Integer storage optimization

opApply requires additional overloads for the const containers (with a
const delegate). If using a templated opApply foreach cannot infer the
types for the variables. foreach with one argument still works
(opIndex() is used), for more complex cases slicing should be used.

.travis.yml

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ os:
 language: d
 
 d:
+ - dmd-2.074.0
  - dmd-2.073.2
  - dmd-2.072.2
  - dmd-2.071.2
- - dmd-2.070.2
 
 env: 
  matrix:

README.md

@@ -29,20 +29,25 @@ helper functions).
 
 ### Supported compilers
 
-* dmd 2.073.2
+| dmd     |
-* dmd 2.072.2
+|:-------:|
-* dmd 2.071.2
+| 2.074.0 |
-* dmd 2.070.2
+| 2.073.2 |
+| 2.072.2 |
+| 2.071.2 |
 
 ### Current status
 
 The library is currently under development, but the API is becoming gradually
 stable.
 
-`container`s are being extended to support ranges. Also following modules are
+Following modules are coming soon:
-coming soon:
+
-* UTF-8 string.
+| Feature      | Build status                                                                                                            |
-* Hash table.
+|--------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
+| UTF-8 string | [![utf8string](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=utf8string)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya) |
+| BitVector    | [![bitvector](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya.svg?branch=bitvector)](https://travis-ci.org/caraus-ecms/tanya)   |
+| Hash table   | N/A                                                                                                                     |
 
 `math` package contains an arbitrary precision integer implementation that
 needs more test cases, better performance and some additional features

source/tanya/container/list.d

@@ -20,25 +20,31 @@ import std.traits;
 import tanya.container.entry;
 import tanya.memory;
 
-private struct Range(Entry)
+/**
-    if (__traits(isSame, TemplateOf!Entry, SEntry))
+ * Forward range for the $(D_PSYMBOL SList).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+struct SRange(E)
 {
-    private alias T = typeof(E.content);
+    private alias EntryPointer = CopyConstness!(E, SEntry!(Unqual!E)*);
-    private alias E = CopyConstness!(Entry, Entry*);
 
-    private E* head;
+    private EntryPointer* head;
 
     invariant
     {
         assert(head !is null);
     }
 
-    private this(ref E head) @trusted
+    private this(ref EntryPointer head) @trusted
     {
         this.head = &head;
     }
 
-    @property Range save()
+    @disable this();
+
+    @property SRange save()
     {
         return this;
     }
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ private struct Range(Entry)
         return *head is null;
     }
 
-    @property ref inout(T) front() inout
+    @property ref inout(E) front() inout
     in
     {
         assert(!empty);
@@ -73,12 +79,12 @@ private struct Range(Entry)
         head = &(*head).next;
     }
 
-    Range opIndex()
+    SRange opIndex()
     {
         return typeof(return)(*head);
     }
 
-    Range!(const Entry) opIndex() const
+    SRange!(const E) opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(*head);
     }
@@ -340,6 +346,14 @@ struct SList(T)
         return moveEntry(head, el);
     }
 
+    /// Ditto.
+    size_t insertFront(R)(ref R el) @trusted
+        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
+    {
+        head = allocator.make!Entry(el, head);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
     /// Ditto.
     size_t insertFront(R)(R el) @trusted
         if (!isInfinite!R
@@ -376,13 +390,6 @@ struct SList(T)
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
     }
 
-    /// Ditto.
-    size_t insertFront(ref T el) @trusted
-    {
-        head = allocator.make!Entry(el, head);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     /// Ditto.
     alias insert = insertFront;
 
@@ -407,7 +414,7 @@ struct SList(T)
 
     version (assert)
     {
-        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref Range!Entry r) const
+        private bool checkRangeBelonging(ref SRange!T r) const
         {
             const(Entry*)* pos;
             for (pos = &head; pos != r.head && *pos !is null; pos = &(*pos).next)
@@ -429,7 +436,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range!Entry r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(SRange!T r, R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
@@ -450,7 +457,7 @@ struct SList(T)
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
-    size_t insertBefore(R)(Range!Entry r, R el)
+    size_t insertBefore(R)(SRange!T r, R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
          && isInputRange!R
          && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
@@ -482,7 +489,7 @@ struct SList(T)
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
-    size_t insertBefore(Range!Entry r, ref T el) @trusted
+    size_t insertBefore(SRange!T r, ref T el) @trusted
     in
     {
         assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
@@ -515,7 +522,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
-    size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range!Entry r, T[R] el)
+    size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(SRange!T r, T[R] el)
     {
         return insertFront!(T[])(el[]);
     }
@@ -670,7 +677,7 @@ struct SList(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) is extracted from this list.
      */
-    Range!Entry remove(Range!Entry r)
+    SRange!T remove(SRange!T r)
     in
     {
         assert(checkRangeBelonging(r));
@@ -697,75 +704,17 @@ struct SList(T)
         assert(l1 == l2);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-     *
-     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
-     */
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-        size_t i;
-
-        for (auto pos = head; pos; pos = pos.next, ++i)
-        {
-            result = dg(i, pos.content);
-
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        int result;
-
-        for (auto pos = head; pos; pos = pos.next)
-        {
-            result = dg(pos.content);
-
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    @nogc unittest
-    {
-        SList!int l;
-
-        l.insertFront(5);
-        l.insertFront(4);
-        l.insertFront(9);
-        foreach (i, e; l)
-        {
-            assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
-            assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
-            assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Returns: Range that iterates over all elements of the container, in
      *          forward order.
      */
-    Range!Entry opIndex()
+    SRange!T opIndex()
     {
         return typeof(return)(head);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
-    Range!(const Entry) opIndex() const
+    SRange!(const T) opIndex() const
     {
         return typeof(return)(head);
     }
@@ -827,7 +776,7 @@ struct SList(T)
             }
             next = &(*next).next;
         }
-        remove(Range!Entry(*next));
+        remove(SRange!T(*next));
 
