get == 5);
+    assert((const Option!int()).or(5) == 5);
+}
+
+// Equality
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    assert(Option!int() == Option!int());
+    assert(Option!int(0) != Option!int());
+    assert(Option!int(5) == Option!int(5));
+    assert(Option!int(5) == 5);
+    assert(Option!int(5) == cast(ubyte) 5);
+}
+
+// Returns default value
+@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
+{
+    {
+        int i = 5;
+        assert(((ref e) => e)(Option!int().or(i)) == 5);
+    }
 }