         return this;
     }
@@ -894,3 +843,21 @@ struct SList(T)
     }
     static assert(is(SList!Stuff));
 }
+
+// foreach called using opIndex().
+private @nogc @safe unittest
+{
+    SList!int l;
+    size_t i;
+
+    l.insertFront(5);
+    l.insertFront(4);
+    l.insertFront(9);
+    foreach (e; l)
+    {
+        assert(i != 0 || e == 9);
+        assert(i != 1 || e == 4);
+        assert(i != 2 || e == 5);
+        ++i;
+    }
+}

source/tanya/container/vector.d

@@ -22,22 +22,42 @@ import std.meta;
 import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
-// Defines the container's primary range.
+/**
-private struct Range(E)
+ * Random-access range for the $(D_PSYMBOL Vector).
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  E = Element type.
+ */
+struct Range(E)
 {
     private E* begin, end;
+    private alias ContainerType = CopyConstness!(E, Vector!(Unqual!E));
+    private ContainerType* vector;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(begin <= end);
+        assert(this.begin <= this.end);
+        assert(this.vector !is null);
+        assert(this.begin >= this.vector.data);
+        assert(this.end <= this.vector.data + this.vector.length);
     }
 
-    private this(E* begin, E* end)
+    private this(ref ContainerType vector, E* begin, E* end) @trusted
+    in
     {
+        assert(begin <= end);
+        assert(begin >= vector.data);
+        assert(end <= vector.data + vector.length);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.vector = &vector;
         this.begin = begin;
         this.end = end;
     }
 
+    @disable this();
+
     @property Range save()
     {
         return this;
@@ -45,12 +65,12 @@ private struct Range(E)
 
     @property bool empty() const
     {
-        return begin == end;
+        return this.begin == this.end;
     }
 
     @property size_t length() const
     {
-        return end - begin;
+        return this.end - this.begin;
     }
 
     alias opDollar = length;
@@ -62,7 +82,7 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *begin;
+        return *this.begin;
     }
 
     @property ref inout(E) back() inout @trusted
@@ -72,7 +92,7 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *(end - 1);
+        return *(this.end - 1);
     }
 
     void popFront() @trusted
@@ -82,7 +102,7 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        ++begin;
+        ++this.begin;
     }
 
     void popBack() @trusted
@@ -92,7 +112,7 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        --end;
+        --this.end;
     }
 
     ref inout(E) opIndex(const size_t i) inout @trusted
@@ -102,17 +122,17 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *(begin + i);
+        return *(this.begin + i);
     }
 
     Range opIndex()
     {
-        return typeof(return)(begin, end);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.vector, this.begin, this.end);
     }
 
     Range!(const E) opIndex() const
     {
-        return typeof(return)(begin, end);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.vector, this.begin, this.end);
     }
 
     Range opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
@@ -123,7 +143,7 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return typeof(return)(begin + i, begin + j);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.vector, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
 
     Range!(const E) opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) const @trusted
@@ -134,12 +154,12 @@ private struct Range(E)
     }
     body
     {
-        return typeof(return)(begin + i, begin + j);
+        return typeof(return)(*this.vector, this.begin + i, this.begin + j);
     }
 
     inout(E[]) get() inout @trusted
     {
-        return begin[0 .. length];
+        return this.begin[0 .. length];
     }
 }
 
@@ -152,13 +172,13 @@ private struct Range(E)
 struct Vector(T)
 {
     private size_t length_;
-    private T* vector;
+    private T* data;
     private size_t capacity_;
 
     invariant
     {
-        assert(length_ <= capacity_);
+        assert(this.length_ <= this.capacity_);
-        assert(capacity_ == 0 || vector !is null);
+        assert(this.capacity_ == 0 || this.data !is null);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -224,20 +244,20 @@ struct Vector(T)
         if (allocator is init.allocator)
         {
             // Just steal all references and the allocator.
-            vector = init.vector;
+            this.data = init.data;
-            length_ = init.length_;
+            this.length_ = init.length_;
-            capacity_ = init.capacity_;
+            this.capacity_ = init.capacity_;
 
             // Reset the source vector, so it can't destroy the moved storage.
             init.length_ = init.capacity_ = 0;
-            init.vector = null;
+            init.data = null;
         }
         else
         {
             // Move each element.
-            reserve(init.length);
+            reserve(init.length_);
-            moveEmplaceAll(init.vector[0 .. init.length_], vector[0 .. init.length_]);
+            moveEmplaceAll(init.data[0 .. init.length_], this.data[0 .. init.length_]);
-            length_ = init.length;
+            this.length_ = init.length_;
             // Destructor of init should destroy it here.
         }
     }
@@ -247,7 +267,6 @@ struct Vector(T)
     {
         auto v1 = Vector!int([1, 2, 3]);
         auto v2 = Vector!int(v1);
-        assert(v1.vector !is v2.vector);
         assert(v1 == v2);
 
         auto v3 = Vector!int(Vector!int([1, 2, 3]));
@@ -260,7 +279,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     {
         auto v1 = const Vector!int([1, 2, 3]);
         auto v2 = Vector!int(v1);
-        assert(v1.vector !is v2.vector);
+        assert(v1.data !is v2.data);
         assert(v1 == v2);
 
         auto v3 = const Vector!int(Vector!int([1, 2, 3]));
@@ -281,7 +300,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     {
         this(allocator);
         reserve(len);
-        uninitializedFill(vector[0 .. len], init);
+        uninitializedFill(this.data[0 .. len], init);
         length_ = len;
     }
 
@@ -334,7 +353,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     ~this() @trusted
     {
         clear();
-        allocator.deallocate(vector[0 .. capacity_]);
+        allocator.deallocate(this.data[0 .. capacity]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -342,9 +361,9 @@ struct Vector(T)
      */
     this(this)
     {
-        auto buf = opIndex();
+        auto buf = this.data[0 .. this.length_];
-        length_ = capacity_ = 0;
+        this.length_ = capacity_ = 0;
-        vector = null;
+        this.data = null;
         insertBack(buf);
     }
 
@@ -409,14 +428,14 @@ struct Vector(T)
         else if (len > length)
         {
             reserve(len);
-            initializeAll(vector[length_ .. len]);
+            initializeAll(this.data[length_ .. len]);
         }
         else
         {
             static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
             {
-                const T* end = vector + length_ - 1;
+                const T* end = this.data + length_ - 1;
-                for (T* e = vector + len; e != end; ++e)
+                for (T* e = this.data + len; e != end; ++e)
                 {
                     destroy(*e);
                 }
@@ -467,7 +486,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
         immutable byteSize = mulu(size, T.sizeof, overflow);
         assert(!overflow);
 
-        void[] buf = vector[0 .. capacity_];
+        void[] buf = this.data[0 .. this.capacity_];
         if (!allocator.reallocateInPlace(buf, byteSize))
         {
             buf = allocator.allocate(byteSize);
@@ -479,8 +498,8 @@ struct Vector(T)
             {
                 allocator.deallocate(buf);
             }
-            const T* end = vector + length_;
+            const T* end = this.data + this.length_;
-            for (T* src = vector, dest = cast(T*) buf; src != end; ++src, ++dest)
+            for (T* src = this.data, dest = cast(T*) buf; src != end; ++src, ++dest)
             {
                 moveEmplace(*src, *dest);
                 static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
@@ -488,10 +507,10 @@ struct Vector(T)
                     destroy(*src);
                 }
             }
-            allocator.deallocate(vector[0 .. capacity_]);
+            allocator.deallocate(this.data[0 .. this.capacity_]);
-            vector = cast(T*) buf;
+            this.data = cast(T*) buf;
         }
-        capacity_ = size;
+        this.capacity_ = size;
     }
 
     ///
@@ -517,15 +536,15 @@ struct Vector(T)
      */
     void shrink(const size_t size) @trusted
     {
-        if (capacity_ <= size)
+        if (capacity <= size)
         {
             return;
         }
         immutable n = max(length, size);
-        void[] buf = vector[0 .. capacity_];
+        void[] buf = this.data[0 .. this.capacity_];
         if (allocator.reallocateInPlace(buf, n * T.sizeof))
         {
-            capacity_ = n;
+            this.capacity_ = n;
         }
     }
 
@@ -556,7 +575,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *
      * Returns: The number of elements removed
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty).
      */
     void removeBack()
     in
@@ -611,22 +630,24 @@ struct Vector(T)
      * Params:
      *  r = Range originally obtained from this vector.
      *
-     * Returns: Elements in $(D_PARAM r) after removing.
+     * Returns: A range spanning the remaining elements in the array that
+     *          initially were right after $(D_PARAM r).
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) refers to a region of $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     Range!T remove(Range!T r) @trusted
     in
     {
-        assert(r.begin >= vector);
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
-        assert(r.end <= vector + length_);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
     body
     {
-        auto end = vector + length_;
+        auto end = this.data + this.length;
-        moveAll(Range!T(r.end, end), Range!T(r.begin, end));
+        moveAll(Range!T(this, r.end, end), Range!T(this, r.begin, end));
         length = length - r.length;
-        return r;
+        return Range!T(this, r.begin, this.data + length);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -634,31 +655,28 @@ struct Vector(T)
     {
         auto v = Vector!int([5, 18, 17, 2, 4, 6, 1]);
 
-        assert(v.remove(v[1 .. 3]).length == 2);
+        assert(v.remove(v[1 .. 3]).length == 4);
         assert(v[0] == 5 && v[1] == 2 && v[2] == 4 && v[3] == 6 && v[4] == 1);
         assert(v.length == 5);
 
-        assert(v.remove(v[4 .. 4]).length == 0);
+        assert(v.remove(v[4 .. 4]).length == 1);
         assert(v[0] == 5 && v[1] == 2 && v[2] == 4 && v[3] == 6 && v[4] == 1);
         assert(v.length == 5);
 
-        assert(v.remove(v[4 .. 5]).length == 1);
+        assert(v.remove(v[4 .. 5]).length == 0);
         assert(v[0] == 5 && v[1] == 2 && v[2] == 4 && v[3] == 6);
         assert(v.length == 4);
 
-        assert(v.remove(v[]).length == 4);
-        assert(v.empty);
-
         assert(v.remove(v[]).length == 0);
-        assert(v.empty);
+
     }
 
     private void moveBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        reserve(length + 1);
+        reserve(this.length + 1);
-        moveEmplace(el, *(vector + length_));
+        moveEmplace(el, *(this.data + this.length_));
-        ++length_;
+        ++this.length_;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -670,19 +688,20 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *
      * Returns: The number of elements inserted.
      */
-    size_t insertBack(R)(auto ref R el) @trusted
+    size_t insertBack(R)(R el)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     {
-        static if (__traits(isRef, el))
+        moveBack(el);
-        {
+        return 1;
-            reserve(length + 1);
+    }
-            emplace(vector + length_, el);
+
-            ++length_;
+    /// Ditto.
-        }
+    size_t insertBack(R)(ref R el) @trusted
-        else
+        if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
-        {
+    {
-            moveBack(el);
+        reserve(this.length_ + 1);
-        }
+        emplace(this.data + this.length_, el);
+        ++this.length_;
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -763,6 +782,8 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *  el = Value(s) should be inserted.
      *
      * Returns: The number of elements inserted.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_PARAM r) refers to a region of $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
     size_t insertAfter(R)(Range!T r, R el)
         if (!isInfinite!R
@@ -770,20 +791,28 @@ struct Vector(T)
          && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     in
     {
-        assert(r.begin >= vector);
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
-        assert(r.end <= vector + length_);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
     body
     {
         immutable oldLen = length;
-        immutable offset = r.end - vector;
+        immutable offset = r.end - this.data;
         immutable inserted = insertBack(el);
-        bringToFront(vector[offset .. oldLen], vector[oldLen .. length]);
+        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
         return inserted;
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
     size_t insertAfter(size_t R)(Range!T r, T[R] el)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
+    }
+    body
     {
         return insertAfter!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
@@ -793,13 +822,14 @@ struct Vector(T)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
-        assert(r.begin >= vector);
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
-        assert(r.end <= vector + length_);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
     body
     {
         immutable oldLen = length;
-        immutable offset = r.end - vector;
+        immutable offset = r.end - this.data;
 
         static if (__traits(isRef, el))
         {
@@ -809,7 +839,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
         {
             moveBack(el);
         }
-        bringToFront(vector[offset .. oldLen], vector[oldLen .. length_]);
+        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
 
         return 1;
     }
@@ -821,16 +851,24 @@ struct Vector(T)
          && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     in
     {
-        assert(r.begin >= vector);
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
-        assert(r.end <= vector + length_);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
     body
     {
-        return insertAfter(Range!T(vector, r.begin), el);
+        return insertAfter(Range!T(this, this.data, r.begin), el);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
     size_t insertBefore(size_t R)(Range!T r, T[R] el)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
+    }
+    body
     {
         return insertBefore!(T[])(r, el[]);
     }
@@ -840,13 +878,14 @@ struct Vector(T)
         if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(R, T))
     in
     {
-        assert(r.begin >= vector);
+        assert(r.vector is &this);
-        assert(r.end <= vector + length_);
+        assert(r.begin >= this.data);
+        assert(r.end <= this.data + length);
     }
     body
     {
         immutable oldLen = length;
-        immutable offset = r.begin - vector;
+        immutable offset = r.begin - this.data;
 
         static if (__traits(isRef, el))
         {
@@ -856,7 +895,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
         {
             moveBack(el);
         }
-        bringToFront(vector[offset .. oldLen], vector[oldLen .. length_]);
+        bringToFront(this.data[offset .. oldLen], this.data[oldLen .. length]);
 
         return 1;
     }
@@ -942,7 +981,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *
      * Returns: Assigned value.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos).
      */
     ref T opIndexAssign(ref T value, const size_t pos)
     {
@@ -983,7 +1022,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *
      * Returns: Assigned value.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length == value.length)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length == value.length).
      */
     Range!T opIndexAssign(R)(R value)
         if (!isInfinite!R && isInputRange!R
@@ -1020,7 +1059,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      *
      * Returns: The value at a specified index.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > pos).
      */
     ref inout(T) opIndex(const size_t pos) inout @trusted
     in
@@ -1029,7 +1068,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *(vector + pos);
+        return *(this.data + pos);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1038,13 +1077,13 @@ struct Vector(T)
      */
     Range!T opIndex() @trusted
     {
-        return typeof(return)(vector, vector + length_);
+        return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
     Range!(const T) opIndex() const @trusted
     {
-        return typeof(return)(vector, vector + length_);
+        return typeof(return)(this, this.data, this.data + length);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1071,13 +1110,13 @@ struct Vector(T)
      */
     bool opEquals()(auto ref typeof(this) that) @trusted
     {
-        return equal(vector[0 .. length_], that.vector[0 .. that.length_]);
+        return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
     bool opEquals()(const auto ref typeof(this) that) const @trusted
     {
-        return equal(vector[0 .. length_], that.vector[0 .. that.length_]);
+        return equal(this.data[0 .. length], that.data[0 .. that.length]);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
@@ -1122,124 +1161,10 @@ struct Vector(T)
         assert(v1 == v2);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * $(D_KEYWORD foreach) iteration.
-     *
-     * Params:
-     *  dg = $(D_KEYWORD foreach) body.
-     *
-     * Returns: The value returned from $(D_PARAM dg).
-     */
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        T* end = vector + length_ - 1;
-        for (T* begin = vector; begin != end; ++begin)
-        {
-            int result = dg(*begin);
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApply(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) @nogc dg)
-    {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i)
-        {
-            assert(i < length);
-            int result = dg(i, *(vector + i));
-
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApplyReverse(scope int delegate(ref T) dg)
-    {
-        for (T* end = vector + length - 1; vector != end; --end)
-        {
-            int result = dg(*end);
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Ditto.
-    int opApplyReverse(scope int delegate(ref size_t i, ref T) dg)
-    {
-        if (length > 0)
-        {
-            size_t i = length;
-            do
-            {
-                --i;
-                assert(i < length);
-                int result = dg(i, *(vector + i));
-
-                if (result != 0)
-                {
-                    return result;
-                }
-            }
-            while (i > 0);
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = Vector!int([5, 15, 8]);
-
-        size_t i;
-        foreach (j, ref e; v)
-        {
-            i = j;
-        }
-        assert(i == 2);
-
-        foreach (j, e; v)
-        {
-            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-            assert(j != 1 || e == 15);
-            assert(j != 2 || e == 8);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ///
-    unittest
-    {
-        auto v = Vector!int([5, 15, 8]);
-        size_t i;
-
-        foreach_reverse (j, ref e; v)
-        {
-            i = j;
-        }
-        assert(i == 0);
-
-        foreach_reverse (j, e; v)
-        {
-            assert(j != 2 || e == 8);
-            assert(j != 1 || e == 15);
-            assert(j != 0 || e == 5);
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Returns: The first element.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty).
      */
     @property ref inout(T) front() inout
     in
@@ -1248,7 +1173,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *vector;
+        return *this.data;
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1266,7 +1191,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     /**
      * Returns: The last element.
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE !empty).
      */
     @property ref inout(T) back() inout @trusted
     in
@@ -1275,7 +1200,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return *(vector + length_ - 1);
+        return *(this.data + length - 1);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1298,7 +1223,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      * Returns: A range that iterates over elements of the container from
      *          index $(D_PARAM i) up to (excluding) index $(D_PARAM j).
      *
-     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length)
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE i <= j && j <= length).
      */
     Range!T opSlice(const size_t i, const size_t j) @trusted
     in
@@ -1308,7 +1233,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return typeof(return)(vector + i, vector + j);
+        return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
@@ -1320,7 +1245,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        return typeof(return)(vector + i, vector + j);
+        return typeof(return)(this, this.data + i, this.data + j);
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1394,7 +1319,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        copy(value, vector[i .. j]);
+        copy(value, this.data[i .. j]);
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
@@ -1413,7 +1338,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     }
     body
     {
-        fill(vector[i .. j], value);
+        fill(this.data[i .. j], value);
         return opSlice(i, j);
     }
 
@@ -1454,7 +1379,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
      */
     inout(T[]) get() inout @trusted
     {
-        return vector[0 .. length];
+        return this.data[0 .. length];
     }
 
     ///
@@ -1498,7 +1423,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(R)(R that) @trusted
         if (is(R == Vector))
     {
-        swap(this.vector, that.vector);
+        swap(this.data, that.data);
         swap(this.length_, that.length_);
         swap(this.capacity_, that.capacity_);
         swap(this.allocator_, that.allocator_);
@@ -1519,7 +1444,7 @@ struct Vector(T)
          && isInputRange!R
          && isImplicitlyConvertible!(ElementType!R, T))
     {
-        this.length = 0;
+        length = 0;
         insertBack(that);
         return this;
     }
@@ -1596,7 +1521,7 @@ unittest
     const v1 = Vector!int();
     const Vector!int v2;
     const v3 = Vector!int([1, 5, 8]);
-    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(typeof(v3.vector)) == const(int)));
+    static assert(is(PointerTarget!(typeof(v3.data)) == const(int)));
 }
 
 @nogc unittest
@@ -1691,7 +1616,7 @@ unittest
     auto v = Vector!SWithDtor(); // Destructor can destroy empty vectors.
 }
 
-unittest
+private unittest
 {
     class A
     {
@@ -1699,3 +1624,32 @@ unittest
     A a1, a2;
     auto v1 = Vector!A([a1, a2]);
 }
+
+private @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto v = Vector!int([5, 15, 8]);
+    {
+        size_t i;
+
+        foreach (e; v)
+        {
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 15);
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 8);
+            ++i;
+        }
+        assert(i == 3);
+    }
+    {
+        size_t i = 3;
+
+        foreach_reverse (e; v)
+        {
+            --i;
+            assert(i != 2 || e == 8);
+            assert(i != 1 || e == 15);
+            assert(i != 0 || e == 5);
+        }
+        assert(i == 0);
+    }
+}

source/tanya/math/package.d

@@ -87,22 +87,22 @@ in
 }
 body
 {
-    size_t i = y.length;
+    size_t i;
     auto tmp1 = Integer(x, x.allocator);
     auto result = Integer(x.allocator);
+    bool firstBit;
 
-    if (x.length == 0 && i != 0)
+    if (x.size == 0 && y.size != 0)
     {
-        i = 0;
+        i = y.size;
     }
     else
     {
         result = 1;
     }
-    while (i)
+    while (i < y.size)
     {
-        --i;
+        for (uint mask = 0x01; mask != 0x10000000; mask <<= 1)
-        for (ubyte mask = 0x01; mask; mask <<= 1)
         {
             if (y.rep[i] & mask)
             {
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ body
             tmp1 *= tmp2;
             tmp1 %= z;
         }
+        ++i;
     }
     return result;
 }

source/tanya/memory/package.d

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 module tanya.memory;
 
 import core.exception;
+import std.algorithm.iteration;
 public import std.experimental.allocator : make;
 import std.traits;
 public import tanya.memory.allocator;
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ shared Allocator allocator;
 
 shared static this() nothrow @trusted @nogc
 {
-    import tanya.memory.mallocator;
+    import tanya.memory.mmappool;
-    allocator = Mallocator.instance;
+    allocator = MmapPool.instance;
 }
 
 @property ref shared(Allocator) defaultAllocator() nothrow @safe @nogc
@@ -202,41 +203,33 @@ private unittest
     assert(p is null);
 }
 
-/**
+/*
- * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * Destroys the object.
- * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * Returns the memory should be freed.
- * allocator.
- *
- * Params:
- *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
- *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
- *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
  */
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T* p)
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T* p)
 {
     static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
     {
         destroy(*p);
     }
-    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate((cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof]); }();
+    return (cast(void*) p)[0 .. T.sizeof];
-    p = null;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T p)
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
 {
     if (p is null)
     {
-        return;
+        return null;
     }
     static if (is(T == interface))
     {
         version(Windows)
         {
             import core.sys.windows.unknwn : IUnknown;
-            static assert(!is(T: IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
+            static assert(!is(T : IUnknown), "COM interfaces can't be destroyed in "
-                                         ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+                                           ~ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
         }
         auto ob = cast(Object) p;
     }
@@ -244,19 +237,13 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     {
         alias ob = p;
     }
-    auto ptr = cast(void *) ob;
+    auto ptr = cast(void*) ob;
-
     auto support = ptr[0 .. typeid(ob).initializer.length];
-    scope (success)
-    {
-        () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(support); }();
-        p = null;
-    }
 
     auto ppv = cast(void**) ptr;
     if (!*ppv)
     {
-        return;
+        return null;
     }
     auto pc = cast(ClassInfo*) *ppv;
     scope (exit)
@@ -280,21 +267,35 @@ void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
     {
         _d_monitordelete(cast(Object) ptr, true);
     }
+    return support;
 }
 
-/// Ditto.
+package(tanya) void[] finalize(T)(ref T[] p)
-void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T[] p)
 {
     static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(p[0])))
     {
-        import std.algorithm.iteration;
+        p.each!((ref e) => destroy(e));
-        p.each!(e => destroy(e));
     }
-    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(p); }();
+    return p;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys and deallocates $(D_PARAM p) of type $(D_PARAM T).
+ * It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same
+ * allocator.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Type of $(D_PARAM p).
+ *  allocator = Allocator the $(D_PARAM p) was allocated with.
+ *  p         = Object or array to be destroyed.
+ */
+void dispose(T)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref T p)
+{
+    () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(finalize(p)); }();
     p = null;
 }
 
-unittest
+private unittest
 {
     struct S
     {

source/tanya/memory/types.d

@@ -14,9 +14,63 @@ import core.exception;
 import std.algorithm.comparison;
 import std.algorithm.mutation;
 import std.conv;
+import std.range;
 import std.traits;
 import tanya.memory;
 
+package(tanya) final class RefCountedStore(T)
+{
+    T payload;
+    size_t counter = 1;
+
+    size_t opUnary(string op)()
+        if (op == "--" || op == "++")
+    in
+    {
+        assert(counter > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
+    }
+
+    int opCmp(size_t counter)
+    {
+        if (this.counter > counter)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (this.counter < counter)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int opEquals(size_t counter)
+    {
+        return this.counter == counter;
+    }
+}
+
+private void separateDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                                shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+    allocator.dispose(storage);
+}
+
+private void unifiedDeleter(T)(RefCountedStore!T storage,
+                               shared Allocator allocator)
+{
+    auto ptr1 = finalize(storage);
+    auto ptr2 = finalize(storage.payload);
+    allocator.deallocate(ptr1.ptr[0 .. ptr1.length + ptr2.length]);
+}
+
 /**
  * Reference-counted object containing a $(D_PARAM T) value as payload.
  * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) keeps track of all references of an object, and
@@ -27,7 +81,7 @@ import tanya.memory;
  */
 struct RefCounted(T)
 {
-    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
+    static if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface) || isArray!T)
     {
         private alias Payload = T;
     }
@@ -35,70 +89,16 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     {
         private alias Payload = T*;
     }
-
+    private alias Storage = RefCountedStore!Payload;
-    private class Storage
-    {
-        private Payload payload;
-        private size_t counter = 1;
-
-        private final size_t opUnary(string op)() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-            if (op == "--" || op == "++")
-        in
-        {
-            assert(counter > 0);
-        }
-        body
-        {
-            mixin("return " ~ op ~ "counter;");
-        }
-
-        private final int opCmp(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            if (this.counter > counter)
-            {
-                return 1;
-            }
-            else if (this.counter < counter)
-            {
-                return -1;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        private final int opEquals(size_t counter) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        {
-            return this.counter == counter;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private final class RefCountedStorage : Storage
-    {
-        private shared Allocator allocator;
-
-        this(shared Allocator allocator) pure nothrow @safe @nogc
-        in
-        {
-            assert(allocator !is null);
-        }
-        body
-        {
-            this.allocator = allocator;
-        }
-
-        ~this() nothrow @nogc
-        {
-            allocator.dispose(payload);
-        }
-    }
 
     private Storage storage;
+    private void function(Storage storage,
+                          shared Allocator allocator) @nogc deleter;
 
     invariant
     {
         assert(storage is null || allocator_ !is null);
+        assert(storage is null || deleter !is null);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -112,11 +112,13 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
      *
      * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
      */
-    this(Payload value, shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
+    this()(auto ref Payload value,
+           shared Allocator allocator = defaultAllocator)
     {
         this(allocator);
-        storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+        this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
-        move(value, storage.payload);
+        this.deleter = &separateDeleter!Payload;
+        move(value, this.storage.payload);
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
@@ -148,9 +150,9 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
      */
     ~this()
     {
-        if (storage !is null && !(storage.counter && --storage))
+        if (this.storage !is null && !(this.storage.counter && --this.storage))
         {
-            allocator_.dispose(storage);
+            deleter(storage, allocator);
         }
     }
 
@@ -170,54 +172,48 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
      * Params:
      *  rhs = $(D_KEYWORD this).
      */
-    ref typeof(this) opAssign(Payload rhs)
+    ref typeof(this) opAssign()(auto ref Payload rhs)
     {
-        if (storage is null)
+        if (this.storage is null)
         {
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!Payload;
         }
-        else if (storage > 1)
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
         {
-            --storage;
+            --this.storage;
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
+            this.storage = allocator.make!Storage();
-        }
+            this.deleter = &separateDeleter!Payload;
-        else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
-        {
-            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
-            assert(storage.counter != 0);
-            allocator.dispose(storage);
-            storage = allocator.make!RefCountedStorage(allocator);
         }
         else
         {
-            allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+            assert(this.storage.counter != 0);
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload.init;
         }
-        move(rhs, storage.payload);
+        move(rhs, this.storage.payload);
         return this;
     }
 
     /// Ditto.
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(null))
     {
-        if (storage is null)
+        if (this.storage is null)
         {
             return this;
         }
-        else if (storage > 1)
+        else if (this.storage > 1)
         {
-            --storage;
+            --this.storage;
-            storage = null;
+            this.storage = null;
-        }
-        else if (cast(RefCountedStorage) storage is null)
-        {
-            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
-            assert(storage.counter != 0);
-            allocator.dispose(storage);
-            return this;
         }
         else
         {
-            allocator.dispose(storage.payload);
+            // Created with refCounted. Always destroyed togethter with the pointer.
+            assert(this.storage.counter != 0);
+            finalize(this.storage.payload);
+            this.storage.payload = Payload.init;
         }
         return this;
     }
@@ -225,8 +221,9 @@ struct RefCounted(T)
     /// Ditto.
     ref typeof(this) opAssign(typeof(this) rhs)
     {
-        swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        swap(this.allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
-        swap(storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.storage, rhs.storage);
+        swap(this.deleter, rhs.deleter);
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -380,15 +377,22 @@ private unittest
  *  args      = Constructor arguments of $(D_PARAM T).
  * 
  * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null)
  */
 RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
     if (!is(T == interface) && !isAbstractClass!T
-         && !isArray!T && !isAssociativeArray!T)
+     && !isAssociativeArray!T && !isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+}
+body
 {
     auto rc = typeof(return)(allocator);
 
-    immutable storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
+    const storageSize = alignedSize(stateSize!(RefCounted!T.Storage));
-    immutable size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
+    const size = alignedSize(stateSize!T + storageSize);
 
     auto mem = (() @trusted => allocator.allocate(size))();
     if (mem is null)
@@ -399,7 +403,7 @@ RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
     {
         () @trusted { allocator.deallocate(mem); }();
     }
-    rc.storage = emplace!(RefCounted!T.Storage)(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
+    rc.storage = emplace!((RefCounted!T.Storage))(mem[0 .. storageSize]);
 
     static if (is(T == class))
     {
@@ -410,9 +414,38 @@ RefCounted!T refCounted(T, A...)(shared Allocator allocator, auto ref A args)
         auto ptr = (() @trusted => (cast(T*) mem[storageSize .. $].ptr))();
         rc.storage.payload = emplace!T(ptr, args);
     }
+    rc.deleter = &unifiedDeleter!(RefCounted!T.Payload);
     return rc;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Constructs a new array with $(D_PARAM size) elements and wraps it in a
+ * $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted) using.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T         = Array type.
+ *  size      = Array size.
+ *  allocator = Allocator.
+ *
+ * Returns: Newly created $(D_PSYMBOL RefCounted!T).
+ *
+ * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE allocator !is null
+ *                           && size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof)
+ */
+ RefCounted!T refCounted(T)(shared Allocator allocator, const size_t size)
+    if (isArray!T)
+in
+{
+    assert(allocator !is null);
+    assert(size <= size_t.max / ElementType!T.sizeof);
+}
+body
+{
+    auto payload = cast(T) allocator.allocate(ElementType!T.sizeof * size);
+    initializeAll(payload);
+    return RefCounted!T(payload, allocator);
+}
+
 ///
 unittest
 {
@@ -456,3 +489,9 @@ private @nogc unittest
         assert(rc.count);
     }
 }
+
+private @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto rc = defaultAllocator.refCounted!(int[])(5);
+    assert(rc.length == 5);
+}

source/tanya/network/inet.d

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Internet utilities.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.network.inet;
+
+import std.math;
+import std.range.primitives;
+import std.traits;
+
+version (unittest)
+{
+    version (Windows)
+    {
+        import core.sys.windows.winsock2;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+    else version (Posix)
+    {
+        import core.sys.posix.arpa.inet;
+        version = PlattformUnittest;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents an unsigned integer as an $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) range.
+ *
+ * The range is bidirectional. The byte order is always big-endian.
+ *
+ * It can accept any unsigned integral type but the value should fit
+ * in $(D_PARAM L) bytes.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  L = Desired range length.
+ */
+struct NetworkOrder(uint L)
+    if (L > ubyte.sizeof && L <= ulong.sizeof)
+{
+    static if (L > uint.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ulong;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ushort.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = uint;
+    }
+    else static if (L > ubyte.sizeof)
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ushort;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        private alias StorageType = ubyte;
+    }
+
+    private StorageType value;
+    private size_t size = L;
+
+    const pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant
+    {
+        assert(this.size <= L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new range.
+     *
+     * $(D_PARAM T) can be any unsigned type but $(D_PARAM value) cannot be
+     * larger than the maximum can be stored in $(D_PARAM L) bytes. Otherwise
+     * an assertion failure will be caused.
+     *
+     * Params:
+     *  T      = Value type.
+     *  value  = The value should be represented by this range.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE value <= 2 ^^ (length * 8) - 1).
+     */
+    this(T)(const T value)
+        if (isUnsigned!T)
+    in
+    {
+        assert(value <= pow(2, L * 8) - 1);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value = value & StorageType.max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte back() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return this.value & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    @property ubyte front() const
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        return (this.value >> ((this.length - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the LSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popBack()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value >>= 8;
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eliminates the MSB.
+     *
+     * Precondition: $(D_INLINECODE length > 0).
+     */
+    void popFront()
+    in
+    {
+        assert(this.length > 0);
+    }
+    body
+    {
+        this.value &= StorageType.max >> ((StorageType.sizeof - this.length) * 8);
+        --this.size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Copy of this range.
+     */
+    typeof(this) save() const
+    {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Whether the range is empty.
+     */
+    @property bool empty() const
+    {
+        return this.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns: Byte length.
+     */
+    @property size_t length() const
+    {
+        return this.size;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!3(0xae34e2u);
+    assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0xae);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.back == 0xe2);
+
+    networkOrder.popBack();
+    assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+    assert(networkOrder.front == 0x34);
+
+    networkOrder.popFront();
+    assert(networkOrder.empty);
+}
+
+// Static.
+private unittest
+{
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!4));
+    static assert(isBidirectionalRange!(NetworkOrder!8));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!9));
+    static assert(!is(NetworkOrder!1));
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 4);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 3));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 3);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 2));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 2));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 2);
+            assert(!networkOrder.empty);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *p);
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *p);
+
+            networkOrder.popBack();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+
+            networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 1);
+            assert(networkOrder.front == *(p + 1));
+            assert(networkOrder.back == *(p + 1));
+
+            networkOrder.popFront();
+            assert(networkOrder.length == 0);
+            assert(networkOrder.empty);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the $(D_KEYWORD ubyte) input range $(D_PARAM range) to
+ * $(D_PARAM T).
+ *
+ * The byte order of $(D_PARAM r) is assumed to be big-endian. The length
+ * cannot be larger than $(D_INLINECODE T.sizeof). Otherwise an assertion
+ * failure will be caused.
+ *
+ * Params:
+ *  T     = Desired return type.
+ *  R     = Range type.
+ *  range = Input range.
+ *
+ * Returns: Integral representation of $(D_PARAM range) with the host byte
+ *          order.
+ */
+T toHostOrder(T = size_t, R)(R range)
+    if (isInputRange!R
+     && !isInfinite!R
+     && is(Unqual!(ElementType!R) == ubyte)
+     && isUnsigned!T)
+{
+    T ret;
+    ushort pos = T.sizeof * 8;
+
+    for (; !range.empty && range.front == 0; pos -= 8, range.popFront())
+    {
+    }
+    for (; !range.empty; range.popFront())
+    {
+        assert(pos != 0);
+        pos -= 8;
+        ret |= (cast(T) range.front) << pos;
+    }
+
+    return ret >> pos;
+}
+
+///
+pure nothrow @safe @nogc unittest
+{
+    const value = 0xae34e2u;
+    auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+    assert(networkOrder.toHostOrder() == value);
+}
+
+// Tests against the system's htonl, htons.
+version (PlattformUnittest)
+{
+    private unittest
+    {
+        for (uint counter; counter <= 8 * uint.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = pow(2, counter) - 1;
+            const inNetworkOrder = htonl(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!4(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. uint.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+        for (ushort counter; counter <= 8 * ushort.sizeof; ++counter)
+        {
+            const value = cast(ushort) (pow(2, counter) - 1);
+            const inNetworkOrder = htons(value);
+            const p = cast(ubyte*) &inNetworkOrder;
+            auto networkOrder = NetworkOrder!2(value);
+
+            assert(p[0 .. ushort.sizeof].toHostOrder() == value);
+        }
+    }
+}

source/tanya/network/package.d

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
+
+/**
+ * Network programming.
+ *
+ * Copyright: Eugene Wissner 2016-2017.
+ * License: $(LINK2 https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/,
+ *                  Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0).
+ * Authors: $(LINK2 mailto:info@caraus.de, Eugene Wissner)
+ */
+module tanya.network;
+
+public import tanya.network.inet;
+public import tanya.network.socket;
+public import tanya.network.url